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Łukawski K, Czuczwar SJ. Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Animal Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051049. [PMID: 37237916 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are generated in the brain, as well as in other organs, and their production is proportional to the brain activity. Due to its low antioxidant capacity, the brain is particularly sensitive to free radical damage, which may affect lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The available evidence clearly points to a role for oxidative stress in neuronal death and pathophysiology of epileptogenesis and epilepsy. The present review is devoted to the generation of free radicals in some animal models of seizures and epilepsy and the consequences of oxidative stress, such as DNA or mitochondrial damage leading to neurodegeneration. Additionally, antioxidant properties of antiepileptic (antiseizure) drugs and a possible use of antioxidant drugs or compounds in patients with epilepsy are reviewed. In numerous seizure models, the brain concentration of free radicals was significantly elevated. Some antiepileptic drugs may inhibit these effects; for example, valproate reduced the increase in brain malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) concentration induced by electroconvulsions. In the pentylenetetrazol model, valproate prevented the reduced glutathione concentration and an increase in brain lipid peroxidation products. The scarce clinical data indicate that some antioxidants (melatonin, selenium, vitamin E) may be recommended as adjuvants for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Maffioletti E, Carvalho Silva R, Bortolomasi M, Baune BT, Gennarelli M, Minelli A. Molecular Biomarkers of Electroconvulsive Therapy Effects and Clinical Response: Understanding the Present to Shape the Future. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091120. [PMID: 34573142 PMCID: PMC8471796 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) represents an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). One priority of this research field is the clarification of ECT response mechanisms and the identification of biomarkers predicting its outcomes. We propose an overview of the molecular studies on ECT, concerning its course and outcome prediction, including also animal studies on electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an experimental analogue of ECT. Most of these investigations underlie biological systems related to major depressive disorder (MDD), such as the neurotrophic and inflammatory/immune ones, indicating effects of ECT on these processes. Studies about neurotrophins, like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have shown evidence concerning ECT neurotrophic effects. The inflammatory/immune system has also been studied, suggesting an acute stress reaction following an ECT session. However, at the end of the treatment, ECT produces a reduction in inflammatory-associated biomarkers such as cortisol, TNF-alpha and interleukin 6. Other biological systems, including the monoaminergic and the endocrine, have been sparsely investigated. Despite some promising results, limitations exist. Most of the studies are concentrated on one or few markers and many studies are relatively old, with small sample sizes and methodological biases. Expression studies on gene transcripts and microRNAs are rare and genetic studies are sparse. To date, no conclusive evidence regarding ECT molecular markers has been reached; however, the future may be just around the corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717255; Fax: +39-030-3701157
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Gonçalves CL, Abelaira HM, Rosa T, de Moura AB, Veron DC, Borba LA, Botelho MEM, Goldim MP, Garbossa L, Fileti ME, Petronilho F, Ignácio ZM, Quevedo J, Réus GZ. Ketamine treatment protects against oxidative damage and the immunological response induced by electroconvulsive therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:525-535. [PMID: 33393059 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often recommended for major depressive disorder (MDD) for those who do not respond to the first and second antidepressant trials. A combination of two therapies could improve antidepressant efficacy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ECT combined to antidepressants with a different mechanism of action. METHODS Rats were treated once a day, for five days with ketamine (5 mg/kg), fluoxetine (1 mg/kg), and bupropion (4 mg/kg) alone or in combination with ECT (1 mA; 100 V). After, oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated in the serum. RESULTS ECT alone increased lipid peroxidation in the PFC and hippocampus. In the PFC of rats treated with ECT in combination with fluoxetine and bupropion, and in the hippocampus of rats treated with ECT combined with ketamine and bupropion there was a reduction in the lipid peroxidation. The nitrite/nitrate was increased by ECT alone but reverted by combination with ketamine in the hippocampus. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased by ECT and maintained by fluoxetine and bupropion in the PFC. ECT alone increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the administration of ketamine was able to revert this increase showing a neuroprotective effect of this drug when in combination with ECT. CONCLUSION The treatment with ECT leads to an increase in oxidative damage and alters the immunological system. The combination with ketamine was able to protect against oxidative damage and the immunological response induced by ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Helena Mendes Abelaira
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Thayse Rosa
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Airam Barbosa de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Deise Cristina Veron
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Araújo Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Mendes Botelho
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira Goldim
- Neurobiology of Metabolic and Inflammatory Processes Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Leandro Garbossa
- Neurobiology of Metabolic and Inflammatory Processes Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Fileti
- Neurobiology of Metabolic and Inflammatory Processes Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Neurobiology of Metabolic and Inflammatory Processes Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Campus Chapecó, Federal University of South Frontier (UFFS), Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,State Secretary for Justice and Citizenship of Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence On Mood Disorders, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gislaine Zilli Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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An X, Shi X. Effects of electroconvulsive shock on neuro-immune responses: Does neuro-damage occur? Psychiatry Res 2020; 292:113289. [PMID: 32702550 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for treatment-resistant depression. However, this treatment may produce memory impairment. The mechanisms of the cognitive adverse effects are not known. Neuroimmune response is related to the cognitive deficits. By reviewing the available animal literature, we examined the glia activation, inflammatory cytokines, neuron oxidative stress responses, and neural morphological changes following electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment. The studies showed that ECS activates microglia, upregulates neuro-inflammatory cytokines, and increases oxidative stress responses. But these effects are rapid and may be transient. They normalize as ECS treatment continues, suggesting endogenous neuroprotection may be mobilized. The transient changes are well in line with the clinical observations that ECT usually does not cause significant long-lasting retrograde amnesia. The longitudinal studies will be particularly important to explore the dynamic changes of neuroplasticity following ECT (Jonckheere et al., 2018). Investigating the neuroplasticity changes in animals that suffered chronic stress may also be crucial to giving support to the translation of preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli An
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, JiangSu Province, China.
| | - Xiujian Shi
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, JiangSu Province, China
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Markers of HPA-axis activity and nucleic acid damage from oxidation after electroconvulsive stimulations in rats. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:287-293. [PMID: 30854991 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress has been suggested to increase after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment which continues to be the most effective for severe depression. Oxidative stress could potentially be mechanistically involved in both the therapeutic effects and side effects of ECT. METHODS We measured sensitive markers of systemic and central nervous system (CNS) oxidative stress on DNA and RNA (urinary 8-oxodG/8-oxoGuo, cerebrospinal fluid 8-oxoGuo, and brain oxoguanine glycosylase mRNA expression) in male rats subjected to electroconvulsive stimulations (ECS), an animal model of ECT. Due to the previous observations that link hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity and age to DNA/RNA damage from oxidation, groups of young and middle-aged male animals were included, and markers of HPA-axis activity were measured. RESULTS ECS induced weight loss, increased corticosterone (only in middle-aged animals), and decreased cerebral glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression, while largely leaving the markers of systemic and CNS DNA/RNA damage from oxidation unaltered. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ECS is not associated with any lasting effects on oxidative stress on nucleic acids neither in young nor middle-aged rats.
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Increased oxidation of RNA despite reduced mitochondrial respiration after chronic electroconvulsive stimulation of rat brain tissue. Neurosci Lett 2019; 690:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Şenyurt M, Aybek H, Herken H, Kaptanoglu B, Korkmaz A. Evaluation of Oxidative Status in Patients Treated with Electroconvulsive Therapy. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:40-46. [PMID: 28138109 PMCID: PMC5290719 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used in the treatment of many psychiatric diseases and this therapy may be effective on antioxidant defence system. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of ECT on oxidative stress. Methods Fourteen major depression, 11 schizophrenia and 8 bipolar affective disorder patients diagnosed and received ECT treatment, and 37 healthy volunteers enrolled in the study. ECT was applied to all patients. Before ECT, after the first and last ECTs, serum samples were obtained. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and calculated oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured in patients before and after ECTs. Results TOS values before ECT were higher in major depression (p=0.005) and schizophrenia (p=0.001) groups compared to the control group. TAS values were lower in major depression (p=0.0001), schizophrenia (p=0.004), bipolar affective disorder (p=0.004) groups compared to the controls. Also OSI values were higher in major depression (p=0.0001), schizophrenia (p=0.001), bipolar affective disorder (p=0.009) groups compared to healthy group. After the last ECT, TOS values were significantly lower compared to TOS values before ECT in major depression (p=0.004) and schizophrenia patients (p=0.004). TAS values after the first ECT were higher compared to values before ECT in major depression patients (p=0.004). After last ECT, OSI values were significantly lower compared to before ECT in schizophrenia patients (p=0.006). Conclusion As a result, it can be said that ECT did not increase oxidative stress. However, further studies with more patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Şenyurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hulya Aybek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hasan Herken
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Bunyamin Kaptanoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ali Korkmaz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
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Genc A, Kalelioglu T, Karamustafalioglu N, Tasdemir A, Gungor FC, Genc ES, Incir S, Ilnem C, Emul M. Level of plasma thioredoxin in male patients with manic episode at initial and post-electroconvulsive or antipsychotic treatment. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:344-50. [PMID: 25297388 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Oxidative stress is defined as exposure to excessive oxidants and/or decrease in antioxidant capacity. Several studies have shown the effects of free radicals and antioxidant defense systems in bipolar disorder. We aimed to investigate the role of thioredoxin (TRX), which is a novel oxidative stress marker in patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS Sixty-eight hospitalized bipolar patients who were in manic episode were included in the study. As a control group, 30 healthy people were elected. Two groups were formed. The first group consisted of patients who were undergoing electroconvulsive treatment + antipsychotic treatment (haloperidol+quetiapine) and members of the other group were taking only antipsychotic treatment. Plasma thioredoxin levels were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS Pretreatment plasma TRX levels of patients were significantly lower than the controls (P < 0.05). Comparing pre- and post-treatment plasma TRX levels of all patients, post-treatment plasma TRX levels were significantly lower than the pre-treatment plasma TRX levels (P < 0.05). When we compared TRX levels between the electroconvulsive treatment + antipsychotic treatment group and the antipsychotic treatment group (P > 0.05) and within groups (P > 0.05) we did not find any statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION Oxidative balance is impaired in bipolar disorder manic episode in favor of the oxidants. Decreased plasma TRX levels in the manic episode probably mean that antioxidant capacity is decreased in the bipolar disorder patients in the manic episode. Further studies in euthymic and depressive states are also needed to gain more insight into the role of TRX in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Genc
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Kalelioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Karamustafalioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akif Tasdemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferda Can Gungor
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Sena Genc
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Said Incir
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Cerrahpasa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Ilnem
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Emul
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Cerrahpasa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jorgensen A, Krogh J, Miskowiak K, Bolwig TG, Kessing LV, Fink-Jensen A, Nordentoft M, Henriksen T, Weimann A, Poulsen HE, Jorgensen MB. Systemic oxidatively generated DNA/RNA damage in clinical depression: associations to symptom severity and response to electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord 2013; 149:355-62. [PMID: 23497793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression has been associated with increased oxidative stress and hypothesized to accelerate aging. Nucleic acid damage from oxidation is a critical part of the aging process, and a suggested early event in age-related somatic morbidities that are also prevalent in depression, such as dementia and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that increased severity of depression is associated with increased systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage, and that this increase is attenuated by an effective antidepressant treatment. METHODS The urinary excretion of markers of systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), respectively, were determined in healthy controls (N=28), moderately depressed, non-medicated patients (N=26) and severely depressed patients eligible for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (N=29). In the severely depressed patient group, samples were also obtained 1 week after the completion of ECT. RESULTS Systemic RNA damage from oxidation, as measured by 8-oxoGuo excretion, was higher with increasing severity of depression (controls<moderately depressed<severely depressed) (P for trend=0.004). The 8-oxoGuo excretion was further increased after clinically effective ECT compared with pre-ECT values (P=0.006). There were no differences in 8-oxodG excretion between the groups or pre- vs. post-ECT. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and the inclusion of both unipolar and bipolar patients in the severely depressed group. CONCLUSIONS Severe depression is associated with increased systemic oxidatively generated RNA damage, which may be an additional factor underlying the somatic morbidity and neurodegenerative features associated with depression. Due to the lack of normalization by clinically effective ECT, the phenomenon does not appear to be causally linked to the depressive state per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jorgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Réus GZ, Stringari RB, Rezin GT, Pezente DP, Scaini G, Maggi DD, De-Nês BT, Streck EL, Quevedo J, Feier G. Effects of maintenance electroshock on mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase activities in the rat brain. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:275-85. [PMID: 25286992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Réus GZ, Stringari RB, Rezin GT, Pezente DP, Scaini G, Maggi DD, De-Nês BT, Streck EL, Quevedo J, Feier G. Effects of maintenance electroshock on mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase activities in the rat brain.Objective:Electroconvulsive therapy is used efficacious treatment for a variety of complicated psychiatric disorders and evidences have indicated that energy metabolism impairment may be involved in pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. This work was performed to determine creatine kinase and mitochondrial respiratory chain activities at different times after the maintenance electroconvulsive shock (ECS).Methods:Male Wistar rats received a protocol mimicking therapeutic of maintenance or simulated ECS (sham) and were subsequently sacrificed immediately after, 48 h and 7 days after the last maintenance ECS. We measured creatine kinase and mitochondrial respiratory chain activities in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum and striatum.Results:Our results showed that maintenance ECS alter respiratory chain complexes and creatine kinase activities in the rat brain, but these effects were related to brain area and time after the ECS, in which the animal were killed.Conclusion:Finally, these findings further support the hypothesis that alteration on the energy metabolism could be involved in the therapeutic or adverse effects of ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Roberto B Stringari
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine T Rezin
- Laboratório de Bioenergética and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Daiana P Pezente
- Laboratório de Bioenergética and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora D Maggi
- Laboratório de Bioenergética and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna T De-Nês
- Laboratório de Bioenergética and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Feier
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Mughal MR, Baharani A, Chigurupati S, Son TG, Chen E, Yang P, Okun E, Arumugam T, Chan SL, Mattson MP. Electroconvulsive shock ameliorates disease processes and extends survival in huntingtin mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:659-69. [PMID: 21106706 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Mutant Htt may damage and kill striatal neurons by a mechanism involving reduced production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increased oxidative and metabolic stress. Because electroconvulsive shock (ECS) can stimulate the production of BDNF and protect neurons against stress, we determined whether ECS treatment would modify the disease process and provide a therapeutic benefit in a mouse model of HD. ECS (50 mA for 0.2 s) or sham treatment was administered once weekly to male N171-82Q Htt mutant mice beginning at 2 months of age. Endpoints measured included motor function, striatal and cortical pathology, and levels of protein chaperones and BDNF. ECS treatment delayed the onset of motor symptoms and body weight loss and extended the survival of HD mice. Striatal neurodegeneration was attenuated and levels of protein chaperones (Hsp70 and Hsp40) and BDNF were elevated in striatal neurons of ECS-treated compared with sham-treated HD mice. Our findings demonstrate that ECS can increase the resistance of neurons to mutant Htt resulting in improved functional outcome and extended survival. The potential of ECS as an intervention in subjects that inherit the mutant Htt gene merits further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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12
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Jansson L, Wennström M, Johanson A, Tingström A. Glial cell activation in response to electroconvulsive seizures. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1119-28. [PMID: 19540297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a very efficient treatment for severe depression. However, cognitive side effects have raised concern to whether ECT can cause cellular damage in vulnerable brain regions. A few recent animal studies have reported limited hippocampal cell loss, while a number of other studies have failed to find any signs of cellular damage and some even report that electroconvulsive seizures (ECS; the animal counterpart of ECT) has neuroprotective effects. We previously have described gliogenesis in response to ECS. Loss of glial cells is seen in depression and de novo formation of glial cells may thus have an important therapeutic role. Glial cell proliferation and activation is however also seen in response to neuronal damage. The aim of the present study was to further characterize glial cell activation in response to ECS. Two groups of rats were treated with 10 ECS using different sets of stimulus parameters. ECS-induced changes in the morphology and expression of markers typical for reactive microglia, astrocytes and NG2+ glial cells were analyzed immunohistochemically in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, piriform cortex and entorhinal cortex. We observed changes in glial cell morphology and an enhanced expression of activation markers 2 h following ECS treatment, regardless of the stimulus parameters used. Four weeks later, few activated glial cells persisted. In conclusion, ECS treatment induced transient glial cell activation in several brain areas. Whether similar processes play a role in the therapeutic effect of clinically administered ECT or contribute to its side effects will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jansson
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Busnello JV, Oses JP, da Silva RS, Feier G, Barichello T, Quevedo J, Böhmer AE, Kapczinski F, Souza DO, Sarkis JJF, Portela LV. Peripheral nucleotide hydrolysis in rats submitted to a model of electroconvulsive therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1829-33. [PMID: 18775464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an efficacious and safe method for the treatment of mood disorders. Its utilization is accompanied by a myriad of biochemical and cellular changes, which are far from fully understood. The present work investigates in rat serum the effects of seizures induced by electroconvulsive shocks (ECS), an animal model of ECT, on enzymes that hydrolyze ATP, ADP and AMP to adenosine. Two different models of ECS were used, consisting in the application of one or eight ECS sessions, and respectively named acute or chronic. Serum samples were collected at several time points after the single shock in the acute and after the eighth and last shock in the chronic model. A single shock produced a sudden and short-lived inhibition of enzymatic activity (P<0.01 for ADP and AMP), whereas in the chronic model significant increases were noticed starting as early as 12 h after the last shock, remaining significantly elevated until the last measurement 7 days later for ATP and ADP. Analysis of hydrolysis was assessed at the selected time point of 7 days in cerebrospinal fluid samples, also demonstrating a significant activation in the chronic model (P<0.0001 for ATP and ADP). These results support the idea that adenosine nucleotides may be involved in the biochemical mechanisms underlying longer lasting therapeutic effects associated with ECT, and suggest that peripheral markers can possibly contribute to the evaluation of activity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vicente Busnello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Devi PU, Manocha A, Vohora D. Seizures, antiepileptics, antioxidants and oxidative stress: an insight for researchers. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9:3169-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560802568230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Zupan G, Pilipović K, Hrelja A, Peternel S. Oxidative stress parameters in different rat brain structures after electroconvulsive shock-induced seizures. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:771-7. [PMID: 18201811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy has been used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders since the 1930s, but little progress has been made in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic and adverse effects. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in animals provides a common experimental model for studying the effects of electroconvulsive therapy in humans. In order to examine the changes of the brain oxidative stress parameters in several brain structures in the early time period after ECS-induced seizures, the levels of lipid peroxidation as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the rat hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal cortex and the pons/medulla region were determined at different time points during the first 24 h after single ECS-induced seizures. In the hippocampus and cerebellum the levels of lipid peroxidation were unchanged, while the SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly increased. Levels of lipid peroxidation and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were not statistically changed in the pons/medulla region. Levels of lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex were significantly higher in comparison to the control group at all time points examined while the SOD and GSH-Px activities were not statistically changed. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that single ECS causes the rat brain structure-specific alterations in the levels of lipid peroxidation as well as in the SOD and GSH-Px activities at different time points within the first 24 h after the seizures induction. Oxidative lipid damage was evident only in the frontal cortex, while the hippocampus, cerebellum and the pons/medulla region remained oxidatively unaffected in our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Zupan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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16
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Reis HJ, Rosa DVF, Guimarães MM, Souza BR, Barros AGA, Pimenta FJ, Souza RP, Torres KCL, Romano-Silva MA. Is DARPP-32 a potential therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:1649-61. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.12.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Jornada LK, Feier G, Barichello T, Vitali AM, Reinke A, Gavioli EC, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Effects of maintenance electroshock on the oxidative damage parameters in the rat brain. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:389-94. [PMID: 17268857 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although several advances have occurred over the past 20 years concerning refining the use and administration of electroconvulsive therapy to minimize side effects of this treatment, little progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic or adverse effects. This work was performed in order to determine the level of oxidative damage at different times after the maintenance electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) received a protocol mimicking therapeutic of maintenance or simulated ECS (Sham) and were subsequently sacrificed immediately after, 48 h and 7 days after the last maintenance electroconvulsive shock. We measured oxidative damage parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive species for lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls for protein damage, respectively) in hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum and striatum. We demonstrated no alteration in the lipid peroxidation and protein damage in the four structures studied immediately after, 48 h and 7 days after a last maintenance electroconvulsive shock. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrated that after ECS maintenance we did protocol minimal oxidative damage in the brain regions, predominating absence of damage on the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano K Jornada
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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18
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Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA, Bulbul F, Selek S, Uz E, Yumru M. Changes in nitric oxide level and superoxide dismutase activity during antimanic treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:697-702. [PMID: 17303295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorders. This is the first prospective study aimed to evaluate NO levels and SOD activity in bipolar disorder (type I manic episode) (BD-ME). 29 inpatient subjects with BD-ME and 30 healthy controls were included. Serum NO levels and SOD activity have been studied at 1st (NO [1st] and SOD [1st] respectively) and 30th days (NO [30th] and SOD [30th] respectively) after treatment. The clinical outcome was measured by Bech-Rafaelson Mania Scale (BRMS). The mean NO [1st] (p<.001) and NO [30th] levels (p<.001) were higher than controls, but SOD [1st] (p<.001) and SOD [30th] (p<.001) activities in BD-ME were lower than controls. SOD(1) activity was higher than SOD [30th] (p<.001), while there was no significance in comparison between NO [1st] and NO [30th] (p>.05). SOD [30th] activity is negatively correlated with the number of previous manic attacks and NO [1st] was negatively correlated with sleep item score of BRMS at first day. Also there was a significant correlation between NO [1st] levels and with the existence of a delusion. NO and SOD appear to play a role in the pathophysiological events occurring in BD, especially in BD-ME. This study for the first time showed the possible role of NO on sleep and the generation of delusions in the pathophysiology of BD. In the light of literature, induced glutamate pathway might be responsible for delusions in BD. The results of this research need further investigation to understand the oxidative vs antioxidative process in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Serdar Gergerlioglu
- Department of Physiology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University 42080, Konya, Turkey.
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Rosa DVF, Souza RP, Souza BR, Motta BS, Caetano F, Jornada LK, Feier G, Jeromin A, Gomez MV, Quevedo J, Romano-Silva MA. NCS-1 Expression in Rat Brain after Electroconvulsive Stimulation. Neurochem Res 2006; 32:81-5. [PMID: 17160505 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used as a treatment for mental disorder since 1930s, little progress has been made towards understanding the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic and adverse effects. The aim of this work was to analyze the expression of NCS-1 (neuronal calcium sensor 1, a protein that was found to be altered in post-mortem prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients) in striatum, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of Wistar rats after acute or chronic electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS). Rats were submitted to a single stimulation (acute) or to a series of eight stimulations, applied one every 48 h (chronic). Animals were killed for collection of tissue samples at time zero, 30 min, 3, 12, 24 and 48 h after stimulation in the acute model and at the same time intervals after the last stimulation in the chronic model. Our results indicated that chronic ECS increased the expression of NCS-1 only in cerebellum. Such results on the expression of proteins involved in signaling pathways that are relevant for neuropsychiatric disorders and treatment, in particular ECT, can contribute to shed light on the mechanisms related to therapeutic and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V F Rosa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neuropsiquiatria Clínica e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos - 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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20
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Búrigo M, Roza CA, Bassani C, Fagundes DA, Rezin GT, Feier G, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1375-9. [PMID: 17063391 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well described that impairment of energy production has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Although several advances have occurred over the past 20 years concerning the use and administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to minimize its side effects, little progress has been made in understanding its mechanism of action. In this work, our aim was to measure the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II and IV and succinate dehydrogenase from rat brain after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Our results showed that mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes activities were increased after acute ECS in hippocampus, striatum and cortex of rats. Besides, we also demonstrated that complex II activity was increased after chronic ECS in cortex, while hippocampus and striatum were not affected. Succinate dehydrogenase, however, was inhibited after chronic ECS in striatum, activated in cortex and not affected in hippocampus. Finally, complex IV was not affected by chronic ECS in hippocampus, striatum and cortex. Our findings demonstrated that brain metabolism is altered by ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Búrigo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil,
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21
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Ferreira AR, Bonatto F, de Bittencourt Pasquali MA, Polydoro M, Dal-Pizzol F, Fernández C, de Salles AAA, Moreira JCF. Oxidative stress effects on the central nervous system of rats after acute exposure to ultra high frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:487-93. [PMID: 16715528 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mobile telephones and their base stations are an important source of ultra high frequency electromagnetic fields (UHF-EMFs; 800-1800 MHz) and their utilization is increasing all over the world. Epidemiological studies have suggested that low energy UHF-EMFs may have biological effects, such as changes in oxidative metabolism after exposure. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of acute UHF-EMF exposure on non-enzymatic antioxidant defense and lipid and protein oxidative damage in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. We have used malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl assays to assess lipid and protein oxidative damages, respectively. No changes in lipid and protein damage, and also in non-enzymatic defense were found in frontal cortex or hippocampus. These results suggest that acute UHF-EMF exposure is not able to produce detectable oxidative stress in rats from any age tested. However, more tests using a longer period of exposure and evaluating other tissues are necessary to ensure that there is no health risk associated with the use of mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amâncio R Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Streck EL, Feier G, Búrigo M, Franzon R, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Wyse ATS. Effects of electroconvulsive seizures on Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2006; 404:254-7. [PMID: 16797841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although several advances have occurred concerning the use of electroconvulsive therapy, little progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic or side effects. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase is an important enzyme of central nervous system, responsible for ionic gradient maintenance and consumption of approximately 40-50% of brain ATP. This work was performed in order to determine Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock. Results showed an inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in the hippocampus 48 h, 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after a single electroconvulsive shock. Chronic treatment diminished the enzyme activity in the hippocampus 7 and 30 days after electroconvulsive (ECS) sessions. Our findings demonstrated that Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity is altered by ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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23
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Búrigo M, Roza CA, Bassani C, Feier G, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Decreased Creatine Kinase Activity Caused by Electroconvulsive Shock. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:877-81. [PMID: 16794855 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although several advances have occurred over the past 20 years concerning the use and administration of electroconvulsive therapy to minimize side effects of this treatment, little progress has been made in understanding its mechanism of action. Creatine kinase is a crucial enzyme for brain energy homeostasis, and a decrease of its activity has been associated with neuronal death. This work was performed in order to evaluate creatine kinase activity from rat brain after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock. Results showed an inhibition of creatine kinase activity in hippocampus, striatum and cortex, after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock. Our findings demonstrated that creatine kinase activity is altered by electroconvulsive shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Búrigo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Ceresér KM, Frey BN, Bernardes FB, Costa SC, Andreazza AC, Feier G, Souza D, Tramontina F, Gonçalves CA, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression after electroconvulsive shocks in rat brain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:663-7. [PMID: 16451815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in rat brain. METHODS Rats were given either a single (acute) or a series of eight (chronic) ECS. Brain regions were isolated and levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brain tissue (cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum) were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We showed that GFAP expression is reduced in the hippocampus within 48 h and 7 days after acute ECS. GFAP levels are increased in the cerebellum immediately after acute and chronic ECS. No changes were observed in the cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed a differential effect of acute and chronic ECS in the astroglial response in the brain of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila M Ceresér
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Feier G, Jornada LK, Barichello T, Vitali AM, Bonatto F, Moreira JCF, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Long Lasting Effects of Electroconvulsive Seizures on Brain Oxidative Parameters. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:665-70. [PMID: 16770737 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work was performed in order to determine the level of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes activities late after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in rats. We measured oxidative parameters in hippocampus, cortex, and striatum, at 45, 60, 90 and 120 days after a single or multiple ECS. We demonstrated an increase in lipid peroxidation after multiple ECS in the hippocampus and striatum. This was also the case for protein carbonyls in the single or multiple protocols. In this way, we demonstrated an increase in catalase in cortex in contrast to striatum and hippocampus, were there were decreases sometimes in chronic ECS. The superoxide dismutase activities decrease in different times after single and multiple ECS in the hippocampus. Our findings demonstrated that there is a delayed increase after ECS in oxidative damage and decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities in hippocampus and striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Feier
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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