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Andersson J, Hallin J, Tingström A, Knutsson J. Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders: an open trial and feasibility study of a new treatment for arachnophobia. Nord J Psychiatry 2024; 78:128-136. [PMID: 38295831 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2023.2279643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This analogue pilot study examined the feasibility (i.e. preliminary results, safety, acceptability) of a new single-session treatment for adults with a fear of spiders. MATERIALS It used state-of-the-art consumer available VR-hardware for therapist-assisted exposure (VRET-AP). The VRET-AP is largely adapted from Öst's one-session treatment for arachnophobia (Öst, 1987), with the aim of addressing shortcomings of previous VRET treatments, such as marked differences in procedures compared to available and evidence based in-vivo treatments. METHOD Participants (N = 12) were screened for fear of spiders using the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ), Fear Questionnaire (FQ) and the Behavioral Approach Test (BAT), prior to and directly after treatment in a repeated measures quasi-experimental design. In addition, acceptance and completion rates were measured and participants were interviewed about their experience of the treatment. Mean ratings as well as Reliable Change Index (RCI) for individual trajectories were analyzed. RESULTS The results from the preliminary data indicates potential for improvements with large effect sizes (d = 0.90-1,384) in all measurements of spider fear at post-treatment. Reliable Change Index (RCI) analysis showed that spider fear diminished in all twelve participants although the change was certain in only two. None deteriorated. All that responded accepted the treatment and all 11 participants completed all levels in the treatment. No concerns or adverse effects were reported in the interviews which largely confirm the quantitative results. CONCLUSION VRET-AP is a feasible alternative for delivering effective treatment for fear of spiders and the results motivate larger, randomized trials of VRET-AP involving participants diagnosed with arachnophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Hallin
- Department of Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jens Knutsson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ekstrand J, Fattah C, Persson M, Cheng T, Nordanskog P, Åkeson J, Tingström A, Lindström MB, Nordenskjöld A, Movahed Rad P. Racemic Ketamine as an Alternative to Electroconvulsive Therapy for Unipolar Depression: A Randomized, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority Trial (KetECT). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:339-349. [PMID: 35020871 PMCID: PMC9154276 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine has emerged as a fast-acting and powerful antidepressant, but no head to head trial has been performed, Here, ketamine is compared with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the most effective therapy for depression. METHODS Hospitalized patients with unipolar depression were randomized (1:1) to thrice-weekly racemic ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) infusions or ECT in a parallel, open-label, non-inferiority study. The primary outcome was remission (Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score ≤10). Secondary outcomes included adverse events (AEs), time to remission, and relapse. Treatment sessions (maximum of 12) were administered until remission or maximal effect was achieved. Remitters were followed for 12 months after the final treatment session. RESULTS In total 186 inpatients were included and received treatment. Among patients receiving ECT, 63% remitted compared with 46% receiving ketamine infusions (P = .026; difference 95% CI 2%, 30%). Both ketamine and ECT required a median of 6 treatment sessions to induce remission. Distinct AEs were associated with each treatment. Serious and long-lasting AEs, including cases of persisting amnesia, were more common with ECT, while treatment-emergent AEs led to more dropouts in the ketamine group. Among remitters, 70% and 63%, with 57 and 61 median days in remission, relapsed within 12 months in the ketamine and ECT groups, respectively (P = .52). CONCLUSION Remission and cumulative symptom reduction following multiple racemic ketamine infusions in severely ill patients (age 18-85 years) in an authentic clinical setting suggest that ketamine, despite being inferior to ECT, can be a safe and valuable tool in treating unipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Ekstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Fattah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Tony Cheng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pia Nordanskog
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Åkeson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Tingström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats B Lindström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Pouya Movahed Rad
- Correspondence: Pouya Movahed Rad, MD, PhD, Psychiatric Clinic in Lund, Baravägen 1, 221 85 Lund, Sweden ()
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Broms J, Grahm M, Haugegaard L, Blom T, Meletis K, Tingström A. Monosynaptic retrograde tracing of neurons expressing the G-protein coupled receptor Gpr151 in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3227-3250. [PMID: 28657115 PMCID: PMC5601234 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GPR151 is a G‐protein coupled receptor for which the endogenous ligand remains unknown. In the nervous system of vertebrates, its expression is enriched in specific diencephalic structures, where the highest levels are observed in the habenular area. The habenula has been implicated in a range of different functions including behavioral flexibility, decision making, inhibitory control, and pain processing, which makes it a promising target for treating psychiatric and neurological disease. This study aimed to further characterize neurons expressing the Gpr151 gene, by tracing the afferent connectivity of this diencephalic cell population. Using pseudotyped rabies virus in a transgenic Gpr151‐Cre mouse line, monosynaptic afferents of habenular and thalamic Gpr151‐expressing neuronal populations could be visualized. The habenular and thalamic Gpr151 systems displayed both shared and distinct connectivity patterns. The habenular neurons primarily received input from basal forebrain structures, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, the lateral preoptic area, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area. The Gpr151‐expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus was primarily contacted by medial hypothalamic areas as well as the zona incerta and projected to specific forebrain areas such as the prelimbic cortex and the accumbens nucleus. Gpr151 mRNA was also detected at low levels in the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus which received input from areas associated with visual processing, including the superior colliculus, zona incerta, and the visual and retrosplenial cortices. Knowledge about the connectivity of Gpr151‐expressing neurons will facilitate the interpretation of future functional studies of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Broms
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilda Grahm
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lea Haugegaard
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Blom
- Biomedical Services Division, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Tingström
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sarchiapone M, Iosue M, Carli V, Amore M, Baca-Garcia E, Batra A, Cosman D, Courtet P, Di Sciascio G, Gusmao R, Parnowski T, Pestality P, Saiz P, Thome J, Tingström A, Wojnar M, Zeppegno P, Thorell LH. EUDOR-A multi-centre research program: A naturalistic, European Multi-centre Clinical study of EDOR Test in adult patients with primary depression. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:108. [PMID: 28330446 PMCID: PMC5363034 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrodermal reactivity has been successfully used as indicator of interest, curiosity as well as depressive states. The measured reactivity depends on the quantity of sweat secreted by those eccrine sweat glands that are located in the hypodermis of palmar and plantar regions. Electrodermal hyporeactive individuals are those who show an unusual rapid habituation to identical non-significant stimuli. Previous findings suggested that electrodermal hyporeactivity has a high sensitivity and a high specificity for suicide. The aims of the present study are to test the effectiveness and the usefulness of the EDOR (ElectroDermal Orienting Reactivity) Test as a support in the suicide risk assessment of depressed patients and to assess the predictive value of electrodermal hyporeactivity, measured through the EDOR Test, for suicide and suicide attempt in adult patients with a primary diagnosis of depression. METHODS AND DESIGN 1573 patients with a primary diagnosis of depression, whether currently depressed or in remission, have been recruited at 15 centres in 9 different European countries. Depressive symptomatology was evaluated through the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale. Previous suicide attempts were registered and the suicide intent of the worst attempt was rated according to the first eight items of the Beck Suicide Intent Scale. The suicide risk was also assessed according to rules and traditions at the centre. The EDOR Test was finally performed. During the EDOR Test, two fingers are put on gold electrodes and direct current of 0.5 V is passed through the epidermis of the fingers according to standards. A moderately strong tone is presented through headphones now and then during the test. The electrodermal responses to the stimuli represent an increase in the conductance due to the increased number of filled sweat ducts that act as conductors through the electrically highly resistant epidermis. Each patient is followed up for one year in order to assess the occurrence of intentional self-harm. DISCUSSION Based on previous studies, expected results would be that patients realizing a suicide attempt with a strong intent or committing suicide should be electrodermally hyporeactive in most cases and non-hyporeactive patients should show only few indications of death intent or suicides. TRIAL REGISTRATION The German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00010082 . Registered May 31st, 2016. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sarchiapone
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy. .,National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy.
| | - Miriam Iosue
- 0000000122055422grid.10373.36Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vladimir Carli
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental lll-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Amore
- 0000 0001 2151 3065grid.5606.5Clinica Psichiatrica, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrique Baca-Garcia
- 0000000119578126grid.5515.4Department of Psychiatry, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anil Batra
- 0000 0001 0196 8249grid.411544.1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Doina Cosman
- 0000 0004 0571 5814grid.411040.0Clinical Psychology and Mental Health Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Philippe Courtet
- 0000 0000 9961 060Xgrid.157868.5Department of psychiatry and medical psychology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guido Di Sciascio
- 0000 0001 0120 3326grid.7644.1Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ricardo Gusmao
- 0000 0001 1009 677Xgrid.414462.1Centro Hospitalar de LisboaOcidental (CHLO), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tadeusz Parnowski
- 0000 0001 2237 2890grid.418955.42nd Psychiatric Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Pestality
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pilar Saiz
- 0000 0001 2164 6351grid.10863.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Johannes Thome
- 0000000121858338grid.10493.3fKlinikfür Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anders Tingström
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,0000 0004 0623 9987grid.412650.4Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit (PNU), Department of Clinical Neuroscienses, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marcin Wojnar
- 0000000113287408grid.13339.3bDepartment of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrizia Zeppegno
- 0000000121663741grid.16563.37Department of Translational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Lars-Håkan Thorell
- EMOTRA AB, Sävedalen, Sweden ,0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Svensson M, Grahm M, Ekstrand J, Höglund P, Johansson M, Tingström A. Effect of electroconvulsive seizures on cognitive flexibility. Hippocampus 2016; 26:899-910. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund; Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Matilda Grahm
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund; Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Joakim Ekstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund; Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Peter Höglund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund; Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Department of Psychology; Neuropsychology, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Anders Tingström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund; Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Lund University; Lund Sweden
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6
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Svensson M, Grahm M, Ekstrand J, Movahed-Rad P, Johansson M, Tingström A. Effect of electroconvulsive seizures on pattern separation. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1351-60. [PMID: 25850383 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Strategies employing different techniques to inhibit or stimulate neurogenesis have implicated a role for adult-born neurons in the therapeutic effect of antidepressant drugs, as well as a role in memory formation. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an animal model of electroconvulsive therapy, robustly stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis, but it is not known how this relates to either therapeutic efficacy or unwanted cognitive side effects. We hypothesized that the ECS-derived increase in adult-born neurons would manifest in improved pattern separation ability, a memory function that is believed to be both hippocampus-dependent and coupled to neurogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated neurogenesis in adult rats by treating them with a series of ECS and compared their performances in a trial-unique delayed nonmatching-to-location task (TUNL) to a control group. TUNL performance was analyzed over a 12-week period, during which newly formed neurons differentiate and become functionally integrated in the hippocampal neurocircuitry. Task difficulty was manipulated by modifying the delay between sample and choice, and by varying the spatial similarity between target and distracter location. Although animals learned the task and improved the number of correct responses over time, ECS did not influence spatial pattern separation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Svensson
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Matilda Grahm
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ekstrand
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Pouya Movahed-Rad
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.,Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Anders Tingström
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
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Broms J, Antolin-Fontes B, Tingström A, Ibañez-Tallon I. Conserved expression of the GPR151 receptor in habenular axonal projections of vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Broms
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences; Lund University; 222 42 Lund Sweden
| | | | - Anders Tingström
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences; Lund University; 222 42 Lund Sweden
| | - Ines Ibañez-Tallon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; The Rockefeller University; New York New York 10065
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Broms J, Antolin-Fontes B, Tingström A, Ibañez-Tallon I. Conserved expression of the GPR151 receptor in habenular axonal projections of vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:359-80. [PMID: 25116430 PMCID: PMC4270839 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is a phylogenetically conserved brain structure in the epithalamus. It is a major node in the information flow between fronto-limbic brain regions and monoaminergic brainstem nuclei, and is thus anatomically and functionally ideally positioned to regulate emotional, motivational, and cognitive behaviors. Consequently, the habenula may be critically important in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression. Here we investigated the expression pattern of GPR151, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whose mRNA has been identified as highly and specifically enriched in habenular neurons by in situ hybridization and translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP). In the present immunohistochemical study we demonstrate a pronounced and highly specific expression of the GPR151 protein in the medial and lateral habenula of rodent brain. Specific expression was also seen in efferent habenular fibers projecting to the interpeduncular nucleus, the rostromedial tegmental area, the rhabdoid nucleus, the mesencephalic raphe nuclei, and the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Using confocal microscopy and quantitative colocalization analysis, we found that GPR151-expressing axons and terminals overlap with cholinergic, substance P-ergic, and glutamatergic markers. Virtually identical expression patterns were observed in rat, mouse, and zebrafish brains. Our data demonstrate that GPR151 is highly conserved, specific for a subdivision of the habenular neurocircuitry, and constitutes a promising novel target for psychiatric drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Broms
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Tingström
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Ibañez-Tallon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A
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Nordgren M, Karlsson T, Svensson M, Koczy J, Josephson A, Olson L, Tingström A, Brené S. Orchestrated regulation of Nogo receptors, LOTUS, AMPA receptors and BDNF in an ECT model suggests opening and closure of a window of synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78778. [PMID: 24244357 PMCID: PMC3828303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an efficient and relatively fast acting treatment for depression. However, one severe side effect of the treatment is retrograde amnesia, which in certain cases can be long-term. The mechanisms behind the antidepressant effect and the amnesia are not well understood. We hypothesized that ECT causes transient downregulation of key molecules needed to stabilize synaptic structure and to prevent Ca2+ influx, and a simultaneous increase in neurotrophic factors, thus providing a short time window of increased structural synaptic plasticity. Here we followed regulation of NgR1, NgR3, LOTUS, BDNF, and AMPA subunits GluR1 and GluR2 flip and flop mRNA levels in hippocampus at 2, 4, 12, 24, and 72 hours after a single episode of induced electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) in rats. NgR1 and LOTUS mRNA levels were transiently downregulated in the dentate gyrus 2, 4, 12 and 4, 12, 24 h after ECS treatment, respectively. GluR2 flip, flop and GluR1 flop were downregulated at 4 h. GluR2 flip remained downregulated at 12 h. In contrast, BDNF, NgR3 and GluR1 flip mRNA levels were upregulated. Thus, ECS treatment induces a transient regulation of factors important for neuronal plasticity. Our data provide correlations between ECS treatment and molecular events compatible with the hypothesis that both effects and side effects of ECT may be caused by structural synaptic rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nordgren
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Svensson
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Josefin Koczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Josephson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Tingström
- Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Brené
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Johansson V, Garwicz M, Kanje M, Röcklinsberg H, Schouenborg J, Tingström A, Görman U. Beyond Blind Optimism and Unfounded Fears: Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment Resistant Depression. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-011-9112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Johansson V, Garwicz M, Kanje M, Schouenborg J, Tingström A, Görman U. Authenticity, depression, and deep brain stimulation. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:21. [PMID: 21647398 PMCID: PMC3102217 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Johansson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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Jansson L, Wennström M, Johanson A, Tingström A. Glial cell activation in response to electroconvulsive seizures. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1119-28. [PMID: 19540297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a very efficient treatment for severe depression. However, cognitive side effects have raised concern to whether ECT can cause cellular damage in vulnerable brain regions. A few recent animal studies have reported limited hippocampal cell loss, while a number of other studies have failed to find any signs of cellular damage and some even report that electroconvulsive seizures (ECS; the animal counterpart of ECT) has neuroprotective effects. We previously have described gliogenesis in response to ECS. Loss of glial cells is seen in depression and de novo formation of glial cells may thus have an important therapeutic role. Glial cell proliferation and activation is however also seen in response to neuronal damage. The aim of the present study was to further characterize glial cell activation in response to ECS. Two groups of rats were treated with 10 ECS using different sets of stimulus parameters. ECS-induced changes in the morphology and expression of markers typical for reactive microglia, astrocytes and NG2+ glial cells were analyzed immunohistochemically in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, piriform cortex and entorhinal cortex. We observed changes in glial cell morphology and an enhanced expression of activation markers 2 h following ECS treatment, regardless of the stimulus parameters used. Four weeks later, few activated glial cells persisted. In conclusion, ECS treatment induced transient glial cell activation in several brain areas. Whether similar processes play a role in the therapeutic effect of clinically administered ECT or contribute to its side effects will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jansson
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Orre K, Wennström M, Tingström A. Chronic lithium treatment decreases NG2 cell proliferation in rat dentate hilus, amygdala and corpus callosum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:503-10. [PMID: 19439244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of investigations suggest volumetric changes and glial pathology in several brain regions of patients with bipolar disorder. Lithium, used in the treatment of this disorder, has been reported to be neuroprotective and increase brain volume. Here we investigate the effect of lithium on the proliferation and survival of glial cells positive for the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan NG2 (NG2 cells); a continuously dividing cell type implicated in remyelination and suggested to be involved in regulation of neuronal signaling and axonal outgrowth. Adult male rats were treated with lithium for four weeks and injected with the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) before or at the end of the treatment period. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain sections was performed to estimate the number of newly born (BrdU-labeled) NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes in hippocampus, basolateral nuclei of amygdala and corpus callosum. Lithium significantly decreased the proliferation of NG2 cells in dentate hilus of hippocampus, amygdala and corpus callosum, but not in the molecular layer or the cornu ammonis (CA) regions of hippocampus. The effect was more pronounced in the corpus callosum. No effect of lithium on the survival of newborn cells or the number of newly generated oligodendrocytes could be detected. Our results demonstrate that in both white and gray matter brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, chronic lithium treatment significantly decreases the proliferation rate of NG2 cells; the major proliferating cell type of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Orre
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, BMC B12, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Ekstrand J, Hellsten J, Tingström A. Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:203-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Ekstrand J, Hellsten J, Wennström M, Tingström A. Differential inhibition of neurogenesis and angiogenesis by corticosterone in rats stimulated with electroconvulsive seizures. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1466-72. [PMID: 18583010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive seizure (ECS)-treatment, an animal model of electroconvulsive therapy, induce neurogenesis in adult rats. Stress and high levels of corticosterone (CORT) on the contrary inhibit neurogenesis. Hippocampal neurogenesis has been described to occur in an angiogenic niche where proliferation of neural progenitors takes place in an environment with active vascular growth. Here we investigate the effect of ECS-treatment on the proliferation of endothelial cells and neuronal precursors in hippocampus of CORT-treated rats. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to identify dividing cells. The number of newborn neuronal precursors and endothelial cells was quantified in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and the molecular layer (ML) of the dentate gyrus. The increase in neuronal precursor proliferation in the SGZ following ECS-treatment was not inhibited by elevated levels of CORT despite CORT strongly inhibiting ECS-induced endothelial cell proliferation. Also in the ML CORT-treatment inhibited the ECS-induced angiogenic response. We conclude that despite common factors regulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis, ECS-induced proliferation of neuronal precursors can take place even if the angiogenic response is blunted. Whether inhibition of angiogenesis affects other steps in the chain of events leading to the formation of fully integrated granule neurons remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Ekstrand
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center BMC B12, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Jayatissa MN, Bisgaard C, Tingström A, Papp M, Wiborg O. Hippocampal cytogenesis correlates to escitalopram-mediated recovery in a chronic mild stress rat model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:2395-404. [PMID: 16482085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
From clinical studies it is known that recurrent depressive episodes associate with a reduced hippocampal volume. Conversely, preclinical studies have shown that chronic antidepressant treatment increases hippocampal neurogenesis. Consequently, it has been suggested that a deficit in hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. To study a potential correlation between recovery and hippocampal cytogenesis, we established the chronic mild stress (CMS) rat model of depression. When rats are subjected to CMS, several depressive symptoms develop, including the major symptom anhedonia. Rats were exposed to stress for 2 weeks and subsequently to stress in combination with antidepressant treatment for 4 consecutive weeks. The behavioral deficit measured in anhedonic animals is a reduced intake of a sucrose solution. Prior to perfusion animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of proliferating cells. Brains were sectioned horizontally and newborn cells positive for BrdU were counted in the dentate gyrus and tracked in a dorsoventral direction.CMS significantly decreased sucrose consumption and cytogenesis in the ventral part of the hippocampal formation. During exposure to the antidepressant escitalopram, given as intraperitoneally dosages of either 5 or 10 mg/kg/day, animals distributed in a bimodal fashion into a group, which recovered (increase in sucrose consumption), and a subgroup, which refracted treatment (no increase in sucrose consumption). Chronic treatment with escitalopram reversed the CMS-induced decrease in cytogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampal formation, but in recovered animals only. Our data show a correlation between recovery from anhedonia, as measured by cessation of behavioral deficits in the CMS model, and an increase in cytogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena N Jayatissa
- Centre for Basic Psychiatric Research, Aarhus Psychiatric University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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17
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Jansson L, Hellsten J, Tingström A. Region specific hypothalamic neuronal activation and endothelial cell proliferation in response to electroconvulsive seizures. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:874-81. [PMID: 16499878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is often associated with disturbances in basal biological functions regulated by the hypothalamus. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), an efficient anti-depressant treatment, alters the activity of hypothalamic neurons. We have previously shown an increased proliferation of endothelial cells in specific areas of the rat hippocampus in response to electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) treatment, an animal model for ECT. Here we examine the effect of ECS treatment on neuronal activation and endothelial cell proliferation in mid-hypothalamus. METHODS Rats received one daily ECS treatment for 5 days and cell proliferation was detected by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The number of cells double-labeled for BrdU and the endothelial cell marker rat endothelial cell antigen-1 was determined. Neuronal activation in response to acute ECS treatment was detected as c-Fos immunoreactivity in an additional experiment. RESULTS We demonstrate a correlating pattern of increases in neuronal activation and increased endothelial cell proliferation in the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus after ECS treatment. CONCLUSIONS Hypothalamic areas with the largest increase in neuronal activation after ECS treatment exhibit increased endothelial cell proliferation. We suggest that similar angiogenic responses to ECT might counteract hypothalamic dysfunction in depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jansson
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
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Wennström M, Hellsten J, Ekstrand J, Lindgren H, Tingström A. Corticosterone-induced inhibition of gliogenesis in rat hippocampus is counteracted by electroconvulsive seizures. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:178-86. [PMID: 16431219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric changes and glial pathology have been reported in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with depressive disorder, an illness often associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels. Glucocorticoids reduce gliogenesis in the adult rat CNS. Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS)-treatment, an animal model for the antidepressant treatment electroconvulsive therapy, can enhance proliferation of glial cells. This study examined glial cell proliferation in response to ECS in rats whose glucocorticoid levels were elevated to mimic the conditions seen in depression. METHODS Rats were injected daily for seven days with either corticosterone or vehicle. ECS- or sham- treatment was given once daily during the first five days. Proliferating cells in the hippocampus were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine and analyzed for co-labeling with the glial cell markers NG2, Ox42, S-100beta and Rip. RESULTS ECS counteracted the glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of NG2+, Ox42+ and Rip+ cell proliferation, and the gliogenesis rate was restored to baseline levels. Volumetric changes in rats treated with ECS were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that ECS-treatment affects the proliferation of glial cells even in the presence of elevated levels of glucocorticoids. This result adds to an increasing number of studies suggesting that antidepressant treatment can counteract degenerative processes associated with major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Wennström
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
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Hellsten J, West MJ, Arvidsson A, Ekstrand J, Jansson L, Wennström M, Tingström A. Electroconvulsive seizures induce angiogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:871-8. [PMID: 16043138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS)-treatment, a model for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to induce proliferation of endothelial cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adult rats. Here we quantified the net angiogenic response after chronic ECS-treatment in the molecular layer (ML) of the dentate gyrus. Patients undergoing ECT are routinely oxygenated to prevent hypoxia, a known inducer of angiogenesis. Therefore we also examined the effect of oxygenation on ECS-induced proliferation of endothelial cells. METHODS Total endothelial cell numbers and vessel length were estimated utilizing design based stereological analysis methods. Endothelial cell proliferation in the DG after ECS with or without oxygenation was assessed using bromodeoxyuridine. RESULTS The total number of endothelial cells and total vessel length was increased. Oxygenation did not abolish the ECS-induced proliferation of endothelial cells in the DG. CONCLUSIONS ECS-treatment induces a dramatic increase in endothelial cell proliferation leading to a 30% increase in the total number of endothelial cells. The increase in cell number resulted in a 16% increase in vessel length. These findings raise the possibility that similar vascular growth is induced by clinically administered ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hellsten
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
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Wennström M, Hellsten J, Tingström A. Electroconvulsive seizures induce proliferation of NG2-expressing glial cells in adult rat amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:464-71. [PMID: 15023573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric changes and glial pathology have been reported in the amygdala in patients with major depressive disorder. Here we report an analysis of glial cell proliferation in response to electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), clinically used for the treatment of severe depression. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to five ECS-treatments and then injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to detect cell proliferation in the amygdala. The animals were transcardially perfused either 12 hours or 3 weeks after the last BrdU injection. Tissue sections were double-stained for BrdU and the cell-type markers NG2, OX-42, RIP, S-100beta, Doublecortin, or NeuN. RESULTS Electroconvulsive seizures dramatically increased the proliferation of amygdala cells expressing the oligodendrocyte progenitor marker NG2. Bromodeoxyuridine-labeled NG2-expressing cells were still present after 3 weeks of survival, and a small proportion of the proliferating cells had differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Major depression has been associated with a reduction of glial cells. Our results show that ECS, an antidepressant treatment, significantly increases the number of NG2+ glial cells and mature oligodendrocytes in the adult rat amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Wennström
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit (MW, JH, AT), Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
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Hellsten J, Wennström M, Bengzon J, Mohapel P, Tingström A. Electroconvulsive seizures induce endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:420-7. [PMID: 14960296 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive seizures, an animal model for electroconvulsive treatment, induce a strong increase in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rats. Hippocampal neurogenesis has previously been described as occurring in an angiogenic niche. This study examines the effect of electroconvulsive seizures on proliferation of vascular cells in rat hippocampus. METHODS Rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine to label proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus after single/multiple electroconvulsive seizures in a dose-response study and at various time points after single electroconvulsive seizures in a time-course study. RESULTS A dose-response effect on the number of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled endothelial cells located in the granule cell layer, hilus, and molecular layer was noted, as was the case with the number of neural precursors in the subgranular zone. The time-course study revealed that endothelial cell and neural precursor proliferation occurred in concert in response to a single electroconvulsive seizure. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in response to electroconvulsive seizures, endothelial cell and neural proliferation is coregulated. The increase in endothelial cell proliferation may act to support the increased neural proliferation and neuronal activity or vice versa, possibly leading to structural changes within the hippocampus of importance for the antidepressant effect of electroconvulsive seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hellsten
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of postmortem tissue from patients with major depression and bipolar disorder has revealed structural changes in several brain regions. We have shown that electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), used for the treatment of severe depression, induces proliferation of both neuronal and nonneuronal cells in the adult rat hippocampus. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to one or several ECS treatments, then injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to detect cell proliferation. Animals were perfused either 1 day or 3 weeks following the last BrdU injection. Cells were double stained for BrdU and the cell type markers chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2), complement 3-receptor OX-42, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), Ca(+) binding protein S100-beta, or neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). RESULTS We identified NG2-expressing cells as a major cell type proliferating in the rat dentate gyrus in response to ECS. A sharp increase in NG2-positive cell proliferation was seen 2 days after ECS, and a large number of NG2-expressing cells persisted at 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that antidepressant treatment can induce a strong proliferation of glial progenitor cells in the adult rat hippocampus. We propose that this may counteract degenerative changes found in depression and be an important neurobiological event underlying the clinical effect of electroconvulsive seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Wennström
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
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Hellsten J, Wennström M, Mohapel P, Ekdahl CT, Bengzon J, Tingström A. Electroconvulsive seizures increase hippocampal neurogenesis after chronic corticosterone treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:283-90. [PMID: 12169110 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is often associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels. High levels of glucocorticoids reduce neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) can enhance neurogenesis, and we investigated the effects of ECS in rats where glucocorticoid levels were elevated in order to mimic conditions seen in depression. Rats given injections of corticosterone or vehicle for 21 days were at the end of this period treated with either a single or five daily ECSs. Proliferating cells were labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). After 3 weeks, BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus were quantified and analyzed for co-labelling with the neuronal marker neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). In corticosterone-treated rats, neurogenesis was decreased by 75%. This was counteracted by a single ECS. Multiple ECS further increased neurogenesis and no significant differences in BrdU/NeuN positive cells were detected between corticosterone- and vehicle-treated rats given five ECS. Approximately 80% of the cells within the granule cell layer and 10% of the hilar cells were double-labelled with BrdU and NeuN. We therefore conclude that electroconvulsive seizures can increase hippocampal neurogenesis even in the presence of elevated levels of glucocorticoids. This further supports the hypothesis that induction of neurogenesis is an important event in the action of antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hellsten
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used and efficient treatment modality in psychiatry, although the basis for its therapeutic effect is still unknown. Past research has shown seizure activity to be a regulator of neurogenesis in the adult brain. This study examines the effect of a single and multiple electroconvulsive seizures on neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus. METHODS Rats were given either a single or a series of 10 electroconvulsive seizures. At different times after the seizures, a marker of proliferating cells, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was administered to the animals. Subsequently, newborn cells positive for BrdU were counted in the dentate gyrus. Double staining with a neuron-specific marker indicated that the newborn cells displayed a neuronal phenotype. RESULTS A single electroconvulsive seizure significantly increased the number of new born cells in the dentate gyrus. These cells survived for at least 3 months. A series of seizures further increased neurogenesis, indicating a dose-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS We propose that generation of new neurons in the hippocampus may be an important neurobiologic element underlying the clinical effects of electroconvulsive seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Madsen
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, H:S Rigshospitalet, (TMM, TGB), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nikkhah G, Odin P, Smits A, Tingström A, Othberg A, Brundin P, Funa K, Lindvall O. Platelet-derived growth factor promotes survival of rat and human mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in culture. Exp Brain Res 1993; 92:516-23. [PMID: 8095907 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB, was tested on dissociated cell cultures of ventral mesencephalon from rat and human embryos. PDGF-BB but not PDGF-AA reduced the progressive loss of tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH)-positive neurons in rat and human cell cultures. The mean number of TH-positive cells in the PDGF-BB-treated rat culture was 64% and 106% higher than in the control cultures after 7 and 10 days in vitro, respectively. Corresponding figures for human TH-positive neurons were 90% and 145%. The influence of PDGF-BB was specific for TH-positive neurons and not a general trophic effect, since no change of either total cell number or metabolic activity was found. In PDGF-BB-treated cultures of human but not rat tissue the TH-positive neurons had longer neurites than observed in control or PDGF-AA-treated cultures. These data indicate that PDGF-BB may act as a trophic factor for mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and suggest that administration of PDGF-BB could ameliorate degeneration and possibly promote axonal sprouting of these neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nikkhah
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Tingström A, Heldin CH, Rubin K. Regulation of fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction by platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-1 alpha and transforming growth factor-beta 1. J Cell Sci 1992; 102 ( Pt 2):315-22. [PMID: 1400635 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the effects of three macrophage-derived cytokines, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) on the contraction of collagen type I gels populated by human foreskin fibroblasts. Contraction was quantified as loss in gel weight. Both PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB were found to induce a rapid collagen-gel contraction. TGF-beta 1 also stimulated gel contraction but with a delayed onset and at a slower rate than the PDGF-stimulated contraction. Rabbit polyclonal IgGs recognizing PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB, respectively, specifically inhibited the effects of the corresponding PDGF isoforms. However, the stimulatory effect of TGF-beta 1 was not affected by any of the anti-PDGF antibodies. The ability of PDGF to stimulate contraction became less pronounced in collagen gel cultures grown in the absence of growth factors over periods of several days. Under the same conditions, the stimulatory effect of TGF-beta 1 was not reduced. The reduced response to PDGF may be due to reduced tension on fibroblasts growing in collagen gels, since fibroblasts on free-floating gels showed a marked reduction in PDGF-BB-induced PDGF beta-receptor aggregates when compared to fibroblasts on attached collagen gels. IL-1 alpha inhibited initial collagen gel contraction, and at later stages induced a visible degradation of the collagen gels, presumably due to the generation of collagenase activity. The combination of IL-1 alpha and PDGF-BB stimulated initial collagen gel contraction, although less effectively than PDGF-BB alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tingström
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Tingström A, Reuterdahl C, Lindahl P, Heldin CH, Rubin K. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptors on human fibroblasts. Regulation by recombinant platelet-derived growth factor-BB, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.148.2.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Stimulation of human fibroblasts by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB leads to a down-regulation of PDGF beta-receptors and a concomitant appearance of intracellular granular accumulations of receptors, as determined by stainings with the mAb PDGFR-B2. The granules contained both the ligand and PDGF beta-receptors, as revealed by double-immunofluorescence staining, and were formed in response to PDGF-BB but not in response to other cytokines tested. The formation of intracellular PDGF beta-receptor granules was dependent on PDGF-BB concentration and time of stimulation. The granular PDGF beta-receptor staining on cells treated with PDGF-BB for 1 h at 37 degrees C was used to investigate the effects of macrophage-derived cytokines on PDGF beta-receptor expression. The number of PDGF beta-receptor granules was found to be reduced in fibroblasts grown for 48 h in the presence of PDGF-BB, TNF-alpha, or IL-1; PDGF-AA under the same conditions had no effect. The reduction observed was paralleled by a decrease in cell surface expression of PDGF beta-receptors, measured as binding of 125I-PDGF-BB and of the PDGFR-B2 antibody. Furthermore, both TNF-alpha and IL-1 decreased the detergent-extractable pool of PDGF-beta receptors in the fibroblasts, as revealed by immunoblotting of detergent cell extracts. Finally, the decrease in PDGF beta-receptors after culturing of the cells in the presence of TNF-alpha and IL-1 was accompanied by a decreased incorporation of [3H]thymidine in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. In conclusion, our data suggest that certain macrophage-derived cytokines can modulate the expression of PDGF beta-receptors by cultured fibroblasts, which may contribute in part to their reduced responsiveness to PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tingström
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Reuterdahl
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Lindahl
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C H Heldin
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Rubin
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Tingström A, Reuterdahl C, Lindahl P, Heldin CH, Rubin K. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptors on human fibroblasts. Regulation by recombinant platelet-derived growth factor-BB, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 1992; 148:546-54. [PMID: 1309561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of human fibroblasts by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB leads to a down-regulation of PDGF beta-receptors and a concomitant appearance of intracellular granular accumulations of receptors, as determined by stainings with the mAb PDGFR-B2. The granules contained both the ligand and PDGF beta-receptors, as revealed by double-immunofluorescence staining, and were formed in response to PDGF-BB but not in response to other cytokines tested. The formation of intracellular PDGF beta-receptor granules was dependent on PDGF-BB concentration and time of stimulation. The granular PDGF beta-receptor staining on cells treated with PDGF-BB for 1 h at 37 degrees C was used to investigate the effects of macrophage-derived cytokines on PDGF beta-receptor expression. The number of PDGF beta-receptor granules was found to be reduced in fibroblasts grown for 48 h in the presence of PDGF-BB, TNF-alpha, or IL-1; PDGF-AA under the same conditions had no effect. The reduction observed was paralleled by a decrease in cell surface expression of PDGF beta-receptors, measured as binding of 125I-PDGF-BB and of the PDGFR-B2 antibody. Furthermore, both TNF-alpha and IL-1 decreased the detergent-extractable pool of PDGF-beta receptors in the fibroblasts, as revealed by immunoblotting of detergent cell extracts. Finally, the decrease in PDGF beta-receptors after culturing of the cells in the presence of TNF-alpha and IL-1 was accompanied by a decreased incorporation of [3H]thymidine in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. In conclusion, our data suggest that certain macrophage-derived cytokines can modulate the expression of PDGF beta-receptors by cultured fibroblasts, which may contribute in part to their reduced responsiveness to PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tingström
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Reuterdahl C, Tingström A, Terracio L, Funa K, Heldin CH, Rubin K. Characterization of platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor expressing cells in the vasculature of human rheumatoid synovium. J Transl Med 1991; 64:321-9. [PMID: 1848332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta-receptor expression in normal and rheumatoid synovia was investigated by double immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections and by in situ hybridization. In the inflamed synovia, PDGF beta-receptor mRNA was present in vascular cells, as well as in discrete stromal cells. PDGF beta-receptor expressing cells in rheumatoid synovia were characterized by double immunofluorescence staining using the PDGFR-B2 monoclonal antibody at a concentration at which this antibody merely stained granular accumulations of PDGF beta-receptors. Granular accumulations of PDGF beta-receptors were articulate in blood vessel cells, but also appeared in discrete stromal cells. Thus, the overall distribution of cells having granular accumulations of PDGF beta-receptors was similar to the distribution of cells expressing PDGF beta-receptor mRNA. Double immunofluorescence stainings showed that: (a) a majority (greater than 90%) of resident macrophages did not express granular PDGF beta-receptor staining, but macrophages were often juxtaposed to PDGF beta-receptor-positive cells; (b) T lymphocytes did not express PDGF beta-receptors, but these cells were frequently found in the proximity of cells stained by PDGFR-B2; (c) in some blood vessels both HLA-DR expressing cells and PDGF beta-receptor expressing cells could be visualized, whereas in other blood vessels, cells expressing only one of these activation markers could be detected; (d) smooth muscle cells in blood vessels contained PDGF beta-receptors; and (e) capillary endothelial cells in the inflamed synovia recurrently displayed granular PDGF beta-receptor staining. The granular accumulations of PDGF beta-receptors may reflect internalization of the receptor as a result of paracrine or autocrine ligand stimulation. In support of such a possibility are the findings that elevated levels of PDGF B chain mRNA were detected by in situ hybridization in the inflamed synovia, and that cells expressing PDGF B chain mRNA were distributed similarly to cells expressing PDGF beta-receptor mRNA. Taken together, the results indicate that PDGF has a role in the inflammatory process in rheumatoid synovitis, most likely by stimulating proliferative events in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reuterdahl
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Tingström A, Blikstad I, Aurivillius M, Obrink B. C-CAM (cell-CAM 105) is an adhesive cell surface glycoprotein with homophilic binding properties. J Cell Sci 1990; 96 ( Pt 1):17-25. [PMID: 2373740 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.96.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-CAM (Cell-CAM 105) is a cell surface glycoprotein that is involved in cell-cell adhesion of rat hepatocytes in vitro. To elucidate the adhesion mechanism the binding properties of purified C-CAM were investigated. Using proteins immobilized on nitrocellulose it was found that radiolabeled C-CAM bound to C-CAM but not to a variety of other proteins. Partitioning in Triton X-114 showed that C-CAM has hydrophobic properties. In accordance with this, C-CAM was effectively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes by dialysis from octylglucoside-containing solutions. The C-CAM-containing liposomes bound specifically to isolated hepatocytes. This binding was blocked by Fab fragments of anti-C-CAM antibodies. Furthermore, preincubation of hepatocytes with anti-C-CAM antibodies followed by washing of the cells blocked binding of C-CAM-containing liposomes. At increasing C-CAM contents in the reconstituted liposomes a marked self-aggregation of the liposomes occurred. This aggregation was blocked by Fab fragments of anti-C-CAM antibodies and by alkaline pH. After neutralization a rapid reaggregation occurred. Neither C-CAM binding to C-CAM immobilized on nitrocellulose nor C-CAM-liposome aggregation required calcium ions. Liposomes reconstituted with C-CAM-depleted membrane glycoproteins did not self-aggregate or bind to hepatocytes. Thus, it is concluded that C-CAM can bind specifically to C-CAM in a homophilic binding reaction that does not require calcium. Accordingly, C-CAM has the potential of directly mediating cell-cell adhesion via C-CAM-C-CAM binding between adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tingström
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- L Terracio
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
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Abstract
The attachment of primary rat hepatocytes and fibroblasts to collagen type I is mediated by non-RGD-dependent beta 1 integrin matrix receptors. In this report we describe a novel 96-well microtiter plate assay for the quantification of fibroblast-mediated contraction of floating collagen type I gels. Fetal calf serum and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), but not transforming growth factor-beta 1, stimulated primary rat heart fibroblasts and normal human diploid fibroblasts (AG 1518) to contract collagen gels to less than 10% of the initial gel volume within a 24-h incubation period. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed to the rat hepatocyte integrin beta 1-chain inhibited the PDGF-stimulated collagen gel contraction. The inhibitory activity on contraction of the anti-beta 1 integrin IgG could be overcome by adding higher doses of PDGF. The contraction process was not blocked by anti-fibronectin IgG nor by synthetic peptides containing the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), in concentrations that readily blocked fibroblast attachment to fibronectin-coated planar substrates. Autologous fibronectin or control peptides containing the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Glu were without effect. Immunofluorescence microscopy on fibroblasts grown within collagen gels revealed a punctate distribution of the beta 1 integrin and a lack of detectable levels of endogenously produced fibronectin. Collectively these data suggest a role for integrin collagen receptors with affinity for collagen fibers, distinct from the previously described RGD-dependent fibronectin receptors, in the fibronectin-independent PDGF-stimulated collagen gel contraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gullberg
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The cellular location of cellCAM 105 was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of primary rat hepatocytes grown in monolayer culture. Staining corresponding to cellCAM 105 was seen both in cell-cell contact areas and on the upper surfaces of the cells. In the cell-cell contact areas the antigen was not accessible to the antibodies unless the cells were either permeabilized with detergent or incubated in a calcium-free medium. Removal of calcium from the medium caused the cells to separate from each other. Within a few minutes wide intercellular clefts were formed, and upon further incubation the cells became stellate-shaped and finally remained in contact with each other only via thin cellular processes. These processes were cellCAM 105-positive and at sites where they attached to the bodies of the contracted cells a granular fluorescence pattern appeared. After 24-48 h of culture, intercellular channels resembling bile canaliculi were sometimes formed in the hepatocyte monolayers. The membranes of these intercellular channels were stained for cellCAM 105. After culture for several days the hepatocytes lost their polygonal shape and gradually acquired a more fibroblast-like morphology. This morphological change was accompanied by a decrease in cellCAM 105-specific fluorescence, both in the cell-cell contact areas and on the free cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tingström
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Odin P, Hansson M, Svalander P, Tingström A, Obrink B. [Cell adhesion molecules--links in intracellular and extracellular functions]. Lakartidningen 1988; 85:4323-5. [PMID: 3200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Terracio L, Rönnstrand L, Tingström A, Rubin K, Claesson-Welsh L, Funa K, Heldin CH. Induction of platelet-derived growth factor receptor expression in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts upon tissue culturing. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1988; 107:1947-57. [PMID: 2846589 PMCID: PMC2115318 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.107.5.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors in porcine uterus and human skin in situ, was compared with that of cultured primary cells isolated from the same tissues. PDGF receptor expression was examined by monoclonal antibodies specific for the B type PDGF receptor and by RNA/RNA in situ hybridization with a probe constructed from a cDNA clone encoding the B type PDGF receptor. In porcine uterus tissue both mRNA and the protein product for the PDGF receptor were detected in the endometrium; the myometrium, in contrast, contained much lower amounts. Moreover, freshly isolated myometrial cells were devoid of PDGF receptors. However, after 1 d in culture receptors appeared, and after 2 wk of culturing essentially all of the myometrial cells stained positively with the anti-PDGF receptor antibodies and contained PDGF receptor mRNA. Similarly, B type PDGF receptors were not detected in normal human skin, but fibroblast-like cells from explant cultures of human skin possessed PDGF receptors. When determined by immunoblotting, porcine uterus myometrial membranes contained approximately 20% of the PDGF receptor antigen compared with the amount found in endometrial membranes. In addition, PDGF stimulated the phosphorylation of a 175-kD component, most likely representing autophosphorylation of the B type PDGF receptor in endometrial membranes, whereas only a marginal phosphorylation was seen in myometrial membranes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PDGF receptor expression varies in normal tissues and that fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells do not uniformly express the receptor in situ. Furthermore, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells that are released from tissues are induced to express PDGF receptors in response to cell culturing. The data suggest that, in addition to the availability of the ligand, PDGF-mediated cell growth in vivo is dependent on factors regulating expression of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Terracio
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Rubin K, Tingström A, Hansson GK, Larsson E, Rönnstrand L, Klareskog L, Claesson-Welsh L, Heldin CH, Fellström B, Terracio L. Induction of B-type receptors for platelet-derived growth factor in vascular inflammation: possible implications for development of vascular proliferative lesions. Lancet 1988; 1:1353-6. [PMID: 2898041 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of B-type receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in frozen sections of blood vessels from tissues affected by abnormal vascular cell proliferation was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques and compared with expression of these receptors in blood vessels of normal tissues. Receptors were not expressed, or expressed at low levels, in vessels of normal tissues. In contrast, a pronounced expression of PDGF B-type receptors was seen on vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaques, rejected kidneys, and chronic synovitis. These observations suggest induction of PDGF B-type receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells in inflamed tissues, which would render such cells responsive to growth stimulation by PDGF released from captured platelets, or produced locally (eg, by inflammatory cells or smooth muscle cells). Autocrine or paracrine stimulation of cell growth caused by the effect of PDGF on cells with induced receptors may be important in the formation of the proliferative lesions found in atherosclerosis and in certain forms of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rubin
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Odin P, Tingström A, Obrink B. Chemical characterization of cell-CAM 105, a cell-adhesion molecule isolated from rat liver membranes. Biochem J 1986; 236:559-68. [PMID: 3092813 PMCID: PMC1146876 DOI: 10.1042/bj2360559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-CAM 105, a glycoprotein that is involved in recognition and adhesion between isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro, was purified to homogeneity by a combination of immunoaffinity chromatography, gel-exclusion chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Electrophoretic, compositional and enzymic analyses were performed and the glycoprotein was shown to consist of two peptide chains, of apparent Mr 110,000 and 105,000 respectively, that are glycosylated to similar extents. Carbohydrate analyses demonstrated the presence of sialic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose and glucosamine, but no galactosamine, indicating that only N-linked oligosaccharides occurred. The total content of carbohydrate amounted to 33%. Peptide mapping indicated that the two peptide chains were structurally very similar. After incubation of cultured hepatocytes with [32P]Pi, phosphorylated cell-CAM 105 could be isolated. Both peptide chains were labelled and phospho-amino-acid analysis demonstrated that serine residues had become phosphorylated. A significant feature of cell-CAM 105 was a susceptibility to autolytic degradation that was difficult to inhibit. The major degradation products had apparent Mr 90,000 and 70,000, respectively. The effect of purified cell-CAM 105 on cell-cell adhesion of re-aggregating hepatocytes was studied. A significant inhibition was observed, indicating that the protein is directly involved in intercellular adhesion of these cells.
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