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Nemcova M, Seidlova V, Zukal J, Dundarova H, Bednarikova S, Pikula J. Bat-derived cells use glucose as a cryoprotectant. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103652. [PMID: 37451039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of heterothermy in environments with variable temperatures has allowed bats to survive food scarcity during seasonal climatic extremes by using torpor as a hibernation strategy. The controlled reduction of body temperature and metabolism through complex behavioural and physiological adaptations at organismal, organ, cellular and molecular levels includes the ability of tissues and cells to adapt to temperature alterations. Based on the prediction that cells of different tissues cultured in vitro would differ in their ability to withstand freezing and thawing of the medium, we determined the survival rate of bat-derived cells following exposure to -20 °C for 24 h in media with no cryoprotective agents or medium supplemented by glucose in concentration range 0-3333 mM. Cell survival rates were determined in relation to availability of glucose in the medium, organ origin, cell concentration and bat species. In general, increased glucose helped cells survive at sub-zero temperatures, though concentrations up to 80-fold higher than those found in chiropterans were needed. However, cells in glucose-free phosphate buffered saline also survived, suggesting that other mechanisms may be contributing to cell survival at low temperatures. Highest in vitro viability was observed in nervus olfactorius-derived cell cultures, with high survival rates and rapid re-growth under optimal conditions after exposure to -20 °C. Kidney cells from different bat species showed comparable overall survival rate patterns, though smaller chiropteran species appeared to utilise lower glucose levels as a cryoprotectant than larger species. Our in vitro data provide evidence that cells of heterothermic bats can survive sub-zero temperatures and that higher glucose levels in important tissues significantly improve hibernation survival at extremely low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sarka Bednarikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Nemcova M, Seidlova V, Zukal J, Dundarova H, Zukalova K, Pikula J. Performance of bat-derived macrophages at different temperatures. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978756. [PMID: 36157196 PMCID: PMC9500541 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterothermy, as a temperature-dependent physiological continuum, may affect host-pathogen interactions through modulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated proliferation and functional performance of a macrophage cell line established from the greater mouse-eared (Myotis myotis) bat at 8, 17.5, and 37°C to simulate body temperatures during hibernation, daily torpor and euthermia. Macrophages were also frozen to -20°C and then examined for their ability to proliferate in the immediate post-thaw period. We show that bat macrophages can proliferate at lower temperatures, though their growth rate is significantly slower than at 37°C. The cells differed in their shape, size and ability to attach to the plate surface at both lower temperatures, being spheroidal and free in suspension at 8°C and epithelial-like, spindle-shaped and/or spheroidal at 17.5°C. While phagocytosis at temperatures of 8 and 17.5°C amounted to 85.8 and 83.1% of the activity observed at 37°C, respectively, full phagocytic activity was restored within minutes of translocation into a higher temperature. Bat-derived macrophages were also able to withstand temperatures of -20°C in a cryoprotectant-free cultivation medium and, in the immediate post-thaw period, became viable and were able to proliferate. Our in vitro data enhance understanding of macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katerina Zukalova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Gedar Totuk OM, Yildiz E, Mollica A, Kabadayi K, Sahin A. The opioid peptide biphalin modulates human corneal epithelial wound healing in vitro. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:1403-1412. [PMID: 34446298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analgesic drugs, including nonselective opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, should be used with great precautions to relieve pain after trauma to the corneal epithelium because of their unfavorable effects on wound healing. Biphalin is a synthetic opioid peptide that has been demonstrated to possess a strong analgesic effect on rodents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of biphalin on human corneal epithelial wound healing. METHODS An immortalized human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) culture was used to analyze the effects of biphalin on wound healing. The toxicity of biphalin at various concentrations was measured by the MTT assay. The effects of 1μM and 10μM biphalin on wound closure, cell migration and proliferation were tested in an in vitro scratch assay of HCECs. Naloxone, a non-selective competitive opioid receptor antagonist, was also used to inhibit the effects of biphalin in all experiments. RESULTS Biphalin did not cause any toxic effect on HCECs at concentrations lower than 100μM at various incubation time points. Biphalin significantly increased wound healing at 1μM concentration in an in vitro scratch assay of HCECs (P<0.05). It also significantly increased migration of HCECs (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the biphalin and control groups of HCECs in the Ki67 proliferation assay. CONCLUSION Biphalin, which is a synthetic opioid peptide, promotes corneal epithelial wound healing by increasing cell migration. This role should be evaluated in further in vivo and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Gedar Totuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul, 34734, Turkey.
| | - E Yildiz
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - A Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy.
| | - K Kabadayi
- Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul, 34734, Turkey.
| | - A Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
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Abstract
Since ancient times, opioids have been used clinically and abused recreationally. In the early stages (about 1,000 AD) of opium history, an Arab physician, Avicenna, administered opioids to control diarrhea and eye diseases. 1 Opioids have very strong pain relieving properties and they also regulate numerous cellular responses. Opioid receptors are expressed throughout the body, including the nervous system, heart, lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and retina. 2-6 Delta opioid receptors (DORs) are a very attractive target from the perspective of both receptor function and their therapeutic potential. Due to a rapid progress in mouse mutagenesis and development of small molecules as DOR agonist, novel functions and roles of DORs have emerged in recent years. This review article focuses on the recent advances in the neuroprotective roles of DOR agonists in general and retina neuroprotection in particular. Rather than being exhaustive, this review highlights the selected studies of DOR function in neuroprotection. We also highlight our preclinical studies using rodent models to demonstrate the potentials of DOR agonists for retinal neuroprotection. Based on existing literature and our recently published data on the eye, DOR agonists possess therapeutic abilities that protect the retina and optic nerve injury against glaucoma and perhaps other retinopathies as well. This review also highlights the signaling events associated with DOR for neuroprotection in the eye. There is a need for translational research on DORs to recognize their potential for clinical application such as in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Hewitt Laboratory of the Ola B. Williams Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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Horii Y, Shiina T, Shimizu Y. The Mechanism Enabling Hibernation in Mammals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1081:45-60. [PMID: 30288703 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some rodents including squirrels and hamsters undergo hibernation. During hibernation, body temperature drops to only a few degrees above ambient temperature. The suppression of whole-body energy expenditure is associated with regulated, but not passive, reduction of cellular metabolism. The heart retains the ability to beat constantly, although body temperature drops to less than 10 °C during hibernation. Cardiac myocytes of hibernating mammals are characterized by reduced Ca2+ entry into the cell membrane and a concomitant enhancement of Ca2+ release from and reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These adaptive changes would help in preventing excessive Ca2+ entry and its overload and in maintaining the resting levels of intracellular Ca2+. Adaptive changes in gene expression in the heart prior to hibernation may be indispensable for acquiring cold resistance. In addition, protective effects of cold-shock proteins are thought to have an important role. We recently reported the unique expression pattern of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) in the hearts of hibernating hamsters. The CIRP mRNA is constitutively expressed in the heart of a nonhibernating euthermic hamster with several different forms probably due to alternative splicing. The short product contained the complete open reading frame for full-length CIRP, while the long product had inserted sequences containing a stop codon, suggesting production of a C-terminal deletion isoform of CIRP. In contrast to nonhibernating hamsters, only the short product was found in hibernating animals. Thus, these results indicate that CIRP expression in the hamster heart is regulated at the level of alternative splicing, which would permit a rapid increment of functional CIRP when entering hibernation. We will summarize the current understanding of the cold-resistant property of the heart in hibernating animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Horii
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Abstract
The opioid receptor family, with associated endogenous ligands, has numerous roles throughout the body. Moreover, the delta opioid receptor (DORs) has various integrated roles within the physiological systems, including the cardiovascular system. While DORs are important modulators of cardiovascular autonomic balance, they are well-established contributors to cardioprotective mechanisms. Both endogenous and exogenous opioids acting upon DORs have roles in myocardial hibernation and protection against ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. Downstream signalling mechanisms governing protective responses alternate, depending on the timing and duration of DOR activation. The following review describes models and mechanisms of DOR-mediated cardioprotection, the impact of co-morbidities and challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise See Hoe
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital and The University of Queensland, Chermside, QLD, Australia
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason N Peart
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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Onufriev MV, Semenova TP, Volkova EP, Sergun’kina MA, Yakovlev AA, Zakharova NM, Gulyaeva NV. Seasonal changes in actin and Cdk5 expression in different brain regions of the Yakut ground squirrel (Spermophilus undulatus). NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rafati A, Noorafshan A, Torabi N. Stereological study of the effects of morphine consumption and abstinence on the number of the neurons and oligodendrocytes in medial prefrontal cortex of rats. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:191-7. [PMID: 24179694 PMCID: PMC3811856 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative studies to date on the effects of opioid consumption and abstinence on the nervous system using modern stereological methods have not received enough attention. In addition, they have yielded controversial results. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of morphine, with or without abstinence, on the neurons and oligodendrocytes of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in rats using quantitative stereological methods. The male rats were divided into four groups: the first (saline [SAL]) and second (morphine [MOR]) groups were treated with saline and an escalating dose of morphine (5-20 mg/kg) for 30 days, respectively; the third (SAL+abstinence [ABS]) and fourth (MOR+ABS) groups were treated in the same manner as the previous groups plus they had a 30-day abstinence period. The results showed that the volume of the MPFC and its subdivisions decreased by approximately 15% in the MOR group compared with that in the SAL group (P<0.05). In addition, the volume decreased by approximately 24% in the MOR+ABS group compared with that in the SAL+ABS group (P<0.05). The number of neurons in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups decreased by approximately 44% and 35%, respectively, compared with that in their corresponding control groups. Moreover, the number of the oligodendrocytes in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups decreased by approximately 41% and 37%, respectively. No significant difference was noted in the number of cells in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups. In conclusion, morphine consumption leads to a permanent reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and no additional neuron and oligodendrocyte loss occurs after abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafati
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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The histaminergic network in the brain: basic organization and role in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:472-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tau Phosphorylation by GSK3 in Different Conditions. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:578373. [PMID: 22675648 PMCID: PMC3362846 DOI: 10.1155/2012/578373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost a 20% of the residues of tau protein are phosphorylatable amino acids: serine, threonine, and tyrosine. In this paper we comment on the consequences for tau of being a phosphoprotein. We will focus on serine/threonine phosphorylation. It will be discussed that, depending on the modified residue in tau molecule, phosphorylation could be protective, in processes like hibernation, or toxic like in development of those diseases known as tauopathies, which are characterized by an hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau.
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Darbera L, Chenoune M, Lidouren F, Ghaleh B, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Berdeaux A, Tissier R. Adenosine and Opioid Receptors Do Not Trigger the Cardioprotective Effect of Mild Hypothermia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:173-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248411412969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mild hypothermia (32°C-34°C) exerts a potent cardioprotection in animal models of myocardial infarction. Recently, it has been proposed that this beneficial effect is related to survival signaling. We, therefore, hypothesized that the well-known cardioprotective pathways dependent on adenosine and/or opioid receptors could be the trigger of hypothermia-induced salvage. Open-chest rabbits were accordingly exposed to 30 minutes of coronary artery occlusion (CAO) under normothermic (NT) or hypothermic ([HT] 32°C) conditions. In the latter, hypothermia was induced by total liquid ventilation with temperature-controlled perfluorocarbons in order to effect ultrafast cooling and to accurately control cardiac temperature. After 4 hours of reperfusion, infarct and no-reflow zone sizes were assessed and quantified as a percentage of the risk zone. In animals experiencing HT ischemia, the infarct size was dramatically reduced as compared to NT animals (9% ± 3% vs 55% ± 2% of the risk zone, respectively). Importantly, administration of opioid and adenosine receptor antagonists (naloxone [6 mg/kg iv] and 8-( p-sulfophenyl) theophylline [20 mg/kg iv], respectively) did not alter the infarct size or affect the cardioprotective effect of hypothermia. Doses of these 2 antagonists were appropriately chosen since they blunted infarct size reduction induced by selective opioid or adenosine receptor stimulation with morphine (0.3 mg/kg iv) or N6-cyclopentyladenosine ([CPA] 100 μg/kg iv), respectively. Therefore, the cardioprotective effect of mild hypothermia is not triggered by either opioid or adenosine receptor activation, suggesting the involvement of other cardioprotective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lys Darbera
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mourad Chenoune
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fanny Lidouren
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michael V. Cohen
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - James M. Downey
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Alain Berdeaux
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Renaud Tissier
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kramarova LI, Ziganshin RK, Gakhova EN. Endogenous hypometabolic-hypothermic factors and their possible application to life in the cold. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:597-609. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Horn A, Thompson C, Woods D, Nel A, Bekker A, Rhoda N, Pieper C. Induced hypothermia for infants with hypoxic- ischemic encephalopathy using a servo-controlled fan: an exploratory pilot study. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e1090-8. [PMID: 19433516 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several trials suggest that hypothermia is beneficial in selected infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. However, the cooling methods used required repeated interventions and were either expensive or reported significant temperature variation. The objective of this pilot study was to describe the use, efficacy, and physiologic impact of an inexpensive servo-controlled cooling fan blowing room-temperature air. PATIENTS AND METHODS A servo-controlled fan was manufactured and used to cool 10 infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to a rectal temperature of 33 degrees C to 34 degrees C. The infants were sedated with phenobarbital, but clonidine was administered to some infants if shivering or discomfort occurred. A servo-controlled radiant warmer was used simultaneously with the fan to prevent overcooling. The settings used on the fan and radiant warmer differed slightly between some infants as the technique evolved. RESULTS A rectal temperature of 34 degrees C was achieved in a median time of 58 minutes. Overcooling did not occur, and the mean temperature during cooling was 33.6 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C. Inspired oxygen requirements increased in 6 infants, and 5 infants required inotropic support during cooling, but this was progressively reduced after 1 to 2 days. Dehydration did not occur. Five infants shivered when faster fan speeds were used, but 4 of the 5 infants had hypomagnesemia. Shivering was controlled with clonidine in 4 infants, but 1 infant required morphine. CONCLUSIONS Servo-controlled fan cooling with room-temperature air, combined with servo-controlled radiant warming, was an effective, simple, and safe method of inducing and maintaining rectal temperatures of 33 degrees C to 34 degrees C in sedated infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. After induction of hypothermia, a low fan speed facilitated accurate temperature control, and warmer-controlled rewarming at 0.2 degrees C increments every 30 minutes resulted in more appropriate rewarming than when 0.5 degrees C increments every hour were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Horn
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Abstract
Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located exclusively in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and send their axons all over the central nervous system. Active solely during waking, they maintain wakefulness and attention. Three of the four known histamine receptors and binding to glutamate NMDA receptors serve multiple functions in the brain, particularly control of excitability and plasticity. H1 and H2 receptor-mediated actions are mostly excitatory; H3 receptors act as inhibitory auto- and heteroreceptors. Mutual interactions with other transmitter systems form a network that links basic homeostatic and higher brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, circadian and feeding rhythms, immunity, learning, and memory in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut L Haas
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Husain S, Potter DE. The opioidergic system: potential roles and therapeutic indications in the eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24:117-40. [PMID: 18355128 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Hewitt Laboratory of the Ola B Williams Glaucoma Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Abstract
This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2006 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurological disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Popov VI, Medvedev NI, Patrushev IV, Ignat'ev DA, Morenkov ED, Stewart MG. Reversible reduction in dendritic spines in CA1 of rat and ground squirrel subjected to hypothermia-normothermia in vivo: A three-dimensional electron microscope study. Neuroscience 2007; 149:549-60. [PMID: 17919827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A study was made at electron microscope level of changes in the three-dimensional (3-D) morphology of dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in CA1 of the hippocampus in ground squirrels, taken either at low temperature during hibernation (brain temperature 2-4 degrees C), or after warming and recovery to the normothermic state (34 degrees C). In addition, the morphology of PSDs and spines was measured in a non-hibernating mammal, rat, subjected to cooling at 2 degrees C at which time core rectal temperature was 15 degrees C, and then after warming to normothermic conditions. Significant differences were found in the proportion of thin and stubby spines, and shaft synapses in CA1 for rats and ground squirrels for normothermia compared with cooling or hibernation. Hypothermia induced a decrease in the proportion of thin spines, and an increase in stubby and shaft spines, but no change in the proportion of mushroom spines. The changes in redistribution of these three categories of spines in ground squirrel are more prominent than in rat. There were no significant differences in synapse density determined for ground squirrels or rats at normal compared with low temperature. Measurement of spine and PSD volume (for mushroom and thin spines) also showed no significant differences between the two functional states in either rats or ground squirrels, nor were there any differences in distances between neighboring synapses. Spinules on dendritic shafts were notable qualitatively during hibernation, but absent in normothermia. These data show that hypothermia results in morphological changes which are essentially similar in both a hibernating and a non-hibernating animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Popov
- The Open University, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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