1
|
Baru Venkata R, Prasanth DSNBK, Pasala PK, Panda SP, Tatipamula VB, Mulukuri S, Kota RK, Rudrapal M, Khan J, Aldosari S, Alshehri B, Banawas S, Challa MC, Kammili JK. Utilizing Andrographis paniculata leaves and roots by effective usage of the bioactive andrographolide and its nanodelivery: investigation of antikindling and antioxidant activities through in silico and in vivo studies. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1185236. [PMID: 37324729 PMCID: PMC10266967 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1185236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To valorise the bioactive constituents abundant in leaves and other parts of medicinal plants with the objective to minimize the plant-based wastes, this study was undertaken. The main bioactive constituent of Andrographis paniculata, an Asian medicinal plant, is andrographolide (AG, a diterpenoid), which has shown promising results in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses. Continuous electrical activity in the brain is a hallmark of the abnormal neurological conditions such as epilepsy (EY). This can lead to neurological sequelae. In this study, we used GSE28674 as a microarray expression profiling dataset to identify DEGs associated with andrographolide and those with fold changes >1 and p-value <0.05 GEO2R. We obtained eight DEG datasets (two up and six down). There was marked enrichment under various Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) terms for these DEGs (DUSP10, FN1, AR, PRKCE, CA12, RBP4, GABRG2, and GABRA2). Synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes were the predominant sites of DEG expression. AG acts as an antiepileptic agent by upregulating GABA levels. The low bioavailability of AG is a significant limitation of its application. To control these limitations, andrographolide nanoparticles (AGNPs) were prepared and their neuroprotective effect against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling epilepsy was investigated using network pharmacology (NP) and docking studies to evaluate the antiepileptic multi-target mechanisms of AG. Andrographolide is associated with eight targets in the treatment of epilepsy. Nicotine addiction, GABAergic synapse, and morphine addiction were mainly related to epilepsy, according to KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (p < 0.05). A docking study showed that andrographolide interacted with the key targets. AG regulates epilepsy and exerts its therapeutic effects by stimulating GABA production. Rats received 80 mg/kg body weight of AG and AGNP, phenytoin and PTZ (30 mg/kg i.p. injection on alternate days), brain MDA, SOD, GSH, GABAand histological changes of hippocampus and cortex were observed. PTZ injected rats showed significantly (***p < 0.001) increased kindling behavior, increased MDA, decreased GSH, SOD, GABA activities, compared with normal rats, while treatment AGNPs significantly reduced kindling score and reversed oxidative damage. Finally, we conclude that the leaves and roots of A. Paniculata can be effectively utilized for its major bioactive constituent, andrographolide as a potent anti-epileptic agent. Furthermore, the findings of novel nanotherapeutic approach claim that nano-andrographolide can be successfully in the management of kindling seizures and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Siva Prasad Panda
- Pharmacology Research Division, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sirisha Mulukuri
- Department of Natural Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Kota
- Santhiram College of Pharmacy, JNTUA, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Guntur, India
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Aldosari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosseinzadeh A, Dehdashtian E, Jafari-Sabet M, Mehrzadi S. The effects of vitamin D3 and melatonin combination on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:118-124. [PMID: 35507790 DOI: 10.2174/1871524922666220429121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic seizures are associated with the overproduction of free radicals in the brain leading to neuronal cell death. Therefore, reduction of oxidative stress may inhibit seizure-induced neuronal cell damage. Current study evaluated the effects of Vit D3 and melatonin and their combination on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced tonic clonic seizures in mice. METHODS Animals were divided into six groups. Group I was administrated with normal saline (0.5 ml, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) on the 15th day of experiment. Group II was injected with PTZ (60 mg/kg dissolved in 0.5 ml normal saline, i.p) on the 15th day. Groups III-IV were treated with diazepam (4 mg/kg/day), Vit D3 (6000 IU/kg/day), melatonin (20 mg/kg/day) and Vit D3 (6000 IU/kg/day)/melatonin (20 mg/kg/day), respectively, and were then injected with PTZ (60 mg/kg) on the 15th day of experiment. Immediately after the injection of PTZ on the 15th day, mice were observed for a 30-min period for the measurement of seizure latency and duration. For determination of oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in mouse brains. RESULTS Treatment with Vit D3, melatonin, and Vit D3/melatonin significantly increased seizure latency and decreased seizure duration. The brain level of MDA was lower and SOD activity was greater than the PTZ group. Mice treated with Vit D3/melatonin had lower seizure duration compared to other treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Combination of Vit D3 and melatonin may reduce seizure frequency in epileptic patients; this effect may result from various mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsanz Dehdashtian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahimi N, Modabberi S, Faghir-Ghanesefat H, Shayan M, Farzad Maroufi S, Asgari Dafe E, Reza Dehpour A. The Possible Role of Nitric Oxide signaling and NMDA Receptors in Allopurinol effect on Maximal Electroshock- and Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 778:136620. [PMID: 35395326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol, a uric-acid-lowering medication, has shown its efficacy in several studies suggesting that allopurinol can be prescribed as adjunctive cure meant for intractable epilepsy. The exact mechanism of allopurinol is still unknown. This study evaluates allopurinol's effect on seizure threshold, seizure incidence, and mortality rate in mice models. Moreover, the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO) pathway and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are investigated. To evaluate the effect of allopurinol on seizure, we used the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure along with maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure. To assess the underlying mechanism behind the allopurinol activity, we used nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate (L-arginine), NOS inhibitors (L-NAME, aminoguanidine, 7-nitroindazole), and NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801). Intraperitoneal allopurinol administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg in mice showed a significant (p<0.001) anti-convulsant activity in the PTZ-induced seizure. Even though pre-treatment with L-Arginine (60 mg/kg) potentiates allopurinol's anti-convulsant effect in the PTZ-induced seizure, pre-treatment with L-NAME (10 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg), and 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg) reversed the anti-convulsant effect of allopurinol in the PTZ-induced seizure. In addition, pre-treatment with MK-801 also decreased the anti-convulsant effect of allopurinol in the PTZ-induced seizure. While allopurinol at a dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg did not induce protection against seizure incidence in the MES-induced seizure, it revealed a remarkable effect in reducing the mortality rate in the MES-induced seizure. Allopurinol increases the seizure threshold in PTZ-induced seizure and enhances the survival rate in MES-induced seizure. Allopurinol exerts its anti-convulsant effect, possibly through targeting NO pathway and NMDA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Modabberi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Faghir-Ghanesefat
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Farzad Maroufi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Asgari Dafe
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chindo BA, Howes MJR, Abuhamdah S, Yakubu MI, Ayuba GI, Battison A, Chazot PL. New Insights Into the Anticonvulsant Effects of Essential Oil From Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:760674. [PMID: 34721045 PMCID: PMC8551917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.760674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melissa officinalis L. is used in traditional European and Iranian folk medicines to treat a plethora of neurological diseases including epilepsy. We utilized the in vitro and in vivo models of epilepsy to probe the anticonvulsant potentials of essential oil from M. officinalis (MO) to gain insight into the scientific basis for its applications in traditional medicine for the management of convulsive disorders. MO was evaluated for effects on maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) -induced seizures in mice, on 4–aminopyridine (4-AP)-brain slice model of epilepsy and sustained repetitive firing of current clamped neurons; and its ameliorative effects were examined on seizure severity, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in PTZ-kindled rats. MO reversibly blocked spontaneous ictal-like discharges in the 4-AP-brain slice model of epilepsy and secondary spikes from sustained repetitive firing, suggesting anticonvulsant effects and voltage-gated sodium channel blockade. MO protected mice from PTZ– and MES–induced seizures and mortality, and ameliorated seizure severity, fear-avoidance, depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in PTZ–kindled rats. The findings warrant further study for the potential use of MO and/or its constituent(s) as adjunctive therapy for epileptic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Sawsan Abuhamdah
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Musa I Yakubu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Godwin I Ayuba
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul L Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alachkar A, Lotfy M, Adeghate E, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Sadek B. Ameliorating effects of histamine H3 receptor antagonist E177 on acute pentylenetetrazole-induced memory impairments in rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113193. [PMID: 33626390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases including epilepsy. Therefore, the effects of H3R antagonist E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) were evaluated on acute pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced memory impairments, oxidative stress levels (glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), various brain neurotransmitters (histamine (HA), acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)), and glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and c-fos protein expression in rats. E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prolonged step-through latency (STL) time in single-trial passive avoidance paradigm (STPAP), and shortened transfer latency time (TLT) in elevated plus maze paradigm (EPMP) (all P < 0.05). Moreover, and in the hippocampus of PTZ-treated animals, E177 mitigated abnormal levels of AChE activity, ACh and HA (all P < 0.05), but failed to modify brain levels of GABA and Glu. Furthermore, E177 alleviated hippocampal oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the elevated levels of MDA, and increasing the abnormally decreased level of GSH (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, E177 reduced elevated levels of hippocampal c-fos protein expression in hippocampal tissues of PTZ-treated animals (all P < 0.05). The observed results propose the potential of H3R antagonist E177 with an added advantage of avoiding cognitive impairment, emphasizing the H3Rs as a prospective target for future pharmacological management of epilepsy with associated memory impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kavaye Kandeda A, Okomolo Moto FC, Omam Omam JP, Mbomo Ayissi RE, Ojong L, Ngo Bum E. Pergularia daemia alters epileptogenesis and attenuates cognitive impairment in kainate-treated mice: Insight into anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 115:107707. [PMID: 33429138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 60% of temporal lobe epilepsies are drug resistant. Thus, medicinal plants are sources of new antiepileptic drugs. Pergularia daemia is used in Cameroon to treat pain, fever, arthritis, infections, and temporal lobe epilepsy. However, there are no scientific reports on the anti-inflammatory activity of P. daemia during epileptogenesis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at determining the involvement of the anti-inflammatory activity of P. daemia during epileptogenesis in kainate-treated mice. METHODS Status epilepticus was induced in mice with kainate (15 mg/kg; i.p.). Those developing status epilepticus for 2 h were divided and treated once daily, for two weeks, with distilled water (10 ml/kg; p.o.), P. daemia extract (4.9, 12.3, 24.5, and 49 mg/kg; p.o.), and sodium valproate (300 mg/kg; i.p.) or aspirin (20 mg/kg; i.p.). One hour following the last treatment, the susceptibility of mice to seizures was assessed during epileptogenesis with pentylenetetrazole (40 mg/kg; i.p.). Then, mice were subjected to morris water maze, object recognition, and open-field tests. After completion of behavioral analysis, hippocampi and blood were collected for pro-inflammatory markers or histological analysis. RESULTS The extract of P. daemia at all doses significantly reduced the latency and duration of seizures and increased seizure score. P. daemia (24.5 and 49 mg/kg) also prevented SE-induced cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the extract (24.5 and 49 mg/kg) markedly decreased tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1β, and -6 levels in hippocampi or serum. Histological analysis revealed that P. daemia attenuated neuronal loss in CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anti-inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the antiepileptogenic effect of P. daemia extract. This justifies therefore its use to treat epilepsy and inflammation in Cameroon traditional folk medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Fleur Clarisse Okomolo Moto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Pierre Omam Omam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lucie Ojong
- Center of Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 52, Maroua, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Asgharzadeh F, Hosseini M, Bargi R, Beheshti F, Rakhshandeh H, Mansouri S, Aghaei A, Sadeghnia HR, Anaeigoudari A. Effects of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Tanacetum parthenium and its N-Butanol and Aqueous Fractions on Brain Oxidative Damage in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rahimeh Bargi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Hassan Rakhshandeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaye Mansouri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azita Aghaei
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sumbul O, Aygun H. The effect of vitamin D 3 and paricalcitol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Epilepsy Res 2019; 159:106262. [PMID: 31887643 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Epilepsy is a disease characterized by seizures which impair human life considerably. Vitamin D is of different systemic effects on metabolism and its deficiency is known to have a high prevalence among epilepsy patients. Paricalcitol, a vitamin D receptor agonist, has relatively fewer side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and paricalcitol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. METHOD 21 male Wistar rat weighing 180-240 g were used. After anesthetized by 1.25 g/kg urethane intraperitoneally (i.p.), rats were placed in the stereotaxic frame and tripolar electrodes were placed on the skull. The single microinjection of penicillin (2.5 μl, 500 IU, i.c.) into left sensorimotor cortex induced epileptiform activity. A single dose of 60.000 IU/kg (i.p.) vitamin D3 was administered 14 days before intracortical penicillin (500 IU) injection. Paricalcitol (10 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before intracortical penicillin (500 IU) administration and recorded for the following 180 min. RESULTS Vitamin D3 pretreatment and paricalcitol diminished the frequency of epileptiform activity (p < 0.001) without changing the amplitude (p > 0.05) compared to the penicillin-injected group. Vitamin D3 pretreatment and paricalcitol led to an important delay in the onset of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Vitamin D3 increased the latency of penicillin-induced epileptic activity compared to paricalcitol group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Results indicate that vitamin D3 and paricalcitol decreased the frequency and increased the latency of the penicillin-induced epileptic activity. Vitamin D3 was more effective than paricalcitol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu JT, Liu Y, Dong P, Cheng RE, Ke SX, Chen KQ, Wang JJ, Shen ZS, Tang QY, Zhang Z. Up-regulation of antioxidative proteins TRX1, TXNL1 and TXNRD1 in the cortex of PTZ kindling seizure model mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210670. [PMID: 30677045 PMCID: PMC6345427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as one of pathogenesis of brain damage led by epilepsy. Reducing oxidative stress can ameliorate brain damage during seizures. However, expression levels of important antioxidative enzymes such as thioredoxin-1 (TRX1), thioredoxin-like 1 protein (TXNL1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) during seizures have not been investigated. In this study, we examined protein and mRNA expression levels of TRX1, TXNL1 and TXNRD1 in different brain regions in PTZ induced seizure model mice. We found that protein expression levels of TRX1, TXNL1 and TXNRD1 are simultaneously up-regulated by 2- or 3-fold in the cortex of both acute and chronic seizure model mice. But there is no unified expression pattern change of these enzymes in the hippocampus, cerebellum and diencephalon in the seizure model mice. Less extent up-regulation of mRNA expression of these enzymes were also observed in the cortex of seizure mice. These data suggest that antioxidative enzymes may provide a protective effect against oxidative stress in the cortex during seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tian Yu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Biomedical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Run-En Cheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shao-Xi Ke
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai-Qin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Shan Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiong-Yao Tang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (QYT); (ZZ)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (QYT); (ZZ)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Samokhina E, Samokhin A. Neuropathological profile of the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:1086-1096. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1481064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Samokhina
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexander Samokhin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Electroencephalographic and biochemical long–lasting abnormalities in animal model of febrile seizure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2120-2125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Bahbiti Y, Ammouri H, Berkiks I, Hessni AE, Ouichou A, Nakache R, Chakit M, Bikjdaouene L, Mesfioui A. Anticonvulsant effect of argan oil on pilocarpine model induced status epilepticus in wistar rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:116-122. [PMID: 27617842 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1228492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Argan oil (AO) is rich in oleic and linoleic acids, polyphenols, sterols, and tocopherols. This composition gives it numerous beneficial pharmacological effects such as hypolipemiant, hypotensive, and antiproliferative. Oxidative stress is a mechanism of cell death induced by seizures and status epilepticus (SE). This study aims at investigating AO effects on (i) latency to first seizure, seizure severity, weight loss, mortality rate, (ii) lipid peroxidation level, nitrite level, and catalase activity in the hippocampus after SE induced by pilocarpine (PC). Wistar rats (1-month old) were daily administered by oral gavage with AO (1 ml/100 g/day) or with NaCl 0.9% during 2 months before receiving PC (400 mg/kg). After the PC injection, all groups were observed for 24 h. The catalase activity, the lipid peroxidation, and nitrite concentrations were measured using spectrophotometric methods. AO pretreatment increased the latency to first seizures, decreased the weight loss, and reduced mortality rate after SE. AO pretreatment produces significant decrease of the lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels. On the contrary, AO increased the catalase activity in rat hippocampus after seizures. For the first time, our results suggest that AO pretreatment is capable of attenuating seizure severity and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. This indicates that AO may exhibit a neuroprotection against the temporal lobe epilepsy. Further investigations are in progress to confirm this pharmacological property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bahbiti
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Hammou Ammouri
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Inssaf Berkiks
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Aboubaker El Hessni
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ali Ouichou
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Redouan Nakache
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Miloud Chakit
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Leila Bikjdaouene
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Abdelhalem Mesfioui
- a Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aghaei I, Rostampour M, Shabani M, Naderi N, Motamedi F, Babaei P, Khakpour-Taleghani B. Palmitoylethanolamide attenuates PTZ-induced seizures through CB1 and CB2 receptors. Epilepsy Res 2015; 117:23-8. [PMID: 26370914 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Though there are effective medications available to reduce the symptoms of the disease, their side effects have limited their usage. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to attenuate seizure in different animal models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in this attenuation. Male wistar rats were used for the current experiment. PTZ was injected to induce chemical kindling in animals. After verification of kindling in animals, treatment was performed with PEA, AM251 and AM630 in different groups. Latency to induce seizure, seizure stages and latency and duration of fifth stage of seizure was recorded for each animal. Injection of PTZ led to seizure in the animals. Pretreatment with PEA increased the latency to initiate seizures and reduced the duration of seizure. Pretreatment with different dosages of AM251 had contrary effects so that at lower doses they increased the seizure in animals but at higher doses led to the attenuation of seizure. AM630 increased seizures in a dose dependent manner. Combination of the antagonists increased the seizure parameters and attenuated the effect of PEA on seizure. PEA attenuated the PTZ-induced seizures and pretreatment with CB1 and CB2 antagonists diminished this effect of PEA, but still PEA was effective, which might be attributed to the contribution of other receptors in PEA anti-epileptic properties. Findings of the current study implied that endocannabinoid signaling pathway might have an important role in the effects of PEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Aghaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostampour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nima Naderi
- Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Babaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrooz Khakpour-Taleghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhvania MG, Ksovreli M, Japaridze NJ, Lordkipanidze TG. Ultrastructural changes to rat hippocampus in pentylenetetrazol- and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus: A study using electron microscopy. Micron 2015; 74:22-9. [PMID: 25978010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced status epilepticus model in rats was used in the study. The brains were studied one month after treatment. Ultrastructural observations using electron microscopy performed on the neurons, glial cells, and synapses, in the hippocampal CA1 region of epileptic brains, demonstrated the following major changes over normal control brain tissue. (i) There is ultrastructural alterations in some neurons, glial cells and synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. (ii) The destruction of cellular organelles and peripheral, partial or even total chromatolysis in some pyramidal cells and in interneurons are observed. Several astrocytes are proliferated or activated. Presynaptic terminals with granular vesicles and degenerated presynaptic profiles are rarely observed. (iii) The alterations observed are found to be dependent on the frequency of seizure activities following the PTZ treatment. It was observed that if seizure episodes are frequent and severe, the ultrastructure of hippocampal area is significantly changed. Interestingly, the ultrastructure of CA1 area is found to be only moderately altered if seizure episodes following the status epilepticus are rare and more superficial; (iv) alterations in mitochondria and dendrites are among the most common ultrastructural changes seen, suggesting cell stress and changes to cellular metabolism. These morphological changes, observed in brain neurons in status epilepticus, are a reflection of epileptic pathophysiology. Further studies at the chemical and molecular level of neurotransmitter release, such as at the level of porosomes (secretory portals) at the presynaptic membrane, will further reveal molecular details of these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mzia G Zhvania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Mariam Ksovreli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Nadezhda J Japaridze
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia; New Vision University, 1A Evgeni Mikeladze Street, 0158 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Tamar G Lordkipanidze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oxidative stress associated with neuronal apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:293689. [PMID: 25614776 PMCID: PMC4295154 DOI: 10.1155/2014/293689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals may play a role in the initiation and progression of epilepsy; the changes in the mitochondrial and the oxidative stress state can lead mechanism associated with neuronal death pathway. Bioenergetics state failure and impaired mitochondrial function include excessive free radical production with impaired synthesis of antioxidants. This review summarizes evidence that suggest what is the role of oxidative stress on induction of apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Saha L, Chakrabarti A. Understanding the anti-kindling role and its mechanism of Resveratrol in Pentylenetetrazole induced-kindling in a rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
17
|
Erdogan H, Ekici F, Katar M, Kesici H, Aslan H. The protective effects of endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ-123 in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1008-16. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113520017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 has been shown to increase neuronal activity and glutaminergic synaptic transmission by endothelin-A receptors (ETAR) in the nucleus tractus solitarius neurons that play an important role in epileptic seizures. Therefore, BQ-123 as an ETAR antagonist might attenuate neuronal excitability and glutaminergic synaptic transmission. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the protective effect of acute BQ-123 treatment against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced tonic–clonic seizures. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, PTZ, and PTZ + BQ-123 groups. BQ-123 (3 mg/kg, intravenously) was administered for 15 min before injecting with PTZ (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). We determined a delay resulting from BQ-123 in “duration of the seizure onset.” “Number of rats with major seizure” also decreased according to scoring with video camera in PTZ + BQ-123 group. In BQ-123-treated group, there were eight rats without a major seizure, but only one rat had a delayed major seizure. The brain tissue glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in the PTZ and PTZ + BQ-123 groups. According to the results of the control group, there was a significant increase in the protein carbonyl levels of the PTZ group and a significant increase in the nitric oxide levels of the PTZ + BQ-123 group. Histological examination showed an increase in the number of neuronal hyperchromatic nucleus especially in hippocampal gyrus dentatus region of BQ-123-treated group. We concluded that BQ-123 impeded the formation and spread of seizure to a great degree. The beneficial effects of BQ-123 were comparatively supported with biochemical parameters and histological examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Erdogan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - F Ekici
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirım Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Katar
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - H Kesici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - H Aslan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Okuyan M, Akca M, Yildirim M. Electrophysiological evidence for the anticonvulsant effect of alpha-lipoic acid via indirect antioxidant properties in BALB/c mice. Neurol Res 2013; 35:726-33. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukadder Okuyan
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Metehan Akca
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oxidative stress markers in the neocortex of drug-resistant epilepsy patients submitted to epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Res 2013; 107:75-81. [PMID: 24054426 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While there is solid experimental evidence of brain oxidative stress in animal models of epilepsy, it has not been thoroughly verified in epileptic human brain. Our purpose was to determine and to compare oxidative stress markers in the neocortex of epileptic and non-epileptic humans, with the final objective of confirming oxidative stress phenomena in human epileptic brain. METHODS Neocortical samples from drug-resistant epilepsy patients submitted to epilepsy surgery (n=20) and from control, non-epileptic cortex samples (n=11) obtained from brain bank donors without neurological disease, were studied for oxidative stress markers: levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2(-)); activity of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR); and markers of damage to biomolecules (lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation). RESULTS Compared with non-epileptic controls, the neocortex of epileptic patients displayed increased levels of superoxide anion (P≤0.001), catalase (P≤0.01), and DNA oxidation (P≤0.001); a decrease in GPx (P≤0.05), and no differences in SOD, GR and lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in humans are in agreement with those found in animal models, supporting oxidative stress as a relevant mechanism also in human epilepsy. The concurrent increase in catalase and decrease in GPx, together with unchanged SOD levels, suggests catalase as the main antioxidant enzyme in human epileptic neocortex. The substantial increase in the levels of O2(-) and 8-oxo-dG in epileptic patients supports a connection between chronic seizures and ROS-mediated neural damage.
Collapse
|
20
|
Antioxidant Effects of Nerolidol in Mice Hippocampus After Open Field Test. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1861-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
21
|
Gomes PXL, de Oliveira GV, de Araújo FYR, de Barros Viana GS, de Sousa FCF, Hyphantis TN, Grunberg NE, Carvalho AF, Macêdo DS. Differences in vulnerability to nicotine-induced kindling between female and male periadolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:115-26. [PMID: 22782460 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has recently been reported that chronic nicotine administration at subconvulsive doses causes seizures, a phenomenon referred to as kindling. Evidence points to the involvement of oxidative stress in pharmacological and electrical kindling, sex is known to influence the brain's response to nicotine. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the sex differences in vulnerability to nicotine-induced kindling and the involvement of oxidative stress in this phenomenon. METHODS Male and female periadolescent Wistar rats received repeated injections of a subconvulsive dose of nicotine (hemisulfate salt; 2 mg/kg, i.p.) every weekday for up to 25 days. To better understand the influence of oxidative stress in nicotine kindling, the antioxidant vitamin E (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered prior to nicotine administration. The levels of gluthatione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and lipid peroxidation were determined in the hippocampus (HC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum. RESULTS Female animals developed kindling more rapidly than male rats. In female rats, kindling was associated with decreases in antioxidant defenses, including GSH levels in the HC and striatum and SOD activity in the PFC and striatum, and increased lipid peroxidation in all brain areas studied. By contrast, male kindled animals presented only with a decrease in the GSH in the HC. Vitamin E prevented the occurrence of kindled seizures by 80 % and 75 % in male and female rats, respectively. CONCLUSION These novel findings indicate that female periadolescent rats develop nicotine-kindled seizures earlier than their male counterparts. Differences in the oxidative balance may be involved in this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Xavier L Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-270, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Folbergrová J, Ješina P, Nůsková H, Houštěk J. Antioxidant enzymes in cerebral cortex of immature rats following experimentally‐induced seizures: upregulation of mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2). Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Folbergrová
- Institute of PhysiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, (v.v.i.)Vídeňská 1083, 142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ješina
- Institute of PhysiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, (v.v.i.)Vídeňská 1083, 142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
| | - Hana Nůsková
- Institute of PhysiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, (v.v.i.)Vídeňská 1083, 142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Institute of PhysiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, (v.v.i.)Vídeňská 1083, 142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yusuf M, Khan RA, Khan M, Ahmed B. Plausible antioxidant biomechanics and anticonvulsant pharmacological activity of brain-targeted β-carotene nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4311-21. [PMID: 22915852 PMCID: PMC3419510 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene has been established as a known free radical scavenger with chain-breaking antioxidant properties. It has been documented for the treatment of epileptic convulsions at a 200 mg/kg body weight dose. The reported pathogenesis for epileptic convulsions is oxidative stress. Hence, experimental epileptic convulsions via oxidative stress was induced in albino mice epileptic models (maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazole [PTZ]). A dose concentration equivalent to 2 mg/kg was efficaciously administered in the form of brain-targeted polysorbate-80-coated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and further characterized for their physical parameters, in-vitro release kinetics, and in-vivo brain release via various standard methods. Normal β-carotene nanoparticles (BCNP) and polysorbate-80-coated β-carotene nanoparticles (P-80-BCNP) of 169.8 ± 4.8 nm and 176.3 ± 3.2 nm in size, respectively, were formulated and characterized. Their zeta potential and polydispersity index were subsequently evaluated after 5 months of storage to confirm stability. In vivo activity results showed that a 2 mg unformulated β-carotene dose was ineffective as an anticonvulsant. However, salutary response was reported from BCNP at the same dose, as the hind limb duration decreased significantly in maximal electroshock seizure to 9.30 ± 0.86 seconds, which further decreased with polysorbate-80 coating to 2.10 ± 1.16 seconds as compared to normal control (15.8 ± 1.49 seconds) and placebo control (16.50 ± 1.43 seconds). In the PTZ model, the duration of general tonic-clonic seizures reduced significantly to 2.90 ± 0.98 seconds by the use of BCNP and was further reduced on P-80-BCNP to 1.20 ± 0.20 seconds as compared to PTZ control and PTZ-placebo control (8.09 ± 0.26 seconds). General tonic-clonic seizures latency was increased significantly to 191.0 ± 9.80 seconds in BCNP and was further increased in P-80-BCNP to 231.0 ± 16.30 seconds, as compared to PTZ (120.10 ± 4.50 seconds) and placebo control (120.30 ± 7.4 seconds). The results of this study demonstrate a plausible novel anticonvulsant activity of β-carotene at a low dose of 2 mg/kg, with brain-targeted nanodelivery, thus increasing its bioavailability and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yusuf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Analgesic, anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one dihydrochloride in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 101:138-47. [PMID: 22227221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have shown that 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one dihydrochloride (LPP1) is an antinociceptive and local anesthetic agent in rodents. Below an extended study of the pharmacological activity of LPP1 is described. In vitro LPP1 has no affinity for GABA(A), opioidergic μ and serotonergic 5-HT(1A) receptors. The total antioxidant capacity of LPP1 (1-10mM) measured as ABTS radical cation-scavenging activity showed that LPP1 has dose-dependent antioxidant properties in vitro. Low plasma concentration of this compound detected by means of HPLC method 30min after its intraperitoneal administration suggests a rapid conversion to metabolite(s) which may be responsible for its analgesic and anticonvulsant activities in vivo. In vivo the compound's influence on the electroconvulsive threshold and its activity in the maximal electroshock seizure test (MES) were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LPP1 had an anticonvulsant activity in the MES model (ED(50)=112mg/kg) and at a dose of 50mg/kg was able to elevate the electroconvulsive threshold for 8mA as compared to the vehicle-treated mice. The analgesic activity of LPP1 was investigated in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in two groups of mice: animals with sensory C-fibers ablated, and mice with C-fibers unimpaired. It proved the potent activity of this compound in both groups (approximately 85% as compared to the vehicle-treated mice). The adverse effects of LPP1 were evaluated as acute toxicity (LD(50)=747.8mg/kg) and motor coordination impairments in the rotarod and chimney tests. The results from these tests show that LPP1 at doses higher than 100mg/kg is likely to impair the motor performance of experimental animals. Concluding, LPP1 is an analgesic and anticonvulsant compound which has antioxidant properties in vitro. Further studies are necessary to assess whether the antioxidant activity and the receptor profiling demonstrated in vitro can be confirmed for its metabolite(s) that are formed in vivo.
Collapse
|
25
|
Júnior JSDC, de Almeida AAC, Tomé ADR, Citó AMDGL, Saffi J, de Freitas RM. Evaluation of possible antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects of the ethyl acetate fraction from Platonia insignis Mart. (Bacuri) on epilepsy models. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:678-84. [PMID: 22056341 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to examine the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from Platonia insignis on lipid peroxidation level, nitrite formation, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat striatum prior to pilocarpine-induced seizures as well as to explore its anticonvulsant activity in adult rats prior to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- and picrotoxin (PIC)-induced seizures. Wistar rats were treated with vehicle, atropine (25mg/kg), EAF (0.1, 1, and 10mg/kg), pilocarpine (400mg/kg, P400 group), PTZ (60 mg/kg, PTZ group), PIC (8 mg/kg, PIC group), atropine+P400, EAF+P400, EAF+PTZ, or EAF+PIC. Significant decreases in number of crossings and rearings were observed in the P400 group. The EAF 10+P400 group also had significant increases in these parameters. In addition, in rats treated with P400, there were significant increases in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels; however, there were no alterations in SOD and catalase activities. In the EAF 10+P400 group, lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels significantly decreased and SOD and catalase activities significantly increased after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Additionally, effects of the EAF were evaluated in PTZ and PIC models. EAF did not increase the latency to development of convulsions induced with PTZ and PIC at the doses tested. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that EAF does not have anticonvulsant activity in the different models of epilepsy studied. Our results indicate that in the in vivo model of pilocarpine-induced seizures, EAF has antioxidant activity, but not anticonvulsant properties at the doses tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Soares da Costa Júnior
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Genetic and Applied Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Chung YH, Kim WK, Ko KH, Bach JH, Hong JS, Yoneda Y, Kim HC. Role of oxidative stress in epileptic seizures. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:122-37. [PMID: 21672578 PMCID: PMC3606551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from excessive free-radical release is likely implicated in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. Therefore, antioxidant therapies aimed at reducing oxidative stress have received considerable attention in epilepsy treatment. However, much evidence suggests that oxidative stress does not always have the same pattern in all seizures models. Thus, this review provides an overview aimed at achieving a better understanding of this issue. We summarize work regarding seizure models (i.e., genetic rat models, kainic acid, pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazol, and trimethyltin), oxidative stress as an etiologic factor in epileptic seizures (i.e., impairment of antioxidant systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, involvement of redox-active metals, arachidonic acid pathway activation, and aging), and antioxidant strategies for seizure treatment. Combined, this review highlights pharmacological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress in epileptic seizures and the potential for neuroprotection in epilepsy that targets oxidative stress and is supported by effective antioxidant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Ko
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Bach
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
dos Santos PS, Costa JP, Tomé ADR, Saldanha GB, de Souza GF, Feng D, de Freitas RM. Oxidative stress in rat striatum after pilocarpine-induced seizures is diminished by alpha-tocopherol. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:65-71. [PMID: 21745465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol has numerous nonenzymatic actions and is a powerful liposoluble antioxidant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of alpha-tocopherol in rats against oxidative stress caused by pilocarpine-induced seizures. Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 0.9% saline (control group), alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg, alpha-tocopherol group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, pilocarpine group), or the combination of alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.; alpha-tocopherol plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments, all groups were observed for 24 h. The superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentrations were measured using spectrophotometrically methods. To clarify the mechanism of alpha-tocopherol on oxidative stress in pilocarpine model, Western blot analysis of Mn-SOD and catalase in rat striatum were performed. In the pilocarpine group, rats showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels. However, there were no alterations on Mn-SOD activity. On the other hand, the catalase activity augmented in pilocarpine group. In the alpha-tocopherol and pilocarpine co-administered rats, antioxidant treatment significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation level and nitrite content and increased the Mn-SOD and catalase activities in rat striatum after seizures. Pilocarpine, alpha-tocopherol plus pilocarpine and alpha-tocopherol groups did not affect of the Mn-SOD and catalase mRNA or protein levels. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that oxidative stress occurs in striatum during pilocarpine-induced seizures, indicating that brain damage induced by the oxidative process plays a crucial role in seizures pathogenic consequences, which implies that strong protective effect could be achieved using alpha-tocopherol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sousa dos Santos
- Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry of Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutics Science, Federal University of Piaui, CEP 64.049-550, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Milatovic D, Gupta RC, Yu Y, Zaja-Milatovic S, Aschner M. Protective effects of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents against manganese-induced oxidative damage and neuronal injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:219-26. [PMID: 21684300 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to excessive manganese (Mn) levels leads to neurotoxicity, referred to as manganism, which resembles Parkinson's disease (PD). Manganism is caused by neuronal injury in both cortical and subcortical regions, particularly in the basal ganglia. The basis for the selective neurotoxicity of Mn is not yet fully understood. However, several studies suggest that oxidative damage and inflammatory processes play prominent roles in the degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons. In the present study, we assessed the effects of Mn on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, changes in high-energy phosphates and associated neuronal dysfunctions both in vitro and in vivo. Results from our in vitro study showed a significant (p<0.01) increase in biomarkers of oxidative damage, F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs), as well as the depletion of ATP in primary rat cortical neurons following exposure to Mn (500 μM) for 2h. These effects were protected when neurons were pretreated for 30 min with 100 of an antioxidant, the hydrophilic vitamin E analog, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), or an anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin. Results from our in vivo study confirmed a significant increase in F(2)-IsoPs levels in conjunction with the progressive spine degeneration and dendritic damage of the striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of mice exposed to Mn (100mg/kg, s.c.) 24h. Additionally, pretreatment with vitamin E (100mg/kg, i.p.) or ibuprofen (140 μg/ml in the drinking water for two weeks) attenuated the Mn-induced increase in cerebral F(2)-IsoPs? and protected the MSNs from dendritic atrophy and dendritic spine loss. Our findings suggest that the mediation of oxidative stress/mitochondrial dysfunction and the control of alterations in biomarkers of oxidative injury, neuroinflammation and synaptodendritic degeneration may provide an effective, multi-pronged therapeutic strategy for protecting dysfunctional dopaminergic transmission and slowing of the progression of Mn-induced neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Effect of lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine and topiramate on cognitive functions and oxidative stress in PTZ-kindled mice. Seizure 2011; 20:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
30
|
Effect of Vitamin E on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Aged Rats with PTZ-Induced Convulsions. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-011-9168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Júnior HVN, de França Fonteles MM, Mendes de Freitas R. Acute seizure activity promotes lipid peroxidation, increased nitrite levels and adaptive pathways against oxidative stress in the frontal cortex and striatum. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:130-7. [PMID: 20592767 PMCID: PMC2763238 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.3.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments have shown that the generation of free radicals in rat brain homogenates is increased following pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus (SE). This study was aimed at investigating the changes in neurochemical mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation levels, nitrite content, glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the frontal cortex and the striatum of Wistar adult rats after seizures and SE induced by pilocarpine. The control group was treated with 0.9% saline and another group of rats received pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.). Both groups were sacrificed 24 h after the treatments. Lipid peroxidation level, nitrite content, GSH concentration and enzymatic activities were measured by using spectrophotometric methods. Our findings showed that pilocarpine administration and its resulting seizures and SE produced a significant increase of lipid peroxidation level in the striatum (47%) and frontal cortex (59%). Nitrite contents increased 49% and 73% in striatum and frontal cortex in pilocarpine group, respectively. In GSH concentrations were decreases of 54% and 58% in the striatum and frontal cortex in pilocarpine group, respectively. The catalase activity increased 39% and 49% in the striatum and frontal cortex, respectively. The superoxide dismutase activity was not altered in the striatum, but it was present at a 24% increase in frontal cortex. These results suggest that there is a direct relationship between the lipid peroxidation and nitrite contents during epileptic activity that can be responsible for the superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic activity changes observed during the establishment of seizures and SE induced by pilocarpine.
Collapse
|
32
|
Obrenovich ME, Nair NG, Beyaz A, Aliev G, Reddy VP. The role of polyphenolic antioxidants in health, disease, and aging. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:631-43. [PMID: 20818981 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic antioxidants from dietary sources are frequently a topic of interest due to widespread scientific agreement that they may help lower the incidence of certain cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and DNA damage and even may have antiaging properties. On the other hand, questions still remain as to whether some antioxidants could be potentially harmful to health, because an increase in glycation-mediated protein damage (carbonyl stress) has been reported in some cases. Nevertheless, the quest for healthy aging has led to the extensive use of phytochemically derived antioxidants to disrupt age-associated deterioration in physiological function and to prevent many age-related diseases. Although a diet rich in the polyphenolic forms of antioxidants does seem to offer hope in delaying the onset of age-related disorders, it is still too early to define their exact clinical benefit for treating age-related disease. This review critically examines polyphenolic antioxidants, such as flavonoids, curcumene, and resveratrol in health, disease, and aging with the hope that a better understanding of the many mechanisms involved with these diverse compounds may lead to better health and novel treatment approaches for age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Obrenovich
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anticonvulsant potential of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone in pentylenetetrazole-induced acute seizures and kindling in mice. Brain Res 2010; 1351:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
34
|
Wiswedel I. F(2)-isoprostanes: sensitive biomarkers of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo: a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric approach. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2010; 580:3-16. [PMID: 19784591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-325-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method was developed that allowed the accurate, highly sensitive and specific quantification of F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) in different tissues and body fluids. Measurement of F(2)-IsoPs in isolated rat brain mitochondria, HaCaT keratinocytes, human plasma, and microdialysates of human skin has established the occurrence of oxidative stress in a variety of model systems and disease states. F(2)-IsoPs correlated with other markers of lipid peroxidation (e.g., TBARS, HETEs) in experimental models of oxidative stress. F(2)-IsoPs were elevated about 100-fold after iron/ascorbate-induced oxidative stress and 2- to 4-fold after pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures, in hemodialysis patients with end stage renal disease, in psoriasis patients, in HaCaT keratinocytes, and in microdialysates of human skin following UVB irradiation.Both human and experimental studies have indicated associations of F(2)-IsoPs and inflammatory conditions. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac did not only suppress the prostaglandin but also the F(2)-IsoP pathway.Microdialysis allows the "near-in vivo" measurement of prostanoid mediators, released in the interstitial space of the dermis under inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Wiswedel
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The Effects of Alpha-Tocopherol on Hippocampal Oxidative Stress Prior to in Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:580-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures affect binding site densities for GABA, glutamate and adenosine receptors in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2009; 163:490-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
37
|
Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Aschner M, Milatovic D. Protection of DFP-induced oxidative damage and neurodegeneration by antioxidants and NMDA receptor antagonist. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:124-31. [PMID: 19615394 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic agents acutely administered in response to anticholinesterases intoxication can prevent toxic symptoms, including fasciculations, seizures, convulsions and death. However, anticholinesterases also have long-term unknown pathophysiological effects, making rational prophylaxis/treatment problematic. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to excessive cholinergic stimulation, organophosphate compounds such as diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) induce activation of glutamatergic neurons, generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), leading to neurodegeneration. The present study investigated multiple affectors of DFP exposure critical to cerebral oxidative damage and whether antioxidants and NMDA receptor antagonist memantine provide neuroprotection by preventing DFP-induced biochemical and morphometric changes in rat brain. Rats treated acutely with DFP (1.25 mg/kg, s.c.) developed onset of toxicity signs within 7-15 min that progressed to maximal severity of seizures and fasciculations within 60 min. At this time point, DFP caused significant (p<0.01) increases in biomarkers of ROS (F2-isoprostanes, F2-IsoPs; and F4-neuroprostanes, F4-NeuroPs), RNS (citrulline), and declines in high-energy phosphates (HEP) in rat cerebrum. At the same time, quantitative morphometric analysis of pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region revealed significant (p<0.01) reductions in dendritic lengths and spine density. When rats were pretreated with the antioxidants N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN, 200 mg/kg, i.p.), or vitamin E (100 mg/kg, i.p./day for 3 days), or memantine (18 mg/kg, i.p.), significant attenuations in DFP-induced increases in F2-IsoPs, F4-NeuroPs, citrulline, and depletion of HEP were noted. Furthermore, attenuation in oxidative damage following antioxidants or memantine pretreatment was accompanied by rescue from dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area. These findings closely associated DFP-induced lipid peroxidation with dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area and point to possible interventions to limit oxidative injury and dendritic degeneration induced by anticholinesterase neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snjezana Zaja-Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Toxicology, Nashville, TN 37232-0414, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Devi PU, Manocha A, Vohora D. Seizures, antiepileptics, antioxidants and oxidative stress: an insight for researchers. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9:3169-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560802568230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
39
|
Bidmon HJ, Görg B, Palomero-Gallagher N, Schleicher A, Häussinger D, Speckmann EJ, Zilles K. Glutamine synthetase becomes nitrated and its activity is reduced during repetitive seizure activity in the pentylentetrazole model of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2008; 49:1733-48. [PMID: 18479397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The astrocyte-specific glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a key role in glutamate recycling and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism. Changes in the expression or activity of GS have been proposed to contribute to epileptogenesis. The mechanisms or how and where GS may contribute to epilepsy is still a matter of discussion. Here we asked the question whether brain regions, which show an astrocytic stress response respond with alterations of GS. METHODS Biochemical and histological alterations of GS, HSP-27, and GFAP were studied after pentylenetetrazole-induced repetitive epileptic seizures (PIRS) in rats using a topographical quantification of the GS-immunoreactivity (GSIR) in relation to the focal heat shock response (HSR). Saline-treated rats served as controls and rats treated by the GS-inhibitor, L-methionine-sulfoximine (MSO) served as a positive control. RESULTS No changes in the amount of GSIR and GS-protein occurred during PIRS. A significant reduction of GSIR was observed by histochemistry (in situ) and in native (nonheated) protein extracts of MSO-treated rats. In rats affected by PIRS, GS-activity showed a significant, region-specific reduction in association with a nitration of the enzyme. DISCUSSION These results show that neither PIRS nor GS-inhibition reduced the amount of GS protein, but that MSO interferes with antibody binding to native GS. PIRS resulted in a focal increase of astrocytic stress response, whereas MSO caused a widespread, homogeneous astrocytic HSR independent from quantitative changes of GS content. In rats with PIRS the regions showing a strong glial HSR, respond with reduced GS-activity and GS-nitration, which all together are clear indicators of a nitrosative stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-J Bidmon
- C & O Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Miyamoto R, Shimakawa S, Suzuki S, Ogihara T, Tamai H. Edaravone prevents kainic acid-induced neuronal death. Brain Res 2008; 1209:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
41
|
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter knock-down mice are more susceptible to pilocarpine induced status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2008; 436:201-4. [PMID: 18394802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pilocarpine (PILO) animal model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) portrays the most common changes in hippocampal circuitry found in human TLE. The acute cholinergic insult induces status epilepticus (SE), which triggers an overwhelming set of plastic events that result on late spontaneous recurrent limbic seizures. It has been suggested that the cholinergic system plays an important role in the synchronization required for ictogenesis. We took advantage of a knock-down animal model for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT KD) to investigate seizure genesis in a model of cholinergic dysfunction. We induced SE in VAChT KD and wild-type (WT) mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of PILO in order to evaluate susceptibility to seizures. Video-EEG recordings evaluated epileptiform activity and ictal behavior onset. The hypothesis tested is that innate cholinergic hypofunction could result in increased susceptibility to PILO. VAChT KD(HOM) mice showed shorter latency for the first epileptiform discharge and for the first seizure episode, when compared to other groups. The duration of these seizure episodes, however, were not statistically different among experimental groups. On the other hand, VAChT KD(HOM) had the shortest latency to isoelectric EEG, when compared to WT and KD(HET). Our results indicate that a reduction of brain VAChT protein to the levels found in VAChT KD(HOM) mice alters the epileptic response to PILO. Thus, fine-tuning modulation of cholinergic tone can affect the susceptibility of epileptic responses to pilocarpine.
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu ZW, Zhang T, Yang Z. Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Spatial Memory Deficits in Status Epilepticus Rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1875-83. [PMID: 17549628 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is associated with a significant risk of cognitive impairment, and the increase of nitric oxide (NO) releasing has been reported during SE. We investigated the effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), on spatial performance of rats in the Morris water maze. Treatment with 7-NI, but not with AG, improved the performance of rats after SE not only in acquisition of the task but also in probe test. Furthermore, the level of SE-induced malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of lipid peroxidation, was significantly decreased only in animals receiving 7-NI injection. Taken together, the results of the present study provided evidence that the NO pathway contributed to oxidative stress after SE, and nNOS/NO pathway may underlie one of the potential mechanisms contributing to SE-induced spatial memory deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei Liu
- Key Lab of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tejada S, Sureda A, Roca C, Gamundí A, Esteban S. Antioxidant response and oxidative damage in brain cortex after high dose of pilocarpine. Brain Res Bull 2007; 71:372-5. [PMID: 17208654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist capable to induce seizures and an epilepticus-like state in rodents. This status epilepticus (SE) is an useful animal model to study the development and understanding of the neuropathology, behavioural and electroencephalographic alterations of human temporal lobe epilepsy. It has been suggested a relationship between SE and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can result in seizure-induced neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of oxidative damage and the changes in the antioxidant system in cortex after administration of a high pilocarpine dose. Rats were injected with pilocarpine (350 mg/kg i.p.) or with saline as control and 2h after the animals were sacrificed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as marker of lipid peroxidation, significantly increased (64%) after pilocarpine treatment evidencing oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzyme activities--catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)--significantly increased in response to pilocarpine (28%, 28% and 21%, respectively). GP and Mn-SOD gene expression were induced by pilocarpine treatment. Vitamin E concentration in brain cortex decreased (15%) as result of pilocarpine administration. In conclusion, the high dose of pilocarpine, used in the present study, induces oxidative damage and increases antioxidant enzyme activities and expression in brain cortex. Moreover, increased lipid peroxidation produces the consumption of Vitamin E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tejada
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. Valldemossa, Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kozan R, Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The effects of ethanol intake and withdrawal on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:111-5. [PMID: 17113936 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments have shown that ethanol may have either pro-convulsive or anti-convulsive effects on epileptic activity in different experimental epilepsy models. In this study, the effect of low dose ethanol and its withdrawal on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rat was investigated. Eight groups of adult, male Wistar rats were studied: (1) control, (2) penicillin pretreated (500 units), (3) alpha-tocopherol (500 mg/kg, i.m.), (4) penicillin pretreated+alpha-tocopherol, (5) ethanol-treated (3g/kg, per day, for 15 days, intragastrically)+penicillin, (6) ethanol-treated+penicillin+alpha-tocopherol, (7) ethanol withdrawal+penicillin, (8) ethanol withdrawal+penicillin+alpha-tocopherol. Each animal group was composed of seven rats. The epileptiform activity was verified by electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings. The epileptiform activity was induced by microinjection of penicillin into the left sensorimotor cortex. Administration of ethanol (3g/kg, per day, for 15 days, intragastrically) did not change either frequency or amplitude of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. The frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity were evaluated 40 h after the last ethanol administration in withdrawal groups. There was no significant change in the mean frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity compared with penicillin pretreated and ethanol-treated groups. The effective dose of alpha-tocopherol (500 mg/kg, i.m.) significantly decreased the mean frequency of epileptiform activity in the 60, 70, and 120 min after alpha-tocopherol injection in penicillin pretreated, ethanol-treated, ethanol withdrawal groups, respectively. However, alpha-tocopherol did not affect the amplitude of epileptiform activity in all groups. In conclusion, the present results indicate that low dose of ethanol does not have either anticonvulsive or proconvulsive effect on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. alpha-Tocopherol has anti-convulsive effect on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in effective dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Kozan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kozan R, Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The influence of ethanol intake and its withdrawal on the anticonvulsant effect of alpha-tocopherol in the penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2006; 28:463-70. [PMID: 17240453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies proposed the existence of a relationship between epilepsy and ethanol. Ethanol may have either proconvulsive or anticonvulsive effects on epileptic activity in different experimental epilepsy models. The influence of high dose ethanol intake and its withdrawal on the anticonvulsant effect of alpha-tocopherol was examined after intracortical injection of penicillin (500 units) to induce epileptiform activity. Thirty minutes after penicillin injection, the most effective dose of alpha-tocopherol (500 mg/kg) was administrated intramuscularly (i.m.). Ethanol-treated rats received a daily dose of 9.0 g/kg of 30% ethanol solution via an oesophageal probe for 15 days. All rats in the withdrawal group were anesthetized for induction of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity 28 h after the last ethanol administration. The epileptiform activity was verified by electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings. Ethanol, in a dose of 9 g/kg, significantly decreased the mean frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform ECoG activity without changing the amplitude. The mean frequency of ECoG activity was decreased in the 60 and 70 min period from penicillin injection in the ethanol-treated+alpha-tocopherol and ethanol withdrawal+alpha-tocopherol groups compared with the penicillin-injected (500 units, i.c.) group, respectively. alpha-Tocopherol was more effective in decreasing the mean frequency of epileptiform activity in the ethanol+alpha-tocopherol group than in other alpha-tocopherol administrated groups. Ethanol withdrawal caused an increase in frequency of epileptiform activity in the withdrawal+alpha-tocopherol group compared with other alpha-tocopherol administrated groups. alpha-Tocopherol did not affect the amplitude of epileptiform activity in any group. Possible mechanisms of ethanol influence on the neuroprotective actions of alpha-tocopherol are still a crucial issue associated with epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Kozan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Folbergrová J, Druga R, Otáhal J, Haugvicová R, Mares P, Kubová H. Effect of free radical spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) on seizures induced in immature rats by homocysteic acid. Exp Neurol 2006; 201:105-19. [PMID: 16756975 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study has examined the effect of free radical spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) in the model of seizures induced in immature 12-day-old rats by bilateral intracerebroventricular infusion of dl-homocysteic acid (dl-HCA, 600 nmol/side). PBN was given i.p. in two doses (100 mg/kg each), 30 min prior and 30 min after dl-HCA infusion. PBN did not significantly influence the severity of seizures, evident both from the behavioral symptoms and EEG recordings. PBN normalized decreased ATP levels in the hippocampus, occurring during the acute phase of seizures ( approximately 45-50 min after infusion) and persisting until the end of the 24-h recovery period. PBN also led to normalization of decreased glucose levels and to a significant reduction of lactate accumulation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The neuroprotective effect of PBN was evaluated after 24 h and 6 days of survival following dl-HCA-induced seizures (Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B staining). The administration of PBN resulted in a partial amelioration of severe damage observed in many brain regions following infusion of dl-HCA alone. The data suggest that increased free radical production is apparently occurring during seizures induced in immature rats by homocysteic acid. Free radical scavenger PBN had a clear-cut protective effect, evident as the improved recovery of brain energy status and as a partial, but significant, attenuation of neuronal degeneration associated with this model of seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Folbergrová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The effects of vitamin E on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Exp Brain Res 2006; 174:109-13. [PMID: 16604321 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which can increase the content of reactive oxygen in the brain. Active oxygen free radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) might prevent epilepsy. A variety of animal seizure models exist which help to document the effects of vitamin E and specify its action. In this study, we have evaluated dose-dependent effect of alpha-tocopherol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity, analyzed by electrocorticogram (ECoG). The epileptiform activity was induced by microinjection of penicillin into the left sensorimotor cortex. Thirty minutes after penicillin injection, 100, 300, or 500 mg/kg of alpha-tocopherol was administrated intramuscularly (i.m.). alpha-Tocopherol (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg) alone did not significantly change the spike amplitudes in non-penicillin pretreated control animals. alpha-Tocopherol of 300, or 500 mg/kg significantly decreased the frequency of epileptiform activity in the penicillin-pretreated animals. The low dose of alpha-tocopherol (100 mg/kg) did not significantly change either amplitude or frequency of epileptiform activity. alpha-Tocopherol of 500 mg/kg i.m. was the most effective dose in changing of frequency on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. The anti-convulsant effects of alpha-tocopherol appeared 80, 60, 30 min after alpha-tocopherol injection in 300, 500, and 3 day vitamin E supplemented groups. These data indicate that alpha-tocopherol decreases the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ayyildiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Freitas RM, Oliveira ADA, Vasconcelos SMM, Sousa FCF, Viana GSB, Fonteles MMF. Expression of muscarinic and dopaminergic receptors and monoamine levels frontal cortex of epileptic rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 83:302-6. [PMID: 16563474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from stroke, epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder with 0.5% of prevalence. The present study was performed in order to determine the monoamine levels, (M(1)-like) muscarinic and (D(1)- and D(2)-like) dopaminergic receptor changes in frontal cortex of adult rats after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Male Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, s.c.) and the control group received 0.9% saline (s.c.). Both groups were sacrificed 1 h after treatment. The frontal cortex was dissected for neurochemical assays. The results show a downregulation of 27% in M(1) muscarinic receptor density, but in the dissociation constant (K(d)) value remained unaltered. D(1) and D(2) dopaminergic receptor densities and their K(d) values remained unaltered. Monoamine and metabolites levels presented decreases of 44%, 27%, 30% and 42% in dopamine (DA), homovanilic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) contents, respectively. Moreover, in serotonin (5-HT) level remained unaltered and the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentration was augmented by 34%. The results suggest that dopaminergic system in this area studied may not be directly involved in the seizures and status epilepticus, but different monoamines and metabolites can be modified in this cerebral area during seizure process. In conclusion, the neurochemical alterations that occur in frontal cortex of adult rats observed during the establishment of the status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine are decrease in M(1) receptor density concentration and a reduction in DA and NE levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rivelilson M Freitas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-970, CE, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Peterson SL, Purvis RS, Griffith JW. Comparison of Neuroprotective Effects Induced by α-Phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and N-tert-Butyl-α-(2 sulfophenyl) nitrone (S-PBN) in Lithium-Pilocarpine Status Epilepticus. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:969-79. [PMID: 15890407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The status epilepticus (SE) induced in rats by lithium-pilocarpine (Li-pilo) shares many common features with soman-induced SE including extensive limbic neuropathology. Reactive oxygen species are hypothesized to play a role in the SE induced neuropathology and we propose that the free radical scavengers alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and N-tert-butyl-alpha-(2 sulfophenyl) nitrone (S-PBN) may be neuroprotective. PBN or S-PBN were administered either immediately following pilocarpine (exposure treatment) or 5 min after the onset of SE as determined by ECoG activity. SE was allowed to continue for 3 h before termination with propofol. The rats were sacrified 24 h following pilocarpine administration. S-PBN induced minor effects to reduce SE duration and improve neurological deficit 24 h following pilocarpine administration. One hundred and fifty milligrams per kilograms PBN administered 5 min after SE onset produced significant neuroprotection in the parietal, occipital, perirhinal and piriform cortices as well as the lateral amygdala. One hundred and fifty milligrams per kilograms S-PBN was neuroprotective only in the occipital and perirhinal cortex while 300 mg/kg S-PBN exacerbated cortical neuropathology. S-PBN administered 5 min after SE onset exacerbated neuropathology in thalamic regions. In contrast, PBN and S-PBN administered as exposure treatment exacerbated neuropathology in thalamic and CA3 regions. The differential neuroprotective effects of PBN and S-PBN may be the result of the poor brain penetration by S-PBN. The results suggest that free radical scavenger activity is neuroprotective in cortical regions during cholinergic convulsions. Regional variations in drug-induced neuroprotectant activity in Li-pilo SE are common and suggest multiple mechanisms of neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Peterson
- College of Pharmacy, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Patsoukis N, Zervoudakis G, Georgiou CD, Angelatou F, Matsokis NA, Panagopoulos NT. Thiol Redox State and Lipid and Protein Oxidation in the Mouse Striatum after Pentylenetetrazol-induced Epileptic Seizure. Epilepsia 2005; 46:1205-11. [PMID: 16060929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.63704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, we examined the effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) administration on the thiol redox state (TRS), lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation in the mouse striatum to (a) quantitate the major components of TRS and relate them to oxidative stress, and (b) investigate whether neuronal activation without synchronization, induced by subconvulsive doses of PTZ, can cause similar qualitative effects on TRS in this brain area. Specifically, we examined the TRS components glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), cysteine (CSH), protein thiols (PSH), and the protein (P) and nonprotein (NP/R) disulfides PSSR, NPSSR, NPSSC, and PSSP. METHODS TRS components were measured photometrically (GSSG enzymatically) as were lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. RESULTS GSH, GSSG, and NPSSC levels are decreased by 45%, 38% and 26%, respectively, at 15 min after seizure; PSSP and PSSR levels and lipid peroxidation are increased by 47%, 200% and 22%, respectively, whereas CSH, NPSSR, PSH, PSSC, and protein carbonyl levels do not change. At 30 min after seizure, GSH, GSSG, CSH, NPSSC, and protein carbonyl levels are decreased by 26%, 62%, 25%, 40%, and 13%, respectively. PSSP and NPSSR levels are increased by 30% and 42%, respectively, whereas PSH, PSSC, PSSR, and lipid peroxidation remain unchanged. At 24 h after seizure, GSH, NPSSR, PSSR, and lipid-peroxidation levels return to normal; GSSG, CSH, NPSSC, and protein carbonyl levels are decreased by 44%, 22%, 30%, and 27%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The significant decrease in GSH, GSSG, CSH, and NPSSC and the increase in PSSP, NPSSR, PSSR, and lipid peroxidation after PTZ-induced seizure strongly suggest increased oxidative stress in the mouse striatum.
Collapse
|