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Hu M, Xu F, Liu S, Yao Y, Xia Q, Zhu C, Zhang X, Tang H, Qaiser Z, Liu S, Tang Y. Aging pattern of the brainstem based on volumetric measurement and optimized surface shape analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:396-411. [PMID: 38155336 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The brainstem, a small and crucial structure, is connected to the cerebrum, spinal cord, and cerebellum, playing a vital role in regulating autonomic functions, transmitting motor and sensory information, and modulating cognitive processes, emotions, and consciousness. While previous research has indicated that changes in brainstem anatomy can serve as a biomarker for aging and neurodegenerative diseases, the structural changes that occur in the brainstem during normal aging remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the age- and sex-related differences in the global and local structural measures of the brainstem in 187 healthy adults (ranging in age from 18 to 70 years) using structural magnetic resonance imaging. The findings showed a significant negative age effect on the volume of the two major components of the brainstem: the medulla oblongata and midbrain. The shape analysis revealed that atrophy primarily occurs in specific structures, such as the pyramid, cerebral peduncle, superior and inferior colliculi. Surface area and shape analysis showed a trend of flattening in the aging brainstem. There were no significant differences between the sexes or sex-by-age interactions in brainstem structural measures. These findings provide a systematic description of age associations with brainstem structures in healthy adults and may provide a reference for future research on brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shizhou Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Caiting Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zubair Qaiser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Kim J, Kwon D, Kim SS, Lee K, Yoon H. Measurement of brainstem diameter in small-breed dogs using magnetic resonance imaging. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183412. [PMID: 37519998 PMCID: PMC10374218 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of brainstem diameters (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata)is of potential clinical significance, as changes in brainstem size may decrease or increase due to age, neurodegenerative disorders, or neoplasms. In human medicine, numerous studies have reported the normal reference range of brainstem size, which is hitherto unexplored in veterinary medicine, particularly for small-breed dogs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the reference range of brainstem diameters in small-breed dogs and to correlate the measurements with age, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS). Herein, magnetic resonance (MR) images of 544 small-breed dogs were evaluated. Based on the exclusion criteria, 193 dogs were included in the midbrain and pons evaluation, and of these, 119 dogs were included in the medulla oblongata evaluation. Using MR images, the height and width of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata were measured on the median and transverse plane on the T1-weighted image. For the medulla oblongata, two points were measured for each height and width. The mean values of midbrain height (MH), midbrain width (MW), pons height (PH), pons width (PW), medulla oblongata height at the fourth ventricle level (MOHV), medulla oblongata height at the cervicomedullary (CM) junction level (MOHC), rostral medulla oblongata width (RMOW), and caudal medulla oblongata width (CMOW) were 7.18 ± 0.56 mm, 17.42 ± 1.21 mm, 9.73 ± 0.64 mm, 17.23 ± 1.21 mm, 6.06 ± 0.53 mm, 5.77 ± 0.40 mm, 18.93 ± 1.25 mm, and 10.12 ± 1.08 mm, respectively. No significant differences were found between male and female dogs for all the measurements. A negative correlation was found between age and midbrain diameter, including MH (p < 0.001) and MW (p = 0.002). All brainstem diameters were correlated positively with BW (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between BCS and all brainstem diameters. Brainstem diameters differed significantly between breeds (p < 0.05), except for MW (p = 0.137). This study assessed linear measurements of the brainstem diameter in small-breed dogs. We suggest that these results could be useful in assessing abnormal conditions of the brainstem in small-breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbee Kwon
- Bundang Leaders Animal Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- VIP Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Borghammer P. The brain-first vs. body-first model of Parkinson's disease with comparison to alternative models. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:737-753. [PMID: 37062013 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate origin of Lewy body disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), is still incompletely understood. Although a large number of pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated, accumulating evidence support that aggregation and neuron-to-neuron propagation of alpha-synuclein may be the core feature of these disorders. The synuclein, origin, and connectome (SOC) disease model of Lewy body disorders was recently introduced. This model is based on the hypothesis that in the majority of patients, the first alpha-synuclein pathology arises in single location and spreads from there. The most common origin sites are the enteric nervous system and the olfactory system. The SOC model predicts that gut-first pathology leads to a clinical body-first subtype characterized by prodromal autonomic symptoms and REM sleep behavior disorder. In contrast, olfactory-first pathology leads to a brain-first subtype with fewer non-motor symptoms before diagnosis. The SOC model further predicts that body-first patients are older, more commonly develop symmetric dopaminergic degeneration, and are at increased risk of dementia-compared to brain-first patients. In this review, the SOC model is explained and compared to alternative models of the pathogenesis of Lewy body disorders, including the Braak staging system, and the Unified Staging System for Lewy Body Disorders. Postmortem evidence from brain banks and clinical imaging data of dopaminergic and cardiac sympathetic loss is reviewed. It is concluded that these datasets seem to be more compatible with the SOC model than with those alternative disease models of Lewy body disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Borghammer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Metwally MI, Basha MAA, AbdelHamid GA, Nada MG, Ali RR, Frere RAF, Elshetry ASF. Neuroanatomical MRI study: reference values for the measurements of brainstem, cerebellar vermis, and peduncles. Br J Radiol 2021; 94:20201353. [PMID: 33571018 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20201353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To set age-specific normal reference values for brainstem, cerebellar vermis, and peduncles measurements and characterize values' variations according to gender, age, and age by gender interaction. METHODS 565 normal brain magnetic resonance examinations with normal anatomy and signal intensity of the supra- and infratentorial structures were categorized into six age groups (infant, child, adolescent, young adult, middle-age adult, and old aged adults). Patients with congenital malformations, gross pathology of the supra- or infratentorial brain, brain volume loss, developmental delay, metabolic disorders, and neuropsychological disorders (n = 2.839) were excluded. On midsagittal T1 weighted and axial T2 weighted images specific linear diameters and ratios of the brainstem, cerebellar vermis, and peduncles were attained. Two observers assessed a random sample of 100 subjects to evaluate the inter- and intraobserver reproducibility. Intraclass correlation coefficients, means ± standard deviation, one and two-way analysis of variance tests were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Good to excellent inter- and intraobserver measurements' reproducibility were observed, except for the transverse diameter of the midbrain, the anteroposterior diameter of the medulla oblongata at the pontomedullary and cervicomedullary junctions, cerebellar vermis anteroposterior diameter, and thickness of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Age-specific mean values of the investigated measurements were established. A significant gender-related variation was recorded in the anteroposterior diameter of the basis pontis (p = 0.044), the anteroposterior diameter of the medulla oblongata at the cervicomedullary junction (p = 0.044), and cerebellar vermis height (p = 0.018). A significant age-related change was detected in all measurements except the tectal ratio. Age by gender interaction had a statistically significant effect on the tectal ratio, inferior, and middle cerebellar peduncles' thickness (p = 0.001, 0.022, and 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSION This study provides age-specific normal mean values for various linear dimensions and ratios of the posterior fossa structures with documentation of measurements' variability according to gender, age, and their interaction. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE It provides a valuable reference in the clinical practice for easier differentiation between physiological and pathological conditions of the posterior fossa structures especially various neurodegenerative diseases and congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamad Gamal Nada
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Zagazig University, Zagazig, AlSharkia, Egypt
| | - Reham Ramadan Ali
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Zagazig University, Zagazig, AlSharkia, Egypt
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Sander L, Horvath A, Pezold S, Andermatt S, Amann M, Sinnecker T, Wendebourg MJ, Kesenheimer E, Yaldizli Ö, Kappos L, Granziera C, Wuerfel J, Cattin P, Schlaeger R. Improving Accuracy of Brainstem MRI Volumetry: Effects of Age and Sex, and Normalization Strategies. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:609422. [PMID: 33424541 PMCID: PMC7785816 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.609422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brainstem-mediated functions are impaired in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Atrophy can be visualized by MRI. This study investigates extrinsic sources of brainstem volume variability, intrinsic sources of anatomical variability, and the influence of age and sex on the brainstem volumes in healthy subjects. We aimed to develop efficient normalization strategies to reduce the effects of intrinsic anatomic variability on brainstem volumetry. Methods: Brainstem segmentation was performed from MPRAGE data using our deep-learning-based brainstem segmentation algorithm MD-GRU. The extrinsic variability of brainstem volume assessments across scanners and protocols was investigated in two groups comprising 11 (median age 33.3 years, 7 women) and 22 healthy subjects (median age 27.6 years, 50% women) scanned twice and compared using Dice scores. Intrinsic anatomical inter-individual variability and age and sex effects on brainstem volumes were assessed in segmentations of 110 healthy subjects (median age 30.9 years, range 18–72 years, 53.6% women) acquired on 1.5T (45%) and 3T (55%) scanners. The association between brainstem volumes and predefined anatomical covariates was studied using Pearson correlations. Anatomical variables with associations of |r| > 0.30 as well as the variables age and sex were used to construct normalization models using backward selection. The effect of the resulting normalization models was assessed by % relative standard deviation reduction and by comparing the inter-individual variability of the normalized brainstem volumes to the non-normalized values using paired t- tests with Bonferroni correction. Results: The extrinsic variability of brainstem volumetry across different field strengths and imaging protocols was low (Dice scores > 0.94). Mean inter-individual variability/SD of total brainstem volumes was 9.8%/7.36. A normalization based on either total intracranial volume (TICV), TICV and age, or v-scale significantly reduced the inter-individual variability of total brainstem volumes compared to non-normalized volumes and similarly reduced the relative standard deviation by about 35%. Conclusion: The extrinsic variability of the novel brainstem segmentation method MD-GRU across different scanners and imaging protocols is very low. Anatomic inter-individual variability of brainstem volumes is substantial. This study presents efficient normalization models for variability reduction in brainstem volumetry in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sander
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antal Horvath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation (CIAN), University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pezold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation (CIAN), University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Simon Andermatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation (CIAN), University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Amann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) and qbig, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Sinnecker
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) and qbig, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria J Wendebourg
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Kesenheimer
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Özgür Yaldizli
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) and qbig, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Cattin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation (CIAN), University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Regina Schlaeger
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gokdemir O, Cetinkaya C, Gumus H, Aksu I, Kiray M, Ates M, Kiray A, Baykara B, Baykara B, Sisman AR, Uysal N. The effect of exercise on anxiety- and depression-like behavior of aged rats. Biotech Histochem 2019; 95:8-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1624825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O. Gokdemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - C. Cetinkaya
- School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H. Gumus
- School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - I. Aksu
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M. Kiray
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M. Ates
- College of Vocational School of Health Services, School of Medicine Izmir, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - A. Kiray
- Department of Anatomy, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - B. Baykara
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - B. Baykara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A. R. Sisman
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - N. Uysal
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Conventional MRI. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29903441 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63956-1.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for a detailed noninvasive visualization/examination of posterior fossa structures and represents a fundamental step in the diagnostic workup of many cerebellar disorders. In the first part of this chapter methodologic issues, like the correct choice of hardware (magnets, coils), pro and cons of the different MRI sequences, and patient management during the examination are discussed. In the second part, the MRI anatomy of the cerebellum, as noted on the various conventional MRI sequences, as well as a detailed description of cerebellar maturational processes from birth to childhood and into adulthood, are reported. Volumetric studies on the cerebellar growth based on three-dimensional MRI sequences are also presented. Moreover, we briefly discuss two main topics regarding conventional MRI of the cerebellum that have generated some debate in recent years: the differentiation between cerebellar atrophy, hypoplasia, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and signal changes of dentate nuclei after repetitive gadolinium-based contrast injections. The advantages and benefits of advanced neuroimaging techniques, including 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and perfusion-weighted imaging are discussed in the last section of the chapter.
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Advanced structural neuroimaging in progressive supranuclear palsy: Where do we stand? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 36:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Koch W, Unterrainer M, Xiong G, Bartenstein P, Diemling M, Varrone A, Dickson JC, Tossici-Bolt L, Sera T, Asenbaum S, Booij J, Kapucu OL, Kluge A, Ziebell M, Darcourt J, Nobili F, Pagani M, Hesse S, Vander Borght T, Van Laere K, Tatsch K, la Fougère C. Extrastriatal binding of [¹²³I]FP-CIT in the thalamus and pons: gender and age dependencies assessed in a European multicentre database of healthy controls. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:1938-46. [PMID: 24806112 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apart from binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT), [(123)I]FP-CIT shows moderate affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT), allowing imaging of both monoamine transporters in a single imaging session in different brain areas. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate extrastriatal binding (predominantly due to SERT) and its age and gender dependencies in a large cohort of healthy controls. METHODS SPECT data from 103 healthy controls with well-defined criteria of normality acquired at 13 different imaging centres were analysed for extrastriatal binding using volumes of interest analysis for the thalamus and the pons. Data were examined for gender and age effects as well as for potential influence of striatal DAT radiotracer binding. RESULTS Thalamic binding was significantly higher than pons binding. Partial correlations showed an influence of putaminal DAT binding on measured binding in the thalamus but not on the pons. Data showed high interindividual variation in extrastriatal binding. Significant gender effects with 31 % higher binding in women than in men were observed in the thalamus, but not in the pons. An age dependency with a decline per decade (±standard error) of 8.2 ± 1.3 % for the thalamus and 6.8 ± 2.9 % for the pons was shown. CONCLUSION The potential to evaluate extrastriatal predominant SERT binding in addition to the striatal DAT in a single imaging session was shown using a large database of [(123)I]FP-CIT scans in healthy controls. For both the thalamus and the pons, an age-related decline in radiotracer binding was observed. Gender effects were demonstrated for binding in the thalamus only. As a potential clinical application, the data could be used as a reference to estimate SERT occupancy in addition to nigrostriatal integrity when using [(123)I]FP-CIT for DAT imaging in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Koch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany,
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Bernard JA, Seidler RD. Moving forward: age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:193-207. [PMID: 24594194 PMCID: PMC4024443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Though the cortical contributions to age-related declines in motor and cognitive performance are well-known, the potential contributions of the cerebellum are less clear. The diverse functions of the cerebellum make it an important structure to investigate in aging. Here, we review the extant literature on this topic. To date, there is evidence to indicate that there are morphological age differences in the cerebellum that are linked to motor and cognitive behavior. Cerebellar morphology is often as good as - or even better - at predicting performance than the prefrontal cortex. We also touch on the few studies using functional neuroimaging and connectivity analyses that further implicate the cerebellum in age-related performance declines. Importantly, we provide a conceptual framework for the cerebellum influencing age differences in performance, centered on the notion of degraded internal models. The evidence indicating that cerebellar age differences associate with performance highlights the need for additional work in this domain to further elucidate the role of the cerebellum in age differences in movement control and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States.
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States; School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, United States
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Ruigrok ANV, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Tait RJ, Suckling J. A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 39:34-50. [PMID: 24374381 PMCID: PMC3969295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This is the first meta-analysis of sex differences in the typical human brain. Regional sex differences overlap with areas implicated in psychiatric conditions. The amygdala, hippocampus, planum temporale and insula display sex differences. On average, males have larger brain volumes than females. Most articles providing sex differences in volume are in the ‘mature’ category.
The prevalence, age of onset, and symptomatology of many neuropsychiatric conditions differ between males and females. To understand the causes and consequences of sex differences it is important to establish where they occur in the human brain. We report the first meta-analysis of typical sex differences on global brain volume, a descriptive account of the breakdown of studies of each compartmental volume by six age categories, and whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analyses on brain volume and density. Gaussian-process regression coordinate-based meta-analysis was used to examine sex differences in voxel-based regional volume and density. On average, males have larger total brain volumes than females. Examination of the breakdown of studies providing total volumes by age categories indicated a bias towards the 18–59 year-old category. Regional sex differences in volume and tissue density include the amygdala, hippocampus and insula, areas known to be implicated in sex-biased neuropsychiatric conditions. Together, these results suggest candidate regions for investigating the asymmetric effect that sex has on the developing brain, and for understanding sex-biased neurological and psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N V Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gholamreza Salimi-Khorshidi
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen-Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Roger J Tait
- Brain Mapping Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - John Suckling
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom; Brain Mapping Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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Ideguchi M, Kajiwara K, Yoshikawa K, Sadahiro H, Nomura S, Fujii M, Suzuki M. Characteristics of intraoperative abnormal hemodynamics during resection of an intra-fourth ventricular tumor located on the dorsal medulla oblongata. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53:655-62. [PMID: 24077276 PMCID: PMC4508747 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa2012-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal hemodynamics during extirpation of a para-medulla oblongata (MO) tumor is common and may be associated with direct vagal stimulation of the medullary circuit. However, resection of tumors on the dorsal MO may also induce hemodynamic instability without direct vagal stimulus. The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of hemodynamic instability unrelated to vagal stimulus during dissection of an intra-fourth ventricular tumor with attachment to the dorsal MO. A retrospective analysis was performed in 13 patients. Abnormal hemodynamics were defined as a > 20% change from the means of the intraoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Relationships of intraoperative hemodynamics were evaluated with various parameters, including the volume of the MO. Six patients (46.2%) had intraoperative hypertension during separation of the tumor bulk from the dorsal MO. The maximum MAP and HR in these patients were significantly greater than those in patients with normal hemodynamics (116.0 ± 18.0 mmHg versus 85.6 ± 6.5 mmHg; 124.3 ± 22.8 bpm versus 90.5 ± 14.7 bpm). All six cases with abnormal hemodynamics showed hemodynamic fluctuation during separation of the tumor bulk from the dorsal MO. The preoperative volume of the MO in these patients was 1.11 cc less than that in patients with normal hemodynamics, but the volume after tumor resection was similar in the two groups (5.23 cc and 5.12 cc). This suggests that the MO was compressed by the conglutinate tumor bulk, with resultant fluctuation of hemodynamics. Recognition of and preparation for this phenomenon are important for surgery on a tumor located on the dorsal MO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ideguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
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Lambert C, Chowdhury R, Fitzgerald THB, Fleming SM, Lutti A, Hutton C, Draganski B, Frackowiak R, Ashburner J. Characterizing aging in the human brainstem using quantitative multimodal MRI analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:462. [PMID: 23970860 PMCID: PMC3747448 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is ubiquitous to the human condition. The MRI correlates of healthy aging have been extensively investigated using a range of modalities, including volumetric MRI, quantitative MRI (qMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging. Despite this, the reported brainstem related changes remain sparse. This is, in part, due to the technical and methodological limitations in quantitatively assessing and statistically analyzing this region. By utilizing a new method of brainstem segmentation, a large cohort of 100 healthy adults were assessed in this study for the effects of aging within the human brainstem in vivo. Using qMRI, tensor-based morphometry (TBM), and voxel-based quantification (VBQ), the volumetric and quantitative changes across healthy adults between 19 and 75 years were characterized. In addition to the increased R2* in substantia nigra corresponding to increasing iron deposition with age, several novel findings were reported in the current study. These include selective volumetric loss of the brachium conjunctivum, with a corresponding decrease in magnetization transfer and increase in proton density (PD), accounting for the previously described "midbrain shrinkage." Additionally, we found increases in R1 and PD in several pontine and medullary structures. We consider these changes in the context of well-characterized, functional age-related changes, and propose potential biophysical mechanisms. This study provides detailed quantitative analysis of the internal architecture of the brainstem and provides a baseline for further studies of neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by early, pre-clinical involvement of the brainstem, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lambert
- Clinical Neuroscience, St George's University of London , London , UK ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London , London , UK
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Ertekin T, Acer N, Içer S, Ilıca AT. Comparison of two methods for the estimation of subcortical volume and asymmetry using magnetic resonance imaging: a methodological study. Surg Radiol Anat 2012; 35:301-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-012-1036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hershey T, Lugar HM, Shimony JS, Rutlin J, Koller JM, Perantie DC, Paciorkowski AR, Eisenstein SA, Permutt MA. Early brain vulnerability in Wolfram syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40604. [PMID: 22792385 PMCID: PMC3394712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram Syndrome (WFS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, diabetes insipidus, deafness, and neurological dysfunction leading to death in mid-adulthood. WFS is caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene, which lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated cell death. Case studies have found widespread brain atrophy in late stage WFS. However, it is not known when in the disease course these brain abnormalities arise, and whether there is differential vulnerability across brain regions and tissue classes. To address this limitation, we quantified regional brain abnormalities across multiple imaging modalities in a cohort of young patients in relatively early stages of WFS. Children and young adults with WFS were evaluated with neurological, cognitive and structural magnetic resonance imaging measures. Compared to normative data, the WFS group had intact cognition, significant anxiety and depression, and gait abnormalities. Compared to healthy and type 1 diabetic control groups, the WFS group had smaller intracranial volume and preferentially affected gray matter volume and white matter microstructural integrity in the brainstem, cerebellum and optic radiations. Abnormalities were detected in even the youngest patients with mildest symptoms, and some measures did not follow the typical age-dependent developmental trajectory. These results establish that WFS is associated with smaller intracranial volume with specific abnormalities in the brainstem and cerebellum, even at the earliest stage of clinical symptoms. This pattern of abnormalities suggests that WFS has a pronounced impact on early brain development in addition to later neurodegenerative effects, representing a significant new insight into the WFS disease process. Longitudinal studies will be critical for confirming and expanding our understanding of the impact of ER stress dysregulation on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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Erbagci H, Keser M, Kervancioglu S, Kizilkan N. Estimation of the brain stem volume by stereological method on magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2012; 34:819-24. [PMID: 22526167 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-012-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuron loss that occurs in some neurodegenerative diseases can lead to volume alterations by causing atrophy in the brain stem. The aim of this study was to determine the brain stem volume and the volume ratio of the brain stem to total brain volume related to gender and age using new Stereo Investigator system in normal subjects. For this purpose, MR images of 72 individuals who have no pathologic condition were evaluated. The total brain volumes of female and male were calculated as 966.81 ± 77.44 and 1,074.06 ± 111.75 cm3, respectively. Brain stem volumes of female and male were determined as 18.99 ± 2.36 and 22.05 ± 4.01 cm3, respectively. The ratios of brain stem volume to total brain volume were 1.96 ± 0.17 in female and 2.05 ± 0.29 in male. The total brain and brain stem volumes were observed smaller in female and it is statistically significant. Among the individuals whose ages are between 20 and 40, total brain and brain stem volume measurements with aging were not statistically significant. As a result, we believe that the measurement of brain stem volume with an objective and efficient calculation method will contribute to the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to determine the rate of disease progression, and the outcomes of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Erbagci
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Volumetric Analysis of Cerebellum in Short-Track Speed Skating Players. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 11:925-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ertekin T, Acer N, Turgut AT, Aycan K, Ozçelik O, Turgut M. Comparison of three methods for the estimation of the pituitary gland volume using magnetic resonance imaging: a stereological study. Pituitary 2011; 14:31-8. [PMID: 20809112 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-010-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stereological techniques using point counting and planimetry have been used to estimate pituitary gland volume. However, many studies have estimated pituitary gland volume by the mathematical approach the elliptic formula. The objective of the current study was to determine pituitary gland volume using stereological methods and elliptic formula on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, pituitary gland volumes were estimated in a total of 28 subjects (22 females, 6 males,) who were free of any pituitary or neurological symptoms and signs. The mean ± SD pituitary gland volumes for the point counting, planimetry and elliptic formulae groups were 582.14 ± 140.16 mm³, 610.08 ± 133.17 mm³, and 432.82 ± 147.38 mm³, respectively. The mean CE for the pituitary gland volume estimates derived from the point counting technique was 8.07%. No significant difference was found between point counting and planimetric methods for the pituitary gland volume (P > 0.05). In addition, there was a 26.14 and 29.71% underestimation of pituitary volume as measured by the elliptic formula compared to the point counting and planimetric techniques, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that stereological techniques are unbiased, efficient and reliable methods and are ideally suitable for in vivo examination of MRI data for pituitary gland volume estimation. Hence, we suggest that estimating pituitary gland volume using MRI study and stereology may be clinically relevant for pituitary surgeons for the investigation of the structure and function of the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Ertekin
- Department of Anatomy, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
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