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Lu Y, Chen W, Wei C, Zhu Y, Xu R. Potential Common Genetic Risks of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Han Population of Mainland China. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:753870. [PMID: 34707478 PMCID: PMC8542930 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.753870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Parkinson’s disease (sPD) and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive and selective neuron death, with some genetic similarities. In order to investigate the genetic risk factors common to both sPD and sALS, we carried out a screen of risk alleles for sALS and related loci in 530 sPD patients and 530 controls from the Han population of Mainland China (HPMC). We selected 27 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 candidate genes associated with sALS, and we performed allelotyping and genotyping to determine their frequencies in the study population as well as bioinformatics analysis to assess their functional significance in these diseases. The minor alleles of rs17115303 in DAB adaptor protein 1 (DAB1) gene and rs6030462 in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type T (PTPRT) gene were correlated with increased risk of both sPD and sALS. Polymorphisms of rs17115303 and rs6030462 were associated with alterations in transcription factor binding sites, secondary structures, long non-coding RNA interactions, and nervous system regulatory networks; these changes involved biological processes associated with neural cell development, differentiation, neurogenesis, migration, axonogenesis, cell adhesion, and metabolism of phosphate-containing compounds. Thus, variants of DAB1 gene (rs17115303) and PTPRT gene (rs6030462) are risk factors common to sPD and sALS in the HPMC. These findings provide insight into the molecular pathogenesis of both diseases and can serve as a basis for the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Caihui Wei
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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2
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Young KA, Biggins L, Sharpe HJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in cell adhesion. Biochem J 2021; 478:1061-1083. [PMID: 33710332 PMCID: PMC7959691 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adhesive structures between cells and with the surrounding matrix are essential for the development of multicellular organisms. In addition to providing mechanical integrity, they are key signalling centres providing feedback on the extracellular environment to the cell interior, and vice versa. During development, mitosis and repair, cell adhesions must undergo extensive remodelling. Post-translational modifications of proteins within these complexes serve as switches for activity. Tyrosine phosphorylation is an important modification in cell adhesion that is dynamically regulated by the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and protein tyrosine kinases. Several PTPs are implicated in the assembly and maintenance of cell adhesions, however, their signalling functions remain poorly defined. The PTPs can act by directly dephosphorylating adhesive complex components or function as scaffolds. In this review, we will focus on human PTPs and discuss their individual roles in major adhesion complexes, as well as Hippo signalling. We have collated PTP interactome and cell adhesome datasets, which reveal extensive connections between PTPs and cell adhesions that are relatively unexplored. Finally, we reflect on the dysregulation of PTPs and cell adhesions in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Young
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Laura Biggins
- Bioinformatics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Hayley J. Sharpe
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
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3
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Lim SH, Shin S, Kim MH, Kim EC, Lee DY, Moon J, Park HY, Ryu YK, Kang YM, Kang YJ, Kim TH, Lee NY, Kim NS, Yu DY, Shim I, Gondo Y, Satake M, Kim E, Kim KS, Min SS, Lee JR. Depression-like behaviors induced by defective PTPRT activity through dysregulated synaptic functions and neurogenesis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243972. [PMID: 32938684 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPRT has been known to regulate synaptic formation and dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons. PTPRT-/- null and PTPRT-D401A mutant mice displayed enhanced depression-like behaviors compared with wild-type mice. Transient knockdown of PTPRT in the dentate gyrus enhanced the depression-like behaviors of wild-type mice, whereas rescued expression of PTPRT ameliorated the behaviors of PTPRT-null mice. Chronic stress exposure reduced expression of PTPRT in the hippocampus of mice. In PTPRT-deficient mice the expression of GluR2 (also known as GRIA2) was attenuated as a consequence of dysregulated tyrosine phosphorylation, and the long-term potentiation at perforant-dentate gyrus synapses was augmented. The inhibitory synaptic transmission of the dentate gyrus and hippocampal GABA concentration were reduced in PTPRT-deficient mice. In addition, the hippocampal expression of GABA transporter GAT3 (also known as SLC6A11) was decreased, and its tyrosine phosphorylation was increased in PTPRT-deficient mice. PTPRT-deficient mice displayed reduced numbers and neurite length of newborn granule cells in the dentate gyrus and had attenuated neurogenic ability of embryonic hippocampal neural stem cells. In conclusion, our findings show that the physiological roles of PTPRT in hippocampal neurogenesis, as well as synaptic functions, are involved in the pathogenesis of depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Lim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangyep Shin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eung Chang Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jeonghee Moon
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Na-Yoon Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yoichi Gondo
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimo-Kasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masanobu Satake
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sun Seek Min
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Ku M, MacKinnon RN, Wall M, Narayan N, Walkley C, Cheng HC, Campbell LJ, Purton LE, Nandurkar H. Hemopoietic Cell Kinase amplification with Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor T depletion leads to polycythemia, aberrant marrow erythoid maturation, and splenomegaly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7050. [PMID: 31065022 PMCID: PMC6505535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of long arm of chromosome 20 [del(20q)] is the second most frequent recurrent chromosomal abnormality in hematological malignancies. It is detected in 10% of myeloproliferative neoplasms, 4-5% of myelodysplastic syndromes, and 1-2% of acute myeloid leukaemia. Recurrent, non-random occurrence of del(20q) indicates that it is a pathogenic driver in myeloid malignancies. Genetic mapping of patient samples has identified two regions of interest on 20q - the "Common Deleted Region" (CDR) and "Common Retained Region" (CRR), which was often amplified. We proposed that the CDR contained tumor suppressor gene(s) (TSG) and the CRR harbored oncogene(s); loss of a TSG together with over-expression of an oncogene favored development of myeloid malignancies. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor T (PTPRT) and Hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK) were identified to be the likely candidate TSG and oncogene respectively. Retroviral transduction of HCK into PTPRT-null murine LKS+ stem and progenitor cells resulted in hyperproliferation in colony forming assays and hyperphosphorylation of intracellular STAT3. Furthermore, over half of the murine recipients of these transduced cells developed erythroid hyperplasia, polycythemia and splenomegaly at 12 months, although no leukemic phenotype was observed. The findings suggested that HCK amplification coupled with PTPRT loss in del(20q) leads to development of a myeloproliferative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ku
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia.
| | - Ruth N MacKinnon
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Services, St Vincent's Hospital, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Meaghan Wall
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Services, St Vincent's Hospital, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Nisha Narayan
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Carl Walkley
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | - Lynda J Campbell
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Services, St Vincent's Hospital, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Louise E Purton
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Harshal Nandurkar
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Potential Regulators of STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092708. [PMID: 30208623 PMCID: PMC6164089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is a major transcription factor involved in many cellular processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death or cell apoptosis. It is activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli including cytokines and growth factors. The aberrant activation of STAT3 contributes to several human diseases, particularly cancer. Consequently, STAT3-mediated signaling continues to be extensively studied in order to identify potential targets for the development of new and more effective clinical therapeutics. STAT3 activation can be regulated, either positively or negatively, by different posttranslational mechanisms including serine or tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, acetylation, or demethylation. One of the major mechanisms that negatively regulates STAT3 activation is dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residue essential for its activation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). There are seven PTPs that have been shown to dephosphorylate STAT3 and, thereby, regulate STAT3 signaling: PTP receptor-type D (PTPRD), PTP receptor-type T (PTPRT), PTP receptor-type K (PTPRK), Src homology region 2 (SH-2) domain-containing phosphatase 1(SHP1), SH-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), MEG2/PTP non-receptor type 9 (PTPN9), and T-cell PTP (TC-PTP)/PTP non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2). These regulators have great potential as targets for the development of more effective therapies against human disease, including cancer.
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Hsu HC, Lapke N, Chen SJ, Lu YJ, Jhou RS, Yeh CY, Tsai WS, Hung HY, Hsieh JCH, Yang TS, Thiam TK, You JF. PTPRT and PTPRD Deleterious Mutations and Deletion Predict Bevacizumab Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090314. [PMID: 30200630 PMCID: PMC6162606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bevacizumab-based regimens are used as standard treatments for colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, there are no established predictive markers for bevacizumab response. Methods: Tumor samples from 36 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy were analyzed by next-generation sequencing of all coding exons of more than 400 genes. Single gene and signaling pathway analyses were performed to correlate genomic data with response. Results: Among the genes most frequently mutated in our cohort, only mutations in PTPRT, a phosphatase involved in JAK/STAT signaling, were associated with response status, with deleterious mutations being enriched in non-responders. Pathway analysis revealed that deleterious mutations in genes of the JAK/STAT pathway, namely in PTPRT and the related gene PTPRD, correlated with resistance. Mutations in RTK/PI3K/RAS, Wnt and TGFβ pathways did not associate with response. Lack of response was observed in all patients with deleterious mutations or copy number loss of PTPRT/PTPRD (n = 10), compared to only 30.8% (n = 8) of patients without such alterations (relative risk, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.83–5.79, p = 0.0003). Similarly, PTPRT/PTPRD deleterious alterations were associated with shorter progression-free survival, an association that was retained in multivariate analysis (HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.47–7.54; p = 0.0038). Conclusion: Deleterious alterations in PTPRT/PTPRD are potential biomarkers for bevacizumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Hsu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Nina Lapke
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Jung Lu
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chien-Yuh Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Sy Tsai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yuan Hung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Sheng Yang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | | | - Jeng-Fu You
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
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7
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Gossmann A, Zille P, Calhoun V, Wang YP. FDR-Corrected Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis With Applications to Imaging Genomics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2018; 37:1761-1774. [PMID: 29993802 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2815583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the number of false discoveries is presently one of the most pressing issues in the life sciences. It is of especially great importance for many applications in neuroimaging and genomics, where data sets are typically high-dimensional, which means that the number of explanatory variables exceeds the sample size. The false discovery rate (FDR) is a criterion that can be employed to address that issue. Thus it has gained great popularity as a tool for testing multiple hypotheses. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a statistical technique that is used to make sense of the cross-correlation of two sets of measurements collected on the same set of samples (e.g., brain imaging and genomic data for the same mental illness patients), and sparse CCA extends the classical method to high-dimensional settings. Here, we propose a way of applying the FDR concept to sparse CCA, and a method to control the FDR. The proposed FDR correction directly influences the sparsity of the solution, adapting it to the unknown true sparsity level. Theoretical derivation as well as simulation studies show that our procedure indeed keeps the FDR of the canonical vectors below a user-specified target level. We apply the proposed method to an imaging genomics data set from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Our results link the brain connectivity profiles derived from brain activity during an emotion identification task, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging, to the corresponding subjects' genomic data.
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Anterior Pituitary Transcriptome Suggests Differences in ACTH Release in Tame and Aggressive Foxes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:859-873. [PMID: 29378821 PMCID: PMC5844307 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated species exhibit a suite of behavioral, endocrinological, and morphological changes referred to as "domestication syndrome." These changes may include a reduction in reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and specifically reduced adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the anterior pituitary. To investigate the biological mechanisms targeted during domestication, we investigated gene expression in the pituitaries of experimentally domesticated foxes (Vulpes vulpes). RNA was sequenced from the anterior pituitary of six foxes selectively bred for tameness ("tame foxes") and six foxes selectively bred for aggression ("aggressive foxes"). Expression, splicing, and network differences identified between the two lines indicated the importance of genes related to regulation of exocytosis, specifically mediated by cAMP, organization of pseudopodia, and cell motility. These findings provide new insights into biological mechanisms that may have been targeted when these lines of foxes were selected for behavior and suggest new directions for research into HPA axis regulation and the biological underpinnings of domestication.
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Apostolova LG, Risacher SL, Duran T, Stage EC, Goukasian N, West JD, Do TM, Grotts J, Wilhalme H, Nho K, Phillips M, Elashoff D, Saykin AJ. Associations of the Top 20 Alzheimer Disease Risk Variants With Brain Amyloidosis. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:328-341. [PMID: 29340569 PMCID: PMC5885860 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Importance Late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is highly heritable. Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 20 AD risk genes. The precise mechanism through which many of these genes are associated with AD remains unknown. Objective To investigate the association of the top 20 AD risk variants with brain amyloidosis. Design, Setting, and Participants This study analyzed the genetic and florbetapir F 18 data from 322 cognitively normal control individuals, 496 individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and 159 individuals with AD dementia who had genome-wide association studies and 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomographic data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a prospective, observational, multisite tertiary center clinical and biomarker study. This ongoing study began in 2005. Main Outcomes and Measures The study tested the association of AD risk allele carrier status (exposure) with florbetapir mean standard uptake value ratio (outcome) using stepwise multivariable linear regression while controlling for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype. The study also reports on an exploratory 3-dimensional stepwise regression model using an unbiased voxelwise approach in Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 with cluster and significance thresholds at 50 voxels and uncorrected P < .01. Results This study included 977 participants (mean [SD] age, 74 [7.5] years; 535 [54.8%] male and 442 [45.2%] female) from the ADNI-1, ADNI-2, and ADNI-Grand Opportunity. The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7) gene had the strongest association with amyloid deposition (χ2 = 8.38, false discovery rate-corrected P < .001), after apolioprotein E ε4. Significant associations were found between ABCA7 in the asymptomatic and early symptomatic disease stages, suggesting an association with rapid amyloid accumulation. The fermitin family homolog 2 (FERMT2) gene had a stage-dependent association with brain amyloidosis (FERMT2 × diagnosis χ2 = 3.53, false discovery rate-corrected P = .05), which was most pronounced in the mild cognitive impairment stage. Conclusions and Relevance This study found an association of several AD risk variants with brain amyloidosis. The data also suggest that AD genes might differentially regulate AD pathologic findings across the disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana G. Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Tugce Duran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Eddie C. Stage
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Naira Goukasian
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - John D. West
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Triet M. Do
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Grotts
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Holly Wilhalme
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Meredith Phillips
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
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10
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Meeusen B, Janssens V. Tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer: Emerging targets for therapeutic intervention and tumor stratification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-134. [PMID: 29031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein phosphatases are key regulators of cell signaling. However, their contribution to aberrant signaling in cancer cells is overall less well appreciated, and therefore, their clinical potential remains largely unexploited. In this review, we provide an overview of tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer. Along their mechanisms of inactivation in defined cancer contexts, we give an overview of their functional roles in diverse signaling pathways that contribute to their tumor suppressive abilities. Finally, we discuss their emerging roles as predictive or prognostic markers, their potential as synthetic lethality targets, and the current feasibility of their reactivation with pharmacologic compounds as promising new cancer therapies. We conclude that their inclusion in clinical practice has obvious potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcome in various ways, and should now definitely be pushed forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Hong JY, Oh IH, McCrea PD. Phosphorylation and isoform use in p120-catenin during development and tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:102-14. [PMID: 26477567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P120-catenin is essential to vertebrate development, modulating cadherin and small-GTPase functions, and growing evidence points also to roles in the nucleus. A complexity in addressing p120-catenin's functions is its many isoforms, including optional splicing events, alternative points of translational initiation, and secondary modifications. In this review, we focus upon how choices in the initiation of protein translation, or the earlier splicing of the RNA transcript, relates to primary sequences that harbor established or putative regulatory phosphorylation sites. While certain p120 phosphorylation events arise via known kinases/phosphatases and have defined outcomes, in most cases the functional consequences are still to be established. In this review, we provide examples of p120-isoforms as they relate to phosphorylation events, and thereby to isoform dependent protein-protein associations and downstream functions. We also provide a view of upstream pathways that determine p120's phosphorylation state, and that have an impact upon development and disease. Because other members of the p120 subfamily undergo similar processing and phosphorylation, as well as related catenins of the plakophilin subfamily, what is learned regarding p120 will by extension have wide relevance in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- The Catholic University of Korea, Catholic High Performance Cell Therapy Center, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kang Y, Zhang R, Suzuki R, Li SQ, Roife D, Truty MJ, Chatterjee D, Thomas RM, Cardwell J, Wang Y, Wang H, Katz MH, Fleming JB. Two-dimensional culture of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells results in an irreversible transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. J Transl Med 2015; 95:207-22. [PMID: 25485535 PMCID: PMC4670045 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many commercially available cell lines have been in culture for ages, acquiring phenotypes that differ from the original cancers from which these cell lines were derived. Therefore, research on new cell lines could improve the success rates of translational research in cancer. We have developed methods for the isolation and culture of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells from murine xenografts of human PDAC. We hypothesize that phenotypes of PDAC cells are modified by in vitro culture conditions over time and by in vivo implantation. Patient-derived xenografts were created in immunodeficient mice using surgically resected tumor specimens. These murine xenografts were then used to establish human PDAC cell lines in culture. Earlier (<5) passage and later (>20) passage cell lines were evaluated separately regarding proliferation, cell cycle, genetic mutations, invasiveness, chemosensitivity, tumorigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status, and proteomics. Later passage cells accelerated their doubling time and colony formation, and were more concentrated in the G0/G1 phase and less in the G2/M checkpoint phase. Later passage cells were more sensitive to gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil than earlier passage cells, but all four new cell lines were more chemo-resistant compared with commercial ATCC cell lines. EMT induction was observed when establishing and passaging cell lines in vitro and furthermore by growing them as subcutaneous tumors in vivo. This study demonstrates a novel approach to the establishment of PDAC cell lines and observes a process by which newly established cell lines undergo phenotypic changes during in vitro culture and in vivo tumorigenesis. This may help explain differences of treatment effects often observed between experiments conducted in vitro, in vivo, and in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, the Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shao-qiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Roife
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark J. Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan M. Thomas
- Department of General Surgery, the University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James Cardwell
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Neurodiagnostics Lab, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H. Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason B. Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Ren H, Zhang C, Huang C, Li N, Li M, Li Y, Deng W, Ma X, Xiang B, Wang Q, Li T. Unravelling genes and pathways implicated in working memory of schizophrenia in Han Chinese. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2145-61. [PMID: 25608650 PMCID: PMC4307354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16012145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory deficit is the core neurocognitive disorder in schizophrenia patients. To identify the factors underlying working memory deficit in schizophrenia patients and to explore the implication of possible genes in the working memory using genome-wide association study (GWAS) of schizophrenia, computerized delay-matching-to-sample (DMS) and whole genome genotyping data were obtained from 100 first-episode, treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia and 140 healthy controls from the Mental Health Centre of the West China Hospital, Sichuan University. A composite score, delay-matching-to-sample total correct numbers (DMS-TC), was found to be significantly different between the patients and control. On associating quantitative DMS-TC with interactive variables of groups × genotype, one SNP (rs1411832), located downstream of YWHAZP5 in chromosome 10, was found to be associated with the working memory deficit in schizophrenia patients with lowest p-value (p = 2.02 × 10(-7)). ConsensusPathDB identified that genes with SNPs for which p values below the threshold of 5 × 10(-5) were significantly enriched in GO:0007155 (cell adhesion, p < 0.001). This study indicates that working memory, as an endophenotype of schizophrenia, could improve the efficacy of GWAS in schizophrenia. However, further study is required to replicate the results from our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ren
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Chaohua Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Na Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mingli Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yinfei Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Ke Yuan 4 Road, Hi-Tech Developmental Zone, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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14
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Zhao S, Sedwick D, Wang Z. Genetic alterations of protein tyrosine phosphatases in human cancers. Oncogene 2014; 34:3885-94. [PMID: 25263441 PMCID: PMC4377308 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are enzymes that remove phosphate from tyrosine residues in proteins. Recent whole-exome sequencing of human cancer genomes reveals that many PTPs are frequently mutated in a variety of cancers. Among these mutated PTPs, protein tyrosine phosphatase T (PTPRT) appears to be the most frequently mutated PTP in human cancers. Beside PTPN11 which functions as an oncogene in leukemia, genetic and functional studies indicate that most of mutant PTPs are tumor suppressor genes. Identification of the substrates and corresponding kinases of the mutant PTPs may provide novel therapeutic targets for cancers harboring these mutant PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institution of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [3] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Sedwick
- 1] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Wang
- 1] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Craig SEL, Brady-Kalnay SM. Regulation of development and cancer by the R2B subfamily of RPTPs and the implications of proteolysis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:108-18. [PMID: 25223585 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The initial cloning of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) was met with excitement because of their hypothesized function in counterbalancing receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. In recent years, members of a subfamily of RPTPs with homophilic cell-cell adhesion capabilities, known as the R2B subfamily, have been shown to have functions beyond that of counteracting tyrosine kinase activity, by independently influencing cell signaling in their own right and by regulating cell adhesion. The R2B subfamily is composed of four members: PTPmu (PTPRM), PTPrho (PTPRT), PTPkappa (PTPRK), and PCP-2 (PTPRU). The effects of this small subfamily of RPTPs is far reaching, influencing several developmental processes and cancer. In fact, R2B RPTPs are predicted to be tumor suppressors and are among the most frequently mutated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in cancer. Confounding these conclusions are more recent studies suggesting that proteolysis of the full-length R2B RPTPs result in oncogenic extracellular and intracellular protein fragments. This review discusses the current knowledge of the role of R2B RPTPs in development and cancer, with special detail given to the mechanisms and implications that proteolysis has on R2B RPTP function. We also touch upon the concept of exploiting R2B proteolysis to develop cancer imaging tools, and consider the effects of R2B proteolysis on axon guidance, perineural invasion and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya E L Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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16
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Thirtamara Rajamani K, O'Neill B, Han DD, Frostholm A, Rotter A, Gu HH. Inactivation of the catalytic phosphatase domain of PTPRT/RPTPρ increases social interaction in mice. Autism Res 2014; 8:19-28. [PMID: 24895325 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase rho (RPTPρ, gene symbol PTPRT) is a transmembrane protein expressed at high levels in the developing hippocampus, olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum. It has an extracellular domain that interacts with other cell adhesion molecules, and it has two intracellular phosphatase domains, one of which is catalytically active. In a recent genome-wide association study, PTPRT was identified as a potential candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) susceptibility. Mutation of a critical aspartate to alanine (D1046A) in the PTPRT catalytic domain inactivates phosphatase function but retains substrate binding. We have generated a knockin mouse line carrying the PTPRT D1046A mutation. The D1046A mutation in homozygous knockin mice did not significantly change locomotor activities or anxiety-related behaviors. In contrast, male homozygous mice had significantly higher social approach scores than wild-type animals. Our results suggest that PTPRT phosphatase function is important in modulating neural pathways involved in mouse social behaviors relevant to the symptoms in human ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Thirtamara Rajamani
- Department of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Regulation of adherens junction dynamics by phosphorylation switches. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:125295. [PMID: 22848810 PMCID: PMC3403498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/125295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions connect the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through transmembrane cadherin receptors and a network of adaptor proteins. The interactions between these adaptors and cadherin as well as the activity of actin regulators localized to adherens junctions are tightly controlled to facilitate cell junction assembly or disassembly in response to changes in external or internal forces and/or signaling. Phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues acts as a switch on the majority of adherens junction proteins, turning "on" or "off" their interactions with other proteins and/or their enzymatic activity. Here, we provide an overview of the kinases and phosphatases regulating phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and bring examples of phosphorylation events leading to the assembly or disassembly of adherens junctions, highlighting the important role of phosphorylation switches in regulating their dynamics.
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18
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Nikolaienko RM, Agyekum B, Bouyain S. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases and cancer: new insights from structural biology. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:356-64. [PMID: 22796942 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that many cancers are associated with aberrant phosphotyrosine signaling, which can be caused by the inappropriate activities of tyrosine kinases or tyrosine phosphatases. Furthermore, incorrect activation of signaling pathways has been often linked to changes in adhesion events mediated by cell surface receptors. Among these receptors, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) both antagonize tyrosine kinases as well as engage extracellular ligands. A recent wealth of data on this intriguing family indicates that its members can fulfill either tumor suppressing or oncogenic roles. The interpretation of these results at a molecular level has been greatly facilitated by the recent availability of structural information on the extra- and intracellular regions of RPTPs. These structures provide a molecular framework to understand how alterations in extracellular interactions can inactivate RPTPs in cancers or why the overexpression of certain RPTPs may also participate in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Nikolaienko
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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19
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Abstract
It has long been thought that PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) normally function as tumour suppressors. Recent high-throughput mutational analysis identified loss-of-function mutations in six PTPs in human colon cancers, providing critical cancer genetics evidence that PTPs can act as tumour suppressor genes. PTPRT (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T), a member of the family of type IIB receptor-like PTPs, is the most frequently mutated PTP among them. Consistent with the notion that PTPRT is a tumour suppressor, PTPRT knockout mice are hypersensitive to AOM (azoxymethane)-induced colon cancer. The present review focuses on the physiological and pathological functions of PTPRT as well as the cellular pathways regulated by this phosphatase.
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20
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Zhang P, Becka S, Craig SEL, Lodowski DT, Brady-Kalnay SM, Wang Z. Cancer-derived mutations in the fibronectin III repeats of PTPRT/PTPrho inhibit cell-cell aggregation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:146-53. [PMID: 20230342 DOI: 10.3109/15419061003653771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase T PTPrho is the most frequently mutated tyrosine phosphatase in human cancer. PTPrho mediates homophilic cell-cell aggregation. In its extracellular region, PTPrho has cell adhesion molecule-like motifs, including a MAM domain, an immunoglobulin domain, and four fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats. Tumor-derived mutations have been identified in all of these extracellular domains. Previously, the authors determined that tumor-derived mutations in the MAM and immunoglobulin domains of PTPrho reduce homophilic cell-cell aggregation. In this paper, the authors describe experiments in which the contribution of the FNIII repeats to PTPrho-mediated cell-cell adhesion was evaluated. The results demonstrate that deletion of the FNIII repeats of PTPrho result in defective cell-cell aggregation. Furthermore, all of the tumor-derived mutations in the FNIII repeats of PTPrho also disrupt cell-cell aggregation. These results further support the hypothesis that mutational inactivation of PTPrho may lead to cancer progression by disrupting cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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21
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Identification and functional characterization of paxillin as a target of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2592-7. [PMID: 20133777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914884107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type T (PTPRT) is the most frequently mutated tyrosine phosphatase in human cancers. However, the cell signaling pathways regulated by PTPRT largely remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that paxillin is a direct substrate of PTPRT and that PTPRT specifically regulates paxillin phosphorylation at tyrosine residue 88 (Y88) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We engineered CRC cells homozygous for a paxillin Y88F knock-in mutant and found that these cells exhibit significantly reduced cell migration and impaired anchorage-independent growth, fail to form xenograft tumors in nude mice, and have decreased phosphorylation of p130CAS, SHP2, and AKT. PTPRT knockout mice that we generated exhibit increased levels of colonic paxillin phosphorylation at residue Y88 and are highly susceptible to carcinogen azoxymethane-induced colon tumor, providing critical in vivo evidence that PTPRT normally functions as a tumor suppressor. Moreover, similarly increased paxillin pY88 is also found as a common feature of human colon cancers. These studies reveal an important signaling pathway that plays a critical role in colorectal tumorigenesis.
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22
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Synapse formation regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T through interaction with cell adhesion molecules and Fyn. EMBO J 2009; 28:3564-78. [PMID: 19816407 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) have been linked to signal transduction, cell adhesion, and neurite extension. PTPRT/RPTPrho is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system and regulates synapse formation by interacting with cell adhesion molecules and Fyn protein tyrosine kinase. Overexpression of PTPRT in cultured neurons increased the number of excitatory and inhibitory synapses by recruiting neuroligins that interact with PTPRT through their ecto-domains. In contrast, knockdown of PTPRT inhibited synapse formation and withered dendrites. Incubation of cultured neurons with recombinant proteins containing the extracellular region of PTPRT reduced the number of synapses by inhibiting the interaction between ecto-domains. Synapse formation by PTPRT was inhibited by phosphorylation of tyrosine 912 within the membrane-proximal catalytic domain of PTPRT by Fyn. This tyrosine phosphorylation reduced phosphatase activity of PTPRT and reinforced homophilic interactions of PTPRT, thereby preventing the heterophilic interaction between PTPRT and neuroligins. These results suggest that brain-specific PTPRT regulates synapse formation through interaction with cell adhesion molecules, and this function and the phosphatase activity are attenuated through tyrosine phosphorylation by the synaptic tyrosine kinase Fyn.
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23
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Yu J, Becka S, Zhang P, Zhang X, Brady-Kalnay SM, Wang Z. Tumor-derived extracellular mutations of PTPRT /PTPrho are defective in cell adhesion. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1106-13. [PMID: 18644975 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase T (PTPRT/PTPrho) is frequently mutated in human cancers including colon, lung, gastric, and skin cancers. More than half of the identified tumor-derived mutations are located in the extracellular part of PTPrho. However, the functional significance of those extracellular domain mutations remains to be defined. Here we report that the extracellular domain of PTPrho mediates homophilic cell-cell aggregation. This homophilic interaction is very specific because PTPrho does not interact with its closest homologue, PTPmu, in a cell aggregation assay. We further showed that all five tumor-derived mutations located in the NH(2)-terminal MAM and immunoglobulin domains impair, to varying extents, their ability to form cell aggregates, indicating that those mutations are loss-of-function mutations. Our results suggest that PTPrho may play an important role in cell-cell adhesion and that mutational inactivation of this phosphatase could promote tumor migration and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshi Yu
- Department of Genetics and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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24
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Stoker AW. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: functional inferences from mouse models and human diseases. FEBS J 2008; 275:816-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Aricescu AR, Siebold C, Choudhuri K, Chang VT, Lu W, Davis SJ, van der Merwe PA, Jones EY. Structure of a tyrosine phosphatase adhesive interaction reveals a spacer-clamp mechanism. Science 2007; 317:1217-20. [PMID: 17761881 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell contacts are fundamental to multicellular organisms and are subject to exquisite levels of control. Human RPTPmu is a type IIB receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that both forms an adhesive contact itself and is involved in regulating adhesion by dephosphorylating components of cadherin-catenin complexes. Here we describe a 3.1 angstrom crystal structure of the RPTPmu ectodomain that forms a homophilic trans (antiparallel) dimer with an extended and rigid architecture, matching the dimensions of adherens junctions. Cell surface expression of deletion constructs induces intercellular spacings that correlate with the ectodomain length. These data suggest that the RPTPmu ectodomain acts as a distance gauge and plays a key regulatory function, locking the phosphatase to its appropriate functional location.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radu Aricescu
- Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Division of Structural Biology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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