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Shenassa ED, Gleason JL, Hirabayashi K. Fetal Exposure to Tobacco Metabolites and Depression During Adulthood: Beyond Binary Measures. Epidemiology 2024; 35:602-609. [PMID: 38967976 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sibling studies of maternal smoking during pregnancy and subsequent risk of depression have produced mixed results. A recent study identified not considering the amount of maternal smoking and age of onset as potentially masking a true association. We examine these issues and also the amount of maternal smoking during pregnancy as a determinant of the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS We analyzed data from the community-based National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (US, 1994-2016). Mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (none, <1 pack/day, ≥1 pack/day). We assessed offspring's lifetime depression (i.e., ≥8 symptoms) and symptom counts with the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. We estimated the risk of these two outcomes in the full sample (n = 7172) and among siblings (n = 6145) using generalized linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts by family and family-averaged means for sibling analyses. RESULTS Among siblings, we observed dose-dependent elevations for both risk of depression (smoking during pregnancy <1 pack/day adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 1.30; smoking ≥1 aRR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.19, 1.56) and severity of depressive symptoms (smoking <1 pack/day aRR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.16); smoking ≥1 pack/day aRR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.18, 1.31). Among both samples, the P for trend was <0.01. In analysis limited to offspring diagnosed before age 18, results for severity were attenuated. CONCLUSIONS This evidence supports the existence of an independent association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and both the risk of depression and the severity of depressive symptoms. The results highlight the utility of considering the amount of smoking, severity of symptoms, and age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond D Shenassa
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Maternal & Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, MD
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica L Gleason
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Maternal & Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, MD
| | - Kathryn Hirabayashi
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Maternal & Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, MD
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Lee S, Lee W. The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and smoking experience or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children and adolescents. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:15. [PMID: 36762265 PMCID: PMC9885444 DOI: 10.18332/tid/157209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct and indirect smoking exposure is highly related to mental health in children. This study aimed to identify the association between exposure to smoking or secondhand smoke (SHS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2019, including variables such as diagnosed ADHD, smoking status, SHS, and urine cotinine levels among children and adolescents. We estimated the risk of ADHD according to smoking or SHS exposure in various exposure groups using adjusted logistic or linear regression models. RESULTS Among 16434 participants, 133 children were diagnosed with ADHD (0.8%). Of these, 58 (43.6%) were aged <12 years and 75 (56.3%) were aged ≥12 years. Smoking was significantly associated with ADHD (crude odds ratio, OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.14-3.26 and adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.02- 1.64). SHS exposure and ADHD were attenuated after adjustment (OR=2.42; 95% CI: 1.08-4.02; AOR=1.42; 95% CI: 0.86-2.64) in the logistic regression model. Smoking history was statistically associated with a younger age of ADHD diagnosis in the linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS Smoking and the amount of smoking among children and adolescents was associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Shenassa ED, Rogers ML, Buka SL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, offspring smoking, adverse childhood events, and risk of major depression: a sibling design study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:206-216. [PMID: 33899711 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of a biologically plausible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSP) and the risk of depression is discounted by null findings from two sibling studies. However, valid causal inference from sibling studies is subject to challenges inherent to human studies of MSP and biases particular to this design. We addressed these challenges in the first sibling study of MSP and depression conducted among adults past the peak age for the onset of depression, utilizing a prospectively collected and biologically validated measure of MSP and accounting for non-shared as well as mediating factors. METHODS We fit GEE binomial regression models to correct for dependence in the risk of depression across pregnancies of the same mother. We also fit marginal structural models (MSM) to estimate the controlled direct effect of MSP on depression that is not mediated by the offspring's smoking status. Both models allow the estimation of within- and between-sibling risk ratios. RESULTS The adjusted within-sibling risk ratios (RRW) from both models (GEE: RRW = 1.97, CI 1.16-3.32; MSM: RRW = 2.08, CI 1.04-4.17) evinced an independent association between MSP and risk of depression. The overall effects from a standard model evinced lower associations (GEE: RRT = 1.12, CI 0.98-1.28; MSM: RRT = 1.18, CI 1.01-1.37). CONCLUSIONS Based on within-sibling information free of unmeasured shared confounders and accounting for a range of unshared factors, we found an effect of MSP on the offspring's risk of depression. Our findings, should they be replicated in future studies, highlight the importance of considering challenges inherent to human studies of MSP and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond D Shenassa
- Maternal & Child Health Program, Department of Family Science and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle L Rogers
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Olyaei AF, Campbell LR, Roberts VHJ, Lo JO. Animal Models Evaluating the Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco and Marijuana. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2022; 65:334-346. [PMID: 35125391 PMCID: PMC9885625 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Within this review, the literature and outcomes from animal models of maternal marijuana use and cigarette smoking are summarized. The existing data demonstrate that prenatal marijuana and nicotine exposure both have multifaceted adverse effects on maternal, gestational, placental, and fetal outcomes. These include placental function and development, fetal growth and birth weight, and offspring neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lily R Campbell
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria H J Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jamie O Lo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
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Wollman L, Hill A, Hasse B, Young C, Hernandez-De La Pena G, Levine RB, Fregosi RF. Influence of developmental nicotine exposure on serotonergic control of breathing-related motor output. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:175-191. [PMID: 35016263 PMCID: PMC8940681 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin plays an important role in the development of brainstem circuits that control breathing. Here, we test the hypothesis that developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) alters the breathing-related motor response to serotonin (5HT). Pregnant rats were exposed to nicotine or saline, and brainstem-spinal cord preparations from 1- to 5-day-old pups were studied in a split-bath configuration, allowing drugs to be applied selectively to the medulla or spinal cord. The activity of the fourth cervical ventral nerve roots (C4VR), which contain axons of phrenic motoneurons, was recorded. We applied 5HT alone or together with antagonists of 5HT1A, 5HT2A, or 5HT7 receptor subtypes. In control preparations, 5HT applied to the medulla consistently reduced C4VR frequency and this reduction could not be blocked by any of the three antagonists. In DNE preparations, medullary 5HT caused a large and sustained frequency increase (10 min), followed by a sustained decrease. Notably, the transient increase in frequency could be blocked by the independent addition of any of the antagonists. Experiments with subtype-specific agonists suggest that the 5HT7 subtype may contribute to the increased frequency response in the DNE preparations. Changes in C4VR burst amplitude in response to brainstem 5HT were uninfluenced by DNE. Addition of 5HT to the caudal chamber modestly increased phasic and greatly increased tonic C4VR activity, but there were no effects of DNE. The data show that DNE alters serotonergic signaling within brainstem circuits that control respiratory frequency but does not functionally alter serotonin signaling in the phrenic motoneuron pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Wollman
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrew Hill
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brady Hasse
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Christina Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Richard B Levine
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ,Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Ralph F. Fregosi
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ,Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Little B, Sud N, Nobile Z, Bhattacharya D. Teratogenic effects of maternal drug abuse on developing brain and underlying neurotransmitter mechanisms. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:172-179. [PMID: 34391795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight our knowledge of the various drugs of abuse that can prove potential teratogens affecting the brain and cognitive development in an individual exposed to maternal consumption of such agents. Among several drugs of abuse in women, we specifically highlighted the commonly used alcohol, nicotine, opioids, cannabis, cocaine and marijuana. These drugs can affect the fetal development and slow the cognitive maturation apart from physical disabilities. However, no known therapy exists to counter the toxic potential of these drugs. Several researchers used animal models of drug abuse to understand the underlying mechanisms affecting brain development and the relevant neurotransmitter system. Identifying such targets can potentially help in drug discovery research. We reported in depth analysis of such mechanisms and discussed the potential targets for drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Little
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 Grandview Blvd., Erie, PA, 16509, United States
| | - Neilesh Sud
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 Grandview Blvd., Erie, PA, 16509, United States
| | - Zachary Nobile
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 Grandview Blvd., Erie, PA, 16509, United States
| | - Dwipayan Bhattacharya
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 Grandview Blvd., Erie, PA, 16509, United States.
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Nunes-Freitas AL, Soni N, Polli FS, Kohlmeier KA. Prenatal exposure to nicotine in mice is associated with alterations in development and cellular and synaptic effects of alcohol in a brainstem arousal nucleus. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 87:106980. [PMID: 33838245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using drugs of abuse while pregnant has tremendous negative consequences for the offspring, including an enhanced risk for substance use disorder (SUD). This vulnerability suggests that gestational exposure to drugs alters the developmental trajectory of neurons important in SUD processes, which could lead to later life changes in responsiveness to motivationally salient stimuli. The laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) gates the behaviorally relevant firing pattern signaling stimuli saliency in mesoaccumbal circuits. Accordingly, any alterations in LDT functionality could alter output, and play a role in negative outcomes on motivated behavior associated with early-life nicotine exposure. Therefore, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to nicotine (PNE), which is a known teratogen, altered responsiveness of LDT neurons to alcohol by conducting electrophysiology in brain slices. Alcohol induced an outward current in control LDT cells, which was not seen in PNE LDT neurons. The frequency of mEPSCs was significantly decreased by alcohol in LDT PNE cells and accompanied by a decrease in action potential frequency, which were actions not seen in controls. Changes in baseline activity of PNE LDT cells were also observed. In summary, PNE LDT neurons showed alterations in baseline activity and membrane and synaptic responses to postnatal exposures to alcohol. The differences in PNE baseline activity and alcohol responses likely lead to differential output from the LDT to mesoaccumbal targets that could play a role in biasing coding of relevant stimuli, which could participate in the enhanced proclivity for development of SUD in those exposed during gestation to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Nunes-Freitas
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Neeraj Soni
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Filip S Polli
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
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8
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Associations between Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Behavioral Problems in Preschool Japanese Children. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:7591263. [PMID: 32508936 PMCID: PMC7244947 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7591263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background A few studies related to pediatric behavior have measured secondhand smoke exposure in children using valid objective biochemical markers. We aimed at investigating the associations between current and cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke, measured both subjectively and objectively, and behavioral problems in children. Methods Subjects were 437 Japanese children, aged 3–6 years in 2006. Exposure to tobacco smoke was evaluated from a parent-administered questionnaire and urinary cotinine concentrations. The cotinine concentrations were measured using first-void morning urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Children's behaviors were assessed by the parent-completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results After multiple adjustments for covariates, higher total difficulty scores of children were significantly associated with the larger number of cigarettes parents smoke, more smokers among cohabiters, and more pack-years of exposure to tobacco smoke from parents and cohabiters. The total difficulty scores were 8.72, 9.09, and 10.52, respectively, for children in the low, middle, and high tertiles of creatinine-corrected cotinine concentrations in urine (p=0.002, trend p=0.005). There was no substantial sex difference in the positive associations between passive smoking and the SDQ scores. Conclusions Exposure to tobacco smoke in early childhood may be involved in the development of pediatric behavioral problems. The importance of reducing the exposure of children to tobacco smoke, particularly in the home, was further emphasized for the prevention of psychological and behavioral problems in childhood.
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Torres LH, Garcia RCT, Blois AMM, Pacheco-Neto M, Camarini R, Britto LR, Marcourakis T. Early postnatal tobacco smoke exposure triggers anxiety-like behavior and decreases synaptic proteins even after a long exposure-free period in mice. Brain Res 2019; 1707:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, Conway K, Cosgrove K, Grana R, Gould TJ, Hatsukami D, Jensen F, Kandel D, Lanphear B, Leslie F, Pauly JR, Neiderhiser J, Rubinstein M, Slotkin TA, Spindel E, Stroud L, Wakschlag L. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:176-189. [PMID: 27890689 PMCID: PMC5965681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J England
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele Bloch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Frances Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenae Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Slotkin TA, Stadler A, Skavicus S, Card J, Ruff J, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Is There a Critical Period for the Developmental Neurotoxicity of Low-Level Tobacco Smoke Exposure? Toxicol Sci 2017; 155:75-84. [PMID: 27633979 PMCID: PMC5216647 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. We evaluated in rats whether there is a critical period during which tobacco smoke extract (TSE) affects the development of acetylcholine and serotonin systems, prominent targets for adverse effects of nicotine and tobacco smoke. We simulated secondhand smoke exposure by administering TSE so as to produce nicotine concentrations one-tenth those in active smoking, with 3 distinct, 10-day windows: premating, early gestation or late gestation. We conducted longitudinal evaluations in multiple brain regions, starting in early adolescence (postnatal day 30) and continued to full adulthood (day 150). TSE exposure in any of the 3 windows impaired presynaptic cholinergic activity, exacerbated by a decrement in nicotinic cholinergic receptor concentrations. Although the adverse effects were seen for all 3 treatment windows, there was a distinct progression, with lowest sensitivity for premating exposure and higher sensitivity for gestational exposures. Serotonin receptors were also reduced by TSE exposure with the same profile: little effect with premating exposure, intermediate effect with early gestational exposure and large effect with late gestational exposure. As serotonergic circuits can offset the neurobehavioral impact of cholinergic deficits, these receptor changes were maladaptive. Thus, there is no single 'critical period' for effects of low-level tobacco smoke but there is differential sensitivity dependent upon the developmental stage at the time of exposure. Our findings reinforce the need to avoid secondhand smoke exposure not only during pregnancy, but also in the period prior to conception, or generally for women of childbearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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McDonald FB, Chandrasekharan K, Wilson RJA, Hasan SU. Interactive effects of maternal cigarette smoke, heat stress, hypoxia, and lipopolysaccharide on neonatal cardiorespiratory and cytokine responses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1113-R1124. [PMID: 27733384 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00062.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure exhibits a strong epidemiological association with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, but other environmental stressors, including infection, hyperthermia, and hypoxia, have also been postulated as important risk factors. This study examines whether maternal CS exposure causes maladaptations within homeostatic control networks by influencing the response to lipopolysaccharide, heat stress, and/or hypoxia in neonatal rats. Pregnant dams were exposed to CS or parallel sham treatments daily for the length of gestation. Offspring were studied at postnatal days 6-8 at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 33°C or 38°C. Within each group, rats were allocated to control, saline, or LPS (200 µg/kg) treatments. Cardiorespiratory patterns were examined using head-out plethysmography and ECG surface electrodes during normoxia and hypoxia (10% O2). Serum cytokine concentrations were quantified from samples taken at the end of each experiment. Our results suggest maternal CS exposure does not alter minute ventilation (V̇e) or heart rate (HR) response to infection or high temperature, but independently increases apnea frequency. CS also primes the inflammatory system to elicit a stronger cytokine response to bacterial insult. High Ta independently depresses V̇e but augments the hypoxia-induced increase in V̇e Moreover, higher Ta increases HR during normoxia and hypoxia, and in the presence of an immune challenge, increases HR during normoxia, and reduces the increase normally associated with hypoxia. Thus, while most environmental risk factors increase the burden on the cardiorespiratory system in early life, hyperthermia and infection blunt the normal HR response to hypoxia, and gestational CS independently destabilizes breathing by increasing apneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Kumaran Chandrasekharan
- Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Shabih U Hasan
- Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Prenatal tobacco exposure and self-regulation in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:397-409. [PMID: 25997761 PMCID: PMC10112534 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941500005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) has a well-documented association with disruptive behavior in childhood, but the neurocognitive effects of exposure that underlie this link are not sufficiently understood. The present study was designed to address this gap, through longitudinal follow-up in early childhood of a prospectively enrolled cohort with well-characterized prenatal exposure. Three-year-old children (n = 151) were assessed using a developmentally sensitive battery capturing both cognitive and motivational aspects of self-regulation. PTE was related to motivational self-regulation, where children had to delay approach to attractive rewards, but not cognitive self-regulation, where children had to hold information in mind and inhibit prepotent motor responses. Furthermore, PTE predicted motivational self-regulation more strongly in boys than in girls, and when propensity scores were covaried to control for confounding risk factors, the effect of PTE on motivational self-regulation was significant only in boys. These findings suggest that PTE's impact on neurodevelopment may be greater in boys than in girls, perhaps reflecting vulnerability in neural circuits that subserve reward sensitivity and emotion regulation, and may also help to explain why PTE is more consistently related to disruptive behavior disorders than attention problems.
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Obel C, Zhu JL, Olsen J, Breining S, Li J, Grønborg TK, Gissler M, Rutter M. The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy - a re-examination using a sibling design. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:532-7. [PMID: 26511313 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cohort studies have consistently shown that exposure to maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with about twice the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring. However, recent studies using alternative designs to disentangle the effect of social and genetic confounders have suggested that confounding may account for the association. In this study we aimed to estimate the association by a sibling design. METHODS We used a design with half and full siblings in a Danish national register-based cohort on all singletons born between January 1991 and December 2006 and followed until January 2011. Data were available for 90% (N = 968,665) of the singleton live births in the period. We used the combination of the International Classification of Diseases (10th version) diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) and ADHD medication to identify children. We used sibling-matched (conditional) Cox regression to control social and genetic confounding. RESULTS Using conventional cohort analyses, we found the expected association between pregnancy smoking and offspring ADHD (adjusted HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.94-2.07). In the sibling analysis, however, we did not detect such a strong association (adjusted HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.94-1.22). There was no difference between results for half- and full sibling analyses. The link between pregnancy smoking and low birth weight remained robust in the sibling design (adjusted OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.33-2.12). CONCLUSIONS We found no support for prenatal smoking as a strong causal factor in ADHD. Our findings suggest that the strong association found in most previous epidemiological studies is likely to be due to a strong link between maternal smoking and maternal ADHD genetics or shared family environment. Pregnant women should still be encouraged to stop smoking because of other risks, but we have no reason to believe that this would reduce the risk of ADHD in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Obel
- Department of Public Health, Research Program for Children's Mental Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre of Collaborative Health at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jin Liang Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Research Program for Children's Mental Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Public Health, Research Program for Children's Mental Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sanni Breining
- Department of Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Public Health, Research Program for Children's Mental Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Therese K Grønborg
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mika Gissler
- Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden.,THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Rutter
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
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15
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Hall BJ, Cauley M, Burke DA, Kiany A, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. Cognitive and Behavioral Impairments Evoked by Low-Level Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Components: Comparison with Nicotine Alone. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:236-44. [PMID: 26919958 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Active maternal smoking has adverse effects on neurobehavioral development of the offspring, with nicotine (Nic) providing much of the underlying causative mechanism. To determine whether the lower exposures caused by second-hand smoke are deleterious, we administered tobacco smoke extract (TSE) to pregnant rats starting preconception and continued through the second postnatal week, corresponding to all 3 trimesters of fetal brain development. Dosing was adjusted to produce maternal plasma Nic concentrations encountered with second-hand smoke, an order of magnitude below those seen in active smokers. We then compared TSE effects to those of an equivalent dose of Nic alone, and to a 10-fold higher Nic dose. Gestational exposure to TSE and Nic significantly disrupted cognitive and behavioral function in behavioral tests given during adolescence and adulthood (postnatal weeks 4-40), producing hyperactivity, working memory deficits, and impairments in emotional processing, even at the low exposure levels corresponding to second-hand smoke. Although TSE effects were highly correlated with those of Nic, the effects of TSE were much larger than could be attributed to just the Nic in the mixture. Indeed, TSE effects more closely resembled those of the 10-fold higher Nic levels, but still exceeded their magnitude. In combination with our earlier findings, this study thus completes the chain of causation to prove that second-hand smoke exposure causes neurodevelopmental deficits, originating in disruption of neurodifferentiation, leading to miswiring of neuronal circuits, and as shown here, culminating in behavioral dysfunction. As low level exposure to Nic alone produced neurobehavioral teratology, 'harm reduction' Nic products do not abolish the potential for neurodevelopmental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marty Cauley
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - Abtin Kiany
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Edward D Levin
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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16
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Cerpa VJ, Aylwin MDLLO, Beltrán-Castillo S, Bravo EU, Llona IR, Richerson GB, Eugenín JL. The Alteration of Neonatal Raphe Neurons by Prenatal-Perinatal Nicotine. Meaning for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:489-99. [PMID: 25695895 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0329oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine may link maternal cigarette smoking with respiratory dysfunctions in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Prenatal-perinatal nicotine exposure blunts ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and reduces central respiratory chemoreception in mouse neonates at Postnatal Days 0 (P0) to P3. This suggests that raphe neurons, which are altered in SIDS and contribute to central respiratory chemoreception, may be affected by nicotine. We therefore investigated whether prenatal-perinatal nicotine exposure affects the activity, electrical properties, and chemosensitivity of raphe obscurus (ROb) neurons in mouse neonates. Osmotic minipumps, implanted subcutaneously in 5- to 7-day-pregnant CF1 mice, delivered nicotine bitartrate (60 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) or saline (control) for up to 28 days. In neonates, ventilation was recorded by head-out plethysmography, c-Fos (neuronal activity marker), or serotonin autoreceptors (5HT1AR) were immunodetected using light microscopy, and patch-clamp recordings were made from raphe neurons in brainstem slices under normocarbia and hypercarbia. Prenatal-perinatal nicotine exposure decreased the hypercarbia-induced ventilatory responses at P1-P5, reduced both the number of c-Fos-positive ROb neurons during eucapnic normoxia at P1-P3 and their hypercapnia-induced recruitment at P3, increased 5HT1AR immunolabeling of ROb neurons at P3-P5, and reduced the spontaneous firing frequency of ROb neurons at P3 without affecting their CO2 sensitivity or their passive and active electrical properties. These findings reveal that prenatal-perinatal nicotine reduces the activity of neonatal ROb neurons, likely as a consequence of increased expression of 5HT1ARs. This hypoactivity may change the functional state of the respiratory neural network leading to breathing vulnerability and chemosensory failure as seen in SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica J Cerpa
- 1 Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,2 Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile.,Departments of 3 Neurology and.,4 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sebastián Beltrán-Castillo
- 2 Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile
| | - Eduardo U Bravo
- 2 Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile
| | - Isabel R Llona
- 2 Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile
| | - George B Richerson
- Departments of 3 Neurology and.,6 Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,7 Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Jaime L Eugenín
- 2 Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile
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17
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card J, Stadler A, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Tobacco Smoke Directed Toward Cholinergic and Serotonergic Systems: More Than Just Nicotine. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:178-89. [PMID: 26085346 PMCID: PMC4679867 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains thousands of compounds in addition to nicotine, a known neuroteratogen. We evaluated the developmental neurotoxicity of tobacco smoke extract (TSE) administered to pregnant rats starting preconception and continued through the second postnatal week. We simulated nicotine concentrations encountered with second-hand smoke, an order of magnitude below those seen in active smokers, and compared TSE with an equivalent dose of nicotine alone, and to a 10-fold higher nicotine dose. We conducted longitudinal evaluations in multiple brain regions, starting in adolescence (postnatal day 30) and continued to full adulthood (day 150). TSE exposure impaired presynaptic cholinergic activity, exacerbated by a decrement in nicotinic cholinergic receptor concentrations. Although both nicotine doses produced presynaptic cholinergic deficits, these were partially compensated by hyperinnervation and receptor upregulation, effects that were absent with TSE. TSE also produced deficits in serotonin receptors in females that were not seen with nicotine. Regression analysis showed a profound sex difference in the degree to which nicotine could account for overall TSE effects: whereas the 2 nicotine doses accounted for 36%-46% of TSE effects in males, it accounted for only 7%-13% in females. Our results show that the adverse effects of TSE on neurodevelopment exceed those that can be attributed to just the nicotine present in the mixture, and further, that the sensitivity extends down to levels commensurate with second-hand smoke exposure. Because nicotine itself evoked deficits at low exposures, "harm reduction" nicotine products do not eliminate the potential for neurodevelopmental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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18
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Torres LH, Garcia RCT, Blois AMM, Dati LMM, Durão AC, Alves AS, Pacheco-Neto M, Mauad T, Britto LRG, Xavier GF, Camarini R, Marcourakis T. Exposure of Neonatal Mice to Tobacco Smoke Disturbs Synaptic Proteins and Spatial Learning and Memory from Late Infancy to Early Adulthood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136399. [PMID: 26305213 PMCID: PMC4549279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the early postnatal period has been associated with several diseases; however, little is known about the brain effects of ETS exposure during this critical developmental period or the long-term consequences of this exposure. This study investigated the effects of the early postnatal ETS exposure on both reference and working memory, synaptic proteins and BDNF from late infancy to early adulthood (P3-P73). BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS generated from 3R4F reference research cigarettes (0.73 mg of nicotine/cigarette) from P3 to P14. Spatial reference and working memory were evaluated in the Morris water maze during infancy (P20-P29), adolescence (P37-P42) and adulthood (P67-P72). Synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed at P15, P35 and P65 by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Mice that were exposed to ETS during the early postnatal period showed poorer performance in the spatial reference memory task. Specifically, the ETS-exposed mice exhibited a significantly reduced time and distance traveled in the target quadrant and in the platform location area than the controls at all ages evaluated. In the spatial working memory task, ETS disrupted the maintenance but not the acquisition of the critical spatial information in both infancy and adolescence. ETS also induced changes in synaptic components, including decreases in synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Exposure to ETS in the early postnatal period disrupts both spatial reference and working memory; these results may be related to changes in synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. Importantly, most of these effects were not reversed even after a long exposure-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Raphael C. T. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Anne M. M. Blois
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. M. Dati
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Durão
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Silva Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Maurílio Pacheco-Neto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05403–010, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 01246–903, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. G. Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Silva D, Houghton S, Hagemann E, Bower C. Comorbidities of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Pregnancy Risk Factors and Parent Mental Health. Community Ment Health J 2015; 51:738-45. [PMID: 25179388 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-014-9773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our study examined the risk of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption in pregnancy associated with child comorbidity in a community sample of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We used a cross sectional community retrospective questionnaire of 321 children diagnosed with ADHD. Our results suggest that maternal smoking increased the risk of oppositional defiant behavior (ODB) in children with ADHD twofold (OR 2.27; CI 1.29-4.11). Maternal alcohol consumption increased the risk although not significantly for ADHD child comorbid ODB, anxiety disorder and depression. Parent mental health significantly impacted on child comorbidity. Our study suggests that smoking in pregnancy is associated with comorbid ODB, independent of parent mental health, family history of ADHD and socioeconomic factors. Parent mental health is independently associated with comorbid ODB, anxiety disorder and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Silva
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia,
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20
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card J, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Amelioration strategies fail to prevent tobacco smoke effects on neurodifferentiation: Nicotinic receptor blockade, antioxidants, methyl donors. Toxicology 2015; 333:63-75. [PMID: 25891525 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We used neuronotypic PC12 cells to evaluate the mechanisms by which tobacco smoke extract (TSE) affects neurodifferentiation. In undifferentiated cells, TSE impaired DNA synthesis and cell numbers to a much greater extent than nicotine alone; TSE also impaired cell viability to a small extent. In differentiating cells, TSE enhanced cell growth at the expense of cell numbers and promoted emergence of the dopaminergic phenotype. Nicotinic receptor blockade with mecamylamine was ineffective in preventing the adverse effects of TSE and actually enhanced the effect of TSE on the dopamine phenotype. A mixture of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, N-acetyl-l-cysteine) provided partial protection against cell loss but also promoted loss of the cholinergic phenotype in response to TSE. Notably, the antioxidants themselves altered neurodifferentiation, reducing cell numbers and promoting the cholinergic phenotype at the expense of the dopaminergic phenotype, an effect that was most prominent for N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Treatment with methyl donors (vitamin B12, folic acid, choline) had no protectant effect and actually enhanced the cell loss evoked by TSE; they did have a minor, synergistic interaction with antioxidants protecting against TSE effects on growth. Thus, components of tobacco smoke perturb neurodifferentiation through mechanisms that cannot be attributed to the individual effects of nicotine, oxidative stress or interference with one-carbon metabolism. Consequently, attempted amelioration strategies may be partially effective at best, or, as seen here, can actually aggravate injury by interfering with normal developmental signals and/or by sensitizing cells to TSE effects on neurodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Card
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Prenatal nicotine changes the response to postnatal chlorpyrifos: Interactions targeting serotonergic synaptic function and cognition. Brain Res Bull 2015; 111:84-96. [PMID: 25592617 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and chlorpyrifos are developmental neurotoxicants that target serotonin systems. We examined whether prenatal nicotine exposure alters the subsequent response to chlorpyrifos given postnatally. Pregnant rats received nicotine throughout gestation at 3mg/kg/day, a regimen designed to achieve plasma levels seen in smokers; chlorpyrifos was given to pups on postnatal days (PN) 1-4 at 1mg/kg, just above the detection threshold for brain cholinesterase inhibition. We assessed long-term effects from adolescence (PN30) through full adulthood (PN150), measuring the expression of serotonin receptors and serotonin turnover (index of presynaptic impulse activity) in cerebrocortical brain regions encompassing the projections that are known targets for nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Nicotine or chlorpyrifos individually increased the expression of serotonin receptors, with greater effects on males than on females and with distinct temporal and regional patterns indicative of adaptive synaptic changes rather than simply an extension of initial injury. This interpretation was confirmed by our finding an increase in serotonin turnover, connoting presynaptic serotonergic hyperactivity. Animals receiving the combined treatment showed a reduction in these adaptive effects on receptor binding and turnover relative to the individual agents, or even an effect in the opposite direction; further, normal sex differences in serotonin receptor concentrations were dissipated or reversed, an effect that was confirmed by behavioral evaluations in the Novel Objection Recognition Test. In addition to the known liabilities associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, our results point to additional costs in the form of heightened vulnerability to neurotoxic chemicals encountered later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Duncan JR, Garland M, Stark RI, Myers MM, Fifer WP, Mokler DJ, Kinney HC. Prenatal nicotine exposure selectively affects nicotinic receptor expression in primary and associative visual cortices of the fetal baboon. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:171-81. [PMID: 24903536 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to nicotine during pregnancy via maternal cigarette smoking is associated with visual deficits in children. This is possibly due to the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the occipital cortex, which are important in the development of visual mapping. Using a baboon model, we explored the effects of prenatal nicotine on parameters in the primary and associated visual cortices. Pregnant baboons were infused with nicotine (0.5 mg/h, intravenous) or saline from 86 days gestation. At 161 days gestation, fetal brains were collected (n = 5 per group) and the occipital lobe assessed for nAChRs and markers of the serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems using tissue autoradiography and/or high-performance liquid chromatography. Neuronal nAChRs and serotonergic markers were expressed in a region- and subunit-dependent manner. Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with increased binding for (3) H-epibatidine sensitive nAChRs in the primary visual cortex [Brodmann areas (BA) 17] and BA 18, but not BA 19, of the associative visual cortex (P < 0.05). Markers of the serotonergic or catecholaminergic systems were not significantly altered. Thus, prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with alterations in the cholinergic system in the occipital lobe, which may aid in the explanation of the appearance of visual deficits in children from mothers who smoke during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhodie R Duncan
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Slotkin TA, Card J, Stadler A, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Effects of tobacco smoke on PC12 cell neurodifferentiation are distinct from those of nicotine or benzo[a]pyrene. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 43:19-24. [PMID: 24642111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although nicotine accounts for a great deal of the neurodevelopmental damage associated with maternal smoking or second-hand exposure, tobacco smoke contains thousands of potentially neurotoxic compounds. We used PC12 cells, a standard in vitro model of neurodifferentiation, to compare tobacco smoke extract (TSE) to nicotine, matching TSE exposure (with its inherent nicotine content) to parallel concentrations of nicotine, or to benzo[a]pyrene, a tobacco combustion product. TSE promoted the transition from cell replication to differentiation, resulting in fewer, but larger cells with greater neurite extension. TSE also biased differentiation into the dopaminergic versus the cholinergic phenotype, evidenced by an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity but not choline acetyltransferase. Nicotine likewise promoted differentiation at the expense of cell numbers, but its effect on growth and neurite extension was smaller than that of TSE; furthermore, nicotine did not promote the dopaminergic phenotype. Benzo[a]pyrene had effects opposite to those of TSE, retarding neurodifferentiation, which resulted in higher cell numbers, smaller cells, reduced neurite information, and impaired emergence of both dopaminergic and cholinergic phenotypes. Our studies show that the complex mixture of compounds in tobacco smoke exerts direct effects on neural cell replication and differentiation that resemble those of nicotine in some ways but not others, and most importantly, that are greater in magnitude than can be accounted for from just the nicotine content of TSE. Thus, fetal tobacco smoke exposure, including lower levels associated with second-hand smoke, could be more injurious than would be anticipated from measured levels of nicotine or its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Jennifer Card
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley Stadler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Gorini C, Jameson H, Woerman AL, Perry DC, Mendelowitz D. Prenatal nicotine exposure enhances the trigeminocardiac reflex via serotonin receptor facilitation in brainstem pathways. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:415-21. [PMID: 23766497 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00552.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we used a rat model for prenatal nicotine exposure to test whether clinically relevant concentrations of brain nicotine and cotinine are passed from dams exposed to nicotine to her pups, whether this changes the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR), and whether serotonergic function in the TCR brainstem circuitry is altered. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams were exposed to 6 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) of nicotine via osmotic minipumps for the duration of pregnancy. Following birth dams and pups were killed, blood was collected, and brain nicotine and cotinine levels were measured. A separate group of prenatal nicotine-exposed pups was used for electrophysiological recordings. A horizontal brainstem slice was obtained by carefully preserving the trigeminal nerve with fluorescent identification of cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the nucleus ambiguus. Stimulation of the trigeminal nerve evoked excitatory postsynaptic current in CVNs. Our data demonstrate that prenatal nicotine exposure significantly exaggerates both the TCR-evoked changes in heart rate in conscious unrestrained pups, and the excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs upon trigeminal afferent nerve stimulation within this brainstem reflex circuit. Application of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 (100 μM) and 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist ketanserin (10 μM)significantly decreased neurotransmission, indicating an increased facilitation of 5-HT function in prenatal nicotine-exposed animals. Prenatal nicotine exposure enhances activation of 5-HT receptors and exaggerates the trigeminocardiac reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gorini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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25
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Liao CY, Chen YJ, Lee JF, Lu CL, Chen CH. Cigarettes and the developing brain: Picturing nicotine as a neuroteratogen using clinical and preclinical studies. Tzu Chi Med J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Di YP. Effects of second hand smoke on airway secretion and mucociliary clearance. Front Physiol 2012; 3:342. [PMID: 22973232 PMCID: PMC3428780 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway acts as the first defense against inhaled pathogens and particulate matter from the environment. One major way for the airway to clear inhaled foreign objects is through mucociliary clearance (MCC), an important component of the respiratory innate immune defense against lung disease. MCC is characterized by the upward movement of mucus by ciliary motion that requires a balance between the volume and composition of the mucus, adequate periciliary liquid (PCL) volume, and normal ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Airway surface fluid (ASL) is a thin layer liquid that consists of the highly viscous mucus upper “gel” layer, and the watery lubricating lower “sol” layer. Mucus production, secretion and clearance are considered to play a critical role in maintenance of airway health because it maintains hydration in the airway and traps particulates, bacteria, and viruses. Different types of epithelial cells, including secretory cells, and ciliated cells, contribute to the MCC function. Cigarette smoke (CS) contains chemicals and particulates that significantly affect airway secretion. Active and passive CS-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with hyperplasia of goblet cells and submucosal glands (SMGs), thus increasing the secretory capacity of the airways that impairs MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cents RAM, Tiemeier H, Velders FP, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Hudziak JJ. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child emotional problems: the relevance of maternal and child 5-HTTLPR genotype. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:289-97. [PMID: 22259195 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in the development of neural circuits modulating emotional behavior. The short allele (s) of a polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) of the serotonin transporter gene is a risk factor for psychopathology in the presence of environmental stressors. Maternal smoking is associated with growth restriction of the human fetal brain and adverse effects of nicotine on the developing serotonin system have been documented. We hypothesized that maternal smoking interacts with both child and mother 5-HTTLPR genotype as a risk factor for later child emotional problems. In a sample of n = 1,529 mother-child dyads, smoking habits were assessed by questionnaires during pregnancy. Child emotional problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist at the child's age of 3 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased the risk for emotional problems in children carrying the s-allele; β = 0.24, P = 0.03 (mother-report), and β = 0.46, P = 0.001 (father-report). In children heterozygous at 5-HTTLPR and exposed to maternal prenatal smoking (n = 79) risk of emotional problems increased with each additional s-allele the mother carried. The associations between 5-HTTLPR and child emotional problems were not moderated by paternal prenatal smoking. These findings imply that the vulnerability for emotional problems in s-allele carriers may already originate in fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolieke A M Cents
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Guingab-Cagmat J, Bauzo RM, Bruijnzeel AW, Wang KK, Gold MS, Kobeissy FH. Methods in tobacco abuse: proteomic changes following second-hand smoke exposure. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 829:329-48. [PMID: 22231825 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is one of the leading preventable causes of disease, disability, and death in the USA and leads to more than 400,000 preventable deaths per year. Nicotine is the major alkaloid present in tobacco smoke, and many of the negative effects of smoking are attributed to nicotine. Nicotine is not only the addictive component of tobacco smoke, but also highly associated with carcinogenesis and induces oxidative stress. Furthermore, the administration of nicotine via subcutaneous mini-osmotic pumps or by injection is an established method in preclinical studies for this area of research. Thus, preclinical research on the negative effects of tobacco smoke and tobacco addiction has focused primarily on the effects of nicotine. However, there are over 4,500 components found in tobacco smoke, many of which are highly toxic. Other components may also contribute to the addictive properties of tobacco smoke. Furthermore, the negative effects of tobacco smoke are not isolated to the smoker but can have negative effects to those exposed to the secondhand smoke (SHS) stream. SHS exposure is the third leading cause of preventable death. Approximately 38,000 deaths per year are attributed to SHS exposure in the USA. SHS exposure increases the risk of heart disease by approximately 30% and is associated with increased risk of stroke, cancer, type II diabetes, as well as pulmonary disease. Thus, methods of administering tobacco smoke in a controlled environment will further our understanding of tobacco addiction and the role tobacco smoke in other disease states. Moreover, combining smoke exposure with proteomics can lead to the discovery of biomarkers that can be potentially useful tools in screening, early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases caused by SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research at the Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Bublitz MH, Stroud LR. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring brain structure and function: review and agenda for future research. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 14:388-97. [PMID: 22180574 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been associated with long-term neurobehavioral and cognitive deficits in offspring. Animal models demonstrate alterations in brain structure and function following prenatal nicotine exposure. However, few studies have assessed the relationship between MSDP and brain development in humans. Therefore, the aims of this review are (a) to synthesize findings from the small number of human studies investigating effects of MSDP on offspring brain development and (b) to outline an agenda for future research in this nascent area. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Psychinfo databases for human studies of MSDP and offspring brain structure and/or function. RESULTS Eleven studies meeting our search criteria were identified; 6 studies investigated effects of MSDP on brain structure; 5 examined effects on brain function. Across studies, MSDP was associated with decreased volume/thickness of the cerebellum and corpus callosum, increased auditory brainstem responses, and lack of coordination across brain regions during information and auditory processing. CONCLUSIONS Results from the small number of human studies revealed effects of MSDP on brain structure and function, highlighting potential neural pathways linking MSDP and offspring neurobehavioral and cognitive deficits. Given the limited amount of research in this area, we propose an agenda for future research. Gold standard studies would utilize longitudinal designs, integrated biological and maternal report measures of MSDP, and repeated measures of brain structure/function and neurobehavioral deficits across key developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Bublitz
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Alpert Medical School, Coro West, Suite 314, One Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Dergacheva O, Kamendi HW, Wang X, Mendelowitz D. 5HT1A receptors inhibit glutamate inputs to cardiac vagal neurons post-hypoxia/hypercapnia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:254-8. [PMID: 21930251 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic inputs to cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) regulate parasympathetic activity to the heart. Previous work has shown insults such as hypoxia and hypercapnia (H/H) alter CVN activity by activating post-synaptic serotonergic, purinergic, and glutamatergic receptors in CVNs. This study examines the role of serotonergic 5HT1A receptors in modulating these excitatory neurotransmissions to CVNs during control conditions, H/H and recovery from H/H. Excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from identified CVNs in vitro before, during and post H/H. The 5HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 had no effect on EPSCs in CVNs before, and during H/H. However, during recovery from H/H inspiratory-related excitatory serotonergic and purinergic pathways were recruited to excite CVNs. However, when these serotonergic and purinergic pathways are blocked, the 5HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 restores an excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission to CVNs. This study indicates endogenous activation of serotonergic 5HT1A receptors diminishes glutamatergic neurotransmission to CVNs following H/H, likely via a presynaptic site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dergacheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, United States
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Verhagen EA, Ter Horst HJ, Kooi EMW, Keating P, van den Berg PP, Bos AF. Prenatal tobacco exposure influences cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87:401-6. [PMID: 21497028 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to determine the influence of prenatal tobacco exposure on regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (r(c)SO(2)) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE) in preterm infants. We hypothesized that as a result of vasoconstriction caused by prenatal tobacco exposure r(c)SO(2) would be lower and FTOE would be higher during the first days after birth in infants exposed to tobacco during pregnancy. METHODS Sixty preterms were included in this prospective, observational cohort study (median gestational age 29.9 weeks, range 26.0-31.8, median birth weight 1248 g, range 615-2250). Fourteen infants had been exposed to tobacco during pregnancy. All mothers smoked more than five cigarettes a day till delivery. We measured r(c)SO(2) and transcutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (tcSaO(2)) in all infants on days 1-5, 8, and 15. FTOE was calculated: FTOE=(tcSaO(2)-r(c)SO(2))/tcSaO(2). RESULTS In preterm infants exposed to tobacco during pregnancy, r(c)SO(2) was lower during days 1, 2, and 8 after birth, median 73% versus 81%, 73% versus 80% and 71% versus 78% respectively. FTOE was higher during days 1 and 8 after birth, median 0.24 versus 0.15 and 0.26 versus 0.19 respectively. On the second day, FTOE tended to be higher, 0.18 versus 0.14. CONCLUSIONS During the first two days and day 8 after birth cerebral oxygen saturation is lower and oxygen extraction higher in preterm infants following prenatal tobacco exposure. Our data suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure may have an effect on cerebral oxygenation of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Verhagen
- Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Mazzone P, Tierney W, Hossain M, Puvenna V, Janigro D, Cucullo L. Pathophysiological impact of cigarette smoke exposure on the cerebrovascular system with a focus on the blood-brain barrier: expanding the awareness of smoking toxicity in an underappreciated area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:4111-26. [PMID: 21317997 PMCID: PMC3037043 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7124111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that active and passive cigarette smoking are associated, in a dose-dependent manner, with dysfunction of normal endothelial physiology. Tobacco smoke (TS) may predispose individuals to atherogenic and thrombotic problems, significantly increasing the risk for ischemic manifestations such as acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Despite the strong evidence for an association between smoking and vascular impairment, the impact of TS exposure on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has only been marginally addressed. This is a major problem given that the BBB is crucial in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Recent data have also shown that chronic smokers have a higher incidence of small vessel ischemic disease (SVID), a pathological condition characterized by leaky brain microvessels and loss of BBB integrity. In the brain TS increases the risk of silent cerebral infarction (SCI) and stroke owing to the pro-coagulant and atherogenic effects of smoking. In this article we provide a detailed review and analysis of current knowledge of the pathophysiology of tobacco smoke toxicity at the cerebrovascular levels. We also discuss the potential toxicity of recently marketed “potential-reduced exposure products”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mazzone
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, E 100 St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mail: (P.M.)
| | - William Tierney
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mail: (W.T.)
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195 USA; E-Mails: (M.H.); (D.J.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Vikram Puvenna
- Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195 USA; E-Mails: (M.H.); (D.J.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Damir Janigro
- Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195 USA; E-Mails: (M.H.); (D.J.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, E 100 St, Cleveland, OH 441065, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195 USA; E-Mails: (M.H.); (D.J.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-216-445-0562; Fax: +1-216-445-1466
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Obel C, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Rodriguez A, Jarvelin MR, Moilanen I, Parner E, Linnet KM, Taanila A, Ebeling H, Heiervang E, Gissler M. Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for Hyperkinetic disorder?--findings from a sibling design. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 40:338-45. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Duvareille C, Beaudry B, St-Hilaire M, Boheimier M, Brunel C, Micheau P, Praud JP. Validation of a new automatic smoking machine to study the effects of cigarette smoke in newborn lambs. Lab Anim 2010; 44:290-7. [PMID: 20713426 DOI: 10.1258/la.2010.009124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and validate the use of a new, custom-built automatic smoking machine (ASM), primarily designed to study the effects of an environmental tobacco smoke surrogate (ETS surrogate) exposure in animals of various sizes, including large animals. The equipment includes a programmable ASM coupled to a vented whole body chamber, where animals can be exposed to both mainstream and sidestream smoke. The user-friendly interface allows for full programming of puff volume (1-60 mL), time interval between two puffs (1-60 s) and between two cigarettes (1-60 min). Eight newborn lambs were exposed to either 10 (4 lambs, C10 group) or 20 (4 lambs, C20 group) cigarettes, 8 h per day for 15 days. Four additional control, lambs were exposed to air (C0 group). Weight gain was identical in all three groups of lambs. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio increased with the number of cigarettes smoked (C0: 11 ± 7 ng/mg; C10: 961 ± 539 ng/mg; C20: 1821 ± 312 ng/mg), with levels in the C10 and C20 groups in keeping with values published in infants exposed to ETS. Overall, results show that our new ASM is especially well suited for ETS surrogate exposure in non-restrained, non-anaesthetized large animals such as sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Duvareille
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Blood-Siegfried J, Rende EK. The long-term effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on neurologic development. J Midwifery Womens Health 2010; 55:143-52. [PMID: 20189133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A large body of documented evidence has found that smoking during pregnancy is harmful to both the mother and the fetus. Prenatal exposure to nicotine in various forms alters neurologic development in experimental animals and may increase the risk for neurologic conditions in humans. There is a positive association between maternal smoking and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); however, the connection between nicotine addiction, depression, attention disorders, and learning and behavior problems in humans is not straightforward. Nicotine's action on the production and function of neurotransmitters makes it a prime suspect in the pathology of these diseases. Nicotine accentuates neurotransmitter function in adults but desensitizes these functions in prenatally exposed infants and children. This desensitization causes an abnormal response throughout the lifespan. Furthermore, nicotine use by adolescents and adults can alleviate some of the symptoms caused by these neurotransmitter problems while they increase the risk for nicotine addiction. Although nicotine replacement drugs are used by pregnant women, there is no clear indication that they improve outcomes during pregnancy, and they may add to the damage that occurs to the developing neurologic system in the fetus. Understanding the effects of nicotine exposure is important in providing safe care for pregnant women, children, and families and for developing appropriate smoking cessation programs during pregnancy.
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Simultaneous sudden unexpected death in infancy of twins: case report. Int J Legal Med 2010; 124:631-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smith AM, Dwoskin LP, Pauly JR. Early exposure to nicotine during critical periods of brain development: Mechanisms and consequences. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 1:125-141. [PMID: 24904708 PMCID: PMC4042244 DOI: 10.3233/jpb-2010-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use during pregnancy continues to be a major problem with more than 16% of pregnant women in the United States continuing to smoke during pregnancy. Tobacco smoke is known to contain more than 4,000 different chemicals, and while many of these compounds have the potential to interfere with proper neurodevelopment, there is direct evidence that nicotine, the major psychoactive substance present in tobacco, acts as a neuroteratogen. Nicotine activates, and subsequently desensitizes, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes (AChRs), which are expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS) prior to the in-growth of cholinergic neurons. Nicotinic AChRs are present by the first trimester of development in both humans and rodents, and activation of these receptors by acetylcholine is thought to play a critical role in CNS development. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the role that nicotinic AChRs play in the developing CNS and to describe the effects of nicotine exposure during early development on neuronal cell biology, nicotinic AChR expression and neurotransmitter system (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) function. In particular, differences that occur as a result of the timing and duration of nicotine exposure will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on preclinical studies examining particular periods of time which correspond to periods of prenatal development in humans (i.e., first, second and third trimesters). Finally, the effects of early nicotine exposure on neurobehavioral development as it pertains to specific disorders, i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and addiction, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Smith
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | - James R. Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Pham H, Bonham AC, Pinkerton KE, Chen CY. Central neuroplasticity and decreased heart rate variability after particulate matter exposure in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1448-53. [PMID: 19750112 PMCID: PMC2737024 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies show that exposure to fine particulate matter [aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm (PM(2.5))] increases the total daily cardiovascular mortality. Impaired cardiac autonomic function, which manifests as reduced heart rate variability (HRV), may be one of the underlying causes. However, the cellular mechanism(s) by which PM(2.5) exposure induces decreased HRV is not known. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that exposure to PM(2.5) impairs HRV by decreasing the excitability of the cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. We also determined the effect of iron on PM-exposure-induced decrease in HRV. METHODS We measured 24-hr HRV in time domains from electrocardiogram telemetry recordings obtained in conscious, freely moving mice after 3 days of exposure to PM(2.5) in the form of soot only or iron-soot. In parallel studies, we determined the intrinsic properties of identified cardiac vagal neurons, retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent dye applied to the sinoatrial node. RESULTS Soot-only exposure decreased short-term HRV (root mean square of successive difference). With the addition of iron, all HRV parameters were significantly reduced. In nonexposed mice, vagal blockade significantly reduced all HRV parameters, suggesting that HRV is, in part, under vagal regulation in mice. Iron-soot exposure had no significant effect on resting membrane potential but decreased spiking responses of the identified cardiac vagal neurons to depolarizations (p < 0.05). The decreased spiking response was accompanied with a higher minimal depolarizing current required to evoke spikes and a lower peak discharge frequency. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that PM-induced neuroplasticity of cardiac vagal neurons may be one mechanism contributing to the cardiovascular consequences associated with PM(2.5) exposure seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chao-Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and
- Address correspondence to C.-Y. Chen, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, GBSF 3510C, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA. Telephone: (530) 754-6458. Fax: (530) 752-7710. E-mail:
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Effects of environmental tobacco smoke in vivo on rhesus monkey semen quality, sperm function, and sperm metabolism. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 27:140-8. [PMID: 19159676 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use a non-human primate model to examine the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in vivo on semen quality, sperm function, and sperm metabolism. Four adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to ETS for six months, and semen samples were collected every week for evaluation. ETS exposure in vivo did not affect semen quality and sperm function. The sperm X:Y chromosome ratio remained unchanged after ETS exposure. The sex ratio of the embryos fertilized by ETS-exposed males was not different from the control male. However, sperm showed changes in metabolome detected by NMR during the ETS exposure. We concluded that with the duration and level of ETS exposure in this study, semen quality and sperm function were not affected, whereas sperm did undergo metabolic changes with ETS exposure in vivo.
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Kamendi HW, Cheng Q, Dergacheva O, Gorini C, Jameson HS, Wang X, McIntosh JM, Mendelowitz D. Abolishment of serotonergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons during and after hypoxia and hypercapnia with prenatal nicotine exposure. J Neurophysiol 2008; 101:1141-50. [PMID: 19091927 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90680.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardioinhibitory cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) do not receive inspiratory-related excitatory inputs under normal conditions. However, excitatory purinergic and serotonergic pathways are recruited during inspiratory activity after episodes of hypoxia and hypercapnia (H/H). Prenatal nicotine (PNN) exposure is known to dramatically change cardiorespiratory responses and decrease the ability to resuscitate from H/H. This study tested whether PNN exposure alters excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs in the nucleus ambiguus during and after H/H. Spontaneous and inspiratory evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents were recorded in CVNs from rats that were exposed to nicotine (6 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) throughout the prenatal period. In contrast to unexposed animals, in PNN animals H/H recruited excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs during inspiratory-related activity that was blocked by the alpha3beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) blocker alpha-conotoxin AuIB (alpha-CTX AuIB, 100 microM) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 50 microM) and d(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5, 50 microM), selective AMPA/kainate and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockers, respectively. Following H/H, there was a significant increase in inspiratory-related excitatory postsynaptic currents that were unaltered by alpha-CTX AuIB or ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor blocker, but were subsequently inhibited by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulphonic acid (100 microM), a purinergic receptor blocker and CNQX and AP5. The results from this study demonstrate that with PNN exposure, an excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs is recruited during H/H that is glutamatergic and dependent on activation of alpha3beta4-containing nAChRs. Furthermore, exposure to PNN abolishes a serotonergic long-lasting inspiratory-related excitation of CVNs that is replaced by recruitment of a glutamatergic pathway to CVNs post H/H.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Kamendi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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If nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant in animal studies, dare we recommend nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women and adolescents? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008; 30:1-19. [PMID: 18380035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use in pregnancy is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and contributes in major ways to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders and learning disabilities that emerge in childhood and adolescence. Over the past two decades, animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have demonstrated that nicotine is a neurobehavioral teratogen that disrupts brain development by preempting the natural, neurotrophic roles of acetylcholine. Through its actions on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine elicits abnormalities of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes apoptosis and produces deficits in the number of neural cells and in synaptic function. The effects eventually compromise multiple neurotransmitter systems because of the widespread regulatory role of cholinergic neurotransmission. Importantly, the long-term alterations include effects on reward systems that reinforce the subsequent susceptibility to nicotine addiction in later life. These considerations strongly question the appropriateness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation in pregnant women, especially as the pharmacokinetics of the transdermal patch may actually enhance fetal nicotine exposure. Further, because brain maturation continues into adolescence, the period when smoking typically commences, adolescence is also a vulnerable period in which nicotine can change the trajectory of neurodevelopment. There are also serious questions as to whether NRT is actually effective as an aid to smoking cessation in pregnant women and adolescents. This review considers the ramifications of the basic science findings of nicotine's effects on brain development for NRT in these populations.
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Golub MS, Slotkin TA, Tarantal AF, Pinkerton KE. Visual recognition memory and auditory brainstem response in infant rhesus monkeys exposed perinatally to environmental tobacco smoke. Brain Res 2007; 1151:102-6. [PMID: 17399690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of perinatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on cognitive development is controversial. We exposed rhesus monkeys to ETS or filtered air (5 animals per group) beginning in utero on day 50 of pregnancy and continuing throughout postnatal testing. In infancy, we evaluated both groups for visual recognition memory and auditory function (auditory brainstem response). The ETS group showed significantly less novelty preference in the visual recognition task whereas no effects on auditory function were detected. These preliminary results support the view that perinatal ETS exposure has adverse effects on cognitive function and indicate further that rhesus monkeys may provide a valuable nonhuman primate model for investigating this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Golub
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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