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Kuhse J, Groeneweg F, Kins S, Gorgas K, Nawrotzki R, Kirsch J, Kiss E. Loss of Extrasynaptic Inhibitory Glycine Receptors in the Hippocampus of an AD Mouse Model Is Restored by Treatment with Artesunate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054623. [PMID: 36902054 PMCID: PMC10002537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by synaptic failure and neuronal loss. Recently, we demonstrated that artemisinins restored the levels of key proteins of inhibitory GABAergic synapses in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, a model of cerebral amyloidosis. In the present study, we analyzed the protein levels and subcellular localization of α2 and α3 subunits of GlyRs, indicated as the most abundant receptor subtypes in the mature hippocampus, in early and late stages of AD pathogenesis, and upon treatment with two different doses of artesunate (ARS). Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein levels of both α2 and α3 GlyRs are considerably reduced in the CA1 and the dentate gyrus of 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice when compared to WT mice. Notably, treatment with low-dose ARS affected GlyR expression in a subunit-specific way; the protein levels of α3 GlyR subunits were rescued to about WT levels, whereas that of α2 GlyRs were not affected significantly. Moreover, double labeling with a presynaptic marker indicated that the changes in GlyR α3 expression levels primarily involve extracellular GlyRs. Correspondingly, low concentrations of artesunate (≤1 µM) also increased the extrasynaptic GlyR cluster density in hAPPswe-transfected primary hippocampal neurons, whereas the number of GlyR clusters overlapping presynaptic VIAAT immunoreactivities remained unchanged. Thus, here we provide evidence that the protein levels and subcellular localization of α2 and α3 subunits of GlyRs show regional and temporal alterations in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice that can be modulated by the application of artesunate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kuhse
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Femke Groeneweg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karin Gorgas
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Nawrotzki
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Kiss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
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2
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Barone A, Manchia M, De Luca V, Iasevoli F, Correll CU. Clozapine's multiple cellular mechanisms: What do we know after more than fifty years? A systematic review and critical assessment of translational mechanisms relevant for innovative strategies in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108236. [PMID: 35764175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost fifty years after its first introduction into clinical care, clozapine remains the only evidence-based pharmacological option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), which affects approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Despite the long-time experience with clozapine, the specific mechanism of action (MOA) responsible for its superior efficacy among antipsychotics is still elusive, both at the receptor and intracellular signaling level. This systematic review is aimed at critically assessing the role and specific relevance of clozapine's multimodal actions, dissecting those mechanisms that under a translational perspective could shed light on molecular targets worth to be considered for further innovative antipsychotic development. In vivo and in vitro preclinical findings, supported by innovative techniques and methods, together with pharmacogenomic and in vivo functional studies, point to multiple and possibly overlapping MOAs. To better explore this crucial issue, the specific affinity for 5-HT2R, D1R, α2c, and muscarinic receptors, the relatively low occupancy at dopamine D2R, the interaction with receptor dimers, as well as the potential confounder effects resulting in biased ligand action, and lastly, the role of the moiety responsible for lipophilic and alkaline features of clozapine are highlighted. Finally, the role of transcription and protein changes at the synaptic level, and the possibility that clozapine can directly impact synaptic architecture are addressed. Although clozapine's exact MOAs that contribute to its unique efficacy and some of its severe adverse effects have not been fully understood, relevant information can be gleaned from recent mechanistic understandings that may help design much needed additional therapeutic strategies for TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Kimura H, Kanahara N, Iyo M. Rationale and neurobiological effects of treatment with antipsychotics in patients with chronic schizophrenia considering dopamine supersensitivity. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113126. [PMID: 33460681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-term treatment of patients with schizophrenia often involves the management of relapses for most patients and the development of treatment resistance in some patients. To stabilize the clinical course and allow as many patients as possible to recover, clinicians need to recognize dopamine supersensitivity, which can be provoked by administration of high dosages of antipsychotics, and deal with it properly. However, no treatment guidelines have addressed this issue. The present review summarized the characteristics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics, dopamine partial agonists, and clozapine in relation to dopamine supersensitivity from the viewpoints of receptor profiles and pharmacokinetics. The potential merits and limitations of these medicines are discussed, as well as the risks of treating patients with established dopamine supersensitivity with these classes of drugs. Finally, the review discussed the biological influence of antipsychotic treatment on the human brain based on findings regarding the relationship between the hippocampus and antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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4
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Bezverkhniaia EA, Povet’eva TN, Kadyrova TV, Suslov NI, Nesterova YV, Afanas’eva OG, Kul’pin PV, Yusova YG, Ermilova EV, Miroshnichenko AG, Brazovskii KS, Belousov MV. Screening Study for Anticonvulsive Activity of Lipophilic Fractions from Empetrum nigrum L. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.55015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The plants of genus Empetrum, which are used in the traditional medicine to cure seizures and neurodegenerative diseases, can be considered as potent antiepileptic drugs. This paper focuses on a comparative analysis of an anticonvulsive activity of lipophilic fractions from Empetrum nigrum L.
Materials and methods: The experiments were conducted using mature outbred CD-1 male mice. The lipophilic fractions from aerial parts of Empetrum nigrum L. were administered through a catheter into the stomach at a dose of 150 mg/kg for 5 days. The anticonvulsive effects were studied using the acute seizure tests: strychnine-, pentylenetetrazole – and maximal electroshock (MES) induced tests. Carbamazepine was used as a positive control drug at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
Results and discussion: The acetone-soluble fraction (ASF) of the chloroform extract from Empetrum nigrum L. showed a pronounced anticonvulsive effect on seizures induced by strychnine (1.5 mg/kg) and pentylenetetrazole (150 mg/kg). In comparison to the control group, the time from seizures to death increased by 1.5 for the strychnine-induced seizures, and 1.9 times in case of pentylenetetrazole model. The survival rate of the animals was 22.2% and 20%, correspondingly. The survival rate in the MES test was 77.8%. Overall, ASF demonstrates a remarkable anticonvulsive activity in all the tests, especially in the MES test.
Conclusion: Our study for the first time shows a potent antiepileptic effect of ASF from Empetrum nigrum L., containing triterpene compounds and chalcones. The future studies will be focused on investigating the exact mechanisms of anticonvulsive and neuroprotective effects of ASF.
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Abstract
The inhibitory glycine receptor is a member of the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels. It is the principal mediator of rapid synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord and brainstem and plays an important role in the modulation of higher brain functions including vision, hearing, and pain signaling. Glycine receptor function is controlled by only a few agonists, while the number of antagonists and positive or biphasic modulators is steadily increasing. These modulators are important for the study of receptor activation and regulation and have found clinical interest as potential analgesics and anticonvulsants. High-resolution structures of the receptor have become available recently, adding to our understanding of structure-function relationships and revealing agonistic, inhibitory, and modulatory sites on the receptor protein. This Review presents an overview of compounds that activate, inhibit, or modulate glycine receptor function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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6
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Ayaydın H, Bilgen Ulgar Ş. Control of seizures in a clozapine-treated schizophrenia patient, using valproate: a case report. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1468640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ayaydın
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Urfa, Turkey
| | - Şermin Bilgen Ulgar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Urfa, Turkey
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7
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Huang J, Liu F, Tang H, Wu H, Li L, Wu R, Zhao J, Wu Y, Liu Z, Chen J. Tranylcypromine Causes Neurotoxicity and Represses BHC110/LSD1 in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids Model. Front Neurol 2017; 8:626. [PMID: 29270148 PMCID: PMC5725435 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids provide a valuable platform for investigating the human brain after different drugs treatments and for understanding the complex genetic background to human pathology. Here, we identified tranylcypromine, which is used to treat refractory depression, caused human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids neurotoxicity, leading to decreased proliferation activity and apoptosis induction. Moreover, tranylcypromine treatment affects neurons and astrocytes, which impairs cell density and arrangement. Finally, staining of histone demethylation-related genes revealed that tranylcypromine suppresses the transcriptional activity of BHC110/LSD1-targeted genes and increases the expression of histone di-methylated K4. These results show that human brain organoids can be applied as an in vitro model for CNS drug screening to evaluate structural, cellular, and molecular changes in the normal brains or brains of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders after drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Lehua Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University (CSU), Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
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8
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Poddar I, Callahan PM, Hernandez CM, Yang X, Bartlett MG, Terry AV. Tropisetron enhances recognition memory in rats chronically treated with risperidone or quetiapine. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 151:180-187. [PMID: 29175423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While impairments of cognition in schizophrenia have the greatest impact on long-term functional outcome, the currently prescribed treatments, antipsychotic drugs (APDs), do not effectively improve cognition. Moreover, while more than 20 years have been devoted to the development of new drugs to treat cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, none have been approved to date. One area that has not been given proper attention at the preclinical or clinical stage of drug development is the chronic medication history of the test subject. Hence, very little is known about how chronic treatment with drugs that affect multiple receptors like APDs influence the response to a potential pro-cognitive agent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) partial agonist, tropisetron in rats chronically treated with APDs with distinct pharmacological profiles. Rats were treated orally with either risperidone (2.5 mg/kg/day) or quetiapine (25.0 mg/kg/day) for 30 or 90 days and then an acute injection of vehicle or tropisetron (3.0 mg/kg) was administered before training in a novel object recognition (NOR) task. After a 48 h delay (when recollection of the familiar object was impaired in vehicle-treated animals) neither 30 nor 90 days of risperidone or quetiapine treatment improved NOR performance. In contrast, tropisetron markedly improved NOR performance in rats treated with either APD for 30 or 90 days. These animal data reinforce the argument that two commonly prescribed APDs are not pro-cognitive agents and that α7 nAChR ligands like tropisetron have potential as adjunctive treatments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Poddar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia
| | - Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia; Small Animal Behavior Core, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia
| | - Caterina M Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia; Small Animal Behavior Core, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30607, Georgia
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30607, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia; Small Animal Behavior Core, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, Georgia.
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9
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Bolu A, Akarsu S, Pan E, Aydemir E, Oznur T. Low-dose Clozapine-induced Seizure: A Case Report. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:190-193. [PMID: 28449570 PMCID: PMC5426497 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are believed to be a dose-dependent side effect of clozapine. In this case report, we describe a patient who had tonic-clonic seizures after using a low dose clozapine who did not have any seizure risk. The 29-year-old male patient had been followed-up with a diagnosis of schizophrenia for about 5 years. When using clozapine 200 mg/day he had a tonic-clonic seizure with bilateral diffuse epileptic activity in electroencephalography (EEG). In the literature, there are a few case reports about low-dose clozapine-induced seizure. Seizures were observed in our case with a low dose of clozapine (200 mg/day) making this case remarkable. EEG monitoring at regular intervals and examination of plasma levels of clozapine could be useful in preventing the development of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Bolu
- Aircrew's Health Research and Training Center, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Akarsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Iskenderun Military Hospital, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Erdal Pan
- Aircrew's Health Research and Training Center, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Emre Aydemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Beytepe Military Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Oznur
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Functional modulation of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons by amyloid-β protein (1-42). Brain Res 2016; 1651:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Fe2+ and Fe3+ in micromolar concentrations modulate glycine-induced Cl− current in rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res Bull 2015; 115:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Amyloid β peptide (25–35) in picomolar concentrations modulates the function of glycine receptors in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons through interaction with extracellular site(s). Brain Res 2014; 1558:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Kikuchi YS, Sato W, Ataka K, Yagisawa K, Omori Y, Kanbayashi T, Shimizu T. Clozapine-induced seizures, electroencephalography abnormalities, and clinical responses in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1973-8. [PMID: 25342906 PMCID: PMC4206387 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s69784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities and seizures associated with clozapine treatment in Japanese patients with schizophrenia and retrospectively compare EEG results and total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS [T]) scores before and after treatment. METHODS Twenty-six patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia were enrolled in this study. EEG measurements were obtained prior to clozapine treatment and every 4 weeks thereafter. EEG measurements were also obtained at the time of seizure. After seizures or EEG abnormalities were noted, additional EEGs were performed every 2 weeks. PANSS (T) scores were used to determine clozapine treatment outcome. RESULTS All 26 patients had normal baseline EEG measurements, and ten patients (38.5%) later manifested EEG abnormalities. The mean age was significantly lower than in the abnormal EEG group. Six patients (23.1%) experienced seizures. The mean dose of clozapine at the first occurrence of seizure was 383.3 mg/day. Five of six patients who experienced seizures in this study were successfully treated with valproate or lamotrigine without discontinuation of clozapine. The one patient who continued to experience seizures was successfully treated without antiepileptic drugs. The mean baseline PANSS (T) scores were not significantly different between the normal and abnormal EEG groups, but the mean score in the abnormal EEG group was significantly lower than that in the normal EEG group at the final follow-up (P=0.02). CONCLUSION EEG abnormalities may appear in younger patients, and our findings indicate that there is no need to discontinue clozapine when seizures occur. EEG abnormalities that appeared after clozapine treatment were associated with a good clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sugawara Kikuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Ataka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Yagisawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Omori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanbayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
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14
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Wang SQ, Li XJ, Zhou S, Sun DX, Wang H, Cheng PF, Ma XR, Liu L, Liu JX, Wang FF, Liang YF, Wu JM. Intervention effects of ganoderma lucidum spores on epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons and expression of neurotrophin-4 and N-cadherin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61687. [PMID: 23637882 PMCID: PMC3634853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy can cause cerebral transient dysfunctions. Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has shown some antiepileptic effects in our previous studies. This was the first study of the effects of GLS on cultured primary hippocampal neurons, treated with Mg2+ free medium. This in vitro model of epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons allowed us to investigate the anti-epileptic effects and mechanism of GLS activity. Primary hippocampal neurons from <1 day old rats were cultured and their morphologies observed under fluorescence microscope. Neurons were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining of neuron specific enolase (NSE). Sterile method for GLS generation was investigated and serial dilutions of GLS were used to test the maximum non-toxic concentration of GLS on hippocampal neurons. The optimized concentration of GLS of 0.122 mg/ml was identified and used for subsequent analysis. Using the in vitro model, hippocampal neurons were divided into 4 groups for subsequent treatment i) control, ii) model (incubated with Mg2+ free medium for 3 hours), iii) GLS group I (incubated with Mg2+ free medium containing GLS for 3 hours and replaced with normal medium and incubated for 6 hours) and iv) GLS group II (neurons incubated with Mg2+ free medium for 3 hours then replaced with a normal medium containing GLS for 6 hours). Neurotrophin-4 and N-Cadherin protein expression were detected using Western blot. The results showed that the number of normal hippocampal neurons increased and the morphologies of hippocampal neurons were well preserved after GLS treatment. Furthermore, the expression of neurotrophin-4 was significantly increased while the expression of N-Cadherin was decreased in the GLS treated group compared with the model group. This data indicates that GLS may protect hippocampal neurons by promoting neurotrophin-4 expression and inhibiting N-Cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Children Neural Rehabilitation Laboratory of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Children Neural Rehabilitation Laboratory of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Di-Xiang Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ru Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xing Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
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15
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Goyal N, Praharaj SK, Desarkar P, Nizamie H. Electroencephalographic abnormalities in clozapine-treated patients: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:372-6. [PMID: 22216049 PMCID: PMC3246147 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.4.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to examine the electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities associated with clozapine treatment. It was a cross-sectional study on 87 psychiatric patients on clozapine treatment. 32 channel digital EEG was recorded and analysed visually for abnormalities. EEG abnormalities were observed in 63.2% of patients. Both slowing and epileptiform activities were noted in 41.4% of patients. The EEG abnormalities were not associated with dose or duration of clozapine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Goyal
- Senior Resident, Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Pushpal Desarkar
- Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Boundary Brook House (Park Hospital), Churchill Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LQ, UK
| | - Haque Nizamie
- Professor of Psychiatry, In Charge Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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16
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Choi KH, Rhim H. Inhibition of recombinant Ca(v)3.1 (alpha(1G)) T-type calcium channels by the antipsychotic drug clozapine. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 626:123-30. [PMID: 19782679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low voltage-activated T-type calcium channels are involved in the regulation of the neuronal excitability, and could be subject to many antipsychotic drugs. The effects of clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, on recombinant Ca(v)3.1 T-type calcium channels heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells were examined using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. At a standard holding potential of -100 mV, clozapine inhibited Ca(v)3.1 currents with an IC(50) value of 23.7+/-1.3 microM in a use-dependent manner. However, 10 microM clozapine inhibited more than 50% of the Ca(v)3.1 currents in recordings at a more physiologically relevant holding potential of -75 mV. Clozapine caused a significant hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation curve of the Ca(v)3.1 channels, which is presumably the main mechanism accounting for the inhibition of the Ca(v)3.1 currents. In addition, clozapine slowed Ca(v)3.1 deactivation and inactivation kinetics but not activation kinetics. Clozapine-induced changes in deactivation and inactivation rates of the Ca(v)3.1 channel gating would likely facilitate calcium influx via Ca(v)3.1 T-type calcium channels. Thus, clozapine may exert its therapeutic and/or side effects by altering cell's excitability and firing properties through actions on T-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Hyun Choi
- Life Sciences Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
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