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Fritzsch B, Martin PR. Vision and retina evolution: how to develop a retina. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:240-248. [PMID: 35449767 PMCID: PMC9018162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in vertebrate evolution, a single homeobox (Hox) cluster in basal chordates was quadrupled to generate the Hox gene clusters present in extant vertebrates. Here we ask how this expanded gene pool may have influenced the evolution of the visual system. We suggest that a single neurosensory cell type split into ciliated sensory cells (photoreceptors, which transduce light) and retinal ganglion cells (RGC, which project to the brain). In vertebrates, development of photoreceptors is regulated by the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Neurod1 whereas RGC development depends on Atoh7 and related bHLH genes. Lancelet (a basal chordate) does not express Neurod or Atoh7 and possesses a few neurosensory cells with cilia that reach out of the opening of the neural tube. Sea-squirts (Ascidians) do not express Neurod and express a different bHLH gene, Atoh8, that is likely expressed in the anterior vesicle. Recent data indicate the neurosensory cells in lancelets may correspond to three distinct eye fields in ascidians, which in turn may be the basis of the vertebrate retina, pineal and parapineal. In this review we contrast the genetic control of visual structure development in these chordates with that of basal vertebrates such as lampreys and hagfish, and jawed vertebrates. We propose an evolutionary sequence linking whole-genome duplications, initially to a split between photoreceptor and projection neurons (RGC) and subsequently between pineal and lateral eye structures.
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Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: precursor identification and neuroanatomical relationships with other neuronal signalling systems. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:249-284. [PMID: 31807925 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that modulates processes such as digestion, satiety, and anxiety. CCK-type peptides have been characterized in jawed vertebrates and invertebrates, but little is known about CCK-type signalling in the most ancient group of vertebrates, the agnathans. Here, we have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) CCK-type precursor (PmCCK), which contains a CCK-type octapeptide sequence (PmCCK-8) that is highly similar to gnathostome CCKs. Using mRNA in situ hybridization, the distribution of PmCCK-expressing neurons was mapped in the CNS of P. marinus. This revealed PmCCK-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, prethalamus, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, midbrain tegmentum, isthmus, rhombencephalic reticular formation, and the putative nucleus of the solitary tract. Some PmCCK-expressing neuronal populations were only observed in adults, revealing important differences with larvae. We generated an antiserum to PmCCK-8 to enable immunohistochemical analysis of CCK expression, which revealed that GABA or glutamate, but not serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase or neuropeptide Y, is co-expressed in some PmCCK-8-immunoreactive (ir) neurons. Importantly, this is the first demonstration of co-localization of GABA and CCK in neurons of a non-mammalian vertebrate. We also characterized extensive cholecystokinergic fibre systems of the CNS, including innervation of habenular subnuclei. A conspicuous PmCCK-8-ir tract ascending in the lateral rhombencephalon selectively innervates a glutamatergic population in the dorsal isthmic grey. Interestingly, this tract is reminiscent of the secondary gustatory/visceral tract of teleosts. In conclusion, this study provides important new information on the evolution of the cholecystokinergic system in vertebrates.
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Suntres TE, Daghfous G, Ananvoranich S, Dubuc R, Zielinski BS. Sensory cutaneous papillae in the sea lamprey (
Petromyzon marinus
L.): II. Ontogeny and immunocytochemical characterization of solitary chemosensory cells. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:865-878. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina E. Suntres
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
| | - Gheylen Daghfous
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Sirinart Ananvoranich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Barbara S. Zielinski
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
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Barreiro-Iglesias A, Fernández-López B, Sobrido-Cameán D, Anadón R. Organization of alpha-transducin immunoreactive system in the brain and retina of larval and young adult Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and their relationship with other neural systems. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3683-3704. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Blanca Fernández-López
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Daniel Sobrido-Cameán
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
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5
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Sukeena JM, Galicia CA, Wilson JD, McGinn T, Boughman JW, Robison BD, Postlethwait JH, Braasch I, Stenkamp DL, Fuerst PG. Characterization and Evolution of the Spotted Gar Retina. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 326:403-421. [PMID: 27862951 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the retina of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus, a ray-finned fish. Gar did not undergo the whole genome duplication event that occurred at the base of the teleost fish lineage, which includes the model species zebrafish and medaka. The divergence of gars from the teleost lineage and the availability of a high-quality genome sequence make it a uniquely useful species to understand how genome duplication sculpted features of the teleost visual system, including photoreceptor diversity. We developed reagents to characterize the cellular organization of the spotted gar retina, including representative markers for all major classes of retinal neurons and Müller glia. We report that the gar has a preponderance of predicted short-wavelength shifted (SWS) opsin genes, including a duplicated set of SWS1 (ultraviolet) sensitive opsin encoding genes, a SWS2 (blue) opsin encoding gene, and two rod opsin encoding genes, all of which were expressed in retinal photoreceptors. We also report that gar SWS1 cones lack the geometric organization of photoreceptors observed in teleost fish species, consistent with the crystalline photoreceptor mosaic being a teleost innovation. Of note the spotted gar expresses both exo-rhodopsin (RH1-1) and rhodopsin (RH1-2) in rods. Exo-rhodopsin is an opsin that is not expressed in the retina of zebrafish and other teleosts, but rather is expressed in regions of the brain. This study suggests that exo-rhodopsin is an ancestral actinopterygian (ray finned fish) retinal opsin, and in teleosts its expression has possibly been subfunctionalized to the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Sukeena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Carlos A Galicia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | | | - Tim McGinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Barrie D Robison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - John H Postlethwait
- Department of Evolution, Development, and Genetics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Peter G Fuerst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.,WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Moscow, Idaho
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6
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Boije H, Shirazi Fard S, Edqvist PH, Hallböök F. Horizontal Cells, the Odd Ones Out in the Retina, Give Insights into Development and Disease. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:77. [PMID: 27486389 PMCID: PMC4949263 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough investigation of a neuronal population can help reveal key aspects regarding the nervous system and its development. The retinal horizontal cells have several extraordinary features making them particularly interesting for addressing questions regarding fate assignment and subtype specification. In this review we discuss and summarize data concerning the formation and diversity of horizontal cells, how morphology is correlated to molecular markers, and how fate assignment separates the horizontal lineage from the lineages of other retinal cell types. We discuss the novel and unique features of the final cell cycle of horizontal cell progenitors and how they may relate to retinoblastoma carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Boije
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Pavón-Muñoz T, Bejarano-Escobar R, Blasco M, Martín-Partido G, Francisco-Morcillo J. Retinal development in the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:492-507. [PMID: 26507100 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinal development of the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata has been analysed from late embryonic development to juvenile stages using classical histological and immunohistological methods. Five significant phases were established. Phases 1 and 2 comprise the late embryonic and hatching stages, respectively. The results indicate that during these early stages the retina is composed of a single neuroblastic layer that consists of undifferentiated retinal progenitor cells. Phase 3 (late prolarval stage) is characterized by the emergence of the retinal layers and the appearance of neurochemical profiles in differentiating photoreceptors, amacrine and ganglion cells. Phases 4 and 5 comprise the late larval and juvenile stages. In these stages, all the retinal cell types can be detected immunohistochemically. All the maturational events described are first detected in the central retina and, as development progresses, spread to the rest of the retina following a central-to-peripheral gradient. The results of this study suggest that S. aurata is an altricial teleost species that hatches with a morphologically undifferentiated retina. The most relevant processes involved in retinogenesis occur during the late prolarval stage (phase 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pavón-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - R Bejarano-Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - M Blasco
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - G Martín-Partido
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - J Francisco-Morcillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
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8
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Cornide-Petronio ME, Anadón R, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Rodicio MC. Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin receptor 1A expression in the retina of the sea lamprey. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun L, Kawano-Yamashita E, Nagata T, Tsukamoto H, Furutani Y, Koyanagi M, Terakita A. Distribution of mammalian-like melanopsin in cyclostome retinas exhibiting a different extent of visual functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108209. [PMID: 25251771 PMCID: PMC4177573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals contain 1 melanopsin (Opn4) gene that is expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells to serve as a photopigment involved in non-image-forming vision such as photoentrainment of circadian rhythms. In contrast, most nonmammalian vertebrates possess multiple melanopsins that are distributed in various types of retinal cells; however, their functions remain unclear. We previously found that the lamprey has only 1 type of mammalian-like melanopsin gene, which is similar to that observed in mammals. Here we investigated the molecular properties and localization of melanopsin in the lamprey and other cyclostome hagfish retinas, which contribute to visual functions including image-forming vision and mainly to non-image-forming vision, respectively. We isolated 1 type of mammalian-like melanopsin cDNA from the eyes of each species. We showed that the recombinant lamprey melanopsin was a blue light-sensitive pigment and that both the lamprey and hagfish melanopsins caused light-dependent increases in calcium ion concentration in cultured cells in a manner that was similar to that observed for mammalian melanopsins. We observed that melanopsin was distributed in several types of retinal cells, including horizontal cells and ganglion cells, in the lamprey retina, despite the existence of only 1 melanopsin gene in the lamprey. In contrast, melanopsin was almost specifically distributed to retinal ganglion cells in the hagfish retina. Furthermore, we found that the melanopsin-expressing horizontal cells connected to the rhodopsin-containing short photoreceptor cells in the lamprey. Taken together, our findings suggest that in cyclostomes, the global distribution of melanopsin in retinal cells might not be related to the melanopsin gene number but to the extent of retinal contribution to visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Sun
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Kawano-Yamashita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Tsukamoto
- Department of life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Department of life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Fletcher LN, Coimbra JP, Rodger J, Potter IC, Gill HS, Dunlop SA, Collin SP. Classification of retinal ganglion cells in the southern hemisphere lampreyGeotria australis(Cyclostomata). J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:750-71. [PMID: 23897624 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Norman Fletcher
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Ian C. Potter
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Howard S. Gill
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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11
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Graña P, Folgueira M, Huesa G, Anadón R, Yáñez J. Immunohistochemical distribution of calretinin and calbindin (D-28k) in the brain of the cladistian Polypterus senegalus. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:2454-85. [PMID: 23296683 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polypteriform fishes are believed to be basal to other living ray-finned bony fishes, and they may be useful for providing information of the neural organization that existed in the brain of the earliest ray-finned fishes. The calcium-binding proteins calretinin (CR) and calbindin-D28k (CB) have been widely used to characterize neuronal populations in vertebrate brains. Here, the distribution of the immunoreactivity against CR and CB was investigated in the olfactory organ and brain of Polypterus senegalus and compared to the distribution of these molecules in other ray-finned fishes. In general, CB-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were less abundant than CR-ir cells. CR immunohistochemistry revealed segregation of CR-ir olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa and their bulbar projections. Our results confirmed important differences between pallial regions in terms of CR immunoreactivity of cell populations and afferent fibers. In the habenula, these calcium-binding proteins revealed right-left asymmetry of habenular subpopulations and segregation of their interpeduncular projections. CR immunohistochemistry distinguished among some thalamic, pretectal, and posterior tubercle-derived populations. Abundant CR-ir populations were observed in the midbrain, including the tectum. CR immunoreactivity was also useful for characterizing a putative secondary gustatory/visceral nucleus in the isthmus, and for distinguishing territories in the primary viscerosensory column and octavolateral region. Comparison of the data obtained within a segmental neuromeric context indicates that some CB-ir and CR-ir populations in polypteriform fishes are shared with other ray-finned fishes, but other positive structures appear to have evolved following the separation between polypterids and other ray-finned fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Graña
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15008-A Coruña, Spain
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12
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Nivison-Smith L, Collin SP, Zhu Y, Ready S, Acosta ML, Hunt DM, Potter IC, Kalloniatis M. Retinal amino acid neurochemistry of the southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58406. [PMID: 23516473 PMCID: PMC3596384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lampreys are one of the two surviving groups of the agnathan (jawless) stages in vertebrate evolution and are thus ideal candidates for elucidating the evolution of visual systems. This study investigated the retinal amino acid neurochemistry of the southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis during the downstream migration of the young, recently-metamorphosed juveniles to the sea and during the upstream migration of the fully-grown and sexually-maturing adults to their spawning areas. Glutamate and taurine were distributed throughout the retina, whilst GABA and glycine were confined to neurons of the inner retina matching patterns seen in most other vertebrates. Glutamine and aspartate immunoreactivity was closely matched to Müller cell morphology. Between the migratory phases, few differences were observed in the distribution of major neurotransmitters i.e. glutamate, GABA and glycine, but changes in amino acids associated with retinal metabolism i.e. glutamine and aspartate, were evident. Taurine immunoreactivity was mostly conserved between migrant stages, consistent with its role in primary cell functions such as osmoregulation. Further investigation of glutamate signalling using the probe agmatine (AGB) to map cation channel permeability revealed entry of AGB into photoreceptors and horizontal cells followed by accumulation in inner retinal neurons. Similarities in AGB profiles between upstream and downstream migrant of G. australis confirmed the conservation of glutamate neurotransmission. Finally, calcium binding proteins, calbindin and calretinin were localized to the inner retina whilst recoverin was localized to photoreceptors. Overall, conservation of major amino acid neurotransmitters and calcium-associated proteins in the lamprey retina confirms these elements as essential features of the vertebrate visual system. On the other hand, metabolic elements of the retina such as neurotransmitter precursor amino acids and Müller cells are more sensitive to environmental changes associated with migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nivison-Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology and the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Ready
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L. Acosta
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David M. Hunt
- School of Animal Biology and the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian C. Potter
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Graña P, Huesa G, Anadón R, Yáñez J. Immunohistochemical study of the distribution of calcium binding proteins in the brain of a chondrostean (Acipenser baeri). J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2086-122. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Villar-Cerviño V, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Mazan S, Rodicio MC, Anadón R. Glutamatergic neuronal populations in the forebrain of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus: an in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical study. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:1712-35. [PMID: 21452205 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of glutamate as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, the distribution of glutamatergic populations in the brain of most vertebrates is still unknown. Here, we studied for the first time the distribution of glutamatergic neurons in the forebrain of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), belonging to the most ancient group of vertebrates (agnathans). For this, we used in situ hybridization with probes for a lamprey vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) in larvae and immunofluorescence with antiglutamate antibodies in both larvae and adults. We also compared glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities in sections using double-immunofluorescence methods. VGLUT-expressing neurons were observed in the olfactory bulb, pallium, septum, subhippocampal lobe, preoptic region, thalamic eminence, prethalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, pretectum, hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, and nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle. Comparison of VGLUT signal and glutamate immunoreactivity in larval forebrain revealed a consistent distribution of positive cells, which were numerous in most regions. Glutamate-immunoreactive cell populations were also found in similar regions of the adult forebrain. These include mitral-like cells of the olfactory bulbs and abundant cells in the lateral pallium, septum, and various diencephalic regions, mainly in the prethalamus, thalamus, habenula, pineal complex, and pretectum. Only a small portion of the glutamate-immunoreactive cells showed colocalization with GABA, which was observed mainly in the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, and pretectum. Comparison with glutamatergic cells observed in rodent forebrains suggests that the regional distribution of glutamatergic cells does not differ greatly in lampreys and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verona Villar-Cerviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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15
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Bejarano-Escobar R, Blasco M, Durán AC, Rodríguez C, Martín-Partido G, Francisco-Morcillo J. Retinal histogenesis and cell differentiation in an elasmobranch species, the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula. J Anat 2012; 220:318-35. [PMID: 22332849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a detailed study of the major events in the retinal histogenesis in a slow-developing elasmobranch species, the small-spotted catshark, during embryonic, postnatal and adult stages using classical histological and immunohistological methods, providing a complete neurochemical characterization of retinal cells. We found that the retina of the small-spotted catshark was fully differentiated prior to birth. The major developmental events in retinal cell differentiation occurred during the second third of the embryonic period. Maturational features described in the present study were first detected in the central retina and, as development progressed, they spread to the rest of the retina following a central-to-peripheral gradient. While the formation of both plexiform layers occurs simultaneously in the retina of the most common fish models, in the small-spotted catshark retina the emergence of the outer plexiform layer was delayed with respect to the inner plexiform layer. According to the expression of the markers used, retinal cell differentiation followed a vitreal-to-scleral gradient, with the exception of Müller cells that were the last cell type generated during retinogenesis. This vitreal-to-scleral progression of neural differentiation seems to be specific to slow-developing fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bejarano-Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain
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Characterisation of neuronal and glial populations of the visual system during zebrafish lifespan. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:441-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Retinotopy of visual projections to the optic tectum and pretectum in larval sea lamprey. Exp Eye Res 2011; 92:274-81. [PMID: 21295569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sea lamprey has a complex life cycle with very different larval and adult stages. The eyes of larvae are subcutaneous, lack a differentiated lens and probably work only as an ocellus-like photoreceptor organ, while the well-developed adult eyes are capable of forming images. The larval retina differs greatly from the adult retina and presents a central region with differentiated photoreceptors and a lateral, largely undifferentiated part that grows in the second half of larval life. In the present study, we examined the retinotopy of projections from larval ganglion cells to the optic tectum and pretectum in sea lamprey by using retrograde tract-tracing techniques. In most regions of the tectum, application of the tracer neurobiotin (NB) resulted in labelled ganglion cells in the lateral retina, mostly in the contralateral eye. Ganglion cells of the lateral retina showed a very simple dendritic tree, possibly because of the lack of differentiation of most retinal layers in this region. The retinotectal projection is already retinotopically organized in larvae and follows a pattern similar to that observed in adult lampreys and other vertebrates. Application of NB to the central region of the tectum also led to labelling of a few ganglion cells in the central retina, which were clearly more complex than those in the lateral region, as they had dendrites that branched both in the outer and inner plexiform layers. Application of NB to the medial pretectum led to labelling of ganglion cells in the contralateral central retina. Occasional cells were also labelled in the lateral retina. The differential organization of larval retinal projections to the pretectum and tectum suggests a different role for these projections, which is consistent with the different involvement of these centres in visual behaviour, as determined in adult lampreys. The observations in larvae also reveal very different developmental timetables for these putative functions.
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Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin D28k and calretinin in the retina of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri: Colocalization with choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res 2011; 1368:28-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ferreiro-Galve S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. Calretinin immunoreactivity in the developing retina of sharks: comparison with cell proliferation and GABAergic system markers. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:378-86. [PMID: 20599967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR) has been widely used as a marker of neuronal differentiation. In the present study we analyzed the distribution of CR-immunoreactive (CR-ir) elements in the embryonic and postembryonic retina of two elasmobranchs, the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) and the brown shyshark (Haploblepharus fuscus). We compared the distribution of CR with that of a proliferation marker (the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) in order to investigate the time course of CR expression during retinogenesis and explored the relationship between CR and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has been reported to play a role in shark retinogenesis. The earliest CR immunoreactivity was concurrently observed in subsets of: a) ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer; b) displaced ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer and inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INLi); c) amacrine cells in the INLi, and d) horizontal cells. This pattern of CR distribution is established in the developing retina from early stage 32, long after the appearance of a layered retinal organization in the inner retina, and coinciding with photoreceptor maturation in the outer retina. We also demonstrated that CR is expressed in postmitotic cells long after they have exited the cell cycle and in a subset of GABAergic horizontal cells. Overall our results provide insights into the differentiation patterns in the elasmobranch retina and supply further comparative data on the development of CR distribution in the retina of vertebrates. This study may help in understanding the possible involvement of CR in aspects of retinal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Bejarano-Escobar R, Blasco M, DeGrip WJ, Oyola-Velasco JA, Martín-Partido G, Francisco-Morcillo J. Eye development and retinal differentiation in an altricial fish species, the senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:580-605. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Villar-Cerviño V, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Rodicio MC, Anadón R. D-serine is distributed in neurons in the brain of the sea lamprey. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:1688-710. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jones MR, Grillner S, Robertson B. Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior. J Comp Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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A monoclonal antibody as a tool to study the subcommissural organ and Reissner's fibre of the sea lamprey: An immunofluorescence study before and after a spinal cord transection. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cell differentiation in the retina of an epibenthonic teleost, the Tench (Tinca tinca, Linneo 1758). Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:398-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Barreiro-Iglesias A, Villar-Cerviño V, Villar-Cheda B, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. Neurochemical characterization of sea lamprey taste buds and afferent gustatory fibers: presence of serotonin, calretinin, and CGRP immunoreactivity in taste bud bi-ciliated cells of the earliest vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 2008; 511:438-53. [PMID: 18831528 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroactive substances such as serotonin and other monoamines have been suggested to be involved in the transmission of gustatory signals from taste bud cells to afferent fibers. Lampreys are the earliest vertebrates that possess taste buds, although these differ in structure from taste buds in jawed vertebrates, and their neurochemistry remains unknown. We used immunofluorescence methods with antibodies raised against serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calretinin, and acetylated alpha-tubulin to characterize the neurochemistry and innervation of taste buds in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. For localization of proliferative cells in taste buds we used bromodeoxyuridine labeling and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry. Results with both markers indicate that proliferating cells are restricted to a few basal cells and that almost all cells in taste buds are nonproliferating. A large number of serotonin-, calretinin-, and CGRP-immunoreactive bi-ciliated cells were revealed in lamprey taste buds. This suggests that serotonin participates in the transmission of gustatory signals and indicates that this substance appeared early on in vertebrate evolution. The basal surface of the bi-ciliated taste bud cells was contacted by tubulin-immunoreactive fibers. Some of the fibers surrounding the taste bud were calretinin immunoreactive. Lamprey taste bud cells or afferent fibers did not exhibit TH, GABA, glutamate, or NPY immunoreactivity, which suggests that expression of these substances evolved in taste buds of some gnathostomes lines after the separation of gnathostomes and lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Barreiro-Iglesias A, Villar-Cerviño V, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. Descending brain-spinal cord projections in a primitive vertebrate, the lamprey: Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting and dopaminergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2008; 511:711-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Late proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation in the transforming lamprey retina. Brain Res 2008; 1201:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Immunocytochemical study of calretinin and calbindin D-28K expression in the retina of three cartilaginous fishes and a cladistian (Polypterus). Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:375-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Calbindin-D28k and calretinin as markers of retinal neurons in the anuran amphibian Rana perezi. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:379-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Neurochemical differentiation of horizontal and amacrine cells during transformation of the sea lamprey retina. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 35:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Morphogenesis in the retina of a slow-developing teleost: emergence of the GABAergic system in relation to cell proliferation and differentiation. Brain Res 2007; 1194:21-7. [PMID: 18178176 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation during development. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the development of the GABAergic system in the retina of the trout and its relation to markers of differentiation [calretinin (CR), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)]. The expression of Pax6, an eye-patterning protein involved in the proliferation and emergence of specific retinal cell types, was also studied. Retinal layering was observed to begin centrally in prehatching embryos, as the first GABAergic cells appeared in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL). At hatching, GABAergic cells were also observed in the horizontal cell layer (HCL). In alevins, GABAergic cells and processes spread laterally following retinal growth although they did not invade neuroblastic retinal regions. CR- and Pax6-immunoreactive (ir) cells were first seen in the GCL and the inner part of the INL, whereas sparse TH-ir cells appeared in the INL. In juveniles, GABAergic cells were observed in the GCL, inner part of the INL and HCL, whereas CR-ir cells spread to the outer part of the INL and HCL. A subset of CR-ir in the GCL and of Pax6-ir cells in the GCL and INL showed colocalization with GABAergic markers. This study provides further comparative knowledge about the development of GABAergic system of the retina in teleosts and shows differences and similarities with that reported in fast-developing species such as zebrafish, in which retinal expression of GABA was transient in some populations.
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Comparative analysis of calbindin D-28K and calretinin in the retina of anuran and urodele amphibians: Colocalization with choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res 2007; 1182:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Villar-Cerviño V, Abalo XM, Villar-Cheda B, Meléndez-Ferro M, Pérez-Costas E, Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Rodicio MC, Anadón R. Presence of glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the retina of the larval sea lamprey: comparative immunohistochemical study of classical neurotransmitters in larval and postmetamorphic retinas. J Comp Neurol 2007; 499:810-27. [PMID: 17048230 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neurochemistry of the retina of the larval and postmetamorphic sea lamprey was studied via immunocytochemistry using antibodies directed against the major candidate neurotransmitters [glutamate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, dopamine, serotonin] and the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Immunoreactivity to rod opsin and calretinin was also used to distinguish some retinal cells. Two retinal regions are present in larvae: the central retina, with opsin-immunoreactive photoreceptors, and the lateral retina, which lacks photoreceptors and is mainly neuroblastic. We observed calretinin-immunostained ganglion cells in both retinal regions; immunolabeled bipolar cells were detected in the central retina only. Glutamate immunoreactivity was present in photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and bipolar cells. Faint to moderate glycine immunostaining was observed in photoreceptors and some cells of the ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer. No GABA-immunolabeled perikarya were observed. GABA-immunoreactive centrifugal fibers were present in the central and lateral retina. These centrifugal fibers contacted glutamate-immunostained ganglion cells. No aspartate, serotonin, dopamine, or TH immunoreactivity was observed in larvae, whereas these molecules, as well as GABA, glycine, and glutamate, were detected in neurons of the retina of recently transformed lamprey. Immunoreactivity to GABA was observed in outer horizontal cells, some bipolar cells, and numerous amacrine cells, whereas immunoreactivity to glycine was found in amacrine cells and interplexiform cells. Dopamine and serotonin immunoreactivity was found in scattered amacrine cells. Amacrine and horizontal cells did not express classical neurotransmitters (with the possible exception of glycine) during larval life, so transmitter-expressing cells of the larval retina appear to participate only in the vertical processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verona Villar-Cerviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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