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Martin Agnoux A, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Le Dréan G, Antignac JP, Parnet P. Relative contribution of foetal and post-natal nutritional periods on feeding regulation in adult rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:188-201. [PMID: 24010762 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of both foetal and/or post-natal nutritional periods on feeding regulation in adult rats. METHODS Body weight gain, adipose tissue development, food preferences and feeding pattern under regular chow or Western diets were characterized on four experimental groups of rats: pups born from protein-restricted dams (R) and weaned by control (RC) or R dams (RR) and pups born from control dams weaned by C (CC) or R dams (CR). RESULTS Rats born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fed a Western diet at adulthood appeared predisposed to body weight gain and more fat accretion, whereas CR rats, despite their preference for high-fat diet and their hyperphagia for Western diet, did not show significant increase in fat tissue. Daytime food intakes, as well as their speed of ingestion, were found modified in RC and RR. Alterations in the hypothalamic appetite regulatory mechanisms were investigated through neuropeptide expression analysis. IUGR rats showed altered expression of key elements of leptin and NPY signalling, while CR rats exhibited lesser expression of enterostatin, MC4r and HT-1Br mRNA. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results indicate that peri-natal nutrition has different lasting effects on feeding pattern and hypothalamic appetite regulation, depending on the time window insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Martin Agnoux
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
| | - M. -C. Alexandre-Gouabau
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
| | - G. Le Dréan
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
| | - J. -P. Antignac
- LUNAM université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); USC INRA 1329; Nantes France
| | - P. Parnet
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
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Xiao X, Ferguson MR, Magee KE, Hale PD, Wang Y, Lowe ME. The Arg92Cys colipase polymorphism impairs function and secretion by increasing protein misfolding. J Lipid Res 2012. [PMID: 23204298 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colipase is essential for efficient fat digestion. An arginine-to-cysteine polymorphism at position 92 of colipase (Arg92Cys) associates with an increased risk for developing type-2 diabetes through an undefined mechanism. To test our hypothesis that the extra cysteine increases colipase misfolding, thereby altering its intracellular trafficking and function, we expressed Cys92 colipase in HEK293T cells. Less Cys92 colipase is secreted and more is retained intracellularly in an insoluble form compared with Arg92 colipase. Nonreducing gel electrophoresis suggests the folding of secreted Cys92 colipase differs from Arg92 colipase. Cys92 colipase misfolding does not trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ability of secreted Cys92 colipase to stimulate pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL) is reduced with all substrates tested, particularly long-chain triglycerides. The reaction of Cys92 colipase with triolein and Intralipid has a much longer lag time, reflecting decreased ability to anchor PTL on those substrates. Our data predicts that humans with the Arg92Cys substitution will secrete less functional colipase into the duodenum and have less efficient fat digestion. Whether inefficient fat digestion or another property of colipase contributes to the risk for developing diabetes remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrenrsquos Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Yang J, Chi Y, Burkhardt BR, Guan Y, Wolf BA. Leucine metabolism in regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:270-9. [PMID: 20500788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid that must be supplied in the daily diet, plays an important role in controlling protein synthesis and regulating cell metabolism in various cell types. In pancreatic beta cells, leucine acutely stimulates insulin secretion by serving as both metabolic fuel and allosteric activator of glutamate dehydrogenase to enhance glutaminolysis. Leucine has also been shown to regulate gene transcription and protein synthesis in pancreatic islet beta cells via both mTOR-dependent and -independent pathways at physiological concentrations. Long-term treatment with leucine has been shown to improve insulin secretory dysfunction of human diabetic islets via upregulation of certain key metabolic genes. In vivo, leucine administration improves glycemic control in humans and rodents with type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes and discusses the recent findings regarding the effects of leucine metabolism on pancreatic beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Diabetes Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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5
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Boghossian S, Park M, York DA. Melanocortin activity in the amygdala controls appetite for dietary fat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R385-93. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00591.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is rich in melanocortin 4 receptors. Because the reduction in dietary fat intake after enterostatin is injected in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is blocked by a melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist, we investigated the role of melanocortin activity in the CeA in regulating food intake and macronutrient choice. Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with CeA cannulas, were fed either chow, a high-fat (HF) diet, or adapted to a two-choice HF or low-fat (LF) diet. Injections of the MC4R agonist melanotan II (MTII) in the CeA had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on food intake that lasted for at least 24 h. This response was greater in rats fed a HF diet. The inverse agonist agouti-related protein (AgRP) and antagonist SHU-9119 increased food intake in a dose-dependent manner, with the hyperphagia lasting for 60 h. In rats adapted to a two-choice HF/LF diet, MTII decreased HF consumption but had no effect on LF consumption, resulting in a long-lasting decrease in total calorie intake (−35.5% after 24 h, P < 0.05). Total calorie intake increased in both AgRP- and SHU-9119-treated rats (32 and 109% after 24 h, respectively) as the result of increased intake of HF diet. There was no modification of LF consumption with AgRP treatment and a transient nonsignificant decrease with SHU-9119 treatment. Amygdala brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression was increased by AgRP in fed rats. These results identify the amygdala as a site of action for the melanocortin system to control food intake and dietary preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MieJung Park
- Center for Advanced Nutrition, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - David A. York
- Center for Advanced Nutrition, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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Park M, Farrell J, Lemmon K, York DA. Enterostatin alters protein trafficking to inhibit insulin secretion in Beta-TC6 cells. Peptides 2009; 30:1866-73. [PMID: 19563849 PMCID: PMC2755607 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterostatin is a peptide that regulates dietary fat intake in rodents and inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Microarray studies of the genomic response of both a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2 cells) and a mouse hypothalamic cell line (GT1-7 cells) to enterostatin suggested that it might regulate protein trafficking. Using semi-quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, we confirmed that enterostatin upregulated Scamp2 and down regulated Dynamin2 in these cell lines. The receptor for enterostatin is the F1-ATPase beta subunit. We transfected HepG2 cells with either a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged F1-ATPase beta subunit or a red fluorescent protein (RFP) tagged F1-ATPase alpha subunit to study the effects of enterostatin on translocation of its own receptor protein. Enterostatin induced movement of GFP-beta subunit to the cell periphery area but did not have any effect on the localization of RFP-alpha subunit protein in HepG2. As Scamp2 is involved in glucose uptake in mouse Beta-TC6 insulinoma cells we tested enterostatin's effect in Beta-TC6 cells. Glucose stimulated insulin release was inhibited by enterostatin as reported previously. Using siRNA to Scamp2 did not change glucose stimulated insulin release but siRNA to Dynamin2 and dominant negative Dynamin2 (Dyn K44A) inhibited glucose stimulated insulin release and abolished the response to enterostatin. This suggests enterostatin inhibits glucose stimulated insulin release in pancreatic beta cells through down regulation of Dynamin2. This study also suggests that enterostatin might have a more generalized effect on protein trafficking in various cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miejung Park
- Center for Advanced Nutrition, Utah State University, 4715 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4715, USA
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Park M, Oh H, York DA. Enterostatin affects cyclic AMP and ERK signaling pathways to regulate Agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression. Peptides 2009; 30:181-90. [PMID: 19059445 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterostatin, a gut-brain peptide, inhibits dietary fat intake in rats. The purpose of this study was to identify the intracellular signaling pathways that are responsive to enterostatin and that modulate the effects of enterostatin on the expression of Agouti-related protein (AgRP). We used the hypothalamic GT1-7 neuronal cell line to identify the effects of enterostatin on cyclic AMP and ERK signaling using conventional immunoassays or Western blots to assay the activity of these pathways. Enterostatin enhanced the level of cyclic AMP, PKA(RIIbeta) and phospho-CREB and increased pERK levels in GT 1-7 cells. The effects on pERK were rapid (7.5 min) and dose-dependent. These signaling responses were blocked by an antibody to the enterostatin receptor (beta subunit of F1-ATPase), by the pERK inhibitor U0126 and by the P2Y receptor antagonist Suramin. Enterostatin showed a biphasic effect on AgRP mRNA, initially increasing but subsequently decreasing the levels. The cyclic AMP activator Sp-cAMP increased AgRP mRNA expression. Transfection of a wild type ERK construct reduced AgRP mRNA levels. Enterostatin inhibited expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcriptional regulator of AgRP. KLF4 gene expression was increased by Sp-cAMP but decreased by wild-type ERK expression. U0126 blocked the effect of enterostatin on KLF4 expression. We conclude that enterostatin binding to its receptor activates the pERK pathway to inhibit AgRP gene expression but may enhance AgRP expression through activation of the cyclic AMP pathway. These pathways probably mediate the enterostatin inhibition of dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miejung Park
- Center for Advanced Nutrition, Utah State University, 4715 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4715, USA
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9
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Takenaka Y, Shimano T, Mori T, Hou IC, Ohinata K, Yoshikawa M. Enterostatin reduces serum cholesterol levels by way of a CCK(1) receptor-dependent mechanism. Peptides 2008; 29:2175-8. [PMID: 18824202 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterostatin (APGPR), an anorectic pentapeptide derived from the amino terminus of procolipase, significantly reduced serum cholesterol levels after oral administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 3 days in mice fed a high-cholesterol-cholic acid diet. The hypocholesterolemic effect of APGPR was inhibited by pretreatment with lorglumide, an antagonist for cholecystokinin 1 (CCK(1)) receptor, even though APGPR does not have any affinity for CCK(1) receptors. Similarly, the hypocholesterolemic activity of VPDPR, an APGPR analogue, was blocked by lorglumide. These results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effects of APGPR and VPDPR are mediated by a CCK(1) receptor-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Takenaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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10
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Takenaka Y, Shimano T, Yamada Y, Yoshida M, Ohinata K, Yoshikawa M. Enterostatin (APGPR) suppresses the analgesic activity of morphine by a CCK-dependent mechanism. Peptides 2008; 29:559-63. [PMID: 18304696 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterostatin (APGPR) found in the gastrointestinal tract and brain is an anorectic pentapeptide. We found that APGPR inhibited morphine-induced analgesia after intracerebroventricular administration in mice at a dose of 10nmol/mouse. The anti-analgesic effect of APGPR was inhibited by pretreatment with lorglumide and LY225910, antagonists for cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) and cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptors, respectively. The anti-analgesic effect of APGPR may be mediated by CCK release, since APGPR does not have affinity for CCK receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Takenaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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11
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Rippe C, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Lindqvist A. Consequences of metabolic challenges on hypothalamic colipase and PLRP2 mRNA in rats. Brain Res 2007; 1185:152-7. [PMID: 17936733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the main appetite-regulating center in the brain receiving peripheral signals regarding the metabolic status of the body. Pancreatic procolipase has recently been identified in rat hypothalamus. Procolipase is known mainly for its actions in the intestine where it is cleaved to colipase, an enzyme required for the maintenance of pancreatic lipase activity, and enterostatin, a peptide involved in appetite regulation through the gut-brain axis. Colipase is able to increase the activity of pancreatic lipase-related protein-2 (PLRP2), a lipase also expressed in extra-pancreatic tissues. This study was performed to elucidate if PLRP2, in addition to colipase, is expressed in the hypothalamus and if the mRNAs of colipase and PLRP2 respond to metabolic challenges such as fasting, high-fat feeding or feeding sugar solutions. RNA from rat hypothalamus was extracted and subjected to RT-PCR. For quantitative mRNA analysis of hypothalamic tissue from the different metabolic situations real-time RT-PCR was used. We found PLRP2 and colipase mRNA to be expressed in the hypothalamus. An overnight fast resulted in down-regulated colipase (3-fold) and PLRP2 (7-fold) mRNA compared to freely fed rats. Conversely, high-fat feeding resulted in up-regulated colipase and PLRP2 mRNA (1.3-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively) compared to standard chow-fed rats. A similar up-regulation in mRNA expression was observed after offering sugar solutions. In conclusion, PLRP2 mRNA is expressed in the rat hypothalamus and both procolipase and PLRP-2 mRNA are down-regulated during fasting and up-regulated during conditions of metabolic excess, suggesting an involvement in signaling energy availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Despite substantial fluctuations in daily food intake, animals maintain a remarkably stable body weight, because overall caloric ingestion and expenditure are exquisitely matched over long periods of time, through the process of energy homeostasis. The brain receives hormonal, neural, and metabolic signals pertaining to body-energy status and, in response to these inputs, coordinates adaptive alterations of energy intake and expenditure. To regulate food consumption, the brain must modulate appetite, and the core of appetite regulation lies in the gut-brain axis. This Review summarizes current knowledge regarding the neuroendocrine regulation of food intake by the gastrointestinal system, focusing on gastric distention, intestinal and pancreatic satiation peptides, and the orexigenic gastric hormone ghrelin. We highlight mechanisms governing nutrient sensing and peptide secretion by enteroendocrine cells, including novel taste-like pathways. The increasingly nuanced understanding of the mechanisms mediating gut-peptide regulation and action provides promising targets for new strategies to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Cummings
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.
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Ohinata K, Sonoda S, Shimano T, Yoshikawa M. Enterostatin (APGPR) enhances memory consolidation in mice. Peptides 2007; 28:719-21. [PMID: 17175068 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterostatin (APGPR) is a pentapeptide released from its precursor protein, procolipase. We found for the first time that enterostatin has memory-enhancing activity. Enterostatin enhanced memory consolidation after central or oral administration at a dose of 10 nmol/mouse or 300 mg/kg, respectively, in a step-through type passive avoidance test in mice. The memory-enhancing activity of enterostatin was inhibited by pretreatment with lorglumide, an antagonist for cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptor. However, enterostatin had no affinity for CCK receptors. These results suggest that enterostatin improves memory retention through CCK release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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14
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Lin L, Park M, York DA. Enterostatin inhibition of dietary fat intake is modulated through the melanocortin system. Peptides 2007; 28:643-9. [PMID: 17113194 PMCID: PMC1847607 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterostatin injected into the amygdala selectively reduces dietary fat intake by an action that involves a serotonergic component in the paraventricular nucleus. We have investigated the role of melanocortin signaling in the response to enterostatin by studies in melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) knock out mice and by the use of the MC4R and MC3R antagonist SHU9119, and by neurochemical phenotyping of enterostatin activated cells. We also determined the effect of enterostatin in vivo on the expression of AgRP in the hypothalamus and amygdala of rats and in culture on a GT1-7 neuronal cell line. Enterostatin had no effect on food intake in MC4R knock out mice. SHU9119 i.c.v. blocked the feeding response to amygdala enterostatin in rats. Amygdala enterostatin induced fos activation in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Enterostatin also reduced the expression of AgRP in the hypothalamus and amygdala and in GT1-7 cells. These data suggest enterostatin inhibits dietary fat intake through a melanocortin signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Agouti-Related Protein
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/physiology
- Animals
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Colipases/pharmacology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Eating/drug effects
- Eating/physiology
- Enzyme Precursors
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Protein Precursors/pharmacology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/physiology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/deficiency
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA and
| | - MieJung Park
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA and
- Center for Advanced Nutrition, Utah State University, 4715 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - David A. York
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA and
- Center for Advanced Nutrition, Utah State University, 4715 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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