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Suzuki DG. Consciousness in Jawless Fishes. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:751876. [PMID: 34630051 PMCID: PMC8497754 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.751876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to evolve. It is thus important to investigate them to determine whether consciousness was acquired in the common ancestor of all vertebrates. Most jawless fish lineages are extinct, and cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfish) are the sole survivors. Here, I review the empirical knowledge on the neurobiology of cyclostomes with special reference to recently proposed "markers" of primary, minimal consciousness. The adult lamprey appears to meet the neuroanatomical criteria but there is a practical limitation to behavioral examination of its learning ability. In addition, the consciousness-related neuroarchitecture of larvae and its reconstruction during metamorphosis remain largely uninvestigated. Even less is known of hagfish neurobiology. The hagfish forebrain forms the central prosencephalic complex, and the homology of its components to the brain regions of other vertebrates needs to be confirmed using modern techniques. Nevertheless, as behavioral responses to olfactory stimuli in aquariums have been reported, it is easier to investigate the learning ability of the hagfish than that of the lamprey. Based on these facts, I finally discuss the potential future directions of empirical studies for examining the existence of consciousness in jawless fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: precursor identification and neuroanatomical relationships with other neuronal signalling systems. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:249-284. [PMID: 31807925 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that modulates processes such as digestion, satiety, and anxiety. CCK-type peptides have been characterized in jawed vertebrates and invertebrates, but little is known about CCK-type signalling in the most ancient group of vertebrates, the agnathans. Here, we have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) CCK-type precursor (PmCCK), which contains a CCK-type octapeptide sequence (PmCCK-8) that is highly similar to gnathostome CCKs. Using mRNA in situ hybridization, the distribution of PmCCK-expressing neurons was mapped in the CNS of P. marinus. This revealed PmCCK-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, prethalamus, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, midbrain tegmentum, isthmus, rhombencephalic reticular formation, and the putative nucleus of the solitary tract. Some PmCCK-expressing neuronal populations were only observed in adults, revealing important differences with larvae. We generated an antiserum to PmCCK-8 to enable immunohistochemical analysis of CCK expression, which revealed that GABA or glutamate, but not serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase or neuropeptide Y, is co-expressed in some PmCCK-8-immunoreactive (ir) neurons. Importantly, this is the first demonstration of co-localization of GABA and CCK in neurons of a non-mammalian vertebrate. We also characterized extensive cholecystokinergic fibre systems of the CNS, including innervation of habenular subnuclei. A conspicuous PmCCK-8-ir tract ascending in the lateral rhombencephalon selectively innervates a glutamatergic population in the dorsal isthmic grey. Interestingly, this tract is reminiscent of the secondary gustatory/visceral tract of teleosts. In conclusion, this study provides important new information on the evolution of the cholecystokinergic system in vertebrates.
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Suzuki DG, Grillner S. The stepwise development of the lamprey visual system and its evolutionary implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1461-1477. [PMID: 29488315 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys, which represent the oldest group of living vertebrates (cyclostomes), show unique eye development. The lamprey larva has only eyespot-like immature eyes beneath a non-transparent skin, whereas after metamorphosis, the adult has well-developed image-forming camera eyes. To establish a functional visual system, well-organised visual centres as well as motor components (e.g. trunk muscles for locomotion) and interactions between them are needed. Here we review the available knowledge concerning the structure, function and development of the different parts of the lamprey visual system. The lamprey exhibits stepwise development of the visual system during its life cycle. In prolarvae and early larvae, the 'primary' retina does not have horizontal and amacrine cells, but does have photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells. At this stage, the optic nerve projects mostly to the pretectum, where the dendrites of neurons in the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF) appear to receive direct visual information and send motor outputs to the neck and trunk muscles. This simple neural circuit may generate negative phototaxis. Through the larval period, the lateral region of the retina grows again to form the 'secondary' retina and the topographic retinotectal projection of the optic nerve is formed, and at the same time, the extra-ocular muscles progressively develop. During metamorphosis, horizontal and amacrine cells differentiate for the first time, and the optic tectum expands and becomes laminated. The adult lamprey then has a sophisticated visual system for image-forming and visual decision-making. In the adult lamprey, the thalamic pathway (retina-thalamus-cortex/pallium) also transmits visual stimuli. Because the primary, simple light-detecting circuit in larval lamprey shares functional and developmental similarities with that of protochordates (amphioxus and tunicates), the visual development of the lamprey provides information regarding the evolutionary transition of the vertebrate visual system from the protochordate-type to the vertebrate-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Snyder PJ, Johnson LN, Lim YY, Santos CY, Alber J, Maruff P, Fernández B. Nonvascular retinal imaging markers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 4:169-178. [PMID: 27830174 PMCID: PMC5078641 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, structural changes in the retina (i.e., reduced thicknesses of the ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layers and inclusion bodies that appear to contain beta-amyloid protein [Ab]) have been previously reported. We sought to explore whether anatomic retinal changes are detectable in the preclinical stage of AD. Methods A cross-sectional study (as part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study) involving 63 cognitively normal adults, all of whom have a parent with AD and subjective memory complaints. We compared neocortical amyloid aggregation (florbetapir PET imaging) to retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) markers of possible disease burden. Retinal biomarkers, including the number and surface area of retinal inclusion bodies and the thickness of retinal neuronal layers, were compared across groups with high vs. low neocortical beta-amyloid load. Results The surface area of inclusion bodies increased as a function of cortical amyloid burden. Additionally, there was a trend toward a selective volume increase in the inner plexiform layer (IPL; a layer rich in cholinergic activity) of the retina in Aβ+ relative to Aβ− participants, and IPL volume was correlated with the surface area of retinal inclusion bodies. Discussion These initial results suggest that retinal imaging may be a potential cost-effective and noninvasive technique that can be used to identify those at-risk for AD. Layer-specific changes in the IPL and their association with surface area of inclusion bodies are discussed as a possible reflection of early inflammatory processes associated with cholinergic disruption and concurrent Ab accumulation in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lenworth N Johnson
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cláudia Y Santos
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Jessica Alber
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cornide-Petronio ME, Anadón R, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Rodicio MC. Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin receptor 1A expression in the retina of the sea lamprey. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fletcher LN, Coimbra JP, Rodger J, Potter IC, Gill HS, Dunlop SA, Collin SP. Classification of retinal ganglion cells in the southern hemisphere lampreyGeotria australis(Cyclostomata). J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:750-71. [PMID: 23897624 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Norman Fletcher
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Ian C. Potter
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Howard S. Gill
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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A candidate of organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis with neuronal connections to neurosecretory preoptic nucleus in eels. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:525-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nivison-Smith L, Collin SP, Zhu Y, Ready S, Acosta ML, Hunt DM, Potter IC, Kalloniatis M. Retinal amino acid neurochemistry of the southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58406. [PMID: 23516473 PMCID: PMC3596384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lampreys are one of the two surviving groups of the agnathan (jawless) stages in vertebrate evolution and are thus ideal candidates for elucidating the evolution of visual systems. This study investigated the retinal amino acid neurochemistry of the southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis during the downstream migration of the young, recently-metamorphosed juveniles to the sea and during the upstream migration of the fully-grown and sexually-maturing adults to their spawning areas. Glutamate and taurine were distributed throughout the retina, whilst GABA and glycine were confined to neurons of the inner retina matching patterns seen in most other vertebrates. Glutamine and aspartate immunoreactivity was closely matched to Müller cell morphology. Between the migratory phases, few differences were observed in the distribution of major neurotransmitters i.e. glutamate, GABA and glycine, but changes in amino acids associated with retinal metabolism i.e. glutamine and aspartate, were evident. Taurine immunoreactivity was mostly conserved between migrant stages, consistent with its role in primary cell functions such as osmoregulation. Further investigation of glutamate signalling using the probe agmatine (AGB) to map cation channel permeability revealed entry of AGB into photoreceptors and horizontal cells followed by accumulation in inner retinal neurons. Similarities in AGB profiles between upstream and downstream migrant of G. australis confirmed the conservation of glutamate neurotransmission. Finally, calcium binding proteins, calbindin and calretinin were localized to the inner retina whilst recoverin was localized to photoreceptors. Overall, conservation of major amino acid neurotransmitters and calcium-associated proteins in the lamprey retina confirms these elements as essential features of the vertebrate visual system. On the other hand, metabolic elements of the retina such as neurotransmitter precursor amino acids and Müller cells are more sensitive to environmental changes associated with migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nivison-Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology and the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Ready
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L. Acosta
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David M. Hunt
- School of Animal Biology and the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian C. Potter
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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López JM, Perlado J, Morona R, Northcutt RG, González A. Neuroanatomical organization of the cholinergic system in the central nervous system of a basal actinopterygian fish, the senegal bichir Polypterus senegalus. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:24-49. [PMID: 22628072 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polypterid bony fishes are believed to be basal to other living ray-finned fishes, and their brain organization is therefore critical in providing information as to primitive neural characters that existed in the earliest ray-finned fishes. The cholinergic system has been characterized in more advanced ray-finned fishes, but not in polypterids. In order to establish which cholinergic neural centers characterized the earliest ray-finned fishes, the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is described in Polypterus and compared with the distribution of this molecule in other ray-finned fishes. Cell groups immunoreactive for ChAT were observed in the hypothalamus, the habenula, the optic tectum, the isthmus, the cranial motor nuclei, and the spinal motor column. Cholinergic fibers were observed in both the telencephalic pallium and the subpallium, in the thalamus and pretectum, in the optic tectum and torus semicircularis, in the mesencephalic tegmentum, in the cerebellar crest, in the solitary nucleus, and in the dorsal column nuclei. Comparison of the data within a segmental neuromeric context indicates that the cholinergic system in polypterid fishes is generally similar to that in other ray-finned fishes, but cholinergic-positive neurons in the pallium and subpallium, and in the thalamus and cerebellum, of teleosts appear to have evolved following the separation of polypterids and other ray-finned fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Retinotopy of visual projections to the optic tectum and pretectum in larval sea lamprey. Exp Eye Res 2011; 92:274-81. [PMID: 21295569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sea lamprey has a complex life cycle with very different larval and adult stages. The eyes of larvae are subcutaneous, lack a differentiated lens and probably work only as an ocellus-like photoreceptor organ, while the well-developed adult eyes are capable of forming images. The larval retina differs greatly from the adult retina and presents a central region with differentiated photoreceptors and a lateral, largely undifferentiated part that grows in the second half of larval life. In the present study, we examined the retinotopy of projections from larval ganglion cells to the optic tectum and pretectum in sea lamprey by using retrograde tract-tracing techniques. In most regions of the tectum, application of the tracer neurobiotin (NB) resulted in labelled ganglion cells in the lateral retina, mostly in the contralateral eye. Ganglion cells of the lateral retina showed a very simple dendritic tree, possibly because of the lack of differentiation of most retinal layers in this region. The retinotectal projection is already retinotopically organized in larvae and follows a pattern similar to that observed in adult lampreys and other vertebrates. Application of NB to the central region of the tectum also led to labelling of a few ganglion cells in the central retina, which were clearly more complex than those in the lateral region, as they had dendrites that branched both in the outer and inner plexiform layers. Application of NB to the medial pretectum led to labelling of ganglion cells in the contralateral central retina. Occasional cells were also labelled in the lateral retina. The differential organization of larval retinal projections to the pretectum and tectum suggests a different role for these projections, which is consistent with the different involvement of these centres in visual behaviour, as determined in adult lampreys. The observations in larvae also reveal very different developmental timetables for these putative functions.
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Moreno N, Morona R, López JM, González A. Subdivisions of the turtle Pseudemys scripta subpallium based on the expression of regulatory genes and neuronal markers. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:4877-902. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Central regulation of the pharyngeal and upper esophageal reflexes during swallowing in the Japanese eel. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2009; 196:111-22. [PMID: 20035336 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-009-0498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the regulation of the pharyngeal and upper esophageal reflexes during swallowing in eel. By retrograde tracing from the muscles, the motoneurons of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) were located caudally within the mid-region of the glossopharyngeal-vagal motor complex (mGVC). In contrast, the motoneurons innervating the pharyngeal wall were localized medially within mGVC. Sensory pharyngeal fibers in the vagal nerve terminated in the caudal region of the viscerosensory column (cVSC). Using the isolated brain, we recorded 51 spontaneously active neurons within mGVC. These neurons could be divided into rhythmically (n = 8) and continuously (n = 43) firing units. The rhythmically firing neurons seemed to be restricted medially, whereas the continuously firing neurons were found caudally within mGVC. The rhythmically firing neurons were activated by the stimulation of the cVSC. In contrast, the stimulation of the cVSC inhibited firing of most, but not all the continuously firing neurons. The inhibitory effect was blocked by prazosin in 17 out of 38 neurons. Yohimbine also blocked the cVSC-induced inhibition in five of prazosin-sensitive neurons. We suggest that the neurons in cVSC inhibit the continuously firing motoneurons to relax the UES and stimulate the rhythmically firing neurons to constrict the pharynx simultaneously.
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Jones MR, Grillner S, Robertson B. Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior. J Comp Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Late proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation in the transforming lamprey retina. Brain Res 2008; 1201:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Neurochemical differentiation of horizontal and amacrine cells during transformation of the sea lamprey retina. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 35:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Comparative analysis of calbindin D-28K and calretinin in the retina of anuran and urodele amphibians: Colocalization with choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res 2007; 1182:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Villar-Cerviño V, Abalo XM, Villar-Cheda B, Meléndez-Ferro M, Pérez-Costas E, Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Rodicio MC, Anadón R. Presence of glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the retina of the larval sea lamprey: comparative immunohistochemical study of classical neurotransmitters in larval and postmetamorphic retinas. J Comp Neurol 2007; 499:810-27. [PMID: 17048230 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neurochemistry of the retina of the larval and postmetamorphic sea lamprey was studied via immunocytochemistry using antibodies directed against the major candidate neurotransmitters [glutamate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, dopamine, serotonin] and the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Immunoreactivity to rod opsin and calretinin was also used to distinguish some retinal cells. Two retinal regions are present in larvae: the central retina, with opsin-immunoreactive photoreceptors, and the lateral retina, which lacks photoreceptors and is mainly neuroblastic. We observed calretinin-immunostained ganglion cells in both retinal regions; immunolabeled bipolar cells were detected in the central retina only. Glutamate immunoreactivity was present in photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and bipolar cells. Faint to moderate glycine immunostaining was observed in photoreceptors and some cells of the ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer. No GABA-immunolabeled perikarya were observed. GABA-immunoreactive centrifugal fibers were present in the central and lateral retina. These centrifugal fibers contacted glutamate-immunostained ganglion cells. No aspartate, serotonin, dopamine, or TH immunoreactivity was observed in larvae, whereas these molecules, as well as GABA, glycine, and glutamate, were detected in neurons of the retina of recently transformed lamprey. Immunoreactivity to GABA was observed in outer horizontal cells, some bipolar cells, and numerous amacrine cells, whereas immunoreactivity to glycine was found in amacrine cells and interplexiform cells. Dopamine and serotonin immunoreactivity was found in scattered amacrine cells. Amacrine and horizontal cells did not express classical neurotransmitters (with the possible exception of glycine) during larval life, so transmitter-expressing cells of the larval retina appear to participate only in the vertical processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verona Villar-Cerviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Repérant J, Ward R, Miceli D, Rio JP, Médina M, Kenigfest NB, Vesselkin NP. The centrifugal visual system of vertebrates: a comparative analysis of its functional anatomical organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:1-57. [PMID: 16469387 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present review is a detailed survey of our present knowledge of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of vertebrates. Over the last 20 years, the use of experimental hodological and immunocytochemical techniques has led to a considerable augmentation of this knowledge. Contrary to long-held belief, the CVS is not a unique property of birds but a constant component of the central nervous system which appears to exist in all vertebrate groups. However, it does not form a single homogeneous entity but shows a high degree of variation from one group to the next. Thus, depending on the group in question, the somata of retinopetal neurons can be located in the septo-preoptic terminal nerve complex, the ventral or dorsal thalamus, the pretectum, the optic tectum, the mesencephalic tegmentum, the dorsal isthmus, the raphé, or other rhombencephalic areas. The centrifugal visual fibers are unmyelinated or myelinated, and their number varies by a factor of 1000 (10 or fewer in man, 10,000 or more in the chicken). They generally form divergent terminals in the retina and rarely convergent ones. Their retinal targets also vary, being primarily amacrine cells with various morphological and neurochemical properties, occasionally interplexiform cells and displaced retinal ganglion cells, and more rarely orthotopic ganglion cells and bipolar cells. The neurochemical signature of the centrifugal visual neurons also varies both between and within groups: thus, several neuroactive substances used by these neurons have been identified; GABA, glutamate, aspartate, acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, histamine, nitric oxide, GnRH, FMRF-amide-like peptides, Substance P, NPY and met-enkephalin. In some cases, the retinopetal neurons form part of a feedback loop, relaying information from a primary visual center back to the retina, while in other, cases they do not. The evolutionary significance of this variation remains to be elucidated, and, while many attempts have been made to explain the functional role of the CVS, opinions vary as to the manner in which retinal activity is modified by this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Repérant
- CNRS UMR 5166, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 32, 7 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. Calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity in the retina of adult and larval sea lamprey. Brain Res 2006; 1068:118-30. [PMID: 16368080 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of calretinin and calbindin immunoreactivity is studied in the retina of larval and adult lamprey and their respective distributions are compared. Calretinin distribution is also studied in the retina of transforming stages. Western blot analysis in brain extracts showed a 29-kDa band with both polyclonal anti-calbindin and anti-calretinin antibodies. Calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity has shown a partially different distribution. In the adult retina large and small bipolar cells, with respectively stratified or diffuse axons, the inner row of horizontal cells and ganglion cells and/or some amacrine cells were labeled with anti-calretinin antibody. The anti-calbindin antibody labels the same cell types except most of ganglion cells, but the label was less conspicuous. Therefore, the possible existence of these two calcium-binding proteins in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey could be discussed. In the differentiated central retina of larval lampreys, numerous calretinin immunoreactive bipolar and ganglion cells were observed, while, in the lateral retina, only ganglion cells were labeled, accordingly with the lack of differentiation of other neural cell types. CR-ir bipolar cells appeared in the retina by the stage 5 of transformation, i.e. about the time when differentiation of photoreceptors occurs. The comparison of the distribution of calretinin and calbindin between adult and larval central retina of lampreys shows striking differences that could be related to the different functionality of eyes in these two stages of the life cycle of lampreys. In addition, this is the first report on the presence of calcium-binding proteins in the larval and transforming lamprey retina, on the presence of calretinin- and calbindin-immunoreactive horizontal cells in adult lamprey retinas and on the differential stratification of bipolar cell terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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