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From bench to bedside: The mGluR5 system in people with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and animal model systems. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:395. [PMID: 36127322 PMCID: PMC9489881 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is a key regulator of excitatory (E) glutamate and inhibitory (I) γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) signalling in the brain. Despite the close functional ties between mGluR5 and E/I signalling, no-one has directly examined the relationship between mGluR5 and glutamate or GABA in vivo in the human brain of autistic individuals. We measured [18F] FPEB (18F-3-fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl]benzonitrile) binding in 15 adults (6 with Autism Spectrum Disorder) using two regions of interest, the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and a region primarily composed of left striatum and thalamus. These two regions were mapped out using MEGA-PRESS voxels and then superimposed on reconstructed PET images. This allowed for direct comparison between mGluR5, GABA + and Glx. To better understand the molecular underpinnings of our results we used an autoradiography study of mGluR5 in three mouse models associated with ASD: Cntnap2 knockout, Shank3 knockout, and 16p11.2 deletion. Autistic individuals had significantly higher [18F] FPEB binding (t (13) = -2.86, p = 0.047) in the left striatum/thalamus region of interest as compared to controls. Within this region, there was a strong negative correlation between GABA + and mGluR5 density across the entire cohort (Pearson's correlation: r (14) = -0.763, p = 0.002). Cntnap2 KO mice had significantly higher mGlu5 receptor binding in the striatum (caudate-putamen) as compared to wild-type (WT) mice (n = 15, p = 0.03). There were no differences in mGluR5 binding for mice with the Shank3 knockout or 16p11.2 deletion. Given that Cntnap2 is associated with a specific striatal deficit of parvalbumin positive GABA interneurons and 'autistic' features, our findings suggest that an increase in mGluR5 in ASD may relate to GABAergic interneuron abnormalities.
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Hsu JCN, Sekizawa SI, Tochinai R, Kuwahara M. Chronic stimulation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the medulla oblongata attenuates hypertension development in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251495. [PMID: 34010316 PMCID: PMC8133461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baroreflex dysfunction is partly implicated in hypertension and one responsible region is the dorsal medulla oblongata including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). NTS neurons receive and project glutamatergic inputs to subsequently regulate blood pressure, while G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play a modulatory role for glutamatergic transmission in baroreflex pathways. Stimulating group II mGluR subtype 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) in the brainstem can decrease blood pressure and sympathetic nervous activity. Here, we hypothesized that the chronic stimulation of mGluR2/3 in the dorsal medulla oblongata can alleviate hypertensive development via the modulation of autonomic nervous activity in young, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Compared with that in the sham control group, chronic LY379268 application (mGluR2/3 agonist; 0.40 μg/day) to the dorsal medulla oblongata for 6 weeks reduced the progression of hypertension in 6-week-old SHRs as indicated by the 40 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure and promoted their parasympathetic nervous activity as evidenced by the heart rate variability. No differences in blood catecholamine levels or any echocardiographic indices were found between the two groups. The improvement of reflex bradycardia, a baroreflex function, appeared after chronic LY379268 application. The mRNA expression level of mGluR2, but not mGluR3, in the dorsal medulla oblongata was substantially reduced in SHRs compared to that of the control strain. In conclusion, mGluR2/3 signaling might be responsible for hypertension development in SHRs, and modulating mGluR2/3 expression/stimulation in the dorsal brainstem could be a novel therapeutic strategy for hypertension via increasing the parasympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Sekizawa
- Department of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tochinai
- Department of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kuwahara
- Department of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Oliveira TPD, Gonçalves BDC, Oliveira BS, de Oliveira ACP, Reis HJ, Ferreira CN, Aguiar DC, de Miranda AS, Ribeiro FM, Vieira EML, Palotás A, Vieira LB. Negative Modulation of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Obesity and Binge-Like Eating Behavior. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:631311. [PMID: 33642987 PMCID: PMC7902877 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.631311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease, which in turn contributes to the onset of comorbidities, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Moreover, there are only few options available for treating obesity, and most current pharmacotherapy causes severe adverse effects, while offering minimal weight loss. Literature shows that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulates central reward pathways. Herein, we evaluated the effect of VU0409106, a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of mGluR5 in regulating feeding and obesity parameters. Diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice were treated for 14 days with VU0409106, and food intake, body weight, inflammatory/hormonal levels, and behavioral tests were performed. Our data suggest reduction of feeding, body weight, and adipose tissue inflammation in mice treated with high-fat diet (HFD) after chronic treatment with VU0409106. Furthermore, a negative modulation of mGluR5 also reduces binge-like eating, the most common type of eating disorder. Altogether, our results pointed out mGluR5 as a potential target for treating obesity, as well as related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeu P. D. Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno D. C. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruna S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos P. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helton J. Reis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Claudia N. Ferreira
- Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniele C. Aguiar
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline S. de Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erica M. L. Vieira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - András Palotás
- Asklepios-Med (Private Medical Practice and Research Center), Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Luciene B. Vieira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Xing L, Huttner WB. Neurotransmitters as Modulators of Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation During Mammalian Neocortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:391. [PMID: 32528958 PMCID: PMC7264395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) play a central role during the development and evolution of the mammalian neocortex. Precise temporal and spatial control of NPC proliferation by a concert of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors is essential for the correct formation and proper function of the neocortex. In this review, we focus on the regulation of NPC proliferation by neurotransmitters, which act as a group of cell-extrinsic factors during mammalian neocortex development. We first summarize, from both in vivo and in vitro studies, our current knowledge on how γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and serotonin modulate NPC proliferation in the developing neocortex and the potential involvements of different receptors in the underlying mechanisms. Another focus of this review is to discuss future perspectives using conditionally gene-modified mice and human brain organoids as model systems to further our understanding on the contribution of neurotransmitters to the development of a normal neocortex, as well as how dysregulated neurotransmitter signaling leads to developmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Prabhu SV, Singh SK. Identification of Potential Dual Negative Allosteric Modulators of Group I mGluR Family: A Shape Based Screening, ADME Prediction, Induced Fit Docking and Molecular Dynamics Approach Against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2687-2707. [PMID: 31702505 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191105112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate is the principal neurotransmitter in the human brain that exerts its effects through ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). The mGluRs are a class of C GPCRs that play a vital role in various neurobiological functions, mGluR1 and mGluR5 are the two receptors distributed throughout the brain involved in cognition, learning, memory, and other important neurological processes. Dysfunction of these receptors can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, X-fragile syndrome, anxiety, depression, etc., hence these receptors are high profile targets for pharmaceutical industries. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study is to find the novel dual negative allosteric modulators to regulate both mGluR1 and mGluR5. METHODS In this study, shape screening protocol was used to find the dual negative allosteric modulators for both mGluR1 and mGluR5 followed by ADME prediction, induced-fit docking (IFD) and molecular dynamics simulations. Further, DFT analysis and MESP studies were carried out for the selected compounds. RESULTS Around 247 compounds were obtained from the eMolecules database and clustered through the CANVAS module and filtered with ADME properties. Furthermore, IFD revealed that the top four compounds (16059796, 25004252, 4667236 and 11670690) having good protein-ligand interactions and binding free energies. The molecular electrostatic potential of the top compounds shows interactions in the amine group and the oxygen atom in the negative potential regions. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed with all the selected as well as the reported compound 29 indicates that the screened hits have better stability of protein ligand complex. CONCLUSION Hence, from the results, it is evident that top hits 16059796, 25004252, 4667236 and 11670690 could be a novel and potent dual negative allosteric modulators for mGluR1 and mGluR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitrarasu Vijaya Prabhu
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu-630 004, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu-630 004, India
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Prabhu SV, Singh SK. Energetically optimized pharmacophore modeling to identify dual negative allosteric modulators against group I mGluRs in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2326-2337. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1640794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sitrarasu Vijaya Prabhu
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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Xiang Y, Han H, Ji S, Wei L, Yang P, Zhang J. The developmental expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 in prenatal human frontal lobe and neurogenesis regions. Brain Dev 2019; 41:567-576. [PMID: 30954358 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Metabotropic glutamate receptors, besides ionotropic receptors, mediate the complicated effect of glutamate on neurogenesis. Previous studies showed that metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) regulated the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro. However, little is known about the expression pattern of mGluR4 on prenatal central nervous system in vivo, especially the human being. METHODS The normal brain tissues of human fetus were collected and divided into 4 groups according to the gestational age: 9-11 W, 14-16 W, 22-24 W and 32-36 W. Then the expression of mGluR4 was evaluated at mRNA and protein levels by means of PCR or immunohistochemistry method, respectively. The type of cell expressing mGluR4 was further investigated using double-labeling immunofluorescence. RESULTS RT-PCR showed that the mRNA of mGluR4 could be detected in frontal lobe from 9 W to 32 W and real-time PCR quantificationally demonstrated the mRNA increased with development. Similarly, immnoreactivity was found in all layers of frontal lobe, VZ/SVZ. The intensity scores analysis showed that the staining became stronger and the range extended gradually with development. The double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that mGluR4 was present in neural stem/progenitor cells (nestin-positive cells after 9 W), young neurons (DCX-positive cells after 9 W), mature neurons (NeuN-positive cells in cortex after 32 W), as well as typical astrocytes (GFAP-positive cells in medulla after 32 W). CONCLUSION These results supply an important evidence that mGluR4 is expressed in prenatal human cerebrum, and main kinds of cells related to neurogenesis are involved in its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xi'an Huashan Central Hospital, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Liang Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, China
| | - Pengbo Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, China.
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Kroon T, Dawitz J, Kramvis I, Anink J, Obermayer J, Verhoog MB, Wilbers R, Goriounova NA, Idema S, Baayen JC, Aronica E, Mansvelder HD, Meredith RM. Group I mGluR-Mediated Activation of Martinotti Cells Inhibits Local Cortical Circuitry in Human Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:315. [PMID: 31354435 PMCID: PMC6637283 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mediate a range of signaling and plasticity processes in the brain and are of growing importance as potential therapeutic targets in clinical trials for neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Fundamental knowledge regarding the functional effects of mGluRs upon pyramidal neurons and interneurons is derived largely from rodent brain, and their effects upon human neurons are predominantly untested. We therefore addressed how group I mGluRs affect microcircuits in human neocortex. We show that activation of group I mGluRs elicits action potential firing in Martinotti cells, which leads to increased synaptic inhibition onto neighboring neurons. Some other interneurons, including fast-spiking interneurons, are depolarized but do not fire action potentials in response to group I mGluR activation. Furthermore, we confirm the existence of group I mGluR-mediated depression of excitatory synapses in human pyramidal neurons. We propose that the strong increase in inhibition and depression of excitatory synapses onto layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons upon group I mGluR activation likely results in a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition in the human cortical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroon
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julia Dawitz
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Kramvis
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Joshua Obermayer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs B. Verhoog
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalia A. Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rhiannon M. Meredith
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Spampinato SF, Copani A, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA, Caraci F. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Glial Cells: A New Potential Target for Neuroprotection? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:414. [PMID: 30483053 PMCID: PMC6243036 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation that finally lead to slow neuronal degeneration and death. Although neurons are the principal target, glial cells are important players as they contribute by either exacerbating or dampening the events that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. A dysfunction of the glutamatergic system is a common event in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors largely expressed in neurons as well as in glial cells. They often appear overexpressed in areas involved in neurodegeneration, where they can modulate glutamatergic transmission. Of note, mGlu receptor upregulation may involve microglia or, even more frequently, astrocytes, where their activation causes release of factors potentially able to influence neuronal death. The expression of mGlu receptors has been also reported on oligodendrocytes, a glial cell type specifically involved in the development of multiple sclerosis. Here we will provide a general overview on the possible involvement of mGlu receptors expressed on glial cells in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative disorders and the potential use of subtype-selective mGlu receptor ligands as candidate drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of mGlu5 receptors might represent a relevant pharmacological tool to develop new neuroprotective strategies in these diseases. Recent evidence suggests that targeting astrocytes and microglia with positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of mGlu3 receptor or oligodendrocytes with mGlu4 PAMS might represent novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neuromed, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Troina, Italy
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Characterization of 3D embryonic C57BL/6 and A/J mouse midbrain micromass in vitro culture systems for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dindler A, Blaabjerg M, Kamand M, Bogetofte H, Meyer M. Activation of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Increases Proliferation but does not Influence Neuronal Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:367-372. [PMID: 29024451 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The multiple functions of glutamate include regulation of neural development and stem cells. While the importance of the ionotropic glutamate receptors is well-established, less is known about the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). In this study, we examined the effects of pharmacological activation and inhibition of mGluR2/3 on proliferation, differentiation and viability of a human neural stem cell line. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the presence of mGluR2/3 receptors on both proliferating and differentiating stem cells, including cells differentiated into β-tubulin III-positive immature neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. Stimulation of mGluR2/3 receptors during cell propagation using the agonist (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl) glycine (DCG-IV) increased total cell numbers significantly (60% compared to untreated controls). This effect could be inhibited by the specific antagonist (2S)-2-Amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid (LY341495). The antagonist alone had no effect. No significant decrease in cell death was found following mGluR2/3 stimulation, suggesting that the observed elevation in cell number was not related to cell viability. Subsequent differentiation of the cells resulted in a slight decrease in β-tubulin III-positive neurons (5.2-3.2% of total cells) for DCG-IV pre-treated cultures. Treatment with DCG-IV and LY342495 during cell differentiation alone had no such effect. Western blot analysis revealed that the active, dimeric form of mGluR2/3 was mainly present on the proliferating cells, which may explain our findings. This study emphasizes the importance of glutamate and mGluRs on regulation of human neural stem cells and suggests a significant role of mGluR2/3 during cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dindler
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morad Kamand
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Bogetofte
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Goniotaki D, Lakkaraju AKK, Shrivastava AN, Bakirci P, Sorce S, Senatore A, Marpakwar R, Hornemann S, Gasparini F, Triller A, Aguzzi A. Inhibition of group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors protects against prion toxicity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006733. [PMID: 29176838 PMCID: PMC5720820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion infections cause inexorable, progressive neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Expression of the cellular prion protein PrPC is required for toxicity, suggesting the existence of deleterious PrPC-dependent signaling cascades. Because group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) can form complexes with the cellular prion protein (PrPC), we investigated the impact of mGluR1 and mGluR5 inhibition on prion toxicity ex vivo and in vivo. We found that pharmacological inhibition of mGluR1 and mGluR5 antagonized dose-dependently the neurotoxicity triggered by prion infection and by prion-mimetic anti-PrPC antibodies in organotypic brain slices. Prion-mimetic antibodies increased mGluR5 clustering around dendritic spines, mimicking the toxicity of Aβ oligomers. Oral treatment with the mGluR5 inhibitor, MPEP, delayed the onset of motor deficits and moderately prolonged survival of prion-infected mice. Although group-I mGluR inhibition was not curative, these results suggest that it may alleviate the neurological dysfunctions induced by prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amulya N. Shrivastava
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS) INSERM CNRS PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pamela Bakirci
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assunta Senatore
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS) INSERM CNRS PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bossi S, Musante I, Bonfiglio T, Bonifacino T, Emionite L, Cerminara M, Cervetto C, Marcoli M, Bonanno G, Ravazzolo R, Pittaluga A, Puliti A. Genetic inactivation of mGlu5 receptor improves motor coordination in the Grm1 crv4 mouse model of SCAR13 ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:44-53. [PMID: 28982591 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deleterious mutations in the glutamate receptor metabotropic 1 gene (GRM1) cause a recessive form of cerebellar ataxia, SCAR13. GRM1 and GRM5 code for the metabotropic glutamate type 1 (mGlu1) and type 5 (mGlu5) receptors, respectively. Their different expression profiles suggest they could have distinct functional roles. In a previous study, homozygous mice lacking mGlu1 receptors (Grm1crv4/crv4) and exhibiting ataxia presented cerebellar overexpression of mGlu5 receptors, that was proposed to contribute to the mouse phenotype. To test this hypothesis, we here crossed Grm1crv4 and Grm5ko mice to generate double mutants (Grm1crv4/crv4Grm5ko/ko) lacking both mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors. Double mutants and control mice were analyzed for spontaneous behavior and for motor activity by rotarod and footprint analyses. In the same mice, the release of glutamate from cerebellar nerve endings (synaptosomes) elicited by 12mM KCl or by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) was also evaluated. Motor coordination resulted improved in double mutants when compared to Grm1crv4/crv4 mice. Furthermore, in in vitro studies, glutamate release elicited by both KCl depolarization and activation of AMPA autoreceptors resulted reduced in Grm1crv4/crv4 mice compared to wild type mice, while it presented normal levels in double mutants. Moreover, we found that Grm1crv4/crv4 mice showed reduced expression of GluA2/3 AMPA receptor subunits in cerebellar synaptosomes, while it resulted restored to wild type level in double mutants. To conclude, blocking of mGlu5 receptor reduced the dysregulation of glutamate transmission and improved motor coordination in the Grm1crv4 mouse model of SCAR13, thus suggesting the possible usefulness of pharmacological therapies based on modulation of mGlu5 receptor activity for the treatment of this type of ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bossi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS A.U.O. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cerminara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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14
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Terbeck S, Akkus F, Chesterman LP, Hasler G. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and addiction: combining preclinical evidence with human Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25852460 PMCID: PMC4364244 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we deliver an overview of the involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) activity and density in pathological anxiety, mood disorders and addiction. Specifically, we will describe mGluR5 studies in humans that employed Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and combined the findings with preclinical animal research. This combined view of different methodological approaches—from basic neurobiological approaches to human studies—might give a more comprehensive and clinically relevant view of mGluR5 function in mental health than the view on preclinical data alone. We will also review the current research data on mGluR5 along the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Firstly, we found evidence of abnormal glutamate activity related to the positive and negative valence systems, which would suggest that antagonistic mGluR5 intervention has prominent anti-addictive, anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects. Secondly, there is evidence that mGluR5 plays an important role in systems for social functioning and the response to social stress. Finally, mGluR5's important role in sleep homeostasis suggests that this glutamate receptor may play an important role in RDoC's arousal and modulatory systems domain. Glutamate was previously mostly investigated in non-human studies, however initial human clinical PET research now also supports the hypothesis that, by mediating brain excitability, neuroplasticity and social cognition, abnormal metabotropic glutamate activity might predispose individuals to a broad range of psychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Terbeck
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth Plymouth, UK
| | - Funda Akkus
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregor Hasler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Erichsen JL, Blaabjerg M, Bogetofte H, Serrano AM, Meyer M. Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: A Potential Target for Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation of an Immortalized Human Neural Stem Cell Line. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:329-36. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ladeby Erichsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- Department of Neurology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Helle Bogetofte
- Department of Neurobiology Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Alberto Martinez Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa; University Autonoma Madrid-C.S.I.C. Campus Cantoblanco; Madrid Spain
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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16
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mTOR Hyperactivation in Down Syndrome Hippocampus Appears Early During Development. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:671-83. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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17
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Jansson LC, Åkerman KE. The role of glutamate and its receptors in the proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival of neural progenitor cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:819-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Xiao XL, Ma DL, Wu J, Tang FR. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) regulates proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors in the developmental hippocampus. Brain Res 2012; 1493:1-12. [PMID: 23165119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is involved in neural stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and survival. In this study, we aimed to further determine the role of mGluR5 in the development of hippocampus using mGluR5 deficit (mGluR5(-/-)) and wild type (mGluR5(+/+)) mice at different developmental ages. We showed that the number of BrdU, NeuroD and DCX immunopositive cells was reduced significantly in mGluR5(-/-) than in mGluR5(+/+) mice from postnatal 7 days (P7) to P28, but not at P60. The length and intensity of DCX immunopositive apical dendrites in the dentate gyrus of mGluR5(-/-) mice were much shorter and lower than in mGluR5(+/+) mice respectively at P14, P21 and P28. NeuN immunostaining indicated an accelerated maturation of hippocampal neurons in mGluR5(-/-) mice. When mGluR5(+/+) mice were treated with 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP), a selective antagonist of mGluR5, decreased proliferation of progenitor cells was observed in the hippocampus at early postnatal developmental stages. At P14, there were more BrdU(+) cells in the stratum granulosum and subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus in mGluR5(+/+) than in mGluR5(-/-) mice, but the percentage of BrdU(+)+NeuroD(+)/BrdU(+) in the dentate gyrus did not change significantly between the two genotypes of mice. Western Blot study suggested that programmed neuronal death was p53-dependent apoptosis in the developmental hippocampus in mGluR5(+/+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li Xiao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
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19
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Rossi PIA, Musante I, Summa M, Pittaluga A, Emionite L, Ikehata M, Rastaldi MP, Ravazzolo R, Puliti A. Compensatory molecular and functional mechanisms in nervous system of the Grm1(crv4) mouse lacking the mGlu1 receptor: a model for motor coordination deficits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2179-89. [PMID: 22791805 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate type 1 (mGlu1) and type 5 (mGlu5) receptors, the only members of group I mGlu receptors, are implicated in synaptic plasticity and mechanisms of feedback control of glutamate release. They exhibit nearly complementary distributions throughout the central nervous system, well evident in the cerebellum, where mGlu1 receptor is most intensely expressed while mGlu5 receptor is not. Despite their different distribution, they show a similar subcellular localization and use common transducing pathways. We recently described the Grm1(crv4) mouse with motor coordination deficits and renal anomalies caused by a spontaneous mutation inactivating the mGlu1 receptor. To define the neuropathological mechanisms in these mice, we evaluated expression and function of the mGlu5 receptor in cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed mGlu5 receptor overexpression. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the up-regulation is already evident at RNA level. Functional studies confirmed an enhanced glutamate release from cortical cerebral and cerebellar synaptosomes when compared with wild-type that is abolished by the mGlu5 receptor-specific inhibitor, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP). Finally, acute MPEP treatment of Grm1(crv4/crv4) mice induced an evident although incomplete improvement of motor coordination, suggesting that mGlu5 receptors enhanced activity worsens, instead of improving, the motor-coordination defects in the Grm1(crv4/crv4) mice.
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20
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Pathological plasticity in fragile X syndrome. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:275630. [PMID: 22811939 PMCID: PMC3395158 DOI: 10.1155/2012/275630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in neuronal plasticity are common hallmarks of many neurodevelopmental disorders. In the case of fragile-X syndrome (FXS), disruption in the function of a single gene, FMR1, results in a variety of neurological consequences directly related to problems with the development, maintenance, and capacity of plastic neuronal networks. In this paper, we discuss current research illustrating the mechanisms underlying plasticity deficits in FXS. These processes include synaptic, cell intrinsic, and homeostatic mechanisms both dependent on and independent of abnormal metabotropic glutamate receptor transmission. We place particular emphasis on how identified deficits may play a role in developmental critical periods to produce neuronal networks with permanently decreased capacity to dynamically respond to changes in activity central to learning, memory, and cognition in patients with FXS. Characterizing early developmental deficits in plasticity is fundamental to develop therapies that not only treat symptoms but also minimize the developmental pathology of the disease.
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21
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Herman EJ, Bubser M, Conn PJ, Jones CK. Metabotropic glutamate receptors for new treatments in schizophrenia. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:297-365. [PMID: 23027420 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) represent exciting targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents for schizophrenia. Recent studies indicate that selective activation of specific mGluR subtypes may provide potential benefits for not only the positive symptoms, but also the negative symptoms and cognitive impairments observed in individuals with schizophrenia. Although optimization of traditional orthosteric agonists may still offer a feasible approach for the activation of mGluRs, important progress has been made in the discovery of novel subtype-selective allosteric ligands, including positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGluR2 and mGluR5. These allosteric mGluR ligands have improved properties for clinical development and have served as key preclinical tools for a more in-depth understanding of the potential roles of these different mGluR subtypes for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Herman
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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22
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Developmental regulation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the premature brain and their protective role in a rodent model of periventricular leukomalacia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:277-88. [PMID: 22169210 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x11000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral white matter injury in premature infants, known as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), is common after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). While ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) can mediate immature white matter injury, we have previously shown that excitotoxic injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes (preOLs) in vitro can be attenuated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists. Thus, we evaluated mGluR expression in developing white matter in rat and human brain, and tested the protective efficacy of a central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating mGluR agonist on injury to developing oligodendrocytes (OLs) in vivo. Group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) were strongly expressed on OLs in neonatal rodent cerebral white matter throughout normal development, with highest expression early in development on preOLs. Specifically at P6, mGluR1 and mGLuR5 were most highly expressed on GalC-positive OLs compared to neurons, axons, astrocytes and microglia. Systemic administration of (1S,3R) 1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3,-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) significantly attenuated the loss of myelin basic protein in the white matter following HI in P6 rats. Assessment of postmortem human tissue showed both mGluR1 and mGluR5 localized on immature OLs in white matter throughout development, with mGluR5 highest in the preterm period. These data indicate group I mGluRs are highly expressed on OLs during the peak period of vulnerability to HI and modulation of mGluRs is protective in a rodent model of PVL. Group I mGluRs may represent important therapeutic targets for protection from HI-mediated white matter injury.
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23
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Aronica E, Iyer A, Zurolo E, Gorter JA. Ontogenetic modifications of neuronal excitability during brain maturation: developmental changes of neurotransmitter receptors. Epilepsia 2011; 52 Suppl 8:3-5. [PMID: 21967348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the human brain depends on a precisely orchestrated cascade of events, including proliferation, migration and maturation of neural progenitor cells. Different mechanisms coordinate these stages to reach a normal structural organization, producing appropriate excitatory and inhibitory networks. Here, we will briefly review the developmental changes of glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, with particular attention to the development of the human brain. We will also briefly discuss recent evidence on the involvement of the endocannabinoid signaling in the regulation of neuronal excitability during early brain development..
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam,The Netherlands.
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24
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Zhao L, Jiao Q, Yang P, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhao B, Zheng P, Liu Y. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 promotes proliferation of human neural stem/progenitor cells with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway in vitro. Neuroscience 2011; 192:185-94. [PMID: 21723923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) regulate neurogenesis in brain, but the mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of mGluR5 on the proliferation of human embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs), the expression of cyclin D1 and the activation of signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Results showed that mGluR5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine hydrate (DHPG) increased the proliferation of NPCs by increasing cell activity, diameter of neurospheres and cell division, while mGluR5 siRNA and antagonist 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP) decreased the NPC proliferation. The mRNA and protein expressions of cyclin D1 increased with DHPG treatment and decreased after siRNA or MPEP treatment. It was also found that activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) signaling pathways were involved in the proliferation of NPCs. After DHPG treatment, p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK2 levels increased, and meanwhile p-p38 level decreased; but p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK2 levels decreased after siRNA or MPEP treatment, and p-p38 level increased. Our findings demonstrated that mGluR5 promoted the proliferation of human embryonic cortical NPCs and increased cyclin D1 expression with the changes in phosphorylation of MAPKs signaling pathways in vitro, suggesting a novel mechanism for pharmacological study of treatment for ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 710061, PR China
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