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Asanowicz D, Panek B, Kotlewska I, van der Lubbe R. On the Relevance of Posterior and Midfrontal Theta Activity for Visuospatial Attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1972-2001. [PMID: 37788304 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether oscillatory activity in the theta-band is relevant for selective visuospatial attention when there is a need for the suppression of interfering and distracting information. A variant of the Eriksen flanker task was employed with bilateral arrays: one array consisting of a target and congruent or incongruent flankers and the second array consisting of neutral distractors. The bilateral arrays were preceded either by a 100% valid spatial cue or by a neutral cue. In the cue-target interval, a major burst in medial frontal theta power was observed, which was largest in the spatial cue condition. In the latter condition, additionally a posterior theta increase was observed that was larger over sites ipsilateral to the forthcoming target array. Functional connectivity analyses revealed that this pretarget posterior theta was related to the midfrontal theta. No such effects were observed in the neutral cue condition. After onset of the bilateral arrays, a major burst in posterior theta activity was observed in both cue conditions, which again was larger above sites ipsilateral to the target array. Furthermore, this posterior theta was in all cases related to the midfrontal theta. Taken together, the findings suggest that a fronto-posterior theta network plays an important role in the suppression of irrelevant and conflicting visual information. The results also suggest that the reciprocal relation between visuospatial attention and executive response control may be closer than commonly thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartłomiej Panek
- Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Rob van der Lubbe
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Itthipuripat S, Phangwiwat T, Wiwatphonthana P, Sawetsuttipan P, Chang KY, Störmer VS, Woodman GF, Serences JT. Dissociable Neural Mechanisms Underlie the Effects of Attention on Visual Appearance and Response Bias. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6628-6652. [PMID: 37620156 PMCID: PMC10538590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2192-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent theoretical framework spanning philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience holds that selective attention penetrates early stages of perceptual processing to alter the subjective visual experience of behaviorally relevant stimuli. For example, searching for a red apple at the grocery store might make the relevant color appear brighter and more saturated compared with seeing the exact same red apple while searching for a yellow banana. In contrast, recent proposals argue that data supporting attention-related changes in appearance reflect decision- and motor-level response biases without concurrent changes in perceptual experience. Here, we tested these accounts by evaluating attentional modulations of EEG responses recorded from male and female human subjects while they compared the perceived contrast of attended and unattended visual stimuli rendered at different levels of physical contrast. We found that attention enhanced the amplitude of the P1 component, an early evoked potential measured over visual cortex. A linking model based on signal detection theory suggests that response gain modulations of the P1 component track attention-induced changes in perceived contrast as measured with behavior. In contrast, attentional cues induced changes in the baseline amplitude of posterior alpha band oscillations (∼9-12 Hz), an effect that best accounts for cue-induced response biases, particularly when no stimuli are presented or when competing stimuli are similar and decisional uncertainty is high. The observation of dissociable neural markers that are linked to changes in subjective appearance and response bias supports a more unified theoretical account and demonstrates an approach to isolate subjective aspects of selective information processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Does attention alter visual appearance, or does it simply induce response bias? In the present study, we examined these competing accounts using EEG and linking models based on signal detection theory. We found that response gain modulations of the visually evoked P1 component best accounted for attention-induced changes in visual appearance. In contrast, cue-induced baseline shifts in alpha band activity better explained response biases. Together, these results suggest that attention concurrently impacts visual appearance and response bias, and that these processes can be experimentally isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawaj Itthipuripat
- Neuroscience Center for Research and Innovation, Learning Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Big Data Experience Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Tanagrit Phangwiwat
- Neuroscience Center for Research and Innovation, Learning Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Big Data Experience Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Praewpiraya Wiwatphonthana
- Neuroscience Center for Research and Innovation, Learning Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- SECCLO Consortium, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Prapasiri Sawetsuttipan
- Neuroscience Center for Research and Innovation, Learning Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Big Data Experience Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Kai-Yu Chang
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-1090
| | - Viola S. Störmer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Geoffrey F. Woodman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, and Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - John T. Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-1090
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Sustained visuospatial attention enhances lateralized anticipatory ERP activity in sensory areas. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:457-470. [PMID: 33392666 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The existence of neural correlates of spatial attention is not limited to the reactive stage of stimulus processing: neural activities subtending spatial attention are deployed well ahead of stimulus onset. ERP evidence supporting this proactive (top-down) attentional control is based on trial-by-trial S1-S2 paradigms, where the onset of a directional cue (S1) indicates on which side attention must be directed to respond to an upcoming target stimulus (S2). Crucially, S1 onset trigger both attention and motor preparation, therefore, these paradigms are not ideal to demonstrate the effect of attention at preparatory stage of processing. To isolate top-down anticipatory attention, the present study used a sustained attention paradigm based on a steady cue that indicates the attended side constantly throughout an entire block of trials, without any onset of an attentional cue. The main result consists in the description of the attention effect on the visual negativity (vN) component, a growing neural activity starting before stimulus presentation in extrastriate visual areas. The vN was consistently lateralized in the hemisphere contralateral to the attended side, regardless of the hand to be used. At the opposite, the lateralized motor activity emerged long after, confirming that the hand-selection process followed the spatial attention orientation process. The present study confirms the anticipatory nature of the vN component and corroborate its role in terms of preparatory visuospatial attention.
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Yu Z, Li L, Wang Z, Lv H, Song J. The study of cortical lateralization and motor performance evoked by external visual stimulus during continuous training. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2021.3089735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Phasic alerting facilitates endogenous orienting of spatial attention: Evidence from event-related lateralizations of the EEG. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:1644-1653. [PMID: 31907836 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alerting has been hypothesized to affect spatial orienting either by accelerating the speed of attentional shift toward the cued target location (the accelerating hypothesis) or by enhancing the orienting effect without changing its time course (the enhancing hypothesis). To investigate the neural underpinnings of the effect of phasic alerting on endogenous orienting, we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) in a variant of the spatial cueing task with a tone presented 100 ms before the cue as a phasic alerting signal, and calculated cue-evoked event-related lateralizations (ERLs) providing a precise assessment of preparatory visuospatial attention. Behavioral results showed that the spatial orienting effect was increased under the phasic alerting condition, as expected. The EEG results showed that an orienting-related ERL component called a late directing attention positivity (LDAP) had shorter onset latency and larger amplitude in the alerting condition than in the no-alerting (no-tone) condition. In conclusion, phasic alerting seems to both accelerate and enhance orienting-related preparatory modulations within the ventral visual stream.
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Van der Lubbe RH, de Kleine E, Rataj K. Dyslexic individuals orient but do not sustain visual attention: Electrophysiological support from the lower and upper alpha bands. Neuropsychologia 2019; 125:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The role of the motion cue in the dynamic gaze-cueing effect: A study of the lateralized ERPs. Neuropsychologia 2019; 124:151-160. [PMID: 30582945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When face was inverted, dynamic gaze cues could still effectively direct attention despite the disruption of configural face processing, but the static gaze cues could not. The present study investigated the role of the motion cue in the dynamic Gaze-Cueing Effect (GCE). With schematic and real faces, we employed the gaze-cueing paradigm to examine the differences among three kinds of cues (static gaze cue, dynamic gaze cue and motion cue) based on behavioral results and event-related potentials. Behavioral results revealed significant GCE in all conditions. In the schematic face group, the motion cue (two symmetrical dots shifting slightly to the side) induced a significantly smaller GCE than the dynamic gaze cues (two symmetrical dots moving within a rounded circle), while in the real face group, the motion cue (that is, the inverted-face gaze cue) remained a strong GCE compared with other conditions. With regard to the ERP results, we found the early directing attention negativity (EDAN), which was sensitive to voluntary cues (e.g. arrow cue) rather than gaze cue, in the schematic motion cue condition, but not in the inverted-face gaze cue condition. We supposed that the motion cue (real face) could activate the configural face processing even when the face is inverted. This finding supported that EDAN reflected a cue-triggered attention shift.
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Ross V, Vossen AY, Smulders FTY, Ruiter RAC, Brijs T, Brijs K, Wets G, Jongen EMM. Measuring working memory load effects on electrophysiological markers of attention orienting during a simulated drive. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:429-443. [PMID: 28689462 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1353708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intersection accidents result in a significant proportion of road fatalities, and attention allocation likely plays a role. Attention allocation may depend on (limited) working memory (WM) capacity. Driving is often combined with tasks increasing WM load, consequently impairing attention orienting. This study (n = 22) investigated WM load effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) related to attention orienting. A simulated driving environment allowed continuous lane-keeping measurement. Participants were asked to orient attention covertly towards the side indicated by an arrow, and to respond only to moving cars appearing on the attended side by pressing a button. WM load was manipulated using a concurrent memory task. ERPs showed typical attentional modulation (cue: contralateral negativity, LDAP; car: N1, P1, SN and P3) under low and high load conditions. With increased WM load, lane-keeping performance improved, while dual task performance degraded (memory task: increased error rate; orienting task: increased false alarms, smaller P3). Practitioner Summary: Intersection driver-support systems aim to improve traffic safety and flow. However, in-vehicle systems induce WM load, increasing the tendency to yield. Traffic flow reduces if drivers stop at inappropriate times, reducing the effectiveness of systems. Consequently, driver-support systems could include WM load measurement during driving in the development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Ross
- a School for Mobility Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Alexandra Y Vossen
- b Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Fren T Y Smulders
- c Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience , Maastricht University , The Netherlands
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- d Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Tom Brijs
- a School for Mobility Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Kris Brijs
- a School for Mobility Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Geert Wets
- a School for Mobility Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Ellen M M Jongen
- e Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , Open University , Heerlen , The Netherlands
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Blom JHG, Van der Lubbe RHJ. Endogenous spatial attention directed to intracutaneous electrical stimuli on the forearms involves an external reference frame. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 121:1-11. [PMID: 28847743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined whether the direction of attention while anticipating intracutaneous electrical stimuli on the left or right forearm occurs within an internal somatotopic or an external body-based reference frame. Participants placed their hands on a table in front of them in a normal position or in a crossed-hands position. A symbolic cue with a validity of 80% instructed participants to attend to either the left or the right side, which varied from trial to trial. Crossing the hands induces a conflict of internal and external reference frames which allows to determine the dominating reference frame(s). Analyses of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during the orienting phase revealed that crossing the arms did not induce a reversal of neural activity over central sites as a late direction attention-related positivity and increased ipsilateral alpha power over occipital and central sites was observed in both conditions. Hand position influenced the processing of the electrical stimuli as no effect of cue validity was observed on the P3a component in the crossed-hands position. Our results indicate that endogenous spatial attention to intracutaneous electrical stimuli primarily occurs within an external reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorian H G Blom
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, The Netherlands; Cognitive Psychology, University of Finance and Management, Warszawa, Poland.
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Marzecová A, Widmann A, SanMiguel I, Kotz SA, Schröger E. Interrelation of attention and prediction in visual processing: Effects of task-relevance and stimulus probability. Biol Psychol 2017; 125:76-90. [PMID: 28257808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potentially interactive influence of attention and prediction was investigated by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) in a spatial cueing task with attention (task-relevant) and prediction (probabilistic) cues. We identified distinct processing stages of this interactive influence. Firstly, in line with the attentional gain hypothesis, a larger amplitude response of the contralateral N1, and Nd1 for attended gratings was observed. Secondly, conforming to the attenuation-by-prediction hypothesis, a smaller negativity in the time window directly following the peak of the N1 component for predicted compared to unpredicted gratings was observed. In line with the hypothesis that attention and prediction interface, unpredicted/unattended stimuli elicited a larger negativity at central-parietal sites, presumably reflecting an increased prediction error signal. Thirdly, larger P3 responses to unpredicted stimuli pointed to the updating of an internal model. Attention and prediction can be considered as differentiated mechanisms that may interact at different processing stages to optimise perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marzecová
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Widmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iria SanMiguel
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Dept. of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erich Schröger
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Meyberg S, Sommer W, Dimigen O. How microsaccades relate to lateralized ERP components of spatial attention: A co-registration study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:64-80. [PMID: 28254651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Covert shifts of attention that follow the presentation of a cue are associated with lateralized components in the event-related potential (ERP): the "early directing attention negativity" (EDAN) and the "anterior directing attention negativity" (ADAN). Traditionally, these shifts are thought to take place while gaze is fixated and, thus, in the absence of saccades. However, microsaccades of small amplitude (<1°) occur frequently and involuntarily also during fixation and are closely correlated with spatial attention. To investigate potential links between microsaccades and lateralized ERP components, we simultaneously recorded eye movements and ERPs in a spatial cueing task. As a first major result, we show that both the posterior EDAN and the orientation of microsaccades align more strongly with the location of the task-relevant part of the cue stimulus than with the direction of the attention shift indicated by that cue. A coupling between microsaccades and EDAN was also present on the single-trial level: The EDAN was largest when microsaccades were oriented toward the relevant cue, but absent when microsaccades were oriented away from it, suggesting that EDAN and microsaccades are generated by the same neural network, which selects relevant stimuli and orients behavior toward them. As a second major result, we show that small corneoretinal artifacts from microsaccades, which fall below conventional EOG rejection thresholds, contaminate the measurement of the ADAN. After correcting the EEG for microsaccade-related artifacts with an optimized variant of independent component analysis, ADAN was abolished at frontal sites, but a genuine ADAN was still present at central sites. Thus, the combined measurement of microsaccades and lateralized ERPs sheds new light onto cue-elicited shifts of covert attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Sommer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dimigen
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Haloperidol 2 mg impairs inhibition but not visuospatial attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:235-244. [PMID: 27747369 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dopaminergic system has been implicated in visuospatial attention and inhibition, but the exact role has yet to be elucidated. Scarce literature suggests that attenuation of dopaminergic neurotransmission negatively affects attentional focusing and inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the effect of dopaminergic antagonism on stopping performance. METHODS Dopaminergic neurotransmission was attenuated in 28 healthy male participants by using 2 mg haloperidol. A repeated-measures placebo-controlled crossover design was implemented, and performance indices of attention and inhibition were assessed in the visual spatial cueing task (VSC) and stop signal task (SST). Additionally, the effect of haloperidol on motoric parameters was assessed. It was expected that haloperidol as contrasted to placebo would result in a reduction of the "validity effect," the benefit of valid cueing as opposed to invalid cueing of a target in terms of reaction time. Furthermore, an increase in stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the SST was expected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Results partially confirmed the hypothesis. Haloperidol negatively affected inhibitory motor control in the SST as indexed by SSRT, but there were no indications that haloperidol affected bias or disengagement in the VSC task as indicated by a lack of an effect on RTs. Pertaining to secondary parameters, motor activity increased significantly under haloperidol. Haloperidol negatively affected reaction time variability and errors in both tasks, as well as omissions in the SST, indicating a decreased sustained attention, an increase in premature responses, and an increase in lapses of attention, respectively.
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Van der Lubbe RHJ, Blom JHG, De Kleine E, Bohlmeijer ET. Comparing the effects of sustained and transient spatial attention on the orienting towards and the processing of electrical nociceptive stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 112:9-21. [PMID: 27888065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether sustained vs. transient spatial attention differentially affect the processing of electrical nociceptive stimuli. Cued nociceptive stimuli of a relevant intensity (low or high) on the left or right forearm required a foot pedal press. The cued side varied trial wise in the transient attention condition, while it remained constant during a series of trials in the sustained attention condition. The orienting phase preceding the nociceptive stimuli was examined by focusing on lateralized EEG activity. ERPs were computed to examine the influence of spatial attention on the processing of the nociceptive stimuli. Results for the orienting phase showed increased ipsilateral alpha and beta power above somatosensory areas in both the transient and the sustained attention conditions, which may reflect inhibition of ipsilateral and/or disinhibition of contralateral somatosensory areas. Cued nociceptive stimuli evoked a larger N130 than uncued stimuli, both in the transient and the sustained attention conditions. Support for increased efficiency of spatial attention in the sustained attention condition was obtained for the N180 and the P540 component. We concluded that spatial attention is more efficient in the case of sustained than in the case of transient spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, The Netherlands; Cognitive Psychology, University of Finance and Management, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jorian H G Blom
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Elian De Kleine
- Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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Huber-Huber C, Ditye T, Marchante Fernández M, Ansorge U. Using temporally aligned event-related potentials for the investigation of attention shifts prior to and during saccades. Neuropsychologia 2016; 92:129-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Spatial attention across perception and action. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 82:255-271. [PMID: 27778123 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that a shared spatial attention mechanism is used for both perception and action. To this end we created a new dual-task version of the classical Simon task. In one task, the spatial-input task, associated with input spatial attention, participants named one shape out of two bilaterally presented colored shapes. In a second task, the spatial-output task, associated with output spatial attention, participants discriminated between high and low pitch tones by pressing either a left or a right key. In Experiment 1, input for both tasks appeared simultaneously, and participants were instructed not to prioritize either task. A between tasks Simon-like effect was found for responses to both tasks. Reaction times were shorter when the side of the relevant shape in the spatial-input task and the side of the correct response in the spatial-output task were congruent. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) between the inputs for the two tasks and showed that the Simon-like effect remained intact at all SOAs. Experiment 3 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the vocal response for the spatial-input task was not speeded. A Simon-like effect was still observed. Experiment 4 was the same as Experiment 3 except that the non-speeded response for the spatial-input task was manual rather than vocal. No Simon-like effect was observed in this experiment. Our results support a shared spatial attention mechanism involved in the Simon effect and indicate that this spatial attention mechanism is shared by perception and action.
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Chen J, Valsecchi M, Gegenfurtner KR. LRP predicts smooth pursuit eye movement onset during the ocular tracking of self-generated movements. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:18-29. [PMID: 27009159 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00184.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that human observers are very efficient at tracking self-generated hand movements with their gaze, yet it is not clear whether this is simply a by-product of the predictability of self-generated actions or if it results from a deeper coupling of the somatomotor and oculomotor systems. In a first behavioral experiment we compared pursuit performance as observers either followed their own finger or tracked a dot whose motion was externally generated but mimicked their finger motion. We found that even when the dot motion was completely predictable in terms of both onset time and kinematics, pursuit was not identical to that produced as the observers tracked their finger, as evidenced by increased rate of catch-up saccades and by the fact that in the initial phase of the movement gaze was lagging behind the dot, whereas it was ahead of the finger. In a second experiment we recorded EEG in the attempt to find a direct link between the finger motor preparation, indexed by the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the latency of smooth pursuit. After taking into account finger movement onset variability, we observed larger LRP amplitudes associated with earlier smooth pursuit onset across trials. The same held across subjects, where average LRP onset correlated with average eye latency. The evidence from both experiments concurs to indicate that a strong coupling exists between the motor systems leading to eye and finger movements and that simple top-down predictive signals are unlikely to support optimal coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matteo Valsecchi
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl R Gegenfurtner
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Juravle G, Heed T, Spence C, Röder B. Neural correlates of tactile perception during pre-, peri-, and post-movement. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1293-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Li M, Li W, Zhou H. Increasing N200 Potentials Via Visual Stimulus Depicting Humanoid Robot Behavior. Int J Neural Syst 2016; 26:1550039. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065715500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Achieving recognizable visual event-related potentials plays an important role in improving the success rate in telepresence control of a humanoid robot via N200 or P300 potentials. The aim of this research is to intensively investigate ways to induce N200 potentials with obvious features by flashing robot images (images with meaningful information) and by flashing pictures containing only solid color squares (pictures with incomprehensible information). Comparative studies have shown that robot images evoke N200 potentials with recognizable negative peaks at approximately 260[Formula: see text]ms in the frontal and central areas. The negative peak amplitudes increase, on average, from [Formula: see text]V, induced by flashing the squares, to [Formula: see text]V, induced by flashing the robot images. The data analyses support that the N200 potentials induced by the robot image stimuli exhibit recognizable features. Compared with the square stimuli, the robot image stimuli increase the average accuracy rate by 9.92%, from 83.33% to 93.25%, and the average information transfer rate by 24.56[Formula: see text]bits/min, from 72.18[Formula: see text]bits/min to 96.74 bits/min, in a single repetition. This finding implies that the robot images might provide the subjects with more information to understand the visual stimuli meanings and help them more effectively concentrate on their mental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, California 93311, USA
| | - Huihui Zhou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Ave, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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19
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Gherri E, Gooray E, Forster B. Cue-locked lateralized components in a tactile spatial attention task: Evidence for a functional dissociation between ADAN and LSN. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:507-17. [PMID: 26695445 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ERP studies investigating the control processes responsible for spatial orienting in touch have consistently observed that the anterior directing attention negativity (ADAN) elicited by an attention-directing cue is followed by a sustained negativity contralateral to the cued hand. Recent evidence suggested that the later negativity, labeled late somatotopic negativity (LSN), might reflect distinct neurocognitive processes from those associated with the ADAN. To investigate the functional meaning of the ADAN and LSN components, we measured ERPs elicited by bilateral tactile cues indicating to covertly shift tactile attention to the left or right hand. Participants performed two spatial attention tasks that differed only for the difficulty of the target/nontarget discrimination at attended locations. The LSN but not the ADAN was sensitive to our experimental manipulation of task difficulty, suggesting that this component might reflect sensory-specific preparatory processes prior to a forthcoming tactile stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gherri
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elena Gooray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bettina Forster
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, City University London, London, UK
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20
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Vossen AY, Ross V, Jongen EMM, Ruiter RAC, Smulders FTY. Effect of working memory load on electrophysiological markers of visuospatial orienting in a spatial cueing task simulating a traffic situation. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:237-51. [PMID: 26524126 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visuospatial attentional orienting has typically been studied in abstract tasks with low ecological validity. However, real-life tasks such as driving require allocation of working memory (WM) resources to several subtasks over and above orienting in a complex sensory environment. The aims of this study were twofold: firstly, to establish whether electrophysiological signatures of attentional orienting commonly observed under simplified task conditions generalize to a more naturalistic task situation with realistic-looking stimuli, and, secondly, to assess how these signatures are affected by increased WM load under such conditions. Sixteen healthy participants performed a dual task consisting of a spatial cueing paradigm and a concurrent verbal memory task that simulated aspects of an actual traffic situation. Behaviorally, we observed a load-induced detriment of sensitivity to targets. In the EEG, we replicated orienting-related alpha lateralization, the lateralized ERPs ADAN, EDAN, and LDAP, and the P1-N1 attention effect. When WM load was high (i.e., WM resources were reduced), lateralization of oscillatory activity in the lower alpha band was delayed. In the ERPs, we found that ADAN was also delayed, while EDAN was absent. Later ERP correlates were unaffected by load. Our results show that the findings in highly controlled artificial tasks can be generalized to spatial orienting in ecologically more valid tasks, and further suggest that the initiation of spatial orienting is delayed when WM demands of an unrelated secondary task are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Vossen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Ross
- Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ellen M M Jongen
- Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fren T Y Smulders
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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21
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Visual processing at goal and effector locations is dynamically enhanced during motor preparation. Neuroimage 2015; 117:243-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Kuniecki M, Pilarczyk J, Wichary S. The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:212. [PMID: 25972797 PMCID: PMC4413730 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The color red is known to influence psychological functioning, having both negative (e.g., blood, fire, danger), and positive (e.g., sex, food) connotations. The aim of our study was to assess the attentional capture by red-colored images, and to explore the modulatory role of the emotional valence in this process, as postulated by Elliot and Maier (2012) color-in-context theory. Participants completed a dot-probe task with each cue comprising two images of equal valence and arousal, one containing a prominent red object and the other an object of different coloration. Reaction times were measured, as well as the event-related lateralizations of the EEG. Modulation of the lateralized components revealed that the color red captured and later held the attention in both positive and negative conditions, but not in a neutral condition. An overt motor response to the target stimulus was affected mainly by attention lingering over the visual field where the red cue had been flashed. However, a weak influence of the valence could still be detected in reaction times. Therefore, red seems to guide attention, specifically in emotionally-valenced circumstances, indicating that an emotional context can alter color’s impact both on attention and motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kuniecki
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pilarczyk
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Wichary
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Logemann H, Böcker K, Deschamps P, Kemner C, Kenemans J. Differences between nicotine-abstinent smokers and non-smokers in terms of visuospatial attention and inhibition before and after single-blind nicotine administration. Neuroscience 2014; 277:375-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Van der Lubbe RHJ, Bundt C, Abrahamse EL. Internal and external spatial attention examined with lateralized EEG power spectra. Brain Res 2014; 1583:179-92. [PMID: 25130665 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several authors argued that retrieval of an item from visual short term memory (internal spatial attention) and focusing attention on an externally presented item (external spatial attention) are similar. Part of the neuroimaging support for this view may be due to the employed experimental procedures. Furthermore, as internal spatial attention may have a more induced than evoked nature some effects may not have been visible in event related analyses of the electroencephalogram (EEG), which limits the possibility to demonstrate differences. In the current study, a colored frame cued which stimulus, one out of four presented in separate quadrants, required a response, which depended on the form of the cued stimulus (circle or square). Importantly, the frame occurred either before (precue), simultaneously with (simultaneous cue), or after the stimuli (postcue). The precue and simultaneous cue condition both concern external attention, while the postcue condition implies the involvement of internal spatial attention. Event-related lateralizations (ERLs), reflecting evoked effects, and lateralized power spectra (LPS), reflecting both evoked and induced effects, were determined. ERLs revealed a posterior contralateral negativity (PCN) only in the precue condition. LPS analyses on the raw EEG showed early increased contralateral theta power at posterior sites and later increased ipsilateral alpha power at occipito-temporal sites in all cue conditions. Responses were faster when the internally or externally attended location corresponded with the required response side than when not. These findings provide further support for the view that internal and external spatial attention share their underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Carsten Bundt
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elger L Abrahamse
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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The influence of attention and target identification on saccadic eye movements depends on prior target location. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:850606. [PMID: 24719754 PMCID: PMC3955594 DOI: 10.1155/2014/850606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic latency is reduced by a temporal gap between fixation point and target, by identification of a target feature, and by movement in a new direction (inhibition of saccadic return, ISR). A simple additive model was compared with a shared resources model that predicts a three-way interaction. Twenty naïve participants made horizontal saccades to targets left and right of fixation in a randomised block design. There was a significant three-way interaction among the factors on saccade latency. This was revealed in a two-way interaction between feature identification and the gap versus no gap factor which was only apparent when the saccade was in the same direction as the previous saccade. No interaction was apparent when the saccade was in the opposite direction. This result supports an attentional inhibitory effect that is present during ISR to a previous location which is only partly released by the facilitative effect of feature identification and gap. Together, anticipatory error data and saccade latency interactions suggest a source of ISR at a higher level of attention, possibly localised in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and involving tonic activation.
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26
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The effect of the augmentation of cholinergic neurotransmission by nicotine on EEG indices of visuospatial attention. Behav Brain Res 2014; 260:67-73. [PMID: 24316088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system has been implicated in visuospatial attention but the exact role remains unclear. In visuospatial attention, bias refers to neuronal signals that modulate the sensitivity of sensory cortex, while disengagement refers to the decoupling of attention making reorienting possible. In the current study we investigated the effect of facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission by nicotine (Nicorette Freshmint 2mg, polacrilex chewing gum) on behavioral and electrophysiological indices of bias and disengagement. Sixteen non-smoking participants performed in a Visual Spatial Cueing (VSC) task while EEG was recorded. A randomized, single-blind, crossover design was implemented. Based on the scarce literature, it was expected that nicotine would specifically augment disengagement related processing, especially manifest as an increase of the modulation of the Late Positive Deflection (LPD) by validity of cueing. No effect was expected on bias related components (cue-locked: EDAN, LDAP; target-locked: P1 and N1 modulations). Results show weak indications for a reduction of the reaction time validity effect by nicotine, but only for half of the sample in which the validity effect on the pretest was largest. Nicotine reduced the result of bias as indexed by a reduced P1 modulation by validity, especially in subjects with strong peripheral responses to nicotine. Nicotine did not affect ERP manifestations of the directing of bias (EDAN, LDAP) or disengagement (LPD).
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27
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Logemann HNA, Böcker KBE, Deschamps PKH, Kemner C, Kenemans JL. The effect of attenuating noradrenergic neurotransmission by clonidine on brain activity measures of visuospatial attention. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:46-54. [PMID: 24222260 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the current study, we investigated the role of noradrenaline in directing (bias) and disengagement of visuospatial attention. METHODS We assessed the effect of clonidine on event-related brain potential (ERP) reflections of bias and disengagement in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. An initial dose of 200-μg clonidine was replaced by 100 μg because of marked side effects. Twenty-one healthy male participants performed the visual-spatial cueing task while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. The behavioral output is the validity effect (benefit of cueing in terms of reaction time to targets). ERP indices for bias were the cue-related early directing attention negativity and late directing attention positivity, and the target-elicited P1 and N1 modulations by validity ('validity-effect'). The ERP index for disengagement was the target-elicited 'late positive deflection' modulation by validity. Behavioral analyses were performed on 16 participants, electrophysiological analyses on a subset (n=9). RESULTS Clonidine attenuated the N1 effect, albeit in a subsample. Neither cue-elicited ERPs nor the behavioral validity effect were affected. Clonidine-induced blood pressure reduction was correlated with the reduction of the late positive deflection effect under clonidine. CONCLUSION Clonidine attenuated the result of bias in a subsample and may have a modulating effect on disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Alexander Logemann
- Helmholtz Research Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter K. H. Deschamps
- University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kemner
- University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Leon Kenemans
- Helmholtz Research Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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28
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Lateralized power spectra of the EEG as an index of visuospatial attention. Adv Cogn Psychol 2013; 9:184-201. [PMID: 24605177 PMCID: PMC3902831 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured in an endogenous orienting paradigm
where symbolic cues indicated the likely side of to-be-discriminated targets.
Combined results of event-related lateralizations (ERLs) and a newly derived
measure from wavelet analyses that we applied on the raw EEG and individual
event-related potentials (ERPs), the lateralized power spectra (LPS) and the
LPS-ERP, respectively, confirmed the common view that endogenous orienting
operates by anterior processes, probably originating from the frontal eye
fields, modulating processing in parietal and occipital areas. The LPS data
indicated that modulation takes place by increased inhibition of the irrelevant
visual field and/or disinhibition of the relevant to-be-attended visual field.
Combined use of ERLs, the LPS, and the LPS-ERP indicated that most of the
involved processes can be characterized as externally evoked, either or not with
clear individual differences as some evoked effects were only visible in the
LPS-ERERP, whereas few processes seemed to have an internally induced nature.
Use of the LPS and the LPS-ERP may be advantageous as it enables to determine
the involvement of internally generated lateralized processes that are not
strictly bound to an event like stimulus onset.
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29
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The topographical N170: Electrophysiological evidence of a neural mechanism for human spatial navigation. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:90-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Larson E, Lee AKC. The cortical dynamics underlying effective switching of auditory spatial attention. Neuroimage 2013; 64:365-70. [PMID: 22974974 PMCID: PMC3508251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful rapid deployment of attention to relevant sensory stimuli is critical for survival. In a complex environment, attention can be captured by salient events or be deployed volitionally. Furthermore, when multiple events are of interest concurrently, effective interaction with one's surroundings hinges on efficient top-down control of shifting attention. It has been hypothesized that two separate cortical networks coordinate attention shifts across multiple modalities. However, the cortical dynamics of these networks and their behavioral relevance to switching of auditory attention are unknown. Here we show that the strength of each subject's right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ, part of the ventral network) activation was highly correlated with their behavioral performance in an auditory task. We also provide evidence that the recruitment of the RTPJ likely precedes the right frontal eye fields (FEF; participating in both the dorsal and ventral networks) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) by around 100 ms when subjects switch their auditory spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Larson
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Adrian KC Lee
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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31
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Yerram S, Glazman S, Bodis-Wollner I. Cortical control of saccades in Parkinson disease and essential tremor. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:145-56. [PMID: 22926662 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies suggest that some features of essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson disease (PD) overlap. Besides tremor, also some cognitive features have been implicated in ET and PD. There is recent evidence that a common genetic mutation occurs in ET and PD. Saccadic eye movements could provide an easily quantifiable procedure to help in the differential diagnosis in early PD and ET. Being able to distinguish early on the two diseases may help in tailoring therapy. Cortical control of saccades and antisaccades as they pertain to the potential discrimination of PD and ET is reviewed. Imaging and electrophysiological studies are highlighted; however, there are still few studies. Hopefully this review will stimulate further research, in particular in the direction of differences and similarities in the neural circuits involved in PD and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yerram
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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32
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Diniz C, Velasques B, Bittencourt J, Peressutti C, Machado S, Teixeira S, Santos JL, Salles JI, Basile LF, Anghinah R, Cheniaux E, Nardi AE, Cagy M, Piedade R, Arias-Carrión O, Ribeiro P. Cognitive mechanisms and motor control during a saccadic eye movement task: evidence from quantitative electroencephalography. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 70:506-13. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The saccadic movement is an important behavioral measure used to investigate several cognitive processes, including attention and sensorimotor integration. The present study aimed at investigating changes in beta coherence over frontal, motor, occipital, and parietal cortices during the performance of two different conditions of a prosacadic paradigm. The conditions involved a different pattern of stimulus presentation: a fixed and random stimulus presentation. Twelve healthy volunteers (three male, mean age of 26.25 (SD=4.13) performed the task, while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography. The results showed an interaction between factors condition and moment for the pair of electrode C3/C4. We observed a main effect for moment to CZ/C4, FZ/F3, and P3/PZ. We also found a main effect for condition to FZ/F4, P3/P4, and O1/O2. Our results demonstrated an important role of the inter-connection of the two hemispheres in visual search and movement preparation. The study demonstrates an automation of action and reduction of the focus of attention during the task. We also found that the inter-hemispheric beta coherence plays an important role in the differentiation of the two conditions, and that beta in the right frontal cortex is able to differentiate the conditions, demonstrating a greater involvement of procedural memory in fixed condition. Our results suggest a neuronal specialization in the execution of prosacadic paradigm involving motor task sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Diniz
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil; National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bittencourt
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Machado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Medicine, Brazil
| | | | - Joana Luz Santos
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Inácio Salles
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Brazil; Brazilian Volleyball Confederation
| | - Luis F. Basile
- University of São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elie Cheniaux
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Egidio Nardi
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Medicine, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Brazil
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33
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Katus T, Andersen SK, Müller MM. Nonspatial Cueing of Tactile STM Causes Shift of Spatial Attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24:1596-609. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The focus of attention can be flexibly altered in mnemonic representations of past sensory events. We investigated the neural mechanisms of selection in tactile STM by applying vibrotactile sample stimuli of different intensities to both hands, followed by a symmetrically shaped visual retro-cue. The retro-cue indicated whether the weak or strong sample was relevant for subsequent comparison with a single tactile test stimulus. Locations of tactile stimuli were randomized, and the required response did not depend upon the spatial relation between cued sample and test stimulus. Selection between spatially segregated items in tactile STM was mirrored in lateralized activity following visual retro-cues (N2pc) and influenced encoding of task-irrelevant tactile probe stimuli (N140). Our findings support four major conclusions. First, retrospective selection results in transient shifts of spatial attention. Second, retrospective selection is functionally dissociable from attention-based rehearsal of locations. Third, selection mechanisms are linked across processing stages, as attention shifts in STM influence encoding of sensory signals. Fourth, selection in tactile STM recruits attentional control mechanisms that are, at least partially, supramodal.
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34
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Crossing the hands disrupts tactile spatial attention but not motor attention: evidence from event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:2303-16. [PMID: 22683449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During covert shifts of tactile spatial attention both somatotopic and external reference frames are employed to encode hand location. When participants cross their hands these frames of references produce conflicting spatial codes which disrupt tactile attentional selectivity. Because attentional shifts are triggered not only in Attention tasks but also during covert movement preparation, the present study aimed at investigating the reference frame employed during such 'motor shifts of attention'. Event related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a Motor task where a visual cue (S1) indicated the relevant hand for a manual movement prior to a tactile Go/Nogo stimulus (S2). For comparison, we ran a tactile Attention task where the same cue (S1) now indicated the relevant hand for a tactile discrimination (S2). Both tasks were performed under uncrossed and crossed hands conditions. In both Attention and Motor tasks similar lateralized components were observed following S1 presentation. Anterior and posterior ERP components indicative of covert attention shifts were exclusively guided by an external reference frame, while a later central negativity operated according to a somatotopic reference frame in both tasks. In the Motor task, this negativity reflected selective activation of the motor cortex in preparation for movement execution. In the Attention task, this component might reflect activity in the somatosensory cortex in preparation for the subsequent tactile discrimination. The presence of multiple and conflicting spatial codes resulted in disruption of tactile attentional selection in the Attention task where attentional modulations of tactile processing were delayed and attenuated with crossed hands as indicated by the analysis of ERPs elicited by S2. In contrast, attentional modulations of S2 processing in the Motor task were largely unaffected by the hand posture manipulation, suggesting that motor attention employs primarily one spatial coordinate system.
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Van der Lubbe RH, Abrahamse EL, De Kleine E. The premotor theory of attention as an account for the Simon effect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 140:25-34. [PMID: 22426428 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Simon effect refers to the phenomenon that responses are faster when the irrelevant location of a stimulus corresponds with the response location than when these locations do not correspond. In the current paper we examined the viability of an updated version of the premotor theory of attention (PMTA) as an account for the Simon effect. Two predictions were evaluated. First, in the case of focused attention at the relevant target position a strong reduction of the Simon effect should be observed as the Simon effect according to PMTA crucially depends on attentional orienting. Secondly, if attention is directed towards a location then this orienting by itself should already be sufficient for producing a Simon effect, as stimulus presence is not required. Our data confirmed these predictions thereby supporting the relevance of the PMTA for the Simon effect.
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Krebs RM, Boehler CN, Zhang HH, Schoenfeld MA, Woldorff MG. Electrophysiological recordings in humans reveal reduced location-specific attentional-shift activity prior to recentering saccades. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:1393-402. [PMID: 22157127 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00912.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to effectively explore the visual world is of fundamental importance, and it has been suggested that the straight-ahead gaze position within the egocentric reference frame ("primary position") might play a special role in this context. In the present study we employed human electroencephalography (EEG) to examine neural activity related to the spatial guidance of saccadic eye movements. Moreover, we sought to investigate whether such activity would be modulated by the spatial relation of saccade direction to the primary gaze position (recentering saccades). Participants executed endogenously cued saccades between five equidistant locations along the horizontal meridian. This design allowed for the comparison of isoamplitude saccades from the same starting position that were oriented either toward the primary position (centripetal) or further away from it (centrifugal). By back-averaging time-locked to the saccade onset on each trial, we identified a parietally distributed, negative-polarity EEG deflection contralateral to the direction of the upcoming saccade. Importantly, this contralateral presaccadic negativity, which appeared to reflect the location-specific attentional guidance of the eye movement, was attenuated for recentering saccades relative to isoamplitude centrifugal saccades. This differential electrophysiological signature was paralleled by faster saccadic reaction times and was substantially more apparent when time-locking the data to the onset of the saccade rather than to the onset of the cue, suggesting a tight temporal association with saccade initiation. The diminished level of this presaccadic component for recentering saccades may reflect the preferential coding of the straight-ahead gaze position, in which both the eye-centered and head-centered reference frames are perfectly aligned and from which the visual world can be effectively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Krebs
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Jones A, Forster B. Reflexive attention in touch: an investigation of event related potentials and behavioural responses. Biol Psychol 2011; 89:313-22. [PMID: 22142773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous attention has been extensively studied in vision but little is known about its behavioural and neural correlates in touch. To investigate this, non-informative tactile cues were followed after 800 ms by tactile targets and participants either detected targets or discriminated their location. Responses were slowed for targets at cued compared to uncued locations (i.e. inhibition of return (IOR)) only in the detection task. Concurrently recorded ERPs showed enhanced negativity for targets at uncued compared to cued locations at the N80 component and this modulation overlapped with the P100 component but only for the detection task indicating IOR may, if anything, be linked to attentional modulations at the P100. Further, cue-target interval analysis showed an enhanced anterior negativity contralateral to the cue side in both tasks, analogous to the anterior directed attention negativity (ADAN) previously only reported during endogenous orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jones
- City University London, Psychology, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK.
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Broadway JM, Hilimire MR, Corballis PM. Orienting to external versus internal regions of space: consequences of attending in advance versus after the fact. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:357-68. [PMID: 22091588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined effects of knowing where to attend to-be-remembered information in advance versus after the fact. Participants performed a visuospatial short-term memory task with orienting cues that appeared before or after a memory display and reported whether a probe item had appeared on the cued side. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for cues, memory displays, and probes. Performance was better in precued versus postcued conditions. ERPs to orienting cues and memory displays were lateralized in relation to the direction of attention in precued but not postcued conditions. ERPs to recognition probes were lateralized, but this was similar between pre- and postcued conditions. Results suggest that we can orient visuospatial attention outwardly to external events and inwardly to remembered events alike, but knowing where to attend information in advance gives a bigger boost to brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Broadway
- Department of Psychology,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA.
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Van der Lubbe RHJ, Buitenweg JR, Boschker M, Gerdes B, Jongsma MLA. The influence of transient spatial attention on the processing of intracutaneous electrical stimuli examined with ERPs. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:947-59. [PMID: 21996000 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the influence of transient spatial attention on the processing of intracutaneous electrical stimuli. METHODS Electrical stimuli, a single pulse or five pulses, were presented at the index fingers of the left or right hand. The to-be-attended hand and stimulated finger varied randomly from trial to trial. Participants had to press a foot pedal only when the relevant stimulus, varied between participants, occurred at the attended hand. EEG was measured to extract relevant ERP components. RESULTS The N100 and N150 were enhanced for attended as compared to unattended stimuli. The N100, N150, P260, and the P500 were enlarged for five pulse as compared to single pulse stimuli. The P260, which is thought to reflect a call for attention, was enhanced for unattended as compared to attended stimuli. Source analyses indicate that attentional effects on the N100, N150, and P260 may be related to changes in activity in secondary somatosensory areas and the anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS A transient manipulation of spatial attention increases cortical activity induced by attended relative to unattended intracutaneous electrical stimuli, but initially unattended stimuli appear to induce an enhanced orienting effect. SIGNIFICANCE Initially unattended intracutaneous electrical stimuli seem to induce a call for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Talsma D, Sikkens JJ, Theeuwes J. Stay tuned: what is special about not shifting attention? PLoS One 2011; 6:e16829. [PMID: 21423733 PMCID: PMC3056707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When studying attentional orienting processes, brain activity elicited by symbolic cue is usually compared to a neutral condition in which no information is provided about the upcoming target location. It is generally assumed that when a neutral cue is provided, participants do not shift their attention. The present study sought to validate this assumption. We further investigated whether anticipated task demands had an impact on brain activity related to processing symbolic cues. Methodology/Principal Findings Two experiments were conducted, during which event-related potentials were elicited by symbolic cues that instructed participants to shift their attention to a particular location on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, attention shift-inducing cues were compared to non-informative cues, while in both conditions participants were required to detect target stimuli that were subsequently presented at peripheral locations. In Experiment 2, a non-ambiguous “stay-central” cue that explicitly required participants not to shift their attention was used instead. In the latter case, target stimuli that followed a stay-central cue were also presented at a central location. Both experiments revealed enlarged early latency contralateral ERP components to shift-inducing cues compared to those elicited by either non-informative (exp. 1) or stay-central cues (exp. 2). In addition, cueing effects were modulated by the anticipated difficulty of the upcoming target, particularly so in Experiment 2. A positive difference, predominantly over the posterior contralateral scalp areas, could be observed for stay-central cues, especially for those predicting that the upcoming target would be easy. This effect was not present for non-informative cues. Conclusions/Significance We interpret our result in terms of a more rapid engagement of attention occurring in the presence of a more predictive instruction (i.e. stay-central easy target). Our results indicate that the human brain is capable of very rapidly identifying the difference between different types of instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durk Talsma
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Grent-'t-Jong T, Boehler CN, Kenemans JL, Woldorff MG. Differential functional roles of slow-wave and oscillatory-α activity in visual sensory cortex during anticipatory visual-spatial attention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:2204-16. [PMID: 21372123 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Markers of preparatory visual-spatial attention in sensory cortex have been described both as lateralized, slow-wave event-related potential (ERP) components and as lateralized changes in oscillatory-electroencephalography alpha power, but the roles of these markers and their functional relationship are still unclear. Here, 3 versions of a visual-spatial cueing paradigm, differing in perceptual task difficulty and/or response instructions, were used to investigate the functional relationships between posterior oscillatory-alpha changes and our previously reported posterior, slow-wave biasing-related negativity (swBRN) ERP activity. The results indicate that the swBRN reflects spatially specific, pretarget preparatory activity sensitive to the expected perceptual difficulty of the target detection task, correlating in both location and strength with the early sensory-processing N1 ERP to the target, consistent with reflecting a preparatory baseline-shift mechanism. In contrast, contralateral event-related decreases in alpha-band power were relatively insensitive to perceptual difficulty and differed topographically from both the swBRN and target N1. Moreover, when response instructions emphasized making immediate responses to targets, compared with prescribing delayed responses, contralateral alpha-event-related desynchronization activity was particularly strong and correlated with the longer latency target-P3b activity. Thus, in contrast to the apparent perceptual-biasing role of swBRN activity, contralateral posterior alpha activity may represent an attentionally maintained task set linking stimulus-specific information and task-specific response requirements.
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De Kleine E, Van der Lubbe RH. Decreased load on general motor preparation and visual-working memory while preparing familiar as compared to unfamiliar movement sequences. Brain Cogn 2011; 75:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Van der Lubbe RH, Abrahamse EL. The premotor theory of attention and the Simon effect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2011; 136:259-64. [PMID: 20940067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paper by Hommel (2011-this issue), the roles of the theory of event coding (TEC) and the premotor theory of attention (PMTA) for the Simon effect were considered. PMTA was treated by Hommel in terms of the proposal that attentional orienting can be viewed as the preparation of a saccade towards a certain location, and was dismissed as providing no useful contribution for an attentional explanation of the Simon effect. Here we considered a more recent and broader conception of the PMTA, compared this approach with TEC, and confronted both approaches with a few studies focusing on the role of spatial attention for the Simon effect. It was argued that PMTA may account more easily for various studies examining the influence of spatial attention on the Simon effect. We concluded our paper by listing some elements that an overall encompassing theory on the Simon effect should contain.
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Kenemans JL, Kähkönen S. How human electrophysiology informs psychopharmacology: from bottom-up driven processing to top-down control. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:26-51. [PMID: 20927044 PMCID: PMC3055493 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review surveys human event-related brain potential (ERP) and event-related magnetic field (ERF) approaches to psychopharmacology and psychopathology, and the way in which they complement behavioral studies and other neuroimaging modalities. The major paradigms involving ERP/ERF are P50 suppression, loudness-dependent auditory evoked potential (LDAEP), mismatch negativity (MMN), P300, mental chronometry, inhibitory control, and conflict processing (eg, error-related negativity (ERN)). Together these paradigms cover a range of more bottom-up driven to more top-down controlled processes. A number of relationships between the major neurotransmitter systems and electrocortical mechanisms are highlighted. These include the role of dopamine in conflict processing, and perceptual processing vs motor preparation; the role of serotonin in P50 suppression, LDAEP, and MMN; glutamate/NMDA and MMN; and the role of acetylcholine in P300 generation and memory-related processes. A preliminary taxonomy for these relationships is provided, which should be helpful in attuning possible new treatments or new applications of existing treatments to various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leon Kenemans
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Human Psychopharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Buetti S, Kerzel D. Effects of Saccades and Response Type on the Simon Effect: If you Look at the Stimulus, the Simon Effect May be Gone. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2010; 63:2172-89. [PMID: 20526979 DOI: 10.1080/17470211003802434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Simon effect has most often been investigated with key-press responses and eye fixation. In the present study, we asked how the type of eye movement and the type of manual response affect response selection in a Simon task. We investigated three eye movement instructions (spontaneous, saccade, and fixation) while participants performed goal-directed (i.e., reaching) or symbolic (i.e., finger-lift) responses. Initially, no oculomotor constraints were imposed, and a Simon effect was present for both response types. Next, eye movements were constrained. Participants had to either make a saccade toward the stimulus or maintain gaze fixed in the screen centre. While a congruency effect was always observed in reaching responses, it disappeared in finger-lift responses. We suggest that the redirection of saccades from the stimulus to the correct response location in noncorresponding trials contributes to the Simon effect. Because of eye–hand coupling, this occurred in a mandatory manner with reaching responses but not with finger-lift responses. Thus, the Simon effect with key-presses disappears when participants do what they typically do—look at the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buetti
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'éducation, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Kerzel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'éducation, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
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Kelly SP, Foxe JJ, Newman G, Edelman JA. Prepare for conflict: EEG correlates of the anticipation of target competition during overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:1690-700. [PMID: 20525082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When preparing to make a saccadic eye movement in a cued direction, perception of stimuli at the target location is enhanced, just as it is when attention is covertly deployed there. Accordingly, the timing and anatomical sources of preparatory brain activity accompanying shifts of covert attention and saccade preparation tend to exhibit a large degree of overlap. However, there is evidence that preparatory processes are modulated by the foreknowledge of visual distractor competition during covert attention, and it is unknown whether eye movement preparation undergoes equivalent modulation. Here we examine preparatory processes in the electroencephalogram of human participants during four blocked versions of a spatial cueing task, requiring either covert detection or saccade execution, and either containing a distractor or not. As in previous work, a typical pattern of spatially selective occipital, parietal and frontal activity was seen in all task versions. However, whereas distractor presence called on an enhancement of spatially selective visual cortical modulation during covert attention, it instead called on increased activity over frontomedial oculomotor areas in the case of overt saccade preparation. We conclude that, although advance orienting signals may be similar in character during overt and covert conditions, the pattern by which these signals are modulated to ameliorate the behavioral costs of distractor competition is highly distinct, pointing to a degree of separability between the overt and covert systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Kelly
- Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Gutteling TP, van Ettinger-Veenstra HM, Kenemans JL, Neggers SFW. Lateralized Frontal Eye Field Activity Precedes Occipital Activity Shortly before Saccades: Evidence for Cortico-cortical Feedback as a Mechanism Underlying Covert Attention Shifts. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:1931-43. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
When an eye movement is prepared, attention is shifted toward the saccade end-goal. This coupling of eye movements and spatial attention is thought to be mediated by cortical connections between the FEFs and the visual cortex. Here, we present evidence for the existence of these connections. A visual discrimination task was performed while recording the EEG. Discrimination performance was significantly improved when the discrimination target and the saccade target matched. EEG results show that frontal activity precedes occipital activity contralateral to saccade direction when the saccade is prepared but not yet executed; these effects were absent in fixation conditions. This is consistent with the idea that the FEF exerts a direct modulatory influence on the visual cortex and enhances perception at the saccade end-goal.
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Holmes A, Mogg K, Garcia LM, Bradley BP. Neural activity associated with attention orienting triggered by gaze cues: A study of lateralized ERPs. Soc Neurosci 2010; 5:285-95. [DOI: 10.1080/17470910903422819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Smith DV, Davis B, Niu K, Healy EW, Bonilha L, Fridriksson J, Morgan PS, Rorden C. Spatial attention evokes similar activation patterns for visual and auditory stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:347-61. [PMID: 19400684 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest that a fronto-parietal network is activated when we expect visual information to appear at a specific spatial location. Here we examined whether a similar network is involved for auditory stimuli. We used sparse fMRI to infer brain activation while participants performed analogous visual and auditory tasks. On some trials, participants were asked to discriminate the elevation of a peripheral target. On other trials, participants made a nonspatial judgment. We contrasted trials where the participants expected a peripheral spatial target to those where they were cued to expect a central target. Crucially, our statistical analyses were based on trials where stimuli were anticipated but not presented, allowing us to directly infer perceptual orienting independent of perceptual processing. This is the first neuroimaging study to use an orthogonal-cuing paradigm (with cues predicting azimuth and responses involving elevation discrimination). This aspect of our paradigm is important, as behavioral cueing effects in audition are classically only observed when participants are asked to make spatial judgments. We observed similar fronto-parietal activation for both vision and audition. In a second experiment that controlled for stimulus properties and task difficulty, participants made spatial and temporal discriminations about musical instruments. We found that the pattern of brain activation for spatial selection of auditory stimuli was remarkably similar to what we found in our first experiment. Collectively, these results suggest that the neural mechanisms supporting spatial attention are largely similar across both visual and auditory modalities.
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Gherri E, Eimer M. Manual response preparation disrupts spatial attention: an electrophysiological investigation of links between action and attention. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:961-9. [PMID: 19944707 PMCID: PMC2854796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous behavioural and neuroscience studies have shown that the systems involved in the control of attention and action are functionally and anatomically linked. We used behavioural and event-related brain potential measures to investigate whether such links are mandatory or merely optional. Cues presented at the start of each trial instructed participants to shift attention to the left or right side and to simultaneously prepare to a finger movement with their left or right hand. In different trials, cues were followed by a central Go signal, requiring execution of the prepared manual response (motor task), or by a peripheral visual stimulus, which required a target-non-target discrimination only when presented on the cued side (attention task). Lateralised ERP components indicative of covert attention shifts were found when attention and action were directed to the same side (same side condition), but not when attention and action were directed to opposite sides (opposite sides condition). Likewise, effects of spatial attention on the processing of peripheral visual stimuli were present only when attention and action were directed to the same side, but not in the opposite sides condition. These results demonstrate that preparing a manual response on one side severely disrupts the attentional selection of visual stimuli on the other side, and suggest that it is not possible to simultaneously direct attention and action to different locations in space. They support the hypothesis that the control of spatial attention and action are implemented by shared brain circuits, and are therefore linked in a mandatory fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gherri
- School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
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