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Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Cimmino F, Penna E, Cavaliere G, Tudisco R, Musco N, Manca C, Catapano A, Monda M, Bergamo P, Banni S, Infascelli F, Lombardi P, Crispino M. Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041111. [PMID: 33800688 PMCID: PMC8066999 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaella Tudisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Claudia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Angela Catapano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-2529-9506
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Federico Infascelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
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Samson F, Patrick AT, Fabunmi TE, Yahaya MF, Madu J, He W, Sripathi SR, Tyndall J, Raji H, Jee D, Gutsaeva DR, Jahng WJ. Oleic Acid, Cholesterol, and Linoleic Acid as Angiogenesis Initiators. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20575-20585. [PMID: 32832811 PMCID: PMC7439708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study determined the natural angiogenic molecules using an unbiased metabolomics approach. A chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was used to examine pro- and antiangiogenic molecules, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Vessel formation was analyzed quantitatively using the angiogenic index (p < 0.05). At embryonic day one, a white streak or circle area was observed when vessel formation begins. GCMS analysis and database search demonstrated that angiogenesis may initiate when oleic, cholesterol, and linoleic acids increased in the area of angiogenic reactions. The gain of function study was conducted by the injection of cholesterol and oleic acid into a chick embryo to determine the role of each lipid in angiogenesis. We propose that oleic acid, cholesterol, and linoleic acid are natural molecules that set the platform for the initiation stage of angiogenesis before other proteins including the vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, angiotensin, and erythropoietin join as the angiome in sprout extension and vessel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambrose Teru Patrick
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Tosin Esther Fabunmi
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | | | - Joshua Madu
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Weilue He
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Srinivas R. Sripathi
- Department
of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jennifer Tyndall
- Department
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American
University of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Hayatu Raji
- Department
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American
University of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Donghyun Jee
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, St. Vincent’s Hospital,
College of Medicine, The Catholic University
of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea
| | - Diana R. Gutsaeva
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Wan Jin Jahng
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
- . Phone: +234-805-550-1032
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Its Beneficial Effects in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071913. [PMID: 32605287 PMCID: PMC7401241 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Queiroz MP, Lima MDS, Barbosa MQ, de Melo MFFT, Bertozzo CCDMS, de Oliveira MEG, Bessa RJB, Alves SPA, Souza MIA, Queiroga RDCRDE, Soares JKB. Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Memory and Reflex Maturation in Rats Treated During Early Life. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:370. [PMID: 31068778 PMCID: PMC6491851 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the critical period of neurodevelopment (gestation and lactation), maternal consumption of essential fatty acids (FAs) can alter the offspring cognitive function permanently causing damage. Lipids can regulate neurotrophin and compose brain tissue. However, the effects of maternal consumption of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on an offspring nervous system are not completely clear. We aimed to investigate the impacts of different CLA concentrations mixed into the maternal diet during early life on neonatal reflex maturation and cognitive functions of the offspring. Three groups were formed: control (CG): receiving a standard diet; CLA1: receiving a diet containing 1% of CLA, and CLA3: receiving a diet containing 3% of CLA, offered during gestation and lactation. After birth, the reflex responses of the offspring were observed from the 1st to the 21st day. After weaning, the animals' anxiety and memory were assessed using open field (OF) and novel object recognition tests. Fatty acids in the breast milk and the offspring's brain were also quantified. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. CLA1 presented accelerated palmar grasp disappearance versus CLA3 and negative-geotaxis versus CG; and the CLA3 presented increases for most reflexes (cliff-avoidance, vibrissa-placing, negative-geotaxis, and auditory-startle response), and decrease in reflexes palmar grasp and free-fall righting versus CG (p < 0.05). CLA3 group explored less of the OF in the second exposure. CLA1 and CLA3 presented an increased exploration ratio for new objects, which indicates memory improvement. The milk tested from CLA3 demonstrated an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids. The amount of CLA in milk was greater in CLA1 and CLA3 and in the brain offspring both presented moderated amounts of CLA. Maternal treatment with the CLA mixture induced anticipated reflex maturation and improved memory in the offspring. Even though CLA was detected in the brains in only trace amounts, offspring's brain PUFA and SFA levels were increased. Further studies aimed to delineate the effect of maternal CLA supplementation on offspring's brain lipid metabolism and long-term neurologic outcome are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelly Pires Queiroz
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Martiniano da Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Mayara Queiroga Barbosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Elieidy Gomes de Oliveira
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Rui José Branquinho Bessa
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Paula Almeida Alves
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza
- Program in Animal Science, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
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Queiroz MP, Lima MDS, de Melo MFFT, Bertozzo CCDMS, de Araújo DF, Guerra GCB, Queiroga RDCRDE, Soares JKB. Maternal suppplementation with conjugated linoleic acid reduce anxiety and lipid peroxidation in the offspring brain. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:75-82. [PMID: 30236761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal consumption of fatty acids can alter neuronal membrane function, synaptic connections, and protect the brain from alterations caused by disturbances such as lipid peroxidation and anxiety in the offspring. We aimed to investigate how the maternal consumption of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) interferes in anxiety behavior of the offspring and cerebral lipid peroxidation. METHODS Three groups were formed: control (CG) - diet without CLA; CLA1 - diet containing 1% of CLA; and CLA3 - diet containing 3% of CLA. These diets were offered to the mothers from the 7th day of gestation until the end of lactation. The following behavioral tests were used: Elevated plus maze (EPM), Open Field (OF) and Light-dark Box (LDB). Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione were measured in the offspring's brains. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak post-test or the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). RESULTS CLA1 and CLA3 showed higher number of entries in the open arms and time spent in the central area in EPM, they translocated and ambulated more in the clear area of the LDB and presented more rearing in the OF compared to CG (p < 0.05); moreover, they presented higher concentration of glutathione and lower MDA in brain tissue (p < 0.05). LIMITATIONS We evaluated the effect of maternal consumption of CLA on anxiety and lipid peroxidation in rats' offspring, but a similar study should be performed in humans. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of CLA induced a decrease in the parameters of anxiety and cerebral lipid peroxidation in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelly Pires Queiroz
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, s/n - Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB 58051-085, Brazil.
| | - Martiniano da Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, CG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, s/n - Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB 58051-085, Brazil; Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, s/n - Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB 58051-085, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, CG, Brazil
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Silva-Ramirez AS, Castillo CG, Navarro-Tovar G, Gonzalez-Sanchez HM, Rocha-Uribe A, Gonzalez-Chavez MM, Santamaria A, Rangel-Lopez E, Gonzalez C. Bioactive Isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibit the Survival of Malignant Glioblastoma Cells But Not Primary Astrocytes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Silva-Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, Col. Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Claudia G. Castillo
- Coordinacion para la Innovacion y Aplicacion de la Ciencia y la Tecnologia (CIACyT); Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, Col. Lomas 2a Seccion, 78210 San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Gabriela Navarro-Tovar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, Col. Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT); San Luis Potosi Mexico
| | - Hilda M. Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Coordinacion para la Innovacion y Aplicacion de la Ciencia y la Tecnologia (CIACyT); Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, Col. Lomas 2a Seccion, 78210 San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rocha-Uribe
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, Col. Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Marco M. Gonzalez-Chavez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, Col. Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoacidos Excitadores; Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suarez; SSA, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Aminoacidos Excitadores; Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suarez; SSA, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Carmen Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, Col. Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Mexico
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Wiley NC, Dinan TG, Ross RP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Cryan JF. The microbiota-gut-brain axis as a key regulator of neural function and the stress response: Implications for human and animal health. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3225-3246. [PMID: 28727115 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut-microbiota axis comprises an extensive communication network between the brain, the gut, and the microbiota residing there. Development of a diverse gut microbiota is vital for multiple features of behavior and physiology, as well as many fundamental aspects of brain structure and function. Appropriate early-life assembly of the gut microbiota is also believed to play a role in subsequent emotional and cognitive development. If the composition, diversity, or assembly of the gut microbiota is impaired, this impairment can have a negative impact on host health and lead to disorders such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and even potentially neuropsychiatric illnesses, including anxiety and depression. Therefore, much research effort in recent years has focused on understanding the potential of targeting the intestinal microbiota to prevent and treat such disorders. This review aims to explore the influence of the gut microbiota on host neural function and behavior, particularly those of relevance to stress-related disorders. The involvement of microbiota in diverse neural functions such as myelination, microglia function, neuronal morphology, and blood-brain barrier integrity across the life span, from early life to adolescence to old age, will also be discussed. Nurturing an optimal gut microbiome may also prove beneficial in animal science as a means to manage stressful situations and to increase productivity of farm animals. The implications of these observations are manifold, and researchers are hopeful that this promising body of preclinical work can be successfully translated to the clinic and beyond.
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Geddes RI, Hayashi K, Bongers Q, Wehber M, Anderson IM, Jansen AD, Nier C, Fares E, Farquhar G, Kapoor A, Ziegler TE, VadakkadathMeethal S, Bird IM, Atwood CS. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Administration Induces Amnesia in Male Sprague Dawley Rats and Exacerbates Recovery from Functional Deficits Induced by a Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169494. [PMID: 28125600 PMCID: PMC5268708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids like conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are required for normal neural development and cognitive function and have been ascribed various beneficial functions. Recently, oral CLA also has been shown to increase testosterone (T) biosynthesis, which is known to diminish traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neuropathology and reduce deficits induced by stroke in adult rats. To test the impact of CLA on cognitive recovery following a TBI, 5-6 month old male Sprague Dawley rats received a focal injury (craniectomy + controlled cortical impact (CCI; n = 17)) or Sham injury (craniectomy alone; n = 12) and were injected with 25 mg/kg body weight of Clarinol® G-80 (80% CLA in safflower oil; n = 16) or saline (n = 13) every 48 h for 4 weeks. Sham surgery decreased baseline plasma progesterone (P4) by 64.2% (from 9.5 ± 3.4 ng/mL to 3.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL; p = 0.068), T by 74.6% (from 5.9 ± 1.2 ng/mL to 1.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL; p < 0.05), 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC) by 37.5% (from 289.3 ± 42.0 ng/mL to 180.7 ± 3.3 ng/mL), and corticosterone by 50.8% (from 195.1 ± 22.4 ng/mL to 95.9 ± 2.2 ng/mL), by post-surgery day 1. CCI injury induced similar declines in P4, T, 11-DOC and corticosterone (58.9%, 74.6%, 39.4% and 24.6%, respectively) by post-surgery day 1. These results suggest that both Sham surgery and CCI injury induce hypogonadism and hypoadrenalism in adult male rats. CLA treatment did not reverse hypogonadism in Sham (P4: 2.5 ± 1.0 ng/mL; T: 0.9 ± 0.2 ng/mL) or CCI-injured (P4: 2.2 ± 0.9 ng/mL; T: 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL, p > 0.05) animals by post-injury day 29, but rapidly reversed by post-injury day 1 the hypoadrenalism in Sham (11-DOC: 372.6 ± 36.6 ng/mL; corticosterone: 202.6 ± 15.6 ng/mL) and CCI-injured (11-DOC: 384.2 ± 101.3 ng/mL; corticosterone: 234.6 ± 43.8 ng/mL) animals. In Sham surgery animals, CLA did not alter body weight, but did markedly increase latency to find the hidden Morris Water Maze platform (40.3 ± 13.0 s) compared to saline treated Sham animals (8.8 ± 1.7 s). In CCI injured animals, CLA did not alter CCI-induced body weight loss, CCI-induced cystic infarct size, or deficits in rotarod performance. However, like Sham animals, CLA injections exacerbated the latency of CCI-injured rats to find the hidden MWM platform (66.8 ± 10.6 s) compared to CCI-injured rats treated with saline (30.7 ± 5.5 s, p < 0.05). These results indicate that chronic treatment of CLA at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight in adult male rats over 1-month 1) does not reverse craniectomy- and craniectomy + CCI-induced hypogonadism, but does reverse craniectomy- and craniectomy + CCI-induced hypoadrenalism, 2) is detrimental to medium- and long-term spatial learning and memory in craniectomized uninjured rats, 3) limits cognitive recovery following a moderate-severe CCI injury, and 4) does not alter body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastafa I. Geddes
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Quinn Bongers
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marlyse Wehber
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Icelle M. Anderson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex D. Jansen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chase Nier
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Fares
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Farquhar
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core Laboratory, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Toni E. Ziegler
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core Laboratory, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sivan VadakkadathMeethal
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Bird
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Craig S. Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Wall R, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Dinan TG, Stanton C. Bacterial neuroactive compounds produced by psychobiotics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:221-39. [PMID: 24997036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently coined the phrase 'psychobiotics' to describe an emerging class of probiotics of relevance to psychiatry [Dinan et al., Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(10):720-726]. Such "mind-altering" probiotics may act via their ability to produce various biologically active compounds, such as peptides and mediators normally associated with mammalian neurotransmission. Several molecules with neuroactive functions such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, catecholamines and acetylcholine have been reported to be microbially-derived, many of which have been isolated from bacteria within the human gut. Secreted neurotransmitters from bacteria in the intestinal lumen may induce epithelial cells to release molecules that in turn modulate neural signalling within the enteric nervous system and consequently signal brain function and behaviour of the host. Consequently, neurochemical containing/producing probiotic bacteria may be viewed as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds and as such, probiotic bacteria may possibly have the potential as a therapeutic strategy in the prevention and/or treatment of certain neurological and neurophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wall
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
Capillary growth and expansion (angiogenesis) is a prerequisite for many forms of neural and behavioral plasticity. It is commonly observed in both brain and muscle of aerobically exercising animals. As such, several histological methods have been used to quantify capillary density, including perfusion with India ink, various Nissl stains, and immunohistochemistry. In this chapter, we will describe these histological procedures and describe the stereological analysis used to quantify vessel growth in response to aerobic exercise.
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Soares JKB, Queiroga RDCRDE, Bomfim MAD, Pessoa DCNDP, Barbosa EDA, Souza DL, Cabral-Filho JE, Medeiros MDC. Acceleration of reflex maturation and physical development in suckling rats: effects of a maternal diet containing lipids from goat milk. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:1-6. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Basak S, Duttaroy AK. cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid stimulates expression of angiopoietin like-4 in the placental extravillous trophoblast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:834-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Swain RA, Berggren KL, Kerr AL, Patel A, Peplinski C, Sikorski AM. On aerobic exercise and behavioral and neural plasticity. Brain Sci 2012; 2:709-44. [PMID: 24961267 PMCID: PMC4061809 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise promotes rapid and profound alterations in the brain. Depending upon the pattern and duration of exercise, these changes in the brain may extend beyond traditional motor areas to regions and structures normally linked to learning, cognition, and emotion. Exercise-induced alterations may include changes in blood flow, hormone and growth factor release, receptor expression, angiogenesis, apoptosis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Together, we believe that these changes underlie elevations of mood and prompt the heightened behavioral plasticity commonly observed following adoption of a chronic exercise regimen. In the following paper, we will explore both the psychological and psychobiological literatures relating to exercise effects on brain in both human and non-human animals and will attempt to link plastic changes in these neural structures to modifications in learned behavior and emotional expression. In addition, we will explore the therapeutic potential of exercise given recent reports that aerobic exercise may serve as a neuroprotectant and can also slow cognitive decline during normal and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Swain
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Kiersten L Berggren
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Abigail L Kerr
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702, USA.
| | - Ami Patel
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Caitlin Peplinski
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Angela M Sikorski
- Department of Psychology, Texas A & M University-Texarkana, Texarkana, TX 75503, USA.
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14
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Soares JK, Rocha-de-Melo AP, Medeiros MC, Queiroga RC, Bomfim MA, de Souza AF, Nascimento AL, Guedes RC. Conjugated linoleic acid in the maternal diet differentially enhances growth and cortical spreading depression in the rat progeny. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1490-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Cappa M, Bizzarri C, Petroni A, Carta G, Cordeddu L, Valeriani M, Vollono C, De Pasquale L, Blasevich M, Banni S. A mixture of oleic, erucic and conjugated linoleic acids modulates cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers and improve somatosensorial evoked potential in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy female carriers. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:899-907. [PMID: 22189598 PMCID: PMC3432215 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a rare inherited demyelinating disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, mainly hexacosanoic acid (26:0), due to a mutation of the gene encoding for a peroxisomal membrane protein. The only available, and partially effective, therapeutic treatment consists of dietary intake of a 4:1 mixture of triolein and trierucin, called Lorenzo's oil (LO), targeted to inhibit the elongation of docosanoic acid (22:0) to 26:0. In this study we tested whether, besides inhibiting elongation, an enhancement of peroxisomal beta oxidation induced by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), will improve somatosensory evoked potentials and modify inflammatory markers in adrenoleukodystrophy females carriers. We enrolled five heterozygous women. They received a mixture of LO (40 g/day) with CLA (5 g/day) for 2 months. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by the means of plasma levels of 26:0, 26:0/22:0 ratio, modification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers and somatosensory evoked potentials. Changes of fatty acid profile, and in particular CLA incorporation, were also evaluated in CSF and plasma. The results showed that CLA promptly passes the blood brain barrier and the mixture was able to lower both 26:0 and 26:0/22:0 ratio in plasma. The mixture improved somatosensory evoked potentials, which were previously found unchanged or worsened with dietary LO alone, and reduced IL-6 levels in CSF in three out of five patients. Our data suggest that the synergic activity of CLA and LO, by enhancing peroxisomal beta-oxidation and preventing 26:0 formation, improves the somatosensory evoked potentials and reduces neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cappa
- Unità Operativa di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Bizzarri
- Unità Operativa di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Petroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Lina Cordeddu
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
| | | | - Catello Vollono
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Milena Blasevich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
- Nutrisearch srl, Pula, Cagliari Italy
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16
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Archer T, Svensson K, Alricsson M. Physical exercise ameliorates deficits induced by traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 125:293-302. [PMID: 22233115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extent and depth of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major determining factor together with the type of structural insult and its location, whether mild, moderate or severe, as well as the distribution and magnitude of inflammation and loss of cerebrovascular integrity, and the eventual efficacy of intervention. The influence of exercise intervention in TBI is multiple, ranging from anti-apoptotic effects to the augmentation of neuroplasticity. Physical exercise diminishes cerebral inflammation by elevating factors and agents involved in immunomodulatory function, and buttresses glial cell, cerebrovascular, and blood-brain barrier intactness. It provides unique non-pharmacologic intervention that incorporate different physical activity regimes, whether dynamic or static, endurance or resistance. Physical training regimes ought necessarily to be adapted to the specific demands of diagnosis, type and degree of injury and prognosis for individuals who have suffered TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Svensson
- School of Education; Psychology and Sport Science; Linnaeus University; Kalmar; Sweden
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17
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Okui T, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Shido O. Cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid promotes neuronal differentiation through regulation of Hes6 mRNA and cell cycle in cultured neural stem cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:163-9. [PMID: 21723718 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid (LA). Cis-9,trans-11-CLA (CLA), the main isomer of CLAs in foods derived from ruminants, has several beneficial effects for humans and animals; however, its effects on the central nervous system are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of LA and CLA on neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs cultured with or without LA and CLA were assessed by immunofluorescence staining, mRNA measurement of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors by real-time PCR, BrdU incorporation analysis and flow cytometry analysis. In NSCs treated with CLA, the number of Tuj-1-positive cells (neurons) and the mRNA expression levels of Hes6, MAP2, p21(cip1) and p27(kip1) increased, while the proportion of S-phase cells decreased; compared with the control, no change was demonstrated in NSCs treated with LA. These results suggest that CLA promotes neuronal differentiation by increasing, in part, the expression of Hes6 mRNA and by activating p21(cip1) and p27(kip1) to arrest cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Okui
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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18
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on cleavage of amyloid precursor protein via PPARγ. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:1095-101. [PMID: 21800078 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) plays important roles in physiological conditions. The aim of present study was to explore the effects of CLA on the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the potential mechanism involved. The effects of CLA on intracellular APP, BACE1 (β-site APP Cleaving Enzyme1, BACE1), a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM10) and extracellular sAPPα (soluble) were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA in SH-SY5Y cells. Our study indicated that CLA significantly decreased the expression of BACE1 and increased the extracellular secretion of sAPPα, but not affected the levels of APP and ADAM10. The study also revealed that the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ) played an important role in the CLA-induced intracellular BACE1 decrease, as well as the extracellular sAPPα increase through knockdown of PPARγ transcription using siRNA. We hypothesize that CLA acts as an agonist or ligand, which binds with PPARγ and leads to the increase in APP cleavage via α-secretase-mediated pathway and the decrease in the deposition of Aβ.
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19
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Kerr A, Steuer E, Pochtarev V, Swain R. Angiogenesis but not neurogenesis is critical for normal learning and memory acquisition. Neuroscience 2010; 171:214-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Ke XY, Zhao BJ, Zhao X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Chen XM, Zhao BX, Zhao SS, Zhang X, Zhang Q. The therapeutic efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid - paclitaxel on glioma in the rat. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5855-64. [PMID: 20430438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic in brain tumor, synergistic anti-tumor activity with taxane as well as potential activity for transporting chemotherapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the purpose of this study was to synthesize CLA-paclitaxel (CLA-PTX) conjugate which could reach to the brain tissue and target brain tumor. The CLA was covalently linked to PTX. The conjugate was stable in PBS and rat plasma in vitro and had no microtubule assembly activity in solution and slight effect of arresting cell cycle progression at the G(2)-M phase. The in vitro cytotoxicity of conjugate was lower than that of PTX (p < 0.05). The conjugate showed higher cellular uptake efficiency on C6 glioma cells. The entire pharmacokinetic index revealed the significant enhancement of the conjugate pharmacokinetics compared with that in PTX (p < 0.01). The conjugate, unlike PTX, could distribute in brain tissue and retained higher concentrations throughout 360 h. The anti-tumor efficacy in brain tumor-bearing rats after administering conjugate was significantly higher than that after giving Taxol (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this CLA-PTX conjugate showed great potential to become a new prodrug of PTX and the methodology can be applied to other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yu Ke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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21
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Hunt WT, Kamboj A, Anderson HD, Anderson CM. Protection of cortical neurons from excitotoxicity by conjugated linoleic acid. J Neurochem 2010; 115:123-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Nakamura YK, Omaye ST. Lipophilic compound-mediated gene expression and implication for intervention in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related diseases: mini-review. Nutrients 2010; 2:725-36. [PMID: 22254050 PMCID: PMC3257678 DOI: 10.3390/nu2070725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to exhibiting antioxidant properties, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E may modulate gene expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Depending on cellular microenvironments, such modulation reflects either antioxidant or prooxidant outcomes. Although epidemiological/experimental studies have indicated that CLA and vitamin E have health promoting properties, recent findings from clinical trials have been inconclusive. Discrepancies between the results found from prospective studies and recent clinical trials might be attributed to concentration-dependent cellular microenvironment alterations. We give a perspective of possible molecular mechanisms of actions of these lipophilic compounds and their implications for interventions of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko K Nakamura
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0208, USA.
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23
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Eder K, Ringseis R. Metabolism and actions of conjugated linoleic acids on atherosclerosis-related events in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:17-36. [PMID: 19760681 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are biologically highly active lipid compounds that have attracted great scientific interest due to their ability to cause either inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque development or even regression of pre-established atherosclerotic plaques in mice, hamsters and rabbits. The underlying mechanisms of action, however, are only poorly understood. Since cell culture experiments are appropriate to gain insight into the mechanisms of action of a compound, the present review summarizes data from cell culture studies about the metabolism and the actions of CLAs on atherosclerosis-related events in endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which are important cells contributing to atherosclerotic lesion development. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that CLAs exert several beneficial actions including inhibition of inflammatory and vasoactive mediator release from ECs and SMCs, which may help explain the anti-atherogenic effect of CLAs observed in vivo. The observation that significant levels of CLA metabolites, which have been reported to have significant biological activities, are well detectable in ECs and SMCs indicates that the anti-atherogenic effects observed with CLAs are presumably mediated not only by CLAs themselves but also by their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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24
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Clark PJ, Brzezinska WJ, Puchalski EK, Krone DA, Rhodes JS. Functional analysis of neurovascular adaptations to exercise in the dentate gyrus of young adult mice associated with cognitive gain. Hippocampus 2009; 19:937-50. [PMID: 19132736 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that aerobic exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis and can enhance cognitive performance holds promise as a model for regenerative medicine. This study adds two new pieces of information to the rapidly growing field. First, we tested whether exercise increases vascular density in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, whole hippocampus, and striatum in C57BL/6J mice known to display procognitive effects of exercise. Second, we determined the extent to which new neurons from exercise participate in the acute neuronal response to high levels of running in B6D2F1/J (F1 hybrid of C57BL/6J female by DBA/2J male). Mice were housed with or without a running wheel for 50 days (runner vs. sedentary). The first 10 days, they received daily injections of BrdU to label dividing cells. The last 10 days, mice were tested for performance on the Morris water maze and rotarod and then euthanized to measure neurogenesis, c-Fos induction from running and vascular density. In C57BL/6J, exercise increased neurogenesis, density of blood vessels in the dentate gyrus and striatum (but not whole hippocampus), and enhanced performance on the water maze and rotarod. In B6D2F1/J, exercise also increased hippocampal neurogenesis but not vascular density in the granular layer. Improvement on the water maze from exercise was marginal, and no gain was seen for rotarod, possibly because of a ceiling effect. Running increased the number of c-Fos positive neurons in the granular layer by fivefold, and level of running was strongly correlated with c-Fos within 90 min before euthanasia. In runners, approximately 3.3% (+/-0.008 S.E.) of BrdU-positive neurons in the middle of the granule layer displayed c-Fos when compared with 0.8% (+/-0.001) of BrdU-negative neurons. Results suggest that procognitive effects of exercise are associated with increased vascular density in the dentate gyrus and striatum in C57BL/6J mice, and that new neurons from exercise preferentially function in the neuronal response to running in B6D2F1/J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Clark
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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