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Li C, Li J, Loreno EG, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Sun H. Protective Effect of Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption against Post-Ischemic Neuronal Apoptosis: Role of L-PGDS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010133. [PMID: 35008575 PMCID: PMC8745720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of permanent disability and death in adults worldwide. Apoptosis is a major element contributing to post-ischemic neuronal death. We previously found that low-dose alcohol consumption (LAC) protects against neuronal apoptosis in the peri-infarct cortex following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS), which is mainly localized in the central nervous system (CNS), was previously shown to inhibit neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, we determined whether L-PGDS is involved in the protective effect of LAC against post-ischemic neuronal apoptosis. Wild-type (WT), CaMKIIαCreERT2/+/L-PGDS+/+, and CaMKIIαCreERT2/+/L-PGDSflox/flox mice on a C57BL/6J background were gavage fed with ethanol or volume-matched water once a day for 8 weeks. Tamoxifen (2 mg/day) was given intraperitoneally to CaMKIIαCreERT2/+/L-PGDS+/+ and CaMKIIαCreERT2/+/L-PGDSflox/flox mice for 5 days during the fourth week. AT-56 (30 mg/kg/day), a selective inhibitor of L-PGDS, was given orally to AT-56-treated WT mice from the fifth week for four weeks. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, TUNEL-positive neurons, and cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons were measured at 24 h of reperfusion after a 90 min unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We found that 0.7 g/kg/day but not 2.8 g/kg/day ethanol significantly upregulated L-PGDS in the cerebral cortex. In addition, 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol diminished cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and TUNEL-positive and cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons in the peri-infarct cortex in WT and CaMKIIαCreERT2/+/L-PGDS+/+ mice. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol was alleviated in AT-56-treated WT and CaMKIIαCreERT2/+/L-PGDSflox/flox mice. Our findings suggest that LAC may protect against cerebral I/R injury by suppressing post-ischemic neuronal apoptosis via an upregulated L-PGDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Sun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-318-675-4566; Fax: +1-318-675-5889
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Li J, Li C, Loreno EG, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Lu X, Sun H. Chronic Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Promotes Cerebral Angiogenesis in Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681627. [PMID: 34869620 PMCID: PMC8635527 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption dose-dependently affects the incidence and prognosis of ischemic stroke. We determined the influence of chronic alcohol consumption on cerebral angiogenesis under physiological conditions and following ischemic stroke. In in vitro studies, acute exposure to low-concentration ethanol significantly increased angiogenic capability and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in C57BL/6J mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMVECs). The increased angiogenic capability was abolished in the presence of a VEGFR2 inhibitor. In addition, the increased angiogenic capability and upregulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 remained in chronically low-concentration ethanol-exposed MBMVECs. In in vivo studies, 8-week gavage feeding with low-dose ethanol significantly increased vessel density and vessel branches and upregulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in the cerebral cortex under physiological conditions. Furthermore, vessel density, vessel branches, and expression of VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in the peri-infarct cortex were significantly greater in low-dose ethanol-fed mice at 72 h of reperfusion. Although low-dose ethanol did not alter cerebral vasoreactivity and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) either before or during ischemia, it significantly augmented post-ischemic hyperemia during reperfusion. In contrast, exposure to high-concentration ethanol and 8-week gavage feeding with high-dose ethanol only had a mild inhibitory effect on angiogenic capability and cerebral angiogenesis, respectively. We conclude that heavy alcohol consumption may not dramatically alter cerebral angiogenesis, whereas light alcohol consumption significantly promotes cerebral angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ethyn G Loreno
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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Li C, Li J, Loreno EG, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Lu X, Sun H. Chronic Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Attenuates Post-Ischemic Inflammation via PPARγ in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105121. [PMID: 34066125 PMCID: PMC8150922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability in adults. Recently, we found that light alcohol consumption (LAC) suppresses post-ischemic inflammatory response, which plays an important role in ischemic brain damage. Our goal was to determine the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) in the anti-inflammatory effect of LAC against transient focal cerebral ischemia. In in vivo study, male C57BL/6J wild type (WT) and endothelial-specific conditional PPARγ knockout mice were gavage fed with 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol or volume-matched water daily for 8 weeks. From the 7th week, 3 mg/kg/day GW9662 (a selective PPARγ antagonist) was intraperitoneally given for two weeks. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and adhesion molecules, neutrophil infiltration, and microglial activation in the cerebral cortex before and following a 90 min unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/24 h reperfusion were evaluated. In in vitro study, the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on expression of PPARγ and MnSOD in C57BL/6J mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMVECs) was measured. PPARγ and MnSOD were significantly upregulated in the cerebral cortex of ethanol-fed WT mice and low-concentration ethanol-exposed C57BL/6J MBMVECs. GW9662 significantly inhibited alcohol-induced upregulation of MnSOD. Eight-week ethanol feeding significantly reduced cerebral I/R injury and alleviated the post-ischemic inflammatory response (upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin, microglial activation, and neutrophil infiltration). Treatment with GW9662 and endothelial-specific conditional knockout of PPARγ did not alter cerebral I/R injury and the inflammatory response in the control mice but abolish the neuroprotective effect in ethanol-fed mice. In addition, GW9662 and endothelial-specific conditional knockout of PPARγ diminished the inhibitory effect of LAC on the post-ischemic expression of adhesion molecules and neutrophil infiltration. Our findings suggest that LAC may protect against cerebral I/R injury by suppressing the post-ischemic inflammation via activation of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Ethyn G. Loreno
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA;
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(318)-675-4566; Fax: +1-(318)-675-5889
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Li C, Li J, Xu G, Sun H. Influence of Chronic Ethanol Consumption on Apoptosis and Autophagy Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Male Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6164. [PMID: 32273547 PMCID: PMC7145844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of permanent disability and death worldwide. Apoptosis and autophagy are two key elements involved in ischemic brain damage. Ethanol is a commonly used and abused chemical substance that affects the prognosis of ischemic stroke. We determined the influence of chronic ethanol consumption on apoptosis and autophagy following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into three groups and gavage fed with 0.7 and 2.8 g/kg/day ethanol or volume-matched water daily for 8 weeks. DNA fragmentation, TUNEL-positive neurons, cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons, translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome C and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), LC3B-positive neurons, and expression of LC3B, Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in peri-infarct cortex were evaluated at 24 hours of reperfusion after a 90-minute unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was significantly improved in the 0.7 g/kg/d ethanol group but worsened in the 2.8 g/kg/d ethanol group. DNA fragmentation was significantly increased at 24 hours of reperfusion in all groups. However, the magnitude of the increase was significantly less in the 0.7 g/kg/d ethanol group. In addition, both cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons and TUNEL-positive neurons were significantly less in 0.7 g/kg/d ethanol group. Furthermore, translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome C and AIF was significantly alleviated in the 0.7 g/kg/d ethanol group. On the other hand, baseline expression of LC3B was significantly reduced in the 2.8 g/kg/d ethanol group. Post-ischemic expression of LC3B and LC3B-positive neurons were significantly attenuated in both 0.7 and 2.8 g/kg/d ethanol groups. Moreover, although post-ischemic expression of Beclin-1 was not altered in the ethanol groups, post-ischemic expression of Bcl-2 was significantly greater in both 0.7 and 2.8 g/kg/d ethanol groups. Our findings suggest that light ethanol consumption may protect against cerebral I/R injury by suppressing post-ischemic apoptosis, whereas heavy ethanol consumption may exacerbate cerebral I/R injury by suppressing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Guodong Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Xu G, Li C, Parsiola AL, Li J, McCarter KD, Shi R, Mayhan WG, Sun H. Dose-Dependent Influences of Ethanol on Ischemic Stroke: Role of Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:6. [PMID: 30853895 PMCID: PMC6396710 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption dose-dependently affects both incidence and prognosis of ischemic stroke. Our goal was to determine whether the influence of chronic ethanol consumption on ischemic stroke is related to an altered inflammatory profile in the brain. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into six groups and gavage fed with 0.175, 0.35, 0.7, 1.4, 2.8 g/kg/day ethanol or volume-matched water once a day for 8 weeks. Adhesion molecules, microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) in the cerebral cortex before and following a 90-min unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/24-h reperfusion were evaluated. Brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was significantly reduced in 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol group (peak blood ethanol concentration: 9 mM) and worsened in 2.8 g/kg/day ethanol group (peak blood ethanol concentration: 37 mM). Baseline E-selectin was downregulated in all ethanol groups, whereas baseline intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was only downregulated in 0.35 and 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol groups. Interestingly, baseline vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was upregulated in 0.35, 0.7, and 1.4 g/kg/day ethanol groups. Post-ischemic upregulation of ICAM-1 and E-selectin were suppressed in all ethanol groups. Post-ischemic neutrophil infiltration and microglial activation were significantly less in the low-moderate (0.175–1.4 g/kg/day) ethanol groups but greater in the 2.8 g/kg/day ethanol group compared to the vehicle group. At basal conditions, ethanol increased one pro- and two anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines at the 0.7 g/kg/day dose, and 13 pro- and eight anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines at the 2.8 g/kg/day dose. After ischemia, 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol suppressed post-ischemic pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and enhanced post-ischemic anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Moreover, 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol significantly reduced baseline MMP-9 activity and alleviated post-ischemic BBB breakdown. On the other hand, 2.8 g/kg/day ethanol worsened post-ischemic BBB breakdown. Our findings suggest that low-moderate ethanol consumption may prevent ischemic stroke and reduce brain I/R injury by suppressing inflammation, whereas heavy alcohol consumption may induce ischemic stroke and worsen brain I/R injury by aggravating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Anne L Parsiola
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Kimberly D McCarter
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Runhua Shi
- Department of Medicine/Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - William G Mayhan
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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Huang LC, Liew HK, Cheng HY, Kuo JS, Hsu WL, Pang CY. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Rats after Alcohol Consumption. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3493-3502. [PMID: 30205999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is one of the risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that acute alcohol intoxication enhances brain injury and neurological impairment in rats suffering from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We plan to investigate the effect of chronic alcohol consumption (CAC) in rats with ICH by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 2 groups: CAC group (fed with 10% alcohol drinking water for 4 weeks, n = 8), and Control group (plain drinking water, n = 8). ICH was induced by collagenase infusion into the right striata of all rats. Coronal T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, T2*-weighted imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging were generated with a 3.0T MRI scanner to investigate the changes of hemorrhagic volume and edema throughout the injury and recovery stages of ICH in rats. RESULTS T2-weighted imaging is ideal for monitoring hematoma volume in rats. The hematoma volume was larger in the CAC group than in the control group (P < .001), however, did not correlate to post-ICH progressive edema formation (P > .7), and neurological impairment (P > .28) between the 2 groups, respectively. DISCUSSION Although our findings indicate that CAC induces larger hematoma in rats with ICH, the underlying mechanism should be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Huang
- Department of Radiology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hock-Kean Liew
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jon-Son Kuo
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Master Program and PhD Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Zheng L, Wu X, Dong X, Ding X, Song C. Effects of Chronic Alcohol Exposure on the Modulation of Ischemia-Induced Glutamate Release via Cannabinoid Receptors in the Dorsal Hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1908-16. [PMID: 26343919 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption is a critical contributing factor to ischemic stroke, as it enhances ischemia-induced glutamate release, leading to more severe excitotoxicity and brain damage. But the neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. METHODS We evaluated the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on the modulation of ischemia-induced glutamate release via CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors during middle cerebral artery occlusion, using in vivo microdialysis coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, in alcohol-naïve rats or rats after 1 or 30 days of withdrawal from chronic ethanol intake (6% v/v for 14 days). RESULTS Intra-dorsal hippocampus (DH) infusions of ACEA or JWH133, selective CB1 or CB2 receptor agonists, respectively, decreased glutamate release in the DH in alcohol-naïve rats in a dose-dependent manner. Such an effect was reversed by co-infusions of SR141716A or AM630, selective CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists, respectively. After 30 days, but not 1 day of withdrawal, ischemia induced an enhancement in glutamate release in the DH, as compared with non-alcohol-treated control group. Intra-DH infusions of JWH133, but not ACEA, inhibited ischemia-induced glutamate release in the DH after 30 days of withdrawal. Finally, 1 day of withdrawal did not alter the protein level of CB1 or CB2 receptors in the DH, as compared to non-alcohol-treated control rats. Whereas 30 days of withdrawal robustly decreased the protein level of CB1 receptors, but failed to alter the protein level of CB2 receptors, in the DH, as compared to non-alcohol-treated control rats. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that loss of expression/function of CB1 receptors, but not CB2 receptors in the DH, is correlated with the enhancement of ischemia-induced glutamate release after prolonged alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoda Wu
- Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xinli Ding
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cunfeng Song
- Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
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Arrick DM, Yang S, Li C, Cananzi S, Mayhan WG. Vigorous exercise training improves reactivity of cerebral arterioles and reduces brain injury following transient focal ischemia. Microcirculation 2015; 21:516-23. [PMID: 24617555 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine whether vigorous exercise training (VExT) could influence nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent vasodilation and transient focal ischemia-induced brain injury. Rats were divided into sedentary (SED) or VExT groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exercise was carried out 5 days/week for a period of 8-10 weeks. First, we measured responses of pial arterioles to an eNOS-dependent (ADP), an nNOS-dependent (NMDA) and a NOS-independent (nitroglycerin) agonist in SED and VExT rats. Second, we measured infarct volume in SED and VExT rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Third, we measured superoxide levels in brain tissue of SED and VExT rats under basal and stimulated conditions. RESULTS We found that eNOS- and nNOS-dependent, but not NOS-independent vasodilation, was increased in VExT compared to SED rats, and this could be inhibited with L-NMMA in both groups. In addition, we found that VExT reduced infarct volume following MCAO when compared to SED rats. Further, superoxide levels were similar in brain tissue from SED and VExT rats under basal and stimulated conditions. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that VExT potentiates NOS-dependent vascular reactivity and reduces infarct volume following MCAO via a mechanism that appears to be independent of oxidative stress, but presumably related to an increase in the contribution of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Arrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and the Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Manickam DS, Brynskikh AM, Kopanic JL, Sorgen PL, Klyachko NL, Batrakova EV, Bronich TK, Kabanov AV. Well-defined cross-linked antioxidant nanozymes for treatment of ischemic brain injury. J Control Release 2012; 162:636-45. [PMID: 22902590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of well-defined nanomedicines is critical for their successful clinical translation. A simple synthesis and purification procedure is established for chemically cross-linked polyion complexes of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or catalase with a cationic block copolymer, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine hydrochloride) (PEG-pLL₅₀). Such complexes, termed cross-linked nanozymes (cl-nanozymes) retain catalytic activity and have narrow size distribution. Moreover, their cytotoxicity is decreased compared to non-cross-linked complexes due to suppression of release of the free block copolymer. SOD1 cl-nanozymes exhibit prolonged ability to scavenge experimentally induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured brain microvessel endothelial cells and central neurons. In vivo they decrease ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue injury and improve sensorimotor functions in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection. Altogether, well-defined cl-nanozymes are promising modalities for attenuation of oxidative stress after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika S Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center-UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Arrick DM, Sun H, Mayhan WG. Influence of exercise training on ischemic brain injury in type 1 diabetic rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1121-7. [PMID: 22858624 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00437.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While exercise training (ExT) appears to influence cerebrovascular function during type 1 diabetes (T1D), it is not clear whether this beneficial effect extends to protecting the brain from ischemia-induced brain injury. Thus our goal was to examine whether modest ExT could influence transient focal ischemia-induced brain injury along with nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent dilation of cerebral (pial) arterioles during T1D. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: nondiabetic sedentary, nondiabetic ExT, diabetic (streptozotocin; 50 mg/kg ip) sedentary, and diabetic ExT. In the first series of studies, we measured infarct volume in all groups of rats following right MCA occlusion for 2 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. In a second series of studies, a craniotomy was performed over the parietal cortex, and we measured responses of pial arterioles to an endothelial NOS (eNOS)-dependent, a neuronal NOS (nNOS)-dependent, and a NOS-independent agonist in all groups of rats. We found that sedentary diabetic rats had significantly larger total, cortical, and subcortical infarct volumes following ischemia-reperfusion than sedentary nondiabetic, nondiabetic ExT, and diabetic ExT rats. Infarct volumes were similar in sedentary nondiabetic, ExT nondiabetic, and ExT diabetic rats. In contrast, ExT did not alter infarct size in nondiabetic compared with sedentary nondiabetic rats. In addition, ExT diabetic rats had impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent, but not NOS-independent, vasodilation that was restored by ExT. Thus ExT of T1D rats lessened ischemic brain injury following middle cerebral artery occlusion and restored impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent vascular function. Since the incidence of ischemic stroke is increased during T1D, we suggest that our finding are significant in that modest ExT may be a viable preventative therapeutic approach to lessen ischemia-induced brain injury that may occur in T1D subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Arrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and the Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Vink R, Byard RW. Alcohol Intoxication May Exacerbate the Effects of Blunt Cranial Trauma Through Changes in Brain Free Magnesium Levels. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:979-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee DW, Kim SY, Lee T, Nam YK, Ju A, Woo DC, You SJ, Han JS, Lee SH, Choi CB, Kim SS, Shin HC, Kim HY, Kim DJ, Rhim HS, Choe BY. Ex vivo detection for chronic ethanol consumption-induced neurochemical changes in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1429:134-44. [PMID: 22079322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the chronic ethanol-induced cerebral metabolic changes in various regions of the rat brain, using the proton high resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy technique. The rats were divided into two groups (control group: N=11, ethanol-treated group: N=11) and fed with the liquid diets for 10 weeks. In each week, the mean intake volumes of liquid diet were measured. The brain tissues, including cerebellum (Cere), frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (Hip), occipital cortex (OC) and thalamus (Thal), were harvested immediately after the end of experiments. The ex vivo proton spectra for the five brain regions were acquired with the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence at 500-MHz NMR spectrometer. All of the spectra were processed using the LCModel software, with simulated basis-set file, and the metabolite levels were referenced to total creatine. In the ethanol liquid diet group, there were significant increases in the metabolites ratio levels, as compared to control (Cere: alanine, glutathione, and N-acetlyaspartate; FC: phosphocholine and taurine; Hip: alanine, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate; OC: glutamine; Thal: alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, taurine, and free choline). However, in the ethanol liquid diet group, the myo-inositol levels of the OC were significantly lower. The present study demonstrates how chronic ethanol consumption affects cerebral metabolites in the chronic ethanol-treated rat. Therefore, this result could be useful to pursue clinical applications for quantitative diagnosis in human alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Chung JY, Yi JW, Kim SM, Lim YJ, Chung JH, Jo DJ. Changes in gene expression in the rat hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011; 50:173-8. [PMID: 22102944 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2011.50.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rat middle cerebral artery thread-occlusion model has been widely used to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke and to develop therapeutic treatment. This study was conducted to analyze energy metabolism, apoptotic signal pathways, and genetic changes in the hippocampus of the ischemic rat brain. METHODS Focal transient cerebral ischemia was induced by obstructing the middle cerebral artery for two hours. After 24 hours, the induction of ischemia was confirmed by the measurement of infarct size using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. A cDNA microarray assay was performed after isolating the hippocampus, and was used to examine changes in genetic expression patterns. RESULTS According to the cDNA microarray analysis, a total of 1,882 and 2,237 genes showed more than a 2-fold increase and more than a 2-fold decrease, respectively. When the genes were classified according to signal pathways, genes related with oxidative phosphorylation were found most frequently. There are several apoptotic genes that are known to be expressed during ischemic brain damage, including Akt2 and Tnfrsf1a. In this study, the expression of these genes was observed to increase by more than 2-fold. As energy metabolism related genes grew, ischemic brain damage was affected, and the expression of important genes related to apoptosis was increased/decreased. CONCLUSION Our analysis revealed a significant change in the expression of energy metabolism related genes (Atp6v0d1, Atp5g2, etc.) in the hippocampus of the ischemic rat brain. Based on this data, we feel these genes have the potential to be target genes used for the development of therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Yu H, Wang P, An P, Yixue X. Recombinant Human Angiopoietin-1 Ameliorates the Expressions of ZO-1, Occludin, VE-cadherin, and PKCα Signaling after Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:236-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee JS, Choi HS, Kang SW, Chung JH, Park HK, Ban JY, Kwon OY, Hong HP, Ko YG. Therapeutic effect of Korean red ginseng on inflammatory cytokines in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 39:83-94. [PMID: 21213400 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1100866x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify the therapeutic effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for two hours. They were fed KRG extract (100 mg/kg/day per orally) or saline after reperfusion. Tests for neurological deficits, using the modified neurologic severity score and the corner turn test, were performed before the ischemic event, and one, three, and seven days after tMCAO. Serum levels of cytokines were measured three and seven days after the operation, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The infarct volume was assessed after seven days by staining brain tissue with 2% 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Oral administration of KRG significantly reduced the infarct volumes and rapidly improved neurological deficits. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 were higher in tMCAO-operated rats than in the sham-operated rats. These changes were attenuated by daily KRG intake for seven days. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly increased in KRG-fed rats, as compared to sham-operated and saline-fed rats. Our results suggested that KRG provides neuroprotection for rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This neuroprotection may be due to raised IL-10 expression and a reduction in the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Zhao H, Mayhan WG, Arrick DM, Xiong W, Sun H. Dose-related influence of chronic alcohol consumption on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1265-9. [PMID: 21352248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the dose-related influence of alcohol consumption on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the potential mechanism that accounts for the disparate effects of high-dose and low-dose alcohol consumption on cerebral I/R injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a liquid diet with or without 1, 3, 5, or 6.4% (v/v) alcohol for 8 weeks and subjected to a 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We evaluated the brain injury at 24 hours of reperfusion. In addition, we measured protein expression of NMDA receptor and excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) in parietal cortex and the effect of NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, on 2-hour MCAO/24 h reperfusion-induced brain injury. RESULTS Compared with non-alcohol-fed rats, the total infarct volume was not altered in 3 and 5% alcohol-fed rats but significantly reduced in 1% alcohol-fed rats and exacerbated in 6.4% alcohol-fed rats. Expression of the NMDA receptor subunit, NR1, was upregulated in 6.4% alcohol-fed rats, whereas expression of EAAT2 was downregulated in 6.4% alcohol-fed rats and upregulated in 1% alcohol-fed rats. Memantine reduced 2-hour MCAO/24 h reperfusion-induced brain injury in non-alcohol-fed and 6.4% alcohol-fed rats, but not in 1% alcohol-fed rats. The magnitude of reduction in the brain injury was greater in 6.4% alcohol-fed rats compared to non-alcohol-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that chronic consumption of low-dose alcohol protects the brain against I/R injury, whereas chronic consumption of high-dose alcohol has detrimental effect on cerebral I/R injury. The disparate effects of low-dose and high-dose alcohol consumption on cerebral I/R may be related to an alteration in NMDA excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Zhao H, Mayhan WG, Arrick DM, Xiong W, Sun H. Alcohol-induced exacerbation of ischemic brain injury: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 34:1948-55. [PMID: 20659070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption increases ischemic stroke and exacerbates ischemic brain injury. We determined the role of NAD(P)H oxidase in exacerbated ischemic brain injury during chronic alcohol consumption. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were fed a liquid diet with or without alcohol (6.4% v/v) for 8 weeks. We measured the effect of apocynin on 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/24-hour reperfusion-induced brain injury. In addition, superoxide production and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit, gp91phox, in the peri-infarct area were assessed. RESULTS Chronic alcohol consumption produced a larger infarct volume, worse neurological score, and higher superoxide production. Acute (5 mg/kg, ip, 30 minutes before MCAO) and chronic treatment with apocynin (7.5 mg/kg/d in the diet, 4 weeks prior to MCAO) reduced infarct volume, improved neurological outcome, and attenuated superoxide production in alcohol-fed rats. Expression of gp91phox at basal conditions and following ischemia/reperfusion was greater in alcohol-fed rats compared to non-alcohol-fed rats. In addition, neurons are partially responsible for upregulated gp91phox during alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NAD(P)H oxidase may play an important role in exacerbated ischemic brain injury during chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5850, USA
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Choi HS, Ko YG, Lee JS, Kwon OY, Kim SK, Cheong C, Jang KH, Kang SA. Neuroprotective effects of consuming bovine colostrum after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:196-202. [PMID: 20607064 PMCID: PMC2895699 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the neuroprotective effects of bovine colostrums (BC), we evaluate the ability of consuming BC after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury rat model to reduce serum cytokine levels and infarct volume, and improve neurological outcome. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; one sham operation and three experimental groups. In the experimental groups, MCA occlusion (2 h) and subsequent reperfusion (O/R) were induced with regional cerebral blood flow monitoring. One hour after MCAO/R and once daily during the experiment, the experimental group received BC while the other groups received 0.9% saline or low fat milk (LFM) orally. Seven days later, serum pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) levels were assessed. Also, the infarct volume was assessed by using a computerized image analysis system. Behavioral function was also assessed using a modified neurologic severity score and corner turn test during the experiment. Rats receiving BC after focal brain I/R showed a significant reduction (-26%/-22%) in infarct volume compared to LFM/saline rats, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were decreased significantly in rats receiving BC compared to LFM/saline rats (P < 0.05). In behavioral tests, daily BC intake showed consistent and significant improvement of neurological deficits for 7 days after MCAO/R. BC ingestion after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury may prevent brain injury by reducing serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and brain infarct volume in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sung Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Korea
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Liu R, Qin P, Wang L, Zhao X, Liu Y, Hao X. Toxic effects of ethanol on bovine serum albumin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:66-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhao H, Mayhan WG, Sun H. A modified suture technique produces consistent cerebral infarction in rats. Brain Res 2008; 1246:158-66. [PMID: 18840416 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is used extensively in cerebral ischemia research. We tested a modified nylon suture in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) under two anesthesia regimens. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups (Group 1, Poly-L-lysine-coated suture under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia; Group 2, modified suture under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia; Group 3, Poly-L-lysine-coated suture under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia with mechanical ventilation; Group 4, modified suture under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia with mechanical ventilation; Group 5, Poly-L-lysine-coated suture under isoflurane anesthesia; Group 6, modified suture under isoflurane anesthesia) and subjected to 2-hour MCAO. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was monitored by Laser-Doppler flowmetry. Neurological evaluation and ischemic lesion (TTC stain) were assessed at 24 hours of reperfusion. The total ischemic lesion (sum of areas with lacking and intermediate TTC staining) was similar among all six groups. Compared with a Poly-L-lysine-coated suture technique, the modified suture technique produced a lower rCBF, larger infarct size, smaller variance of infarct size, and greater neurological deficit. In addition, isoflurane significantly reduced infarct size. We conclude that the use of this modified suture technique with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia and mechanical ventilation produces a more consistent change in cerebral ischemic damage following MCAO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
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