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Wolpaw JR, Kamesar A. Heksor: The CNS substrate of an adaptive behavior. J Physiol 2022; 600:3423-3452. [PMID: 35771667 PMCID: PMC9545119 DOI: 10.1113/jp283291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past half‐century, the largely hardwired central nervous system (CNS) of 1970 has become the ubiquitously plastic CNS of today, in which change is the rule not the exception. This transformation complicates a central question in neuroscience: how are adaptive behaviours – behaviours that serve the needs of the individual – acquired and maintained through life? It poses a more basic question: how do many adaptive behaviours share the ubiquitously plastic CNS? This question compels neuroscience to adopt a new paradigm. The core of this paradigm is a CNS entity with unique properties, here given the name heksor from the Greek hexis. A heksor is a distributed network of neurons and synapses that changes itself as needed to maintain the key features of an adaptive behaviour, the features that make the behaviour satisfactory. Through their concurrent changes, the numerous heksors that share the CNS negotiate the properties of the neurons and synapses that they all use. Heksors keep the CNS in a state of negotiated equilibrium that enables each heksor to maintain the key features of its behaviour. The new paradigm based on heksors and the negotiated equilibrium they create is supported by animal and human studies of interactions among new and old adaptive behaviours, explains otherwise inexplicable results, and underlies promising new approaches to restoring behaviours impaired by injury or disease. Furthermore, the paradigm offers new and potentially important answers to extant questions, such as the generation and function of spontaneous neuronal activity, the aetiology of muscle synergies, and the control of homeostatic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Wolpaw
- Director, National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Professor of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, 12208
| | - Adam Kamesar
- Professor of Judaeo-Hellenistic Literature, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220
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2
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Kim SC, Cho SH. Effects of H-Reflex Onset Latency on Gait in Elderly and Hemiplegic Individuals. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58060716. [PMID: 35743979 PMCID: PMC9228972 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Hoffmann’s reflex (H-reflex) is important in electrodiagnostic testing because it improves sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing radiculopathies. Although quantitative electromyography (EMG) measurements for H-reflex amplitudes during the gait cycle have been performed in both hemiplegic and healthy individuals, research on the H-wave latency in these individuals during the gait cycle is lacking. Materials and Methods: The H-reflex latency of the soleus muscle was investigated in hemiplegic stroke patients and healthy elderly persons in this observational analytical study. Two groups of individuals participated in this study: healthy adults (n = 25) and stroke patients with hemiplegia (n = 25) were compared. An MP150 with Ag-Ag/Cl electrodes was utilized to record and analyse electromyography measurements. All individuals could walk independently indoors. Stimuli were administered to elicit the H-reflex in the four gait phases as the participant walked. Results: Stroke patients had a significantly shorter latency than did healthy patients in the mid-swing, mid-stance, and toe-off phases of the gait cycle; heel-strike latency did not significantly differ. Conclusions: These results can be used as diagnostic data to help account for patient characteristics or measure the recovery extent for treatment planning and gait training in hemiplegic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Chil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hyoun Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nambu University, 23 Cheomdanjungang-ro, Gwangju 62271, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-3060-1330
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3
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Corsi MC, Chavez M, Schwartz D, George N, Hugueville L, Kahn AE, Dupont S, Bassett DS, De Vico Fallani F. BCI learning induces core-periphery reorganization in M/EEG multiplex brain networks. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33725682 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abef39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) constitute a promising tool for communication and control. However, mastering non-invasive closed-loop systems remains a learned skill that is difficult to develop for a non-negligible proportion of users. The involved learning process induces neural changes associated with a brain network reorganization that remains poorly understood. To address this inter-subject variability, we adopted a multilayer approach to integrate brain network properties from electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data resulting from a four-session BCI training program followed by a group of healthy subjects. Our method gives access to the contribution of each layer to multilayer network that tends to be equal with time. We show that regardless the chosen modality, a progressive increase in the integration of somatosensory areas in the α band was paralleled by a decrease of the integration of visual processing and working memory areas in the β band. Notably, only brain network properties in multilayer network correlated with future BCI scores in the α2 band: positively in somatosensory and decision-making related areas and negatively in associative areas. Our findings cast new light on neural processes underlying BCI training. Integrating multimodal brain network properties provides new information that correlates with behavioral performance and could be considered as a potential marker of BCI learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Chavez
- UMR-7225, CNRS, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, FRANCE
| | - Denis Schwartz
- INSERM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, Île-de-France, 75013, FRANCE
| | - Nathalie George
- UMR-7225, CNRS, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, Île-de-France, 75013, FRANCE
| | - Laurent Hugueville
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, Île-de-France, 75013, FRANCE
| | - Ari E Kahn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6321, UNITED STATES
| | - Sophie Dupont
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, Île-de-France, 75013, FRANCE
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street 240 Skirkanich Hall, USA, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6321, UNITED STATES
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Gonzalez-Astudillo J, Cattai T, Bassignana G, Corsi MC, De Vico Fallani F. Network-based brain computer interfaces: principles and applications. J Neural Eng 2020; 18. [PMID: 33147577 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abc760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) make possible to interact with the external environment by decoding the mental intention of individuals. BCIs can therefore be used to address basic neuroscience questions but also to unlock a variety of applications from exoskeleton control to neurofeedback (NFB) rehabilitation. In general, BCI usability critically depends on the ability to comprehensively characterize brain functioning and correctly identify the user's mental state. To this end, much of the efforts have focused on improving the classification algorithms taking into account localized brain activities as input features. Despite considerable improvement BCI performance is still unstable and, as a matter of fact, current features represent oversimplified descriptors of brain functioning. In the last decade, growing evidence has shown that the brain works as a networked system composed of multiple specialized and spatially distributed areas that dynamically integrate information. While more complex, looking at how remote brain regions functionally interact represents a grounded alternative to better describe brain functioning. Thanks to recent advances in network science, i.e. a modern field that draws on graph theory, statistical mechanics, data mining and inferential modelling, scientists have now powerful means to characterize complex brain networks derived from neuroimaging data. Notably, summary features can be extracted from these networks to quantitatively measure specific organizational properties across a variety of topological scales. In this topical review, we aim to provide the state-of-the-art supporting the development of a network theoretic approach as a promising tool for understanding BCIs and improve usability.
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Mason J, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Goodwill AM, Howatson G, Jaberzadeh S, Kidgell DJ. Determining the early corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to strength training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:463-476. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe the corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to a single session of strength training; however, the findings are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether a single bout of strength training affects the excitability and inhibition of intracortical circuits of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the corticospinal-motoneuronal pathway. A systematic review was completed, tracking studies between January 1990 and May 2018. The methodological quality of studies was determined using the Downs and Black quality index. Data were synthesised and interpreted from meta-analysis. Nine studies (n=107) investigating the acute corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to strength training met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses detected that after strength training compared to control, corticospinal excitability [standardised mean difference (SMD), 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88, 1.63; p<0.0001] and intracortical facilitation (ICF) (SMD, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.18, 3.02; p=0.003) were increased. The duration of the corticospinal silent period was reduced (SMD, −17.57; 95% CI, −21.12, −14.01; p=0.00001), but strength training had no effect on the excitability of the intracortical inhibitory circuits [short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) SMD, 1.01; 95% CI, −1.67, 3.69; p=0.46; long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) SMD, 0.50; 95% CI, −1.13, 2.13; p=0.55]. Strength training increased the excitability of corticospinal axons (SMD, 4.47; 95% CI, 3.45, 5.49; p<0.0001). This systematic review and meta-analyses revealed that the acute neural changes to strength training involve subtle changes along the entire neuroaxis from the M1 to the spinal cord. These findings suggest that strength training is a clinically useful tool to modulate intracortical circuits involved in motor control.
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Gehringer JE, Arpin DJ, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW, Kurz MJ. Practice modulates motor-related beta oscillations differently in adolescents and adults. J Physiol 2019; 597:3203-3216. [PMID: 31045245 PMCID: PMC7105901 DOI: 10.1113/jp277326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Magnetoencephalography data were acquired during a leg force task in pre-/post-practice sessions in adolescents and adults. Strong peri-movement alpha and beta oscillations were mapped to the cortex. Following practice, performance improved and beta oscillations were altered. Beta oscillations decreased in the sensorimotor cortex in adolescents after practice, but increased in adults. No pre-/post-practice differences were detected for alpha oscillations. ABSTRACT There is considerable evidence that there are motor performance and practice differences between adolescents and adults. Behavioural studies have suggested that these motor performance differences are simply due to experience. However, the neurophysiological nexus for these motor performance differences remains unknown. The present study investigates the short-term changes (e.g. fast motor learning) in the alpha and beta event-related desynchronizations (ERDs) associated with practising an ankle plantarflexion motor action. To this end, we utilized magnetoencephalography to identify changes in the alpha and beta ERDs in healthy adolescents (n = 21; age = 14 ± 2.1 years) and middle-aged adults (n = 22; age = 36.6 ± 5 years) after practising an isometric ankle plantarflexion target-matching task. After practice, all of the participants matched more targets and matched the targets faster, and had improved accuracy, faster reaction times and faster force production. However, the motor performance of the adults exceeded what was seen in the adolescents regardless of practice. In conjunction with the behavioural results, the strength of the beta ERDs across the motor planning and execution stages was reduced after practice in the sensorimotor cortices of the adolescents, but was stronger in the adults. No pre-/post-practice changes were found in the alpha ERDs. These outcomes suggest that there are age-dependent changes in the sensorimotor cortical oscillations after practising a motor task. We suspect that these noted differences might be related to familiarity with the motor task, GABA levels and/or maturational differences in the integrity of the white matter fibre tracts that comprise the respective cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gehringer
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David J Arpin
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Max J Kurz
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Ferrarin M, Rabuffetti M, Geda E, Sirolli S, Marzegan A, Bruno V, Sacco K. Influence of the amount of body weight support on lower limb joints' kinematics during treadmill walking at different gait speeds: Reference data on healthy adults to define trajectories for robot assistance. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2018; 232:619-627. [PMID: 29890931 DOI: 10.1177/0954411918776682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several robotic devices have been developed for the rehabilitation of treadmill walking in patients with movement disorders due to injuries or diseases of the central nervous system. These robots induce coordinated multi-joint movements aimed at reproducing the physiological walking or stepping patterns. Control strategies developed for robotic locomotor training need a set of predefined lower limb joint angular trajectories as reference input for the control algorithm. Such trajectories are typically taken from normative database of overground unassisted walking. However, it has been demonstrated that gait speed and the amount of body weight support significantly influence joint trajectories during walking. Moreover, both the speed and the level of body weight support must be individually adjusted according to the rehabilitation phase and the residual locomotor abilities of the patient. In this work, 10 healthy participants (age range: 23-48 years) were asked to walk in movement analysis laboratory on a treadmill at five different speeds and four different levels of body weight support; besides, a trial with full body weight support, that is, with the subject suspended on air, was performed at two different cadences. The results confirm that lower limb kinematics during walking is affected by gait speed and by the amount of body weight support, and that on-air stepping is radically different from treadmill walking. Importantly, the results provide normative data in a numerical form to be used as reference trajectories for controlling robot-assisted body weight support walking training. An electronic addendum is provided to easily access to such reference data for different combinations of gait speeds and body weight support levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ferrarin
- 1 IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Polo Tecnologico, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- 1 IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Polo Tecnologico, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Geda
- 2 Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Sirolli
- 3 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Marzegan
- 1 IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Polo Tecnologico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bruno
- 2 Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Sacco
- 2 Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Wolpaw JR. The negotiated equilibrium model of spinal cord function. J Physiol 2018; 596:3469-3491. [PMID: 29663410 PMCID: PMC6092289 DOI: 10.1113/jp275532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The belief that the spinal cord is hardwired is no longer tenable. Like the rest of the CNS, the spinal cord changes during growth and ageing, when new motor behaviours are acquired, and in response to trauma and disease. This paper describes a new model of spinal cord function that reconciles its recently appreciated plasticity with its long-recognized reliability as the final common pathway for behaviour. According to this model, the substrate of each motor behaviour comprises brain and spinal plasticity: the plasticity in the brain induces and maintains the plasticity in the spinal cord. Each time a behaviour occurs, the spinal cord provides the brain with performance information that guides changes in the substrate of the behaviour. All the behaviours in the repertoire undergo this process concurrently; each repeatedly induces plasticity to preserve its key features despite the plasticity induced by other behaviours. The aggregate process is a negotiation among the behaviours: they negotiate the properties of the spinal neurons and synapses that they all use. The ongoing negotiation maintains the spinal cord in an equilibrium - a negotiated equilibrium - that serves all the behaviours. This new model of spinal cord function is supported by laboratory and clinical data, makes predictions borne out by experiment, and underlies a new approach to restoring function to people with neuromuscular disorders. Further studies are needed to test its generality, to determine whether it may apply to other CNS areas such as the cerebral cortex, and to develop its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Wolpaw
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth CenterNYS Department of HealthAlbanyNYUSA
- Department of NeurologyStratton VA Medical CenterAlbanyNYUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSchool of Public HealthSUNY AlbanyNYUSA
- Department of Neurology, Neurological InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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Gehringer JE, Arpin DJ, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW, Kurz MJ. Neurophysiological changes in the visuomotor network after practicing a motor task. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:239-249. [PMID: 29589817 PMCID: PMC6093962 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00020.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well appreciated that practicing a motor task updates the associated internal model, it is still unknown how the cortical oscillations linked with the motor action change with practice. The present study investigates the short-term changes (e.g., fast motor learning) in the α- and β-event-related desynchronizations (ERD) associated with the production of a motor action. To this end, we used magnetoencephalography to identify changes in the α- and β-ERD in healthy adults after participants practiced a novel isometric ankle plantarflexion target-matching task. After practicing, the participants matched the targets faster and had improved accuracy, faster force production, and a reduced amount of variability in the force output when trying to match the target. Parallel with the behavioral results, the strength of the β-ERD across the motor-planning and execution stages was reduced after practice in the sensorimotor and occipital cortexes. No pre/postpractice changes were found in the α-ERD during motor planning or execution. Together, these outcomes suggest that fast motor learning is associated with a decrease in β-ERD power. The decreased strength likely reflects a more refined motor plan, a reduction in neural resources needed to perform the task, and/or an enhancement of the processes that are involved in the visuomotor transformations that occur before the onset of the motor action. These results may augment the development of neurologically based practice strategies and/or lead to new practice strategies that increase motor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We aimed to determine the effects of practice on the movement-related cortical oscillatory activity. Following practice, we found that the performance of the ankle plantarflexion target-matching task improved and the power of the β-oscillations decreased in the sensorimotor and occipital cortexes. These novel findings capture the β-oscillatory activity changes in the sensorimotor and occipital cortexes that are coupled with behavioral changes to demonstrate the effects of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gehringer
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - David J Arpin
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Max J Kurz
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
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10
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Marrus N, Eggebrecht AT, Todorov A, Elison JT, Wolff JJ, Cole L, Gao W, Pandey J, Shen MD, Swanson MR, Emerson RW, Klohr CL, Adams CM, Estes AM, Zwaigenbaum L, Botteron KN, McKinstry RC, Constantino JN, Evans AC, Hazlett HC, Dager SR, Paterson SJ, Schultz RT, Styner MA, Gerig G, Schlaggar BL, Piven J, Pruett JR. Walking, Gross Motor Development, and Brain Functional Connectivity in Infants and Toddlers. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:750-763. [PMID: 29186388 PMCID: PMC6057546 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant gross motor development is vital to adaptive function and predictive of both cognitive outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, little is known about neural systems underlying the emergence of walking and general gross motor abilities. Using resting state fcMRI, we identified functional brain networks associated with walking and gross motor scores in a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort of infants at high and low risk for autism spectrum disorder, who represent a dimensionally distributed range of motor function. At age 12 months, functional connectivity of motor and default mode networks was correlated with walking, whereas dorsal attention and posterior cingulo-opercular networks were implicated at age 24 months. Analyses of general gross motor function also revealed involvement of motor and default mode networks at 12 and 24 months, with dorsal attention, cingulo-opercular, frontoparietal, and subcortical networks additionally implicated at 24 months. These findings suggest that changes in network-level brain-behavior relationships underlie the emergence and consolidation of walking and gross motor abilities in the toddler period. This initial description of network substrates of early gross motor development may inform hypotheses regarding neural systems contributing to typical and atypical motor outcomes, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders associated with motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam T Eggebrecht
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455,USA
| | - Jason J Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology,University of Minnesota, 56 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lyndsey Cole
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104,USA
| | - Mark D Shen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Meghan R Swanson
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Robert W Emerson
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Cheryl L Klohr
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chloe M Adams
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annette M Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, 1701 NE Columbia Rd., Seattle, WA 98195-7920, USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre (WMC), 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1410 NE Campus Parkway, Seattle, WA 98195,USA
| | - Sarah J Paterson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1801 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19122,USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104,USA
| | - Martin A Styner
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Guido Gerig
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | | | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110,USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - John R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Bassett DS, Mattar MG. A Network Neuroscience of Human Learning: Potential to Inform Quantitative Theories of Brain and Behavior. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:250-264. [PMID: 28259554 PMCID: PMC5366087 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Humans adapt their behavior to their external environment in a process often facilitated by learning. Efforts to describe learning empirically can be complemented by quantitative theories that map changes in neurophysiology to changes in behavior. In this review we highlight recent advances in network science that offer a sets of tools and a general perspective that may be particularly useful in understanding types of learning that are supported by distributed neural circuits. We describe recent applications of these tools to neuroimaging data that provide unique insights into adaptive neural processes, the attainment of knowledge, and the acquisition of new skills, forming a network neuroscience of human learning. While promising, the tools have yet to be linked to the well-formulated models of behavior that are commonly utilized in cognitive psychology. We argue that continued progress will require the explicit marriage of network approaches to neuroimaging data and quantitative models of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Marcelo G Mattar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Di Rienzo F, Debarnot U, Daligault S, Saruco E, Delpuech C, Doyon J, Collet C, Guillot A. Online and Offline Performance Gains Following Motor Imagery Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:315. [PMID: 27445755 PMCID: PMC4923126 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that motor imagery (MI) promotes motor learning. While MI has been shown to influence the early stages of the learning process, recent data revealed that sleep also contributes to the consolidation of the memory trace. How such "online" and "offline" processes take place and how they interact to impact the neural underpinnings of movements has received little attention. The aim of the present review is twofold: (i) providing an overview of recent applied and fundamental studies investigating the effects of MI practice (MIP) on motor learning; and (ii) detangling applied and fundamental findings in support of a sleep contribution to motor consolidation after MIP. We conclude with an integrative approach of online and offline learning resulting from intense MIP in healthy participants, and underline research avenues in the motor learning/clinical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Di Rienzo
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ursula Debarnot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Neurologie et d'Imagerie Cognitive, Université de GenèveGeneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Elodie Saruco
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claude Delpuech
- INSERM U821, Département MEG, CERMEP Imagerie Du Vivant Bron, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, Département de Psychologie, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Collet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France; Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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13
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Sacco K, Gabbatore I, Geda E, Duca S, Cauda F, Bara BG, Bosco FM. Rehabilitation of Communicative Abilities in Patients with a History of TBI: Behavioral Improvements and Cerebral Changes in Resting-State Activity. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:48. [PMID: 27047353 PMCID: PMC4801860 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A targeted training program for the rehabilitation of communicative abilities—Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment (CPT)—has been developed and previously tested on a sample of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), whose performance was found to have improved. Since cortical plasticity has been recognized as the main mechanism of functional recovery, we investigated whether and how behavioral improvements following the training program are accompanied by brain modifications. Eight TBI patients took part in the training program and were behaviorally assessed pre- and post-treatment; six of these patients were also evaluated with pre- and post-treatment resting state (rs) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). At the end of the rehabilitation program patients showed improvement in overall communicative performance, in both comprehension and production tasks. A follow-up retest revealed the stability of these results 3 months after completing the training program. At the brain level, we found significant increases in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) index in the bilateral precentral gyrus, in the right middle and superior temporal gyri, in the right cingulate gyrus, and in the left inferior parietal lobule. We discuss these differences of brain activity in terms of their possible contribution to promoting recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Sacco
- Imaging and Cerebral Plasticity Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy; Center for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gabbatore
- Faculty of Humanities, Research Unit of Logopedics, Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | - Elisabetta Geda
- Imaging and Cerebral Plasticity Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Duca
- Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of TurinTurin, Italy; GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Franco Cauda
- Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of TurinTurin, Italy; GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Bruno G Bara
- Center for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Francesca M Bosco
- Center for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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Hackney ME, Lee HL, Battisto J, Crosson B, McGregor KM. Context-Dependent Neural Activation: Internally and Externally Guided Rhythmic Lower Limb Movement in Individuals With and Without Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:251. [PMID: 26696952 PMCID: PMC4667008 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that has received considerable attention in allopathic medicine over the past decades. However, it is clear that, to date, pharmacological and surgical interventions do not fully address symptoms of PD and patients’ quality of life. As both an alternative therapy and as an adjuvant to conventional approaches, several types of rhythmic movement (e.g., movement strategies, dance, tandem biking, and Tai Chi) have shown improvements to motor symptoms, lower limb control, and postural stability in people with PD (1–6). However, while these programs are increasing in number, still little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying motor improvements attained with such interventions. Studying limb motor control under task-specific contexts can help determine the mechanisms of rehabilitation effectiveness. Both internally guided (IG) and externally guided (EG) movement strategies have evidence to support their use in rehabilitative programs. However, there appears to be a degree of differentiation in the neural substrates involved in IG vs. EG designs. Because of the potential task-specific benefits of rhythmic training within a rehabilitative context, this report will consider the use of IG and EG movement strategies, and observations produced by functional magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging techniques. This review will present findings from lower limb imaging studies, under IG and EG conditions for populations with and without movement disorders. We will discuss how these studies might inform movement disorders rehabilitation (in the form of rhythmic, music-based movement training) and highlight research gaps. We believe better understanding of lower limb neural activity with respect to PD impairment during rhythmic IG and EG movement will facilitate the development of novel and effective therapeutic approaches to mobility limitations and postural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Hackney
- Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation , Decatur, GA , USA ; Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Ho Lim Lee
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Jessica Battisto
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation , Decatur, GA , USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Keith M McGregor
- Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation , Decatur, GA , USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
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Kim SJ, Cho HY, Kim YL, Lee SM. Effects of stationary cycling exercise on the balance and gait abilities of chronic stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3529-31. [PMID: 26696731 PMCID: PMC4681938 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of stationary
cycling exercise on the balance and gait abilities of chronic stroke patients. [Subjects]
Thirty-two chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=16)
or a control group (n=16). [Methods] All of the subjects received the standard
rehabilitation program for 30 minutes, while the experimental group additionally
participated in a daily session of stationary cycling exercise for 30 minutes, 5 times per
week for 6 weeks. To assess balance function, the Berg Balance Scale and timed up-and-go
test were used. The 10-m walking test was conducted to assess gait function. [Results]
Both groups showed significant improvements in balance and gait abilities. The
improvements in the Berg Balance Scale and timed up-and-go test scores (balance), and 10-m
walking test score (gait) in the stationary cycling exercise group were significantly
greater than those in the control group. [Conclusion] This study demonstrated that
stationary cycling exercise training is an effective intervention for increasing the
balance and gait abilities of chronic stroke patients. Therefore, we suggest that
stationary cycling training is suitable for stroke rehabilitation and may be used in
clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Republic of Korea
| | - You Lim Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Min Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
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16
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Differential modulation of motor cortex plasticity in skill- and endurance-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:1107-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Binder E, Hagelweide K, Wang LE, Kornysheva K, Grefkes C, Fink GR, Schubotz RI. Sensory-guided motor tasks benefit from mental training based on serial prediction. Neuropsychologia 2013; 54:18-27. [PMID: 24321273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mental strategies have been suggested to constitute a promising approach to improve motor abilities in both healthy subjects and patients. This behavioural effect has been shown to be associated with changes of neural activity in premotor areas, not only during movement execution, but also while performing motor imagery or action observation. However, how well such mental tasks are performed is often difficult to assess, especially in patients. We here used a novel mental training paradigm based on the serial prediction task (SPT) in order to activate premotor circuits in the absence of a motor task. We then tested whether this intervention improves motor-related performance such as sensorimotor transformation. Two groups of healthy young participants underwent a single-blinded five-day cognitive training schedule and were tested in four different motor tests on the day before and after training. One group (N=22) received the SPT-training and the other one (N=21) received a control training based on a serial match-to-sample task. The results revealed significant improvements of the SPT-group in a sensorimotor timing task, i.e. synchronization of finger tapping to a visually presented rhythm, as well as improved visuomotor coordination in a sensory-guided pointing task compared to the group that received the control training. However, mental training did not show transfer effects on motor abilities in healthy subjects beyond the trained modalities as evident by non-significant changes in the Jebsen-Taylor handfunctiontest. In summary, the data suggest that mental training based on the serial prediction task effectively engages sensorimotor circuits and thereby improves motor behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Binder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neurology Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Klara Hagelweide
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ling E Wang
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Katja Kornysheva
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neurology Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neurology Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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Drawing lines while imagining circles: Neural basis of the bimanual coupling effect during motor execution and motor imagery. Neuroimage 2013; 88:100-12. [PMID: 24188808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
When people simultaneously draw lines with one hand and circles with the other hand, both trajectories tend to assume an oval shape, showing that hand motor programs interact (the so-called "bimanual coupling effect"). The aim of the present study was to investigate how motor parameters (drawing trajectories) and the related brain activity vary during bimanual movements both in real execution and in motor imagery tasks. In the 'Real' modality, subjects performed right hand movements (lines) and, simultaneously, Congruent (lines) or Non-congruent (circles) left hand movements. In the 'Imagery' modality, subjects performed only right hand movements (lines) and, simultaneously, imagined Congruent (lines) or Non-congruent (circles) left hand movements. Behavioral results showed a similar interference of both the real and the imagined circles on the actually executed lines, suggesting that the coupling effect also pertains to motor imagery. Neuroimaging results showed that a prefrontal-parietal network, mostly involving the pre-Supplementary Motor Area (pre-SMA) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), was significantly more active in Non-congruent than in Congruent conditions, irrespective of task (Real or Imagery). The data also confirmed specific roles of the right superior parietal lobe (SPL) in mediating spatial interference, and of the left PPC in motor imagery. Collectively, these findings suggest that real and imagined Non-congruent movements activate common circuits related to the intentional and predictive operation generating bimanual coupling, in which the pre-SMA and the PPC play a crucial role.
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19
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Hsu HW, Lee CL, Hsu MJ, Wu HC, Lin R, Hsieh CL, Lin JH. Effects of Noxious Versus Innocuous Thermal Stimulation on Lower Extremity Motor Recovery 3 Months After Stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Koenraadt KLM, Duysens J, Smeenk M, Keijsers NLW. Multi-channel NIRS of the primary motor cortex to discriminate hand from foot activity. J Neural Eng 2012; 9:046010. [PMID: 22763344 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/4/046010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The poor spatial resolution of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) makes it difficult to distinguish two closely located cortical areas from each other. Here, a combination of multi-channel NIRS and a centre of gravity (CoG) approach (widely accepted in the field of transcranial magnetic stimulation; TMS) was used to discriminate between closely located cortical areas activated during hand and foot movements. Similarly, the possibility of separating the more anteriorly represented discrete movements from rhythmic movements was studied. Thirteen healthy right-handed subjects performed rhythmic or discrete ('task') hand or foot ('extremity') tapping. Hemodynamic responses were measured using an 8-channel NIRS setup. For oxyhemoglobin (OHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), a CoG was determined for each condition using the mean hemodynamic responses and the coordinates of the channels. Significant hemodynamic responses were found for hand and foot movements. Based on the HHb responses, the NIRS-CoG of hand movements was located 0.6 cm more laterally compared to the NIRS-CoG of foot movements. For OHb responses no difference in NIRS-CoG was found for 'extremity' nor for 'task'. This is the first NIRS study showing hemodynamic responses for isolated foot movements. Furthermore, HHb responses have the potential to be used in multi-channel NIRS experiments requiring differential activation of motor cortex areas linked to either hand or foot movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L M Koenraadt
- Department of Research, Development, and Education, Sint Maartenskliniek Nijmegen, PO Box 9011, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sacco K, Cauda F, D'Agata F, Duca S, Zettin M, Virgilio R, Nascimbeni A, Belforte G, Eula G, Gastaldi L, Appendino S, Geminiani G. A combined robotic and cognitive training for locomotor rehabilitation: evidences of cerebral functional reorganization in two chronic traumatic brain injured patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:146. [PMID: 22275890 PMCID: PMC3254199 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that automated locomotor training can improve walking capabilities in spinal cord-injured subjects but its effectiveness on brain damaged patients has not been well established. A possible explanation of the discordant results on the efficacy of robotic training in patients with cerebral lesions could be that these patients, besides stimulation of physiological motor patterns through passive leg movements, also need to train the cognitive aspects of motor control. Indeed, another way to stimulate cerebral motor areas in paretic patients is to use the cognitive function of motor imagery. A promising possibility is thus to combine sensorimotor training with the use of motor imagery. The aim of this paper is to assess changes in brain activations after a combined sensorimotor and cognitive training for gait rehabilitation. The protocol consisted of the integrated use of a robotic gait orthosis prototype with locomotor imagery tasks. Assessment was conducted on two patients with chronic traumatic brain injury and major gait impairments, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Physiatric functional scales were used to assess clinical outcomes. Results showed greater activation post-training in the sensorimotor and supplementary motor cortices, as well as enhanced functional connectivity within the motor network. Improvements in balance and, to a lesser extent, in gait outcomes were also found.
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22
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Kidgell DJ, Pearce AJ. What Has Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Taught Us About Neural Adaptations To Strength Training? A Brief Review. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:3208-17. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318212de69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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DePaul VG, Wishart LR, Richardson J, Lee TD, Thabane L. Varied overground walking-task practice versus body-weight-supported treadmill training in ambulatory adults within one year of stroke: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:129. [PMID: 22018267 PMCID: PMC3229453 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although task-oriented training has been shown to improve walking outcomes after stroke, it is not yet clear whether one task-oriented approach is superior to another. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of the Motor Learning Walking Program (MLWP), a varied overground walking task program consistent with key motor learning principles, to body-weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) in community-dwelling, ambulatory, adults within 1 year of stroke. METHODS/DESIGN A parallel, randomized controlled trial with stratification by baseline gait speed will be conducted. Allocation will be controlled by a central randomization service and participants will be allocated to the two active intervention groups (1:1) using a permuted block randomization process. Seventy participants will be assigned to one of two 15-session training programs. In MLWP, one physiotherapist will supervise practice of various overground walking tasks. Instructions, feedback, and guidance will be provided in a manner that facilitates self-evaluation and problem solving. In BWSTT, training will emphasize repetition of the normal gait cycle while supported over a treadmill, assisted by up to three physiotherapists. Outcomes will be assessed by a blinded assessor at baseline, post-intervention and at 2-month follow-up. The primary outcome will be post-intervention comfortable gait speed. Secondary outcomes include fast gait speed, walking endurance, balance self-efficacy, participation in community mobility, health-related quality of life, and goal attainment. Groups will be compared using analysis of covariance with baseline gait speed strata as the single covariate. Intention-to-treat analysis will be used. DISCUSSION In order to direct clinicians, patients, and other health decision-makers, there is a need for a head-to-head comparison of different approaches to active, task-related walking training after stroke. We hypothesize that outcomes will be optimized through the application of a task-related training program that is consistent with key motor learning principles related to practice, guidance and feedback. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT00561405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G DePaul
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Physiotherapy Department, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie R Wishart
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Richardson
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy D Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare - Hamilton, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
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Lin PY, Lin SI, Chen JJJ. Functional near infrared spectroscopy study of age-related difference in cortical activation patterns during cycling with speed feedback. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2011; 20:78-84. [PMID: 21984524 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2011.2170181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional decline of lower-limb affects the ability of locomotion and the age-related brain differences have been elucidated among the elderly. Cycling exercise is a common training program for restoring motor function in the deconditioned elderly or stroke patients. The provision of speed feedback has been commonly suggested to clinical therapists for facilitating learning of controlled cycling performance and maintaining motivation in training programs with elderly participants. However, the cortical control of pedaling movements and the effect of external feedback remain poorly understanding. This study investigated the regional cortical activities detected by functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in 12 healthy young and 13 healthy elderly subjects under conditions of cycling without-(free cycling) and with feedback (target cycling). The elderly exhibited predominant activation of the sensorimotor cortex during free cycling similar to young subjects but with poorer cycling performance. The cycling performance improved in both groups, and the elderly showed increased brain activities of the supplementary motor area and premotor cortex under target cycling condition. These findings demonstrated age-related changes in the cortical control in processing external feedback and pedaling movements. Use of fNIRS to evaluate brain activation patterns after training may facilitate brain-based design of tailored therapeutic rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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25
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Crémers J, Dessoullières A, Garraux G. Hemispheric specialization during mental imagery of brisk walking. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:873-82. [PMID: 21425400 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brisk walking, a sensitive test to evaluate gait capacity in normal and pathological aging such as parkinsonism, is used as an alternative to classical fitness program for motor rehabilitation and may help to decrease the risk of cognitive deterioration observed with aging. In this study, we aimed to identify brain areas normally involved in its control. METHODS We conducted a block-design blood oxygen level dependent function magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) experiment in 18 young healthy individuals trained to imagine themselves in three main situations: brisk walking in a 25-m-long corridor, standing or lying. Imagined walking time (IWT) was measured as a control of behavioral performance during fMRI. RESULTS The group mean IWT was not significantly different from the actual walking time measured during a training session prior to the fMRI study. Compared with other experimental conditions, mental imagery (MI) of brisk walking was associated with stronger activity in frontal and parietal regions mainly on the right, and cerebellar hemispheres, mainly on the left. Presumed imagined walking speed (2.3 ± 0.4 m/s) was positively correlated with activity levels in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal lobule along with the vermis and the left cerebellar hemisphere. INTERPRETATIONS A new finding in this study is that MI of brisk walking in young healthy individuals strongly involves processes lateralized in right fronto-parietal regions along with left cerebellum. These results show that brisk walking might be a non automatic locomotor activity requiring a high-level supraspinal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Crémers
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center of Liège, Belgium
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Cauda F, Geminiani G, Giuliano G, D'Agata F, Federico D, Duca S, Sergio D, Sacco K, Katiuscia S. Discovering the somatotopic organization of the motor areas of the medial wall using low-frequency BOLD fluctuations. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:1566-79. [PMID: 20814959 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the somatotopy of the motor areas of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere, in the human brain. In a sample of 16 healthy participants, we drew 9 regions of interest (ROI) over the primary motor area (M1), each corresponding to a well-known somatic representation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the resting state functional connectivity between each selected ROI and the motor areas of the medial wall. The main finding was the identification of a rostrocaudal gradient of connectivity in which the more we move from cranial to caudal body representation areas in M1, the more the corresponding connected area in the medial wall is shifted rostrocaudally, confirming the somatotopic schema found in the SMA. We also reanalyzed data obtained in a previous experiment, we performed using hand and foot motor tasks; the reanalysis consisted in traditional BOLD and functional connectivity analyses. Finally, we performed a meta-analysis of 28 studies of hand and foot motor tasks, mapping their cerebral representations using the tools provided by the Brainmap database. All data converge in confirming a somatotopic representation of the medial wall motor areas, with hand representation placed more rostrally and ventrally than that of the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cauda
- Department of Neuroradiology, CCS fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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