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Weinberger Y, Budnik I, Nisgav Y, Palevski D, Ben-David G, Fernández JA, Margalit SN, Levy-Mendelovich S, Kenet G, Weinberger D, Griffin JH, Livnat T. 3K3A-Activated Protein C Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization Growth and Leakage and Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome, IL-1β, and Inflammatory Cell Accumulation in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10642. [PMID: 37445820 PMCID: PMC10341424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
3K3A-Activated Protein C (APC) is a recombinant variant of the physiological anticoagulant APC with cytoprotective properties and reduced bleeding risks. We studied the potential use of 3K3A-APC as a multi-target therapeutic option for choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a common cause of vision loss in age-related macular degeneration. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in a murine model, and 3K3A-APC was intravitreally injected. The impact of 3K3A-APC treatment on myeloid and microglia cell activation and recruitment and on NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, and VEGF levels was assessed using cryosection, retinal flat-mount immunohistochemistry and vascular imaging. Additionally, we evaluated the use of fluorescein angiography as a surrogate marker for in vivo evaluation of the efficacy of 3K3A-APC treatment against leaking CNV lesions. Our results demonstrated that 3K3A-APC treatment significantly reduced the accumulation and activation of myeloid cells and microglia in the CNV area and decreased the NLRP3 and IL-1β levels at the CNV site and the surrounding retina. Furthermore, 3K3A-APC treatment resulted in leakage regression and CNV growth suppression. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory activities of 3K3A-APC contribute to CNV inhibition. Our study suggests the potential use of 3K3A-APC as a novel multi-target treatment for CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehonatan Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ivan Budnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
| | - Dahlia Palevski
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shany Nivinsky Margalit
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tami Livnat
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Palevski D, Ben-David G, Weinberger Y, Haj Daood R, Fernández JA, Budnik I, Levy-Mendelovich S, Kenet G, Nisgav Y, Weinberger D, Griffin JH, Livnat T. 3K3A-Activated Protein C Prevents Microglia Activation, Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome and Limits Ocular Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214196. [PMID: 36430674 PMCID: PMC9694680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3K3A-Activated Protein C (APC) is a recombinant variant of the physiological anticoagulant APC with pleiotropic cytoprotective properties albeit without the bleeding risks. The anti-inflammatory activities of 3K3A-APC were demonstrated in multiple preclinical injury models, including various neurological disorders. We determined the ability of 3K3A-APC to inhibit ocular inflammation in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced uveitis. Leukocyte recruitment, microglia activation, NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β levels were assessed using flow cytometry, retinal cryosection histology, retinal flatmount immunohistochemistry and vascular imaging, with and without 3K3A-APC treatment. LPS triggered robust inflammatory cell recruitment in the posterior chamber. The 3K3A-APC treatment significantly decreased leukocyte numbers and inhibited leukocyte extravasation from blood vessels into the retinal parenchyma to a level similar to controls. Resident microglia, which underwent an inflammatory transition following LPS injection, remained quiescent in eyes treated with 3K3A-APC. An inflammation-associated increase in retinal thickness, observed in LPS-injected eyes, was diminished by 3K3A-APC treatment, suggesting its clinical relevancy. Finally, 3K3A-APC treatment inhibited inflammasome activation, determined by lower levels of NLRP3 and its downstream effector IL-1β. Our results highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of 3K3A-APC in ocular inflammation and suggest its potential use as a novel treatment for retinal diseases associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Palevski
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Rabeei Haj Daood
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ivan Budnik
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tami Livnat
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Patent Highlights April - May 2022. Pharm Pat Anal 2022; 11:139-145. [PMID: 36052651 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Goldberg Z, Sher I, Qassim L, Chapman J, Rotenstreich Y, Shavit-Stein E. Intrinsic Expression of Coagulation Factors and Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) in Photoreceptors and Inner Retinal Layers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020984. [PMID: 35055169 PMCID: PMC8778890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1), in the neuroretina. Neuroretina samples of wild-type C57BL/6J and PAR1−/− mice were processed for indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine mRNA expression of coagulation Factor X (FX), prothrombin (PT), and PAR1 in the isolated neuroretina. Thrombin activity following KCl depolarization was assessed in mouse neuroretinas ex vivo. PAR1 staining was observed in the retinal ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer cells, and photoreceptors in mouse retinal cross sections by indirect immunofluorescence. PAR1 co-localized with rhodopsin in rod outer segments but was not expressed in cone outer segments. Western blot analysis confirmed PAR1 expression in the neuroretina. Factor X, prothrombin, and PAR1 mRNA expression was detected in isolated neuroretinas. Thrombin activity was elevated by nearly four-fold in mouse neuroretinas following KCl depolarization (0.012 vs. 0.044 mu/mL, p = 0.0497). The intrinsic expression of coagulation factors in the isolated neuroretina together with a functional increase in thrombin activity following KCl depolarization may suggest a role for the PAR1/thrombin pathway in retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehavit Goldberg
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (Z.G.); (I.S.); (Y.R.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (Z.G.); (I.S.); (Y.R.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lamis Qassim
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (L.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (L.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (Z.G.); (I.S.); (Y.R.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (L.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +972-3-530-4409
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Fortmann SD, Rao SV, Tanguay JF, Lordkipanidze M, Hanley DF, Can M, Kim MH, Marciniak TA, Serebruany VL. Vorapaxar and diplopia: Possible off-target PAR-receptor mismodulation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:905-10. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-11-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryVorapaxar, a novel antiplatelet thrombin PAR-1 inhibitor, has been evaluated in the successful TRA2P trial and the failed TRACER trial. The drug is currently approved for post myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease indications with concomitant use of clopidogrel and/or aspirin. The FDA ruled that the vorapaxar safety profile is acceptable. However, both trials revealed excess diplopia (double vision) usually reversible after vorapaxar. The diplopia risk appears to be small (about 1 extra case per 1,000 treated subjects), but real. Overall, there were 10 placebo and 34 vorapaxar diplopia cases (p=0.018) consistent for TRACER (2 vs 13 cases; p=0.010) and for TRA2P (8 vs 21 cases; p=0.018). Hence, we review the FDA-confirmed evidence and discuss potential causes and implications of such a surprising adverse association, which may be related to off-target PAR receptor mismodulation in the eye.
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Joyal JS, Nim S, Zhu T, Sitaras N, Rivera JC, Shao Z, Sapieha P, Hamel D, Sanchez M, Zaniolo K, St-Louis M, Ouellette J, Montoya-Zavala M, Zabeida A, Picard E, Hardy P, Bhosle V, Varma DR, Gobeil F, Beauséjour C, Boileau C, Klein W, Hollenberg M, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Andelfinger G, Chemtob S. Subcellular localization of coagulation factor II receptor-like 1 in neurons governs angiogenesis. Nat Med 2014; 20:1165-73. [PMID: 25216639 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurons have an important role in retinal vascular development. Here we show that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) coagulation factor II receptor-like 1 (F2rl1, previously known as Par2) is abundant in retinal ganglion cells and is associated with new blood vessel formation during retinal development and in ischemic retinopathy. After stimulation, F2rl1 in retinal ganglion cells translocates from the plasma membrane to the cell nucleus using a microtubule-dependent shuttle that requires sorting nexin 11 (Snx11). At the nucleus, F2rl1 facilitates recruitment of the transcription factor Sp1 to trigger Vegfa expression and, in turn, neovascularization. In contrast, classical plasma membrane activation of F2rl1 leads to the expression of distinct genes, including Ang1, that are involved in vessel maturation. Mutant versions of F2rl1 that prevent nuclear relocalization but not plasma membrane activation interfere with Vegfa but not Ang1 expression. Complementary angiogenic factors are therefore regulated by the subcellular localization of a receptor (F2rl1) that governs angiogenesis. These findings may have implications for the selectivity of drug actions based on the subcellular distribution of their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada. [3] Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [4] Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [5]
| | - Satra Nim
- 1] Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [2]
| | - Tang Zhu
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [2]
| | - Nicholas Sitaras
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada. [2] Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhuo Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Hamel
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Melanie Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karine Zaniolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon St-Louis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Johanne Ouellette
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra Zabeida
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Picard
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vikrant Bhosle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daya R Varma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- Department of Pharmacology, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Christelle Boileau
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Morley Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Department of Cardiology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada. [3] Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [4] Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Neuroprotective effect of protease-activated receptor-2 in the hypoxia-induced apoptosis of rat RGC-5 cells. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:98-108. [PMID: 22949040 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is regarded as a pivotal pathological process in various ocular diseases. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is involved in the regulation of cell inflammation, differentiation, and apoptosis in many cell types and tissues, but the role of PAR-2 in RGCs under pathological conditions remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PAR-2 in the apoptosis of RGCs under hypoxic stress. An immortalized rat RGC line (RGC-5) was exposed to hypoxia (5 % O₂). The expression and location of PAR-2 in RGC-5 cells under hypoxia stress were investigated using real-time PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis was detected using Hoechst 33342 staining and AnnexinV-FITC/PI assays. The role of Bcl-2, Bax, and the active subunit of caspase-3 was also investigated. The results showed that PAR-2 was functionally expressed in RGC-5 cells and up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels under hypoxic stress. The PAR-2 selective agonist, SLIGRL, rescued RGC-5 cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis through up-regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and down-regulation of caspase-3 activation. This study provides the first evidence that PAR-2 has a protective effect against the hypoxia-induced apoptosis of RGC-5 cells.
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The polymodal ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 modulates calcium flux, spiking rate, and apoptosis of mouse retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7089-101. [PMID: 21562271 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0359-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained increase in intraocular pressure represents a major risk factor for eye disease, yet the cellular mechanisms of pressure transduction in the posterior eye are essentially unknown. Here we show that the mouse retina expresses mRNA and protein for the polymodal transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channel known to mediate osmotransduction and mechanotransduction. TRPV4 antibodies labeled perikarya, axons, and dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and intensely immunostained the optic nerve head. Müller glial cells, but not retinal astrocytes or microglia, also expressed TRPV4 immunoreactivity. The selective TRPV4 agonists 4α-PDD and GSK1016790A elevated [Ca2+]i in dissociated RGCs in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin had no effect on [Ca2+](RGC). Exposure to hypotonic stimulation evoked robust increases in [Ca2+](RGC). RGC responses to TRPV4-selective agonists and hypotonic stimulation were absent in Ca2+ -free saline and were antagonized by the nonselective TRP channel antagonists Ruthenium Red and gadolinium, but were unaffected by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. TRPV4-selective agonists increased the spiking frequency recorded from intact retinas recorded with multielectrode arrays. Sustained exposure to TRPV4 agonists evoked dose-dependent apoptosis of RGCs. Our results demonstrate functional TRPV4 expression in RGCs and suggest that its activation mediates response to membrane stretch leading to elevated [Ca2+]i and augmented excitability. Excessive Ca2+ influx through TRPV4 predisposes RGCs to activation of Ca2+ -dependent proapoptotic signaling pathways, indicating that TRPV4 is a component of the response mechanism to pathological elevations of intraocular pressure.
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Luo W, Wang Y, Reiser G. Proteinase-activated receptors, nucleotide P2Y receptors, and μ-opioid receptor-1B are under the control of the type I transmembrane proteins p23 and p24A in post-Golgi trafficking. J Neurochem 2011; 117:71-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Characterization of endogenous calcium responses in neuronal cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:908-20. [PMID: 19883631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of putative therapeutic targets have been identified in recent years for the treatment of neuronal pathophysiologies including pain, epilepsy, stroke and schizophrenia. Many of these targets signal through calcium (Ca(2+)), either by directly facilitating Ca(2+) influx through an ion channel, or through activation of G proteins that couple to intracellular Ca(2+) stores or voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Immortalized neuronal cell lines are widely used models to study neuropharmacology. However, systematic pharmacological characterization of the receptors and ion channels expressed in these cell lines is lacking. In this study, we systematically assessed endogenous Ca(2+) signaling in response to addition of agonists at potential therapeutic targets in a range of cell lines of neuronal origin (ND7/23, SH-SY5Y, 50B11, F11 and Neuro2A cells) as well as HEK293 cells, a cell line commonly used for over-expression of receptors and ion channels. This study revealed a remarkable diversity of endogenous Ca(2+) responses in these cell lines, with one or more cell lines responding to addition of trypsin, bradykinin, ATP, nicotine, acetylcholine, histamine and neurotensin. Subtype specificity of these responses was inferred from agonist potency and the effect of receptor subtype specific antagonist. Surprisingly, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells responded to the largest number of agonists with potential roles in neuronal signaling. These findings have implications for the heterologous expression of neuronal receptors and ion channels in these cell lines, and highlight the potential of neuron-derived cell lines for the study of a range of endogenously expressed receptors and ion channels that signal through Ca(2+).
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Luo W, Wang Y, Reiser G. Protease-activated receptors in the brain: receptor expression, activation, and functions in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:331-45. [PMID: 17915333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors that regulate the cellular response to extracellular serine proteases, like thrombin, trypsin, and tryptase. The PAR family consists of four members: PAR-1, -3, and -4 as thrombin receptors and PAR-2 as the trypsin/tryptase receptor, which are abundantly expressed in the brain throughout development. Recent evidence has supported the direct involvement of PARs in brain development and function. The expression of PARs in the brain is differentially upregulated or downregulated under pathological conditions in neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Activation of PARs mediates cell death or cell survival in the brain, depending on the amplitude and the duration of agonist stimulation. Interference or potentiation of PAR activation is beneficial in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, PARs mediate either neurodegeneration or neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases and represent attractive therapeutic targets for treatment of brain injuries. Here, we review the abnormal expression of PARs in the brain under pathological conditions, the functions of PARs in neurodegenerative disorders, and the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Luo W, Wang Y, Reiser G. p24A, a type I transmembrane protein, controls ARF1-dependent resensitization of protease-activated receptor-2 by influence on receptor trafficking. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30246-55. [PMID: 17693410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), the second member of the G protein-coupled PAR family, is irreversibly activated by trypsin or tryptase and then targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Intracellular presynthesized receptors stored at the Golgi apparatus repopulate the cell surface after trypsin stimulation, thereby leading to rapid resensitization to trypsin signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms of the exocytic trafficking of PAR-2 from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane remain largely unclear. Here we show that p24A, a type I transmembrane protein, which is a crucial constituent of the Golgi apparatus, associates with PAR-2 at the Golgi apparatus. The protein interaction occurs between the N-terminal region of p24A (residues 1-105; p24A-GL (GOLD domain with a small linker)) and the second extracellular loop of PAR-2. After receptor activation, PAR-2 dissociates from p24A. Importantly, we found that ADP-ribosylation factor 1 regulated the dissociation process and initiated PAR-2 trafficking to the plasma membrane. Conversely, overexpression of the fragment p24A-GL, but not other mutants containing the functional coiled-coil domain of p24A, arrested PAR-2 at the Golgi apparatus and inhibited receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane, which consequently prevented resensitization of PAR-2. These findings identify a new function of p24A as a regulator of signal-dependent trafficking that regulates the life cycle of PAR-2, Thus, we reveal a new molecular mechanism underlying resensitization of PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Wang Y, Luo W, Reiser G. The role of calcium in protease-activated receptor-induced secretion of chemokine GRO/CINC-1 in rat brain astrocytes. J Neurochem 2007; 103:814-9. [PMID: 17666044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our recent data showed that activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 in rat astrocytes not only evokes calcium signaling, but also regulates the release of the chemokine growth-regulated oncogene/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (GRO/CINC-1), a counterpart of the human GRO. This chemokine provides a feedback to protect astrocytes from toxic insults. Activated PAR-1 and PAR-2 were strong stimuli to induce the release of GRO/CINC-1. The effect was comparable to that induced by TNF-alpha. However, the role of calcium in the PAR-induced GRO/CINC-1 secretion remains unknown. Here, we found that the pharmacological blockade of either calcium release from the intracellular stores, or influx from the extracellular space, increased PAR-1- and PAR-2-induced GRO/CINC-1 secretion. Under calcium-free conditions, the basal mRNA level of GRO/CINC-1 was clearly increased. Further studies revealed that the intracellular GRO/CINC-1 protein level was slightly increased by treatment with thrombin or TRag in calcium-free conditions. However, the amount of protein synthesized was largely reduced in the absence of extracellular calcium as compared to that under normal calcium conditions. Importantly, we found that the intracellularly formed GRO/CINC-1 was not secreted into the cell culture supernatant under calcium-free conditions. These data suggest a dual role of calcium. On the one side, an increase in cytosolic calcium negatively regulates PAR-induced GRO/CINC-1 gene expression in rat astrocytes, but on the other side, the basal level of calcium is the pre-requisite for GRO/CINC-1 protein synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Wang
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Coleman LS. A hypothesis: factor VII governs clot formation, tissue repair and apoptosis. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:903-7. [PMID: 17383108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hypothesis: thrombin is a "Universal Enzyme of Energy Transduction" that employs ATP energy in flowing blood to activate biochemical reactions and cell effects in both hemostasis and tissue repair. All cells possess PAR-1 (thrombin) receptors and are affected by thrombin elevations, and thrombin effects on individual cell types are determined by their unique complement of PAR-1 receptors. Disruption of the vascular endothelium (VE) activates a tissue repair mechanism (TRM) consisting of the VE, tissue factor (TF), and circulating Factors VII, IX and X that governs localized thrombin elevations to activate clot formation and cellular effects that repair tissue damage. The culmination of the repair process occurs with the restoration of the VE followed by declines in thrombin production that causes Apoptosis ("programmed cell death") in wound-healing fibroblasts, which functions as a mechanism to draw wound edges together. The location and magnitude of TRM activity governs the location and magnitude of Factor VIII activity and clot formation, but the large size of Factor VIII prevents it from penetrating the clot formed by its activity, so that its effects are self-limiting. Factors VII, IX and X function primarily as tissue repair enzymes, while Factor VIII and Factor XIII are the only serine protease enzymes in the "Coagulation Cascade" that are exclusively associated with hemostasis.
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15
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Wang Y, Luo W, Wartmann T, Halangk W, Sahin-Tóth M, Reiser G. Mesotrypsin, a brain trypsin, activates selectively proteinase-activated receptor-1, but not proteinase-activated receptor-2, in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2006; 99:759-69. [PMID: 16903872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, which are activated by serine proteases, such as trypsin, play pivotal roles in the CNS. Mesotrypsin (trypsin IV) has been identified as a brain-specific trypsin isoform. However, its potential physiological role concerning PAR activation in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we show for the first time that mesotrypsin, encoded by the PRSS3 (proteinase, serine) gene, evokes a transient and pronounced Ca(2+) mobilization in both primary rat astrocytes and retinal ganglion RGC-5 cells, suggesting a physiological role of mesotrypsin in brain cells. Mesotrypsin mediates Ca(2+) responses in rat astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, with a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) value of 25 nm. The maximal effect of mesotrypsin on Ca(2+) mobilization in rat astrocytes is much higher than that observed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells, indicating that the activity of mesotrypsin is species-specific. The pre-treatment of cells with thrombin or the PAR-1-specific peptide TRag (Ala-pFluoro-Phe-Arg-Cha-HomoArg-Tyr-NH(2), synthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptide), but not the PAR-2-specific peptide, reduces significantly the mesotrypsin-induced Ca(2+) response. Treatment with the PAR-1 antagonist SCH79797 confirms that mesotrypsin selectively activates PAR-1 in rat astrocytes. Unlike mesotrypsin, the two other trypsin isoforms, cationic and anionic trypsin, activate multiple PARs in rat astrocytes. Therefore, our data suggest that brain-specific mesotrypsin, via the regulation of PAR-1, is likely to be involved in multiple physiological/pathological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Wang
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Wang Y, Luo W, Stricker R, Reiser G. Protease-activated receptor-1 protects rat astrocytes from apoptotic cell death via JNK-mediated release of the chemokine GRO/CINC-1. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1046-60. [PMID: 16749907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin at low doses is an endogenous mediator of protection in ischaemic and haemorrhagic models of stroke. However, the mechanism of thrombin-induced protection remains unclear. Recently accumulating evidence has shown that astrocytes play an important role in the brain after injury. We report that thrombin and thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRag) up-regulated secretion of the chemokine growth-regulated oncogene/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (GRO/CINC-1) in primary rat astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. However, we found no increase of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1)-induced GRO/CINC-1 release was mainly mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 might be partially involved, but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Further studies demonstrated that PAR-1 activation, as well as application of recombinant GRO/CINC-1, protected astrocytes from C(2)-ceramide-induced cell death. Protection occurred with suppression of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. The inhibition of cytochrome c release was largely reduced by the antagonist of chemokine receptor CXCR2, SB-332235. Importantly, a specific JNK inhibitor significantly abolished the protective action of PAR-1. These results demonstrate for the first time that PAR-1 plays an important role in anti-apoptosis in the brain by regulating the release of chemokine GRO/CINC-1, which gives a feedback through its receptor CXCR2 to preserve astrocytes from toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Wang
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Yagi Y, Otani H, Ando S, Oshiro A, Kawai K, Nishikawa H, Araki H, Fukuhara S, Inagaki C. Involvement of Rho signaling in PAR2-mediated regulation of neutrophil adhesion to lung epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536:19-27. [PMID: 16564523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation. We report that epithelial PAR2 stimulation with trypsin (0.05-1 U/ml) or an agonist peptide (SLIGKV-NH2, 1-100 microM) for 0.5-3 h dose- and time-dependently enhanced neutrophil adhesion to alveolar type II epithelial cells (A549 cells) and that this stimulation also induced the formation of epithelial actin filaments. Both responses in neutrophil adhesion and epithelial actin reorganization were reduced by a Rho inhibitor, mevastatin and by a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632 ((R)-(+)-trans-N-(4-Pyridyl)-4-(1-aminoethyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide). Neutrophil adherence was also inhibited by an inhibitor of actin polymerization, cytochalasin D and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. Further, the PAR2-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a major cytoskeleton protein, was detected, and this response was inhibited by mevastatin or Y-27632. These results suggest that PAR2 stimulation of alveolar epithelial cells enhances neutrophil adhesion presumably at least in part through Rho/ROCK signal-mediated actin cytoskeleton reorganization associated with the tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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18
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Luo W, Wang Y, Hanck T, Stricker R, Reiser G. Jab1, a novel protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-interacting protein, is involved in PAR-2-induced activation of activator protein-1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7927-36. [PMID: 16410250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510784200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), a G protein-coupled receptor for trypsin and tryptase, exerts important physiological and pathological functions in multiple systems. However, unlike PAR-1, the PAR-2-mediated intracellular signal transductions are hardly known. Here, using yeast two-hybrid screening with a human brain cDNA library, we identified an interacting partner of human PAR-2, the Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1). The interaction was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays in vitro, and by co-immunoprecipitation assays in vivo. Jab1 was also shown to be colocalized with PAR-2 in both transfected HEK293 cells and in normal primary human astrocytes by double immunofluorescence staining. Further experiments demonstrated that multiple intracellular domains of PAR-2 are required for the interaction with Jab1. We then showed that agonist stimulation of PAR-2 disrupted the interaction, which could be prevented by the inhibitor of receptor endocytosis phenylarsine oxide, but not by the lysosomal protease inhibitor ZPAD. Importantly, we found that activation of PAR-2 induced the redistribution of Jab1 from the plasma membrane to the cytosol, but did not influence expression of Jab1. Furthermore, Jab1 mediated PAR-2-induced c-Jun activation, which was followed by increased activation of activator protein-1. Loss-of-function studies, using Jab1 small interfering RNA, demonstrated that Jab1 knockdown blocked PAR-2-induced activator protein-1 activation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Jab1 is an important effector that mediates a novel signal transduction pathway for PAR-2-dependent gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arsenicals/chemistry
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- COP9 Signalosome Complex
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endocytosis
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Library
- Genes, Reporter
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Insecta
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Peptide Hydrolases/physiology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transfection
- Trypsin/pharmacology
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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