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Ahmed A, Zeng G, Azhar M, Wang F, Wang J, Fan B, Liu X, Jiang D, Wang Q. Combination of Shengmai San and Radix puerariae ameliorates depression-like symptoms in diabetic rats at the nexus of PI3K/BDNF/SYN protein expression. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:211-220. [PMID: 37317044 PMCID: PMC10272924 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia is a characteristic feature of diabetes that often results in neuropsychological complications such as depression. Diabetic individuals are more vulnerable to experience depression compared to the normal population. Thus, novel treatment approaches are required to reduce depressive symptoms among diabetic individuals. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) such as Shengmai San (SMS) and Radix puerariae (R) are usually widely used to treat ailments such as neurological complications since ancient time. METHODS In this study, SMS was combined with R to prepare an R-SMS formulation and screened for their antidepressant activity in diabetic rats. The antidepressant potential of the prepared combination was evaluated behaviorally using open field test, novelty-induced hypophagia, and forced swim test in diabetic rats with biochemical and protein expression (PI3K, BDNF [brain-derived neurotrophic factor], and SYN [presynaptic vesicle protein]) analysis. RESULTS Diabetic rats (streptozotocin, 45 mg/kg) showed elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) >12 mM with depressive symptoms throughout the study. Treatment with R-SMS (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 g/kg) significantly reverted depressive symptoms in diabetic rats as evinced by significantly (p < 0.05) reduced immobility time with an increased tendency to eat food in a novel environment. Treatment with R-SMS also significantly increased the protein expression of PI3K, BDNF, and SYN protein, which play a crucial role in depression. CONCLUSION This study showed that R-SMS formulation antagonized depressive symptoms in diabetic rats; thus, this formulation might be studied further to develop as an antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Ahmed
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of DrugsChangshaChina
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of KarachiKarachiPakistan
| | - Guirong Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of DrugsChangshaChina
- Institute of Drug Discovery TechnologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic, Material Basis and Mechanism of ActionCollege of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuiyangChina
| | - Mudassar Azhar
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of DrugsChangshaChina
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of KarachiKarachiPakistan
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingru Wang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic, Material Basis and Mechanism of ActionCollege of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuiyangChina
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of KarachiKarachiPakistan
- Institute of Drug Discovery TechnologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Dejiang Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of DrugsChangshaChina
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation CenterThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Ponticelli M, Bellone ML, Parisi V, Iannuzzi A, Braca A, de Tommasi N, Russo D, Sileo A, Quaranta P, Freer G, Pistello M, Milella L. Specialized metabolites from plants as a source of new multi-target antiviral drugs: a systematic review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023; 22:1-79. [PMID: 37359711 PMCID: PMC10008214 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have always been the main global health challenge, as several potentially lethal viruses, including the hepatitis virus, herpes virus, and influenza virus, have affected human health for decades. Unfortunately, most licensed antiviral drugs are characterized by many adverse reactions and, in the long-term therapy, also develop viral resistance; for these reasons, researchers have focused their attention on investigating potential antiviral molecules from plants. Natural resources indeed offer a variety of specialized therapeutic metabolites that have been demonstrated to inhibit viral entry into the host cells and replication through the regulation of viral absorption, cell receptor binding, and competition for the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Many active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, etc., have been identified as potential candidates for preventing and treating viral infections. Using a systematic approach, this review summarises the knowledge obtained to date on the in vivo antiviral activity of specialized metabolites extracted from plant matrices by focusing on their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annamaria Iannuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunziatina de Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Sileo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Freer
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell’ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Vyas DS. Advances in Nutrigenomics and Applications in Public Health: A Recent Update. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition research is achieving new paradigms through recent advances in the field of Nutrigenomics. The application of genomic principles for the identification of relationships between certain specific nutrients with genetic factors is termed “Nutrigenomics”. This knowledge is essential to understanding the risk factors behind diet-related chronic degenerative diseases, which further helps resolve the underlying mechanism of genetic predisposition. Advances in Sciences associated with the study of genes have assisted in developing a deep insight into genetic variants, and gene expression patterns to work out therapeutic responses toward chronic degenerative diseases associated with Public Health. To appraise recent advances in Nutrigenomics with its application in Public health several databases including Pub Med, Google Scholar, Medline etc were investigated in detail. A total of 72 relevant peer-reviewed journal articles were included in this review paper. Nutrigenomics has an important role in comprehending how homeostatic control is maintained and the way metabolic pathways are influenced by nutrient intake. The knowledge of Nutrigenomics helps in working out personalized nutrition strategies for both prevention and management of the diseased situation. The present review article aims to investigate and present a piece of in-depth information about the latest Advances in Nutrigenomics and its application in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Swati Vyas
- Department of Home Science, IIS deemed to be a University, Jaipur, and Rajasthan, India
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Elyasi L, Rosenholm JM, Jesmi F, Jahanshahi M. The Antioxidative Effects of Picein and Its Neuroprotective Potential: A Review of the Literature. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196189. [PMID: 36234724 PMCID: PMC9571929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are the main cause of dementia in the elderly, having no cure to date, as the currently available therapies focus on symptom remission. Most NDDs will progress despite treatment and eventually result in the death of the patient after several years of a burden on both the patient and the caregivers. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate agents that tackle the disease pathogenesis and can efficiently slow down or halt disease progression, with the hope of curing the patients and preventing further burden and mortality. Accordingly, recent research has focused on disease-modifying treatments with neuroregenerative or neuroprotective effects. For this purpose, it is necessary to understand the pathogenesis of NDDs. It has been shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the damage to the central nervous system and the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of unfolded proteins, including beta-amyloid (Aβ), tau proteins, and α-synuclein, have been suggested. Accordingly, cellular and molecular studies have investigated the efficacy of several natural compounds (herbs and nutritional agents) for their neuroprotective and antioxidative properties. The most popular herbs suggested for the treatment and/or prevention of NDDs include Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), ginseng, curcumin, resveratrol, Baccopa monnieri, and Ginkgo biloba. In some herbs, such as ginseng, preclinical and clinical evidence are available for supporting its effectiveness; however, in some others, only cellular and animal studies are available. In line with the scant literature in terms of the effectiveness of herbal compounds on NDDs, there are also other herbal agents that have been disregarded. Picein is one of the herbal agents that has been investigated in only a few studies. Picein is the active ingredient of several herbs and can be thus extracted from different types of herbs, which makes it more available. It has shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in cellular and plant studies; however, to date, only one study has suggested its neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, some cellular studies have shown no anti-inflammatory effect of picein. Therefore, a review of the available literature is required to summarize the results of studies on picein. To date, no review study seems to have addressed this issue. Thus, in the present study, we gather the available information about the antioxidative and potential neuroprotective properties of picein and its possible effectiveness in treating NDDs. We also summarize the plants from which picein can be extracted in order to guide researchers for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Elyasi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4917955315, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +98-17-32453515
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Jesmi
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1415944911, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4917955315, Iran
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Feng H, Xue M, Deng H, Cheng S, Hu Y, Zhou C. Ginsenoside and Its Therapeutic Potential for Cognitive Impairment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1310. [PMID: 36139149 PMCID: PMC9496100 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the major clinical features of many neurodegenerative diseases. It can be aging-related or even appear in non-central nerve system (CNS) diseases. CI has a wide spectrum that ranges from the cognitive complaint with normal screening tests to mild CI and, at its end, dementia. Ginsenosides, agents extracted from a key Chinese herbal medicine (ginseng), show great promise as a new therapeutic option for treating CI. This review covered both clinical trials and preclinical studies to summarize the possible mechanisms of how ginsenosides affect CI in different diseases. It shows that ginsenosides can modulate signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. The involved signaling pathways mainly include the PI3K/Akt, CREB/BDNF, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling, and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of CI for related diseases by ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Mei Xue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300073, China
| | - Shiqi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330008, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China
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A Panax quinquefolius-Based Preparation Prevents the Impact of 5-FU on Activity/Exploration Behaviors and Not on Cognitive Functions Mitigating Gut Microbiota and Inflammation in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184403. [PMID: 36139563 PMCID: PMC9496716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and fatigue worsen the quality of life (QoL) of cancer patients. Multicenter studies have shown that Panax quinquefolius and vitamin C, respectively, were effective in reducing the symptoms of fatigue in treated cancer patients. We developed a behavioral C57Bl/6j mouse model to study the impact of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy on activity/fatigue, emotional reactivity and cognitive functions. We used this model to evaluate the potentially beneficial role of a Panax quinquefolius-based solution containing vitamin C (Qiseng®) or vitamin C alone in these chemotherapy side effects. We established that Qiseng® prevents the reduction in activity/exploration and symptoms of fatigue induced by 5-FU and dampens chemotherapy-induced intestinal dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. We further showed that Qiseng® decreases macrophage infiltration in the intestinal compartment, thus preventing, at least in part, the systemic elevation of IL-6 and MCP-1 and further reducing the neuroinflammation likely responsible for the fatigue induced by chemotherapy, a major advance toward improving the QoL of patients. Abstract Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and fatigue constitute common complaints among cancer patient survivors. Panax quinquefolius has been shown to be effective against fatigue in treated cancer patients. We developed a behavioral C57Bl/6j mouse model to study the role of a Panax quinquefolius-based solution containing vitamin C (Qiseng®) or vitamin C alone in activity/fatigue, emotional reactivity and cognitive functions impacted by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy. 5-FU significantly reduces the locomotor/exploration activity potentially associated with fatigue, evokes spatial cognitive impairments and leads to a decreased neurogenesis within the hippocampus (Hp). Qiseng® fully prevents the impact of chemotherapy on activity/fatigue and on neurogenesis, specifically in the ventral Hp. We observed that the chemotherapy treatment induces intestinal damage and inflammation associated with increased levels of Lactobacilli in mouse gut microbiota and increased expression of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-6 and MCP-1. We demonstrated that Qiseng® prevents the 5-FU-induced increase in Lactobacilli levels and further compensates the 5-FU-induced cytokine release. Concomitantly, in the brains of 5-FU-treated mice, Qiseng® partially attenuates the IL-6 receptor gp130 expression associated with a decreased proliferation of neural stem cells in the Hp. In conclusion, Qiseng® prevents the symptoms of fatigue, reduced chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and altered neurogenesis, while regulating the mouse gut microbiota composition, thus protecting against intestinal and systemic inflammation.
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Qi L, Gao R, Chen Z, Lin D, Liu Z, Wang L, Lin L, Liu X, Liu X, Liu L. Liraglutide reduces oxidative stress and improves energy metabolism in methylglyoxal-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Neurotoxicology 2022; 92:166-179. [PMID: 35985417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus can result in severe complications, such as neurodegenerative diseases including cognitive impairment and dementia. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, liraglutide, is a novel antidiabetic drug with neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we explored the protective effect of liraglutide on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to methylglyoxal (MG), a byproduct of glucose metabolism that plays a key role in the development of diabetic encephalopathy. We found that liraglutide reduced the MG-induced oxidative stress, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and expression levels of P22phox, Gp91phox, and Xdh genes, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Metabolomics analysis based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance showed that liraglutide induced alterations in metabolites involved in energy metabolism,including promotion of gluconeogenesis. Moreover, we found that liraglutide promoted oxidative phosphorylation and inhibited glycolysis in SH-SY5Y cells. This study revealed that liraglutide improved diabetes-related neuropathy damage by reducing the level of oxidative stress and maintaining the balance of energy metabolism, thus offering new insights into the potential mechanism of liraglutide in neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruonan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Li J, Liu K, Wang S, SU Q, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Integrated lipidomics and network pharmacology analysis of the protective effects and mechanism of Yuanzhi San on rats with cognitive impairment. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 58:116651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway by ginsenosides in neurodegenerative diseases: A mechanistic approach. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim M, Mok H, Yeo WS, Ahn JH, Choi YK. Role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit of neuroinflammatory diseases focused on the blood-brain barrier. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:599-609. [PMID: 34803430 PMCID: PMC8587512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has long been considered as an herbal medicine. Recent data suggest that ginseng has anti-inflammatory properties and can improve learning- and memory-related function in the central nervous system (CNS) following the development of CNS neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, and other neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit, which is composed of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neural stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, especially their blood-brain barrier maintenance, anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative functions. In addition, cell-cell communication enhanced by ginseng may be attributed to regeneration via induction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in CNS diseases. Thus, ginseng may have therapeutic potential to exert cognitive improvement in neuroinflammatory diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Mok
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwan KKL, Yun H, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:473-481. [PMID: 34295207 PMCID: PMC8282498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the significant reasons for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginsenosides, natural molecules extracted from Panax ginseng, have been demonstrated to exert essential neuroprotective functions, which can ascribe to its anti-oxidative effect, enhancing central metabolism and improving mitochondrial function. However, a comprehensive analysis of cellular mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginsenoside treatment under Aβ-oxidative stress is missing. METHODS The antioxidant activities of ginsenoside Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg1 were compared by measuring the cell survival and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Next, the protective effects of ginsenosides of mitochondrial bioenergetics were examined by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PC12 cells under Aβ-oxidative stress with an extracellular flux analyzer. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial dynamics were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1 possessed the strongest anti-oxidative property, and which therefore provided the best protective function to PC12 cells under the Aβ oxidative stress by increasing ATP production to 3 folds, spare capacity to 2 folds, maximal respiration to 2 folds and non-mitochondrial respiration to 1.5 folds, as compared to Aβ cell model. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 enhanced MMP and mitochondrial interconnectivity, and simultaneously reduced mitochondrial circularity. CONCLUSION In the present study, these results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 could be the best natural compound, as compared with other ginsenosides, by modulating the OCR of cultured PC12 cells during oxidative phosphorylation, in regulating MMP and in improving mitochondria dynamics under Aβ-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kin Leung Kwan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huang Yun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina Ting Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Kim CJ, Ryu HY, Lee S, Lee HJ, Chun YS, Kim JK, Yu CY, Ghimire BK, Lee JG. Neuroprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potency of Fermented Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:3001. [PMID: 34070099 PMCID: PMC8158381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild ginseng has better pharmacological effects than cultivated ginseng. However, its industrialization is limited by the inability to grow wild ginseng on a large scale. Herein, we demonstrate how to optimize ginseng production through cultivation, and how to enhance the concentrations of specific ginsenosides through fermentation. In the study, we also evaluated the ability of fermented cultured wild ginseng root extract (HLJG0701-β) to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant activity. In invitro tests, HLJG0701-β inhibited AChE activity and exerted neuroprotective and antioxidant effects (showing increased catalyst activity but decreased reactive oxygen species concentration). In invivo tests, after HLJG0701-β was orally administered at doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg in an animal model of memory impairment, behavioral evaluation (Morris water maze test and Y-maze task test) was performed. The levels of AChE, acetylcholine (ACh), blood catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissues were measured. The results showed that HLJG0701-β produced the best results at a dose of 250 mg/kg or more. The neuroprotective mechanism of HLJG0701-β was determined to involve the inhibition of AChE activity and a decrease in oxidative stress. In summary, both invitro and invivo tests confirmed that HJG0701-β administration can lead to memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Joong Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, HwajinBioCosmetics CO., LTD, Chuncheon 24232, Korea;
| | - Hyeon-Yeol Ryu
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Yeonsu, Incheon 21999, Korea; (H.-Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Somin Lee
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Yeonsu, Incheon 21999, Korea; (H.-Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Han-Joo Lee
- Aribio H&B CO.LTD, Yongin 16914, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Yoon-Soek Chun
- Aribio H&B CO.LTD, Yongin 16914, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Jong-Kyu Kim
- Aribio H&B CO.LTD, Yongin 16914, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Chang-Yeon Yu
- Department of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 21341, Korea;
| | - Bimal Kumar Ghimire
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jae-Geun Lee
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, HwajinBioCosmetics CO., LTD, Chuncheon 24232, Korea;
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13
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Preventing dementia? Interventional approaches in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:143-164. [PMID: 33440197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as an intermediate state between normal cognitive aging and dementia. It describes a status of the subjective impression of cognitive decline and objectively detectible memory impairment beyond normal age-related changes. Activities of daily living are not affected. As the population ages, there is a growing need for early, proactive programs that can delay the consequences of dementia and improve the well-being of people with MCI and their caregivers. Various forms and approaches of intervention for older people with MCI have been suggested to delay cognitive decline. Pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological approaches (cognitive, physiological, nutritional supplementation, electric stimulation, psychosocial therapeutic) and multicomponent interventions have been proposed. Interventional approaches in MCI from 2009 to April 2019 concerning the cognitive performance are presented in this review.
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14
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Effect of High-Oleic Peanut Intake on Aging and Its Hippocampal Markers in Senescence-Accelerated Mice (SAMP8). Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113461. [PMID: 33187266 PMCID: PMC7697529 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many previous studies, the preventive effects of peanut against aging and cognitive impairment have often been unclear, so to clarify the effects we first investigated effective markers for evaluating its effects in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8 (SAMP8) mice, mainly using proteomics. The effects of dietary high-oleic peanuts on the hair appearance of SAMP8, the expression of effective markers in the hippocampus, and the TBARS and amino acid contents of the hippocampus were examined. Hippocampus solute carrier family 1 (glial high-affinity glutamate transporter), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II, and sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter, which all are considered to be closely related to glutamic acid concentration were decreased by feeding of the samples, and the GABA/glutamic acid ratio in the hippocampus was increased by feeding with the samples. The formation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and synapsin-2, which showed higher levels in the SAMP8 than in SAMR1, and the protein expression of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein and dihydropteridine reductase, which are considered to be related to the formation of adrenergic neuron transmitters, were reduced by the feeding of peanuts and their germ-rich fraction. Ferulic acid, as an ester and minor component in peanuts, could be partly connected to the effect of peanuts. These results indicate that high-oleic peanuts and their germ-rich fraction can protect against aging and cognitive impairment by regulating protein expression, which could be measured by the proteomics of the above hippocampus proteins of SAMP8 and the hippocampal GABA/glutamic acid ratio.
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15
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Zhang M, Chen W, Zong Y, Shi K, Li J, Zeng F, He Z, Du R. Cognitive-enhancing effects of fibrauretine on Aβ 1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease by compatibilization with ginsenosides. Neuropeptides 2020; 82:102020. [PMID: 31982159 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibrauretine is the main active ingredient in rattan stems of Fibraurea recisa Pierre. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of fibrauretine compatibilized with ginsenosides on Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced in mice with amyloid β-protein (Aβ1-42). The results showed that the spatial learning and memory abilities of AD mice were significantly enhanced after combined treatment with fibrauretine and ginsenosides using the Morris water maze test. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) in brain tissue and the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in plasma were significantly increased in Aβ1-42-induced AD mice, and these effects were reversed after combined treatment with fibrauretine and ginsenosides. By contrast, a significant increase in the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was observed in the combined treatment group. The results of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) analysis, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis showed that the apoptosis rate, Bax, nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κBp65), cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 expression levels were obviously decreased and that the Bcl-2 expression levels were significantly increased in the hippocampi of mice treated with fibrauretine and ginsenosides. The results of this study show that the ameliorative effect of fibrauretine against AD can be significantly enhanced by compatibilization with ginsenosides. The underlying molecular mechanisms of fibrauretine may be related to antioxidation and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China.
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, 130118 Jilin, China
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Ahmed A, Zeng G, Azhar M, Lin H, Zhang M, Wang F, Zhang H, Jiang D, Yang S, Farooq AD, Choudhary MI, Liu X, Wang Q. Jiawei Shengmai San herbal formula ameliorates diabetic associate cognitive decline by modulating
AKT
and
CREB
in rats. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3249-3261. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Ahmed
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha Changsha China
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Guirong Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha Changsha China
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD) Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Mudassar Azhar
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha Changsha China
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Haiying Lin
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Mijia Zhang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) Beijing China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Dejian Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha Changsha China
| | - Sijin Yang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Ahsana Dar Farooq
- Hamdard Al‐Majeed College of Eastern Medicine Hamdard University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD) Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center/School of Basic Medicine Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) Beijing China
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17
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Park KC, Jin H, Zheng R, Kim S, Lee SE, Kim BH, Yim SV. Cognition enhancing effect of panax ginseng in Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2019; 27:92-97. [PMID: 32055589 PMCID: PMC6989239 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2019.27.3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cognition-enhancing effect of Panax ginseng. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to address the cognition-enhancing effects of Panax ginseng. A total of 90 Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment participated in this study. All subjects were allocated randomly into ‘Ginseng’ group or ‘Placebo’ group. All subjects were administered 3g of Panax ginseng powder or starch (placebo) for 6 months. The Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), Korean version of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL), and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) were used to assess the changes in cognitive function at the end of the 6 month study period. The subjects of the ‘Ginseng’ group improved significantly on the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) immediate recall (P = 0.0405 and P = 0.0342 in per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, respectively) and on the RCFT 20-min delayed recall (P = 0.0396 and P = 0.0355 in PP and ITT analysis, respectively) compared with ‘placebo’ group throughout the 6 months of Panax ginseng administration. There were no serious adverse events. These results suggest that Panax ginseng has a cognition-enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key-Chung Park
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Renhua Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Graduate School, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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18
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Huang X, Li N, Pu Y, Zhang T, Wang B. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng Phytochemicals: Recent Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E2939. [PMID: 31416121 PMCID: PMC6720911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of biologically active chemicals from plants and herbs to gain new inspiration and develop new therapeutic drugs. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is a famous Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological activities. It has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Extensive research over the years has shown that ginseng has potential as a neuroprotective drug, and its neuroprotective effects can be used to treat and prevent neurological damage or pathologically related diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression symptoms, and strokes). Moreover, evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of ginsenoside, its main active ingredient, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, and current clinical results have not reported any serious adverse reactions to ginseng. Therefore, we briefly review the recent research and development on the beneficial effects and mechanisms of ginseng and its main active ingredient, ginsenoside, in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to provide some ideas for the discovery and identification of ginseng neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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19
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Nagib MM, Tadros MG, Rahmo RM, Sabri NA, Khalifa AE, Masoud SI. Ameliorative Effects of α-Tocopherol and/or Coenzyme Q10 on Phenytoin-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats: Role of VEGF and BDNF-TrkB-CREB Pathway. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:451-462. [PMID: 30374909 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenytoin is one of the most well-known antiepileptic drugs that cause cognitive impairment which is closely related to cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial growth factor, has a documented role in neurogenesis and neuronal survival and cognitive impairment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of powerful antioxidants: α-Toc and CoQ10 alone or combined in the preservation of brain tissues and the maintenance of memory formation in phenytoin-induced cognitive impairment in rats. The following behavioral test novel object recognition and elevated plus maze were assessed after 14 days of treatment. Moreover, VEGF, BDNF, TrkB, and CREB gene expression levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were estimated using RT-PCR. Both α-Toc and CoQ10 alone or combined with phenytoin showed improvement in behavioral tests compared to phenytoin. Mechanistically, α-Toc and/or CoQ10 decreases the VEGF mRNA expression, while increases BDNF-TrKB-CREB mRNA levels in hippocampus and cortex of phenytoin-treated rats. Collectively, α-Toc and/or CoQ10 alleviated the phenytoin-induced cognitive impairment through suppressing oxidative damage. The underlying molecular mechanism of the treating compounds is related to the VEGF and enhancing BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling pathway. Our study indicated the usefulness α-Toc or CoQ10 as an adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an advantage of preventing cognitive impairment and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, KM 28 Cairo - Ismailia Road Ahmed Orabi District, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Rahmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, KM 28 Cairo - Ismailia Road Ahmed Orabi District, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Ali Sabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amani E Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University seconded to 57357 Children Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Somaia I Masoud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Lai M, Zhang HJ, Wang F, Shao YL, Yang MW, Hong FF, Yang SL. Anti-aging Effects of Ginseng and Ginsenosides on the Nervous System. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.1188.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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So SH, Lee JW, Kim YS, Hyun SH, Han CK. Red ginseng monograph. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:549-561. [PMID: 30337816 PMCID: PMC6190493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used for several millennia in Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan, not only as a nourishing and tonifying agent but also as a therapeutic agent for a variety of diseases. In recent years, the various effects of red ginseng including immunity improvement, fatigue relief, memory improvement, blood circulation improvement, antioxidation, mitigation of menopausal women's symptoms, and anticancer an effect have been reported in clinical as well as basic research. Around the world, there is a trend of the rising consumption of health functional foods on the level of disease prevention along with increased interest in maintaining health because of population aging and the awareness of lifestyle diseases and chronic diseases. Red ginseng occupies an important position as a health functional food. But till now, international ginseng monographs including those of the World Health Organization have been based on data on white ginseng and have mentioned red ginseng only partly. Therefore, the red ginseng monograph is needed for component of red ginseng, functionality certified as a health functional food in the Korea Food and Drug Administration, major efficacy, action mechanism, and safety. The present red ginseng monograph will contribute to providing accurate information on red ginseng to agencies, businesses, and consumers both in South Korea and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho So
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kim
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zhou MM, Che HX, Huang JQ, Zhang TT, Xu J, Xue CH, Wang YM. Comparative Study of Different Polar Groups of EPA-Enriched Phospholipids on Ameliorating Memory Loss and Cognitive Deficiency in Aged SAMP8 Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700637. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-miao Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Hong-xia Che
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Jia-qi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Tian-tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Chang-hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Yu-ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
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23
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Kim KH, Lee D, Lee HL, Kim CE, Jung K, Kang KS. Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:239-247. [PMID: 29989012 PMCID: PMC6035378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several therapeutic drugs have been rationally designed and synthesized based on the novel knowledge gained from investigating the actions of biologically active chemicals derived from foods, plants, and medicinal herbs. One of the major advantages of these naturalistic chemicals is their ability to interact with multiple targets in the body resulting in a combined beneficial effect. Ginseng is a perennial herb (Araliaceae family), a species within the genus Panax, and a highly valued and popular medicinal plant. Evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of Panax ginseng and its components in preventing neurodegeneration has increased significantly in the past decade. The beneficial effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases have been attributed primarily to the antioxidative and immunomodulatory activities of its ginsenoside components. Mechanistic studies on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides revealed that they act not only as antioxidants but also as modulators of intracellular neuronal signaling and metabolism, cell survival/death genes, and mitochondrial function. The goal of the present paper is to provide a brief review of recent knowledge and developments concerning the beneficial effects as well as the mechanism of action of P. ginseng and its components in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Perez SD, Du K, Rendeiro C, Wang L, Wu Q, Rubakhin SS, Vazhappilly R, Baxter JH, Sweedler JV, Rhodes JS. A unique combination of micronutrients rejuvenates cognitive performance in aged mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 320:97-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dong W, Farooqui A, Leon AJ, Kelvin DJ. Inhibition of influenza A virus infection by ginsenosides. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171936. [PMID: 28187149 PMCID: PMC5302443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause mild to severe respiratory infections in humans. Due to efficient means of transmission, the viruses infect human population on a large scale. Apart from vaccines, antiviral drugs are used to control infection; neuraminidase inhibitors are thought to be the first choice of treatment, particularly for severe cases. Rapidly evolving and emerging influenza viruses with increased frequency of viral resistance to these drugs stress the need to explore novel antiviral compounds. In this study, we investigated antiviral activity of ginseng extract and ginsenosides, the ginseng-derived triterpene and saponin compounds, against 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that treatment of mice with ginsenosides protected the animals from lethal 2009 pandemic H1N1 infection and lowered viral titers in animal lungs. Mechanistic studies revealed that ginsenosides interact with viral hemagglutinin protein and prevent the attachment of virus with α 2-3' sialic acid receptors present on host cell surfaces. The interference in the viral attachment process subsequently minimizes viral entry into the cells and decreases the severity of the viral infection. We also describe that sugar moieties present in ginsenosides are indispensible for their attachment with viral HA protein. On the basis of our observations, we can say that ginsenosides are promising candidates for the development of antiviral drugs for influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Amber Farooqui
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
| | - Alberto J. Leon
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Deptartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Zhu Y, Duan X, Cheng X, Cheng X, Li X, Zhang L, Liu P, Su S, Duan JA, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK, Huang F. Kai-Xin-San, a standardized traditional Chinese medicine formula, up-regulates the expressions of synaptic proteins on hippocampus of chronic mild stress induced depressive rats and primary cultured rat hippocampal neuron. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:423-432. [PMID: 27660009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kai-xin-san (KXS), composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma and Poria, is a famous Chinese medicinal formula applied for treating stress-related psychiatric disease with the symptoms such as depression, forgetfulness and dizziness. Dependent on the symptom differentiation of patients, the composition ratio of KXS was varied and one ratio of 3:2:2:3 was widely applied. However, its molecular mechanism has seldom been investigated. PURPOSE We aimed to reveal the action mechanism of KXS on anti-depression on synaptic protein regulation in both in vivo and in vitro models. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Firstly, the anti-depression effect of KXS was evaluated on a chronic mild stress induced depressive animal model and the mRNA expressions of various synaptic proteins in hippocampus of the depressive rat brains were determined. Then, KXS with different ratios as well as single herb were further evaluated on rat primary cultured hippocampus neurons and the possible signaling pathway was explored. RESULTS Intra-gastric administration of a chemically standardized KXS for only 6h significantly alleviated the CUMS-induced depressive symptoms displayed by enhanced sucrose consumption and this effect was maintained after daily treatment for seven days. Simultaneously, the mRNA expressions of various synaptic proteins in hippocampus were regulated. Among these synaptic proteins, synaptotagmin (pre-synaptic marker) and post synaptic density protein (post-synaptic marker), with the higher altered magnitude on animal model, were further evaluated on rat primary cultured hippocampus neurons. After neuronal cultures treated with three ratios of KXS at the early and late stages of its life episode, the expression levels of synaptotagmin and PSD95 were both enhanced dramatically via stimulating cAMP dependent pathway. However, different ratio exerted different efficacy. The ratio with higher amounts of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Polygalae Radix showed better effect in early life episode while higher amounts of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma and Poria behaved better in late life episode. The contribution of single herb on expressions of synaptic proteins was also evaluated. CONCLUSIONS KXS was beneficial for synaptogenesis by inducing synaptic protein expressions, which might account for its anti-depression effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiuzhu Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaonan Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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A Role of Ginseng and Its Constituents in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2614742. [PMID: 27630732 PMCID: PMC5007341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2614742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the Panax genus of the Araliaceae family, has been used in China, Korea, and Japan as a traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. Ginseng is recorded to have exhibited a wide variety of beneficial pharmacological effects and has become a popular and worldwide known health supplement and drug. The protective effects of ginseng on central nervous system are discussed in this review. Ginseng species and ginsenosides and their intestinal metabolism and bioavailability are concisely introduced. The molecular mechanisms of the effects of ginseng on central nervous system, mainly focused on the neuroprotection properties of ginseng, memory, and learning enhanced properties, and the effects on neurodegenerative disorders are presented. Thus, ginseng and its constituents are of potential merits in the treatment of cerebral disorders.
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Zhang ZX, Zhao RP, Wang DS, Li YB. Fuzhisan Ameliorates the Memory Deficits in Aged SAMP8 Mice via Decreasing Aβ Production and Tau Hyperphosphorylation of the Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3074-3082. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Feng L, Liu XM, Cao FR, Wang LS, Chen YX, Pan RL, Liao YH, Wang Q, Chang Q. Anti-stress effects of ginseng total saponins on hindlimb-unloaded rats assessed by a metabolomics study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 188:39-47. [PMID: 27109340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng, the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae), is used as a tonic herb for thousands of years in Asian countries. Saponins are recognized as its major active ingredients and reportedly can ease disorders caused by various adverse stimuli. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether ginseng saponins have beneficial effects on stress caused by microgravity. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to assess the anti-stress effects and corresponding mechanisms of ginseng total saponins (GTSs) on simulated microgravity (SM) hindlimb-unloaded rats using a metabolomics method. MATERIALS AND METHODS The stressed rats were induced by hindlimb unloading for 7 continuous days. Levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT) and weights of immune organs including the thymuses, spleens, and adrenal glands were determined. Urinary metabolic profiles of the rats under the simulated microgravity condition with and without GTSs intervention were compared using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) based metabolomics method. Multivariate statistical analysis including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares project to latent structures-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were performed. RESULTS Compared with control (66.22±10.40ng/mL), the plasma CORT level of the SM rats (82.67±13.64ng/mL) were significantly (p<0.05) elevated, and GTSs could restore this elevation to a lower level (77.75±14.35ng/mL). GTSs could also significantly alleviate the atrophy of the thymuses and the spleens, as well as the hypertrophy of the adrenal glands of the SM rats. Urinary metabolic profiling showed comprehensive metabolic variation among the three groups. A series of metabolic pathways including taurine and hypotaurine, purine and pyridine, and amino acid were affected. Eleven potential biomarkers such as taurine, adenine, and valine were identified. GTSs could correct the disturbed metabolic pathways and restore the variation of these potential markers. CONCLUSION GTSs can exert anti-stress effects by reducing the secretion of plasma CORT, enhancing the immune function, and restoring an array of disturbed metabolic pathways and metabolites. The findings of this study provide crucial evidence of a link between metabolic imbalance and microgravity, and reveal a molecular basis for the anti-stress benefits of GTSs in the management of microgravity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Rui Cao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Li-Sha Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xi Chen
- Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P.R. China
| | - Rui-le Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhang H, Yang C, Li H, Li X, Chen K, Zhang Z. A Two-Year Treatment of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment using a Compound Chinese Medicine: A Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28982. [PMID: 27373556 PMCID: PMC4931444 DOI: 10.1038/srep28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the long-term therapeutic effects of a compound Chinese medicine, the Bushen capsule, on cognition and brain connectivity in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Thus, sixty aMCI participants were recruited to this 24-month study and were randomly divided into treatment (30 with a Bushen capsule) and placebo (30 with a placebo capsule) groups. Neuropsychological tests with MMSE and episodic memory as the primary outcomes and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were analyzed before and after the treatment over 24 month period. In contrast to the placebo group, the drug group presented improved or stable general cognitive function, memory, language and executive function especially the primary outcomes MMSE and episodic memory with Bushen capsule treatment. FMRI results showed increased connectivity in the right precuneus and the global connectivity indexed with goodness of fit (GOF) of the default mode network (DMN) in the drug group and decreased GOF in the placebo group. More importantly, we found the GOF change was positively correlated with changes in MMSE and memory scores after 24 months in the drug group. Over 24 months, treatment with the compound Chinese medicine Bushen capsule can improve multiple domains of cognition and increase the functional local (right precuneus) and global connectivity within the DMN, which are associated with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Huamin Zhang
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - He Li
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Chen
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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31
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Ye J, Yao JP, Wang X, Zheng M, Li P, He C, Wan JB, Yao X, Su H. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on neural progenitor cells against oxidative injury. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3083-91. [PMID: 26935530 PMCID: PMC4805061 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides exhibit various neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. However, which ginsenoside provides optimal effects for the treatment of neurological disorders as a potent antioxidant remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated and compared the neuroprotective effects of the Rb1, Rd, Rg1 and Re ginsenosides on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) following tert-Butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative injury. Primary rat embryonic cortical NPCs were prepared from E14.5 embryos of Sprague-Dawley rats. The oxidative injury model was established with t-BHP. A lactate dehydrogenase assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining were used to measure the viability of the NPCs pre-treated with ginsenosides under oxidative stress. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine the activation of intracellular signaling pathways triggered by the pretreatment of ginsenosides. Among the four ginsenosides, only Rb1 attenuated t-BHP toxicity in the NPCs, and the nuclear factor (erythroizd-derived 2)-like 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway was found to be key in the intracellular defense against oxidative stress. The present study demonstrated the anti-oxidative effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on NPCs, and suggested that Rb1 may offer potential as a potent antioxidant for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Yao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery II, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
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Molecular and Functional Characterization of Bacopa monniera: A Retrospective Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:945217. [PMID: 26413131 PMCID: PMC4564644 DOI: 10.1155/2015/945217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, laboratories around the world analyzed the pharmacological effect of Bacopa monniera extract in different dimensions, especially as a nerve tonic and memory enhancer. Studies in animal model evidenced that Bacopa treatment can attenuate dementia and enhances memory. Further, they demonstrate that Bacopa primarily either acts via antioxidant mechanism (i.e., neuroprotection) or alters different neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) to execute the pharmacological effect. Among them, 5-HT has been shown to fine tune the neural plasticity, which is a substrate for memory formation. This review focuses on the studies which trace the effect of Bacopa treatment on serotonergic system and 5-HT mediated key molecular changes that are associated with memory formation.
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Wang J, Yuan L, Cheng B, Li W, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X. Antioxidant capacity and antitumor activity of Fructus Kochiae extracts. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2012.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - L. Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - B. Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - W. Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - C. Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - Y. Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
| | - X. Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, 0086-712100 Shaanxi, China P.R
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Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. Antioxidants as a preventive treatment for epileptic process: a review of the current status. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:527-50. [PMID: 25977679 PMCID: PMC4428026 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140923205715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is known as one of the most frequent neurological diseases, characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures. Oxidative stress is believed to directly participate in pathways leading to neurodegeneration, which serves as the most important propagating factor, leading to the epileptic condition and cognitive decline. Moreover, there is also a growing body of evidence showing the disturbance of antioxidant system balance and consequently increased production of reactive species in patients with epilepsy. A meta-analysis, conducted in the present review confirms an association between epilepsy and increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it was also shown that some of the antiepileptic drugs could potentially be responsible for additionally increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that during the epileptic process neuroprotective treatment with antioxidants could lead to less sever structural damages, reduced epileptogenesis and milder cognitive deterioration. To evaluate this hypothesis studies investigating the neuroprotective therapeutic potential of various antioxidants in cells, animal seizure models and patients with epilepsy have been reviewed. Numerous beneficial effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress markers and in some cases also neuroprotective effects were observed in animal seizure models. However, despite these encouraging results, till now only a few antioxidants have been further applied to patients with epilepsy as an add-on therapy. Based on the several positive findings in animal models, a strong need for more carefully planned, randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled clinical trials for the evaluation of antioxidants efficacy in patients with epilepsy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomaž Vovk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sun A, Xu X, Lin J, Cui X, Xu R. Neuroprotection by saponins. Phytother Res 2014; 29:187-200. [PMID: 25408503 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, an important group of bioactive plant natural products, are glycosides of triterpenoid or steroidal aglycones. Their diverse biological activities are ascribed to their different structures. Saponins have long been recognized as key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulated evidence suggests that saponins have significant neuroprotective effects on attenuation of central nervous system disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed effects remains incomplete. Based on recently reported data from basic and clinical studies, this review highlights the proposed mechanisms of their neuroprotective function including antioxidant, modulation of neurotransmitters, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, attenuating Ca(2+) influx, modulating neurotrophic factors, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, and regeneration of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University and Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Quanzhou, China
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Savioz A, Leuba G, Vallet PG. A framework to understand the variations of PSD-95 expression in brain aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:86-94. [PMID: 25264360 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 is a major element of synapses. PSD-95 is involved in aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and numerous psychiatric disorders. However, contradictory data about PSD-95 expression in aging and AD have been reported. Indeed in AD versus control brains PSD-95 varies according to regions, increasing in the frontal cortex, at least in a primary stage, and decreasing in the temporal cortex. In contrast, in transgenic mouse models of aging and AD PSD-95 expression is decreased, in behaviorally aged impaired versus unimpaired rodents it can decrease or increase and finally, it is increased in rodents grown in enriched environments. Different factors explain these contradictory results in both animals and humans, among others concomitant psychiatric endophenotypes, such as depression. The possible involvement of PSD-95 in reactive and/or compensatory mechanisms during AD progression is underscored, at least before the occurrence of important synaptic elimination. Thus, in AD but not in AD transgenic mice, enhanced expression might precede the diminution commonly observed in advanced aging. A two-compartments cell model, separating events taking place in cell bodies and synapses, is presented. Overall these data suggest that AD research will progress by untangling pathological from protective events, a prerequisite for effective therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
The herbal extract 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is used in clinical practice for ischemic patients in China. It has been shown to have various neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the effects of NBP on learning and memory decline in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) animal model were investigated. Intragastric NBP administration to 4-month-old SAMP8 mice for 2 months significantly improved spatial learning and memory ability. Moreover, the loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band in SAMP8 mice was slowed down, as was the decline in the protein and mRNA expression of ChAT in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and forebrain. These results demonstrated that NBP treatment starting at the age of 4 months protected from the learning/memory deficits with aging of SAMP8 mice, and that this effect might be mediated by preventing the decline of the central cholinergic system.
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Hu BY, Liu XJ, Qiang R, Jiang ZL, Xu LH, Wang GH, Li X, Peng B. Treatment with ginseng total saponins improves the neurorestoration of rat after traumatic brain injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1243-55. [PMID: 25046825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is a traditional medicinal herb that has been widely used in Asia for the treatment of many diseases through its effects of reinforcing vitality, strengthening the bodily resistance to pathogenic factors, engendering body liquids and allaying thirst, relieving uneasiness of the body and mind and benefiting intelligence, reducing body weight and prolonging life. Ginsenosides are the most important biologically active substances in ginseng. Many reports have suggested that ginsenosides could exert prominent neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects, promote neural stem/progenitor cell (NSC) proliferation and promote neurite outgrowth and neuronal network formation. The present study aimed to investigate whether treatment with ginsenosides could facilitate NSC proliferation in the hippocampal formation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and contribute to the recovery of neurological functions including learning and memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS The modified Feeney׳s method was used to induce a TBI in rats. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) were treated intraperitoneally twice a day for 1 week after the TBI. The neurological functions, morphology of the hippocampus, expression of nerve growth-related factors and number of NSCs in the hippocampal formation ipsilateral to the trauma were determined. RESULTS We determined 1) GTS (5-80 mg/kg) treatment after a TBI improved the recovery of neurological functions, including learning and memory, and reduced cell loss in the hippocampal area. The effects of GTS at 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg were better than the effects of GTS at 5 and 10 mg/kg. 2) GTS treatment (20 mg/kg) after a TBI increased the expression of NGF, GDNF and NCAM, inhibited the expression of Nogo-A, Nogo-B, TN-C, and increased the number of BrdU/nestin positive NSCs in the hippocampal formation. CONCLUSIONS GTS treatment in rats after a TBI alleviated the secondary brain injury and ameliorated the neurological functions with an effective dose limit of 5-80 mg/kg. GTS regulated the expression of nerve growth-related factors and improved the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells, which might facilitate neural regeneration and tissue repair, and might contribute to the recovery of neurological functions, including learning and memory. These effects of GTS might provide a foundation for the use of ginseng as a medicinal herb to enhance intelligence, reduce the aging process and prolong life in the traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ying Hu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xian-Jin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People׳s Hospital of Nantong, 99 Central Qingnian Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ren Qiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People׳s Hospital of Nantong, 99 Central Qingnian Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Li-Hua Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Guo-Hua Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Jiangsu, Nantong 226001, China
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Liu J, He J, Huang L, Dou L, Wu S, Yuan Q. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on hippocampal neuronal injury and neurite outgrowth. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:943-50. [PMID: 25206916 PMCID: PMC4146219 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 has been reported to exert anti-aging and anti-neurodegenerative effects. In the present study, we investigate whether ginsenoside Rb1 is involved in neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection against damage induced by amyloid beta (25-35) in cultured hippocampal neurons, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons, and increased the expression of phosphorylated-Akt and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. These effects were abrogated by API-2 and PD98059, inhibitors of the signaling proteins Akt and MEK. Additionally, cultured hippocampal neurons were exposed to amyloid beta (25-35) for 30 minutes; ginsenoside Rb1 prevented apoptosis induced by amyloid beta (25-35), and this effect was blocked by API-2 and PD98059. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 significantly reversed the reduction in phosphorylated-Akt and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 levels induced by amyloid beta (25-35), and API-2 neutralized the effect of ginsenoside Rb1. The present results indicate that ginsenoside Rb1 enhances neurite outgrowth and protects against neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta (25-35) via a mechanism involving Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Dou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qionglan Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Katayama S, Imai R, Sugiyama H, Nakamura S. Oral administration of soy peptides suppresses cognitive decline by induction of neurotrophic factors in SAMP8 mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3563-9. [PMID: 24678753 DOI: 10.1021/jf405416s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SAMP8 mice have a shorter lifespan and show the dysfunction of the central nervous system. We here investigated whether soy peptides (SP) composed mainly of di- and tripeptides has the potential to prevent age-dependent cognitive impairment. SAMP8 and normal aging mice, SAMR1, were fed a diet supplemented with SP or a control diet for 26 weeks to investigate the preventive effects on the progression of cognitive decline using the Morris water maze. The SP-fed groups in SAMP8 and SAMR1 prevented the decline of cognitive ability compared to their controls. Increased expression of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and NT-3 at mRNA and protein levels were observed in the brain of SP-fed mice, especially SAMP8. Further, the phosphorylated CREB protein level of SAMP8 was markedly up-regulated by SP feeding. These suggest that SPs have the potential for prevention of cognitive impairment via neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Katayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shinshu University , 8304 Minamiminowa, Ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Smith I, Williamson EM, Putnam S, Farrimond J, Whalley BJ. Effects and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on cognition. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:319-33. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Smith
- School of Chemistry; Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Elizabeth M Williamson
- School of Chemistry; Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading Berkshire UK
| | | | | | - Benjamin J Whalley
- School of Chemistry; Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading Berkshire UK
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Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 34:160-7. [PMID: 21359120 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the U.S., and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the antidiabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A
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Ginseng Total Saponins Reverse Corticosterone-Induced Changes in Depression-Like Behavior and Hippocampal Plasticity-Related Proteins by Interfering with GSK-3 β -CREB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:506735. [PMID: 24523822 PMCID: PMC3913067 DOI: 10.1155/2014/506735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the antidepressant mechanisms of ginseng total saponins (GTS) in the corticosterone-induced mouse depression model. In Experiment 1, GTS (50, 25, and 12.5 mg kg(-1) d(-1), intragastrically) were given for 3 weeks. In Experiment 2, the same doses of GTS were administrated after each corticosterone (20 mg kg(-1) d(-1), subcutaneously) injection for 22 days. In both experiments, mice underwent a forced swimming test and a tail suspension test on day 20 and day 21, respectively, and were sacrificed on day 22. Results of Experiment 1 revealed that GTS (50 and 25 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) exhibited antidepressant activity and not statistically altered hippocampal protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L). Results of Experiment 2 showed that GTS (50 and 25 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) ameliorated depression-like behavior without normalizing hypercortisolism. The GTS treatments reversed the corticosterone-induced changes in mRNA levels of BDNF and NF-L, and protein levels of BDNF NF-L, phosphor-cAMP response element-binding protein (Ser133), and phosphor-glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (Ser9) in the hippocampus. These findings imply that the effect of GTS on corticosterone-induced depression-like behavior may be mediated partly through interfering with hippocampal GSK-3 β -CREB signaling pathway and reversing decrease of some plasticity-related proteins.
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Tripchlorolide improves age-associated cognitive deficits by reversing hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairment and NMDA receptor dysfunction in SAMP8 mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 258:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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45
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Systemic administration of low dosage of tetanus toxin decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus. Lab Anim Res 2013; 29:148-55. [PMID: 24106509 PMCID: PMC3791348 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2013.29.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of Tetaus toxin (TeT) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation using specific markers: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as an exogenous marker for cell proliferation, Ki-67 as an endogenous marker for cell proliferation and doublecortin (DCX) as a marker for neuroblasts in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after TeT treatment. Mice were intraperitoneally administered 2.5 and 10 ng/kg TeT and sacrificed 15 days after the treatment. In both the TeT-treated groups, no neuronal death occurred in any layers of the DG using neuronal nuclei (NeuN, a neuron nuclei maker) and Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a high-affinity fluorescent marker for the localization of neuronal degeneration). In addition, no significant change in glial activation in both the 2.5 and 10 ng/kg TeT-treated-groups was found by GFAP (a marker for astrocytes) and Iba-1 (a marker for microglia) immunohistochemistry. However, in the 2.5 ng/kg TeT-treated-group, the mean number of BrdU, Ki-67 and DCX immunoreactive cells, respectively, were apparently decreased compared to the control group, and the mean number of each in the 10 ng/kg TeT-treated-group was much more decreased. In addition, processes of DCX-immunoreactive cells, which projected into the molecular layer, were short compared to those in the control group. In brief, our present results show that low dosage (10 ng/kg) TeT treatment apparently decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse hippocampal DG without distinct gliosis as well as any loss of adult neurons.
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Matsumoto K, Zhao Q, Niu Y, Fujiwara H, Tanaka K, Sasaki-Hamada S, Oka JI. Kampo formulations, chotosan, and yokukansan, for dementia therapy: existing clinical and preclinical evidence. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:257-69. [PMID: 23883485 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r03cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are typical features of patients with dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), and other forms of senile dementia. Clinical evidence has demonstrated the potential usefulness of chotosan (CTS) and yokukansan (YKS), traditional herbal formulations called Kampo medicines, in the treatment of cognitive disturbance and BPSD in dementia patients, although the indications targeted by CTS and YKS in Kampo medicine differ. The availability of CTS and YKS for treating dementia patients is supported by preclinical studies using animal models of dementia that include cognitive/emotional deficits caused by aging and diabetes, dementia risk factors. These studies have led not only to the concept of a neuronal basis for the CTS- and YKS-induced amelioration of cognitive function and emotional/psychiatric symptom-related behavior in animal models, but also to a proposal that ingredient(s) of Uncariae Uncis cum Ramulus, a medicinal herb included in CTS and YKS, may play an important role in the actions of these formulae in dementia patients. Further studies are needed to clarify the active ingredients of these formulae and their target endogenous molecules implicated in the anti-dementia drug-like actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzo Matsumoto
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan.
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47
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Yang L, Zhang J, Zheng K, Shen H, Chen X. Long-term Ginsenoside Rg1 Supplementation Improves Age-Related Cognitive Decline by Promoting Synaptic Plasticity Associated Protein Expression in C57BL/6J Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:282-94. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Kim J, Kim SH, Lee DS, Lee DJ, Kim SH, Chung S, Yang HO. Effects of fermented ginseng on memory impairment and β-amyloid reduction in Alzheimer's disease experimental models. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:100-7. [PMID: 23717163 PMCID: PMC3659620 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of fermented ginseng (FG) on memory impairment and β-amyloid (Aβ) reduction in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in vitro and in vivo. FG extract was prepared by steaming and fermenting ginseng. In vitro assessment measured soluble Aβ42 levels in HeLa cells, which stably express the Swedish mutant form of amyloid precursor protein. After 8 h incubation with the FG extract, the level of soluble Aβ42 was reduced. For behavioral assessments, the passive avoidance test was used for the scopolamine-injected ICR mouse model, and the Morris water maze was used for a transgenic (TG) mouse model, which exhibits impaired memory function and increased Aβ42 level in the brain. FG extract was treated for 2 wk or 4 mo on ICR and TG mice, respectively. FG extract treatment resulted in a significant recovery of memory function in both animal models. Brain soluble Aβ42 levels measured from the cerebral cortex of TG mice were significantly reduced by the FG extract treatment. These findings extract was prepared by steaming and fermenting ginseng. of Aβ42 protein, which results in enhanced behavioral memory function, thus, suggesting that FG extract may be an effective preventive or treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonki Kim
- Natural Medicine Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Korea
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Cho IH. Effects of Panax ginseng in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:342-53. [PMID: 23717136 PMCID: PMC3659610 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, the root of the Panax ginseng, has been a popular and widely-used traditional herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Japan for thousands of years. Now it has become popular as a functional health food and is used globally as a natural medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the literature on the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases. Possible ginseng- or ginsenosides-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms mainly involve maintaining homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. This review considers publications dealing with the various actions of P. ginseng that are indicative of possible neurotherapeutic efficacies in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine and Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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50
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Kim HJ, Kim P, Shin CY. A comprehensive review of the therapeutic and pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in central nervous system. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:8-29. [PMID: 23717153 PMCID: PMC3659622 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in human. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are most widely investigated diseases among all others in respect to the ginseng’s therapeutic effects. These include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, and many other neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only the various types of diseases but also the diverse array of target pathways or molecules ginseng exerts its effect on. These range, for example, from neuroprotection to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and from regulation of neuroinflammatory processes to the regulation of neurotransmitter release, too many to mention. In general, ginseng and even a single compound of ginsenoside produce its effects on multiple sites of action, which make it an ideal candidate to develop multi-target drugs. This is most important in CNS diseases where multiple of etiological and pathological targets working together to regulate the final pathophysiology of diseases. In this review, we tried to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. Side by side comparison of the therapeutic effects in various neurological disorders may widen our understanding of the therapeutic potential of ginseng in CNS diseases and the possibility to develop not only symptomatic drugs but also disease modifying reagents based on ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Advanced Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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