1
|
Lilimpakis K, Tsepelaki A, Kalaitzopoulou E, Zisimopoulos D, Papadea P, Skipitari M, Varemmenou A, Aggelis A, Vagianos C, Constantoyannis C, Georgiou CD. Time progression and regional expression of brain oxidative stress induced by obstructive jaundice in rats. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:35. [PMID: 36434681 PMCID: PMC9701014 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive jaundice induces oxidative changes in the brain parenchyma and plays significant role in clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy. We aim to study the progression of the brain oxidative status over time and the differences of its pattern over the hemispheres, the brainstem and the cerebellum. We use an experimental model in rats and measuring the oxidative stress (OS) specific biomarkers protein malondialdehyde (PrMDA) and protein carbonyls (PrC = O). RESULTS Hyperbilirubinemia has been confirmed in all study groups as the result of common bile duct obstruction. We confirmed increase in both PrMDA and PrC = O biomarkers levels with different type of changes over time. We also confirmed that the oxidative process develops differently in each of the brain areas in study. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms the progressive increase in OS in all brain areas studied using markers indicative of cumulative protein modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Lilimpakis
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece ,grid.416564.40000 0004 0622 585XDepartment of Neurosurgery, St. Savvas Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Aidona Tsepelaki
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Medicine, Second Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527 Athens, Goudi Greece
| | - Electra Kalaitzopoulou
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zisimopoulos
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Papadea
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| | - Marianna Skipitari
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| | - Athina Varemmenou
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Aggelis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Medicine, Second Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527 Athens, Goudi Greece
| | - Constantine Vagianos
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Medicine, Second Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527 Athens, Goudi Greece
| | - Constantine Constantoyannis
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| | - Christos D. Georgiou
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504 Rion, Achaia Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zisimopoulos DN, Kalaitzopoulou E, Skipitari M, Papadea P, Panagopoulos NT, Salahas G, Georgiou CD. Detection of superoxide radical in all biological systems by Thin Layer Chromatography. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 716:109110. [PMID: 34958749 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study presents a new method that detects O2•-, via quantification of 2-hydroxyethidium (2-ΟΗ-Ε+) as low as ∼30 fmoles by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The method isolates 2-ΟΗ-Ε+ after its extraction by the anionic detergent SDS (at 18-fold higher than its CMC) together with certain organic/inorganic reagents, and its HPTLC-separation from di-ethidium (di-Ε+) and ethidium (Ε+). Quantification of 2-OH-E+ is based on its ex/em maxima at 290/540 nm, and of di-E+ and E+ at 295/545 nm. The major innovations of the present method are the development of protocols for (i) efficient extraction (by SDS) and (ii) sensitive quantification (by HPTLC) for 2-OH-E+ (as well as di-E+ and E+) from most biological systems (animals, plants, cells, subcellular compartments, fluids). The method extracts 2-ΟΗ-Ε+ (by neutralizing the strong binding between its quaternary N+ and negatively charged sites on phospholipids, DNA etc) together with free HE, while protects both from biological oxidases, and also extracts/quantifies total proteins (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) for expressing O2•- levels per protein quantity. The method also uses SDS (at 80-fold lower than its CMC) to extract/remove/wash 2-ΟΗ-Ε+ from cell/organelle exterior membrane sites, for more accurate internal content quantification. The new method is applied on indicative biological systems: (1) artificially stressed (mouse organs and liver mitochondria and nuclei, ±exposed to paraquat, a known O2•- generator), and (2) physiologically stressed (cauliflower plant, exposed to light/dark).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N Zisimopoulos
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Electra Kalaitzopoulou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Marianna Skipitari
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Polyxeni Papadea
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | | | | | - Christos D Georgiou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Claeys W, Van Hoecke L, Lefere S, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Van Vlierberghe H, Degroote H, Devisscher L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Steenkiste C. The neurogliovascular unit in hepatic encephalopathy. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100352. [PMID: 34611619 PMCID: PMC8476774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of hepatic dysfunction and portosystemic shunting. It is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with poor outcomes. New insights into the role of peripheral origins in HE have led to the development of innovative treatment strategies like faecal microbiota transplantation. However, this broadening of view has not been applied fully to perturbations in the central nervous system. The old paradigm that HE is the clinical manifestation of ammonia-induced astrocyte dysfunction and its secondary neuronal consequences requires updating. In this review, we will use the holistic concept of the neurogliovascular unit to describe central nervous system disturbances in HE, an approach that has proven instrumental in other neurological disorders. We will describe HE as a global dysfunction of the neurogliovascular unit, where blood flow and nutrient supply to the brain, as well as the function of the blood-brain barrier, are impaired. This leads to an accumulation of neurotoxic substances, chief among them ammonia and inflammatory mediators, causing dysfunction of astrocytes and microglia. Finally, glymphatic dysfunction impairs the clearance of these neurotoxins, further aggravating their effect on the brain. Taking a broader view of central nervous system alterations in liver disease could serve as the basis for further research into the specific brain pathophysiology of HE, as well as the development of therapeutic strategies specifically aimed at counteracting the often irreversible central nervous system damage seen in these patients.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AD, acute decompensation
- ALF, acute liver failure
- AOM, azoxymethane
- AQP4, aquaporin 4
- Acute Liver Failure
- Ammonia
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Blood-brain barrier
- Brain edema
- CCL, chemokine ligand
- CCR, C-C chemokine receptor
- CE, cerebral oedema
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CLDN, claudin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Cirrhosis
- Energy metabolism
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- Glymphatic system
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IL-, interleukin
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NGVU
- NGVU, neurogliovascular unit
- NKCC1, Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1
- Neuroinflammation
- OCLN, occludin
- ONS, oxidative and nitrosative stress
- Oxidative stress
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PCA, portacaval anastomosis
- PSS, portosystemic shunt
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SUR1, sulfonylurea receptor 1
- Systemic inflammation
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- TJ, tight junction
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNFR1, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1
- ZO, zonula occludens
- mPT, mitochondrial pore transition
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Claeys
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Lefere
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Degroote
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Antwerp University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Sciatic Nerve in Rats: Protective Role of Combination of Vitamin C with E and Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:650-658. [PMID: 29327309 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat's sciatic nerve was experimentally developed. In this model, we measured the in vivo production of superoxide radical, as a marker of oxidative stress and the occludin expression as an indicator of blood-nerve barrier function and we examined potential protective innervations against these abnormalities. Right sciatic nerves of the animals underwent 3 h of ischemia followed by 7 days of reperfusion and were divided into three groups: ischemic, pretreated with vitamin C in conjunction with vitamin E and treated with tissue plasminogen activator. Compared to measurements from left sciatic nerves used as sham, the ischemic group showed significantly increased superoxide radical and reduced expression of occludin in western blot and immunohistochemistry. No such differences were detected between sham and nerves in the vitamin or tissue plasminogen activator groups. It is suggested that the experimental ischemia/reperfusion model was suitable for studying the relationship between oxidative state and blood-nerve barrier. The reversion of abnormalities by the applied neuroprotective agents might prove to be a clinically important finding in view of the implication of vascular supply derangement in various neuropathies in humans.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dhanda S, Sandhir R. Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Is Exacerbated in Experimental Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy via MMP-9 Activation and Downregulation of Tight Junction Proteins. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3642-3659. [PMID: 28523565 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in bile duct ligation (BDL) model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Four weeks after BDL surgery, a significant increase was observed in serum bilirubin levels. Masson trichrome staining revealed severe hepatic fibrosis in the BDL rats. 99mTc-mebrofenin retention was increased in the liver of BDL rats suggesting impaired hepatobiliary transport. An increase in permeability to sodium fluorescein, Evans blue, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran along with increase in water and electrolyte content was observed in brain regions of BDL rats suggesting disrupted BBB. Increased brain water content can be attributed to increase in aquaporin-4 mRNA and protein expression in BDL rats. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA and protein expression was increased in brain regions of BDL rats. Additionally, mRNA and protein expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was also increased in different regions of brain. A significant decrease in mRNA expression and protein levels of tight junction proteins, viz., occludin, claudin-5, and zona occluden-1 (ZO-1) was observed in different brain regions of BDL rats. VCAM-1 mRNA and protein expression was also found to be significantly upregulated in different brain regions of BDL animals. The findings from the study suggest that increased BBB permeability in HE involves activation of MMP-9 and loss of tight junction proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dhanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sato K, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura A, Fukushima D, Satomi S. Early post-transplant hyperbilirubinemia is a possible predictive factor for developing neurological complications in pediatric living donor liver transplant patients receiving tacrolimus. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 27804185 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cause of post-transplant CNI-NCs is multifactorial and not ascribed solely to CNI toxicity. A total of 90 children (aged <20 years) who underwent LDLT were evaluated to investigate the predictive factors associated with CNI-NCs. Twelve patients (13.3%) developed CNI-NCs after LDLT (age range, 2-15 years). The symptoms of CNI-NCs were seizures, VD, and stupor. The median onset of CNI-NCs was 10 days (range, 5-30 days) post-transplant. In the univariate analysis, higher recipient age at LDLT, donor age and recipient's BW, lower actual GV/SLV and TAC dosage/BW, and higher mean T-Bil and sodium level for 7 days after transplantation were independently significantly associated with TAC-NCs. Multivariate analysis showed that the T-Bil level in the first week after LDLT was the only significant independent predictive factor for TAC-NCs (HR, 1.588; 95% CI, 1.042-2.358; P=.031). In conclusion, CNI-NCs occurred most frequently in children over 5 years and were associated with hyperbilirubinemia for 7 days post-transplant, regardless of TAC levels. The transplant team should refer to a neurologist to define the diagnosis and to collaborate to resolve the neurological problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Sato
- Department of general medicine, Tosendo Hospital, Wakuya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kobayashi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daizo Fukushima
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Satomi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu P, Ling ZL, Zhang J, Li Y, Shu N, Zhong ZY, Chen Y, Di XY, Wang ZJ, Liu L, Liu XD. Unconjugated bilirubin elevation impairs the function and expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) at the blood-brain barrier in bile duct-ligated rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1129-40. [PMID: 27180978 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Liver failure is associated with dyshomeostasis of efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which contributes to hepatic encephalopathy. In this study we examined whether breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a major efflux transporter at the BBB, was altered during liver failure in rats. METHODS Rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and then were sacrificed after intravenous injection of prazosin on d3, d7 and d14. The brains and blood samples were collected. BCRP function at the BBB was assessed by the brain-to-plasma prazosin concentration ratio; Evans Blue extravasation in the brain tissues was used as an indicator of BBB integrity. The protein levels of BCRP in the brain tissues were detected. Human cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing human BCRP (MDCK-BCRP) were tested in vitro. In addition, hyperbilirubinemia (HB) was induced in rats by intravenous injection of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB). RESULTS BDL rats exhibited progressive decline of liver function and HB from d3 to d14. In the brain tissues of BDL rats, both the function and protein levels of BCRP were progressively decreased, whereas the BBB integrity was intact. Furthermore, BDL rat serum significantly decreased BCRP function and protein levels in HCMEC/D3 cells. Among the abnormally altered components in BDL rat serum tested, UCB (10, 25 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibit BCRP function and protein levels in HCMEC/D3 cells, whereas 3 bile acids (CDCA, UDCA and DCA) had no effect. Similar results were obtained in MDCK-BCRP cells and in the brains of HB rats. Correlation analysis revealed that UCB levels were negatively correlated with BCRP expression in the brain tissues of BDL rats and HB rats as well as in two types of cells tested in vitro. CONCLUSION UCB elevation in BDL rats impairs the function and expression of BCRP at the BBB, thus contributing to hepatic encephalopathy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou T, Zu G, Zhou L, Che N, Guo J, Liang Z. Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents cerebral and cerebellar injury induced by obstructive jaundice in rats via inducing expression of TIPE-2. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610:193-9. [PMID: 26592478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on cerebral and cerebellar injury in experimental obstructive jaundice (OJ). OJ was done by ligature and section of extrahepatic biliary duct. Rg1 was injected intraperitoneally (10 mg kg(-1)d(-1) or 20 mg kg(-1) d(-1)). Comparison of serum total bile salts (TBA), total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β among groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined, also apoptosis and mRNA and protein levels of TIPE2 (TNF-α-inducible protein 8-like 2) were tested in cerebrum and cerebellum. Our results showed that Rg1 reduced MDA and apoptosis in cerebrum and cerebellum induced by OJ, also GSH and antioxidant enzyme activity were raised obviously in rats treated with Rg1. Moreover, decreased mRNA and protein levels of TIPE2 in OJ rats and Rg1 could improve the decreased mRNA and protein levels of TIPE2 in OJ rats. In conclusion, Rg1 decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis, also recovered the antioxidant status and mRNA and protein levels of TIPE2 in the cerebrum and cerebellum of OJ rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Guo Zu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Ningwei Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Surgical Operation, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Zhanhua Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Yang WX. Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:675-84. [PMID: 27335757 PMCID: PMC4902068 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since nanoparticles are now widely applied as food additives, in cosmetics and other industries, especially in medical therapy and diagnosis, we ask here whether nanoparticles can cause several adverse effects to human health. In this review, based on research on nanotoxicity, we mainly discuss the negative influence of nanoparticles on blood vessels in several aspects and the potential mechanism for nanoparticles to penetrate endothelial layers of blood vessels, which are the sites of phosphorylation of tight junction proteins (claudins, occludins, and ZO (Zonula occludens)) proteins, oxidative stress and shear stress. We propose a connection between the presence of nanoparticles and the regulation of the tight junction, which might be the key approach for nanoparticles to penetrate endothelial layers and then have an impact on other tissues and organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bile Acid Signaling Is Involved in the Neurological Decline in a Murine Model of Acute Liver Failure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:312-23. [PMID: 26683664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious neurological complication of liver failure. Serum bile acids are elevated after liver damage and may disrupt the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain. Our aim was to assess the role of serum bile acids in the neurological complications after acute liver failure. C57Bl/6 or cytochrome p450 7A1 knockout (Cyp7A1(-/-)) mice were fed a control, cholestyramine-containing, or bile acid-containing diet before azoxymethane (AOM)-induced acute liver failure. In parallel, mice were given an intracerebroventricular infusion of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) Vivo-morpholino before AOM injection. Liver damage, neurological decline, and molecular analyses of bile acid signaling were performed. Total bile acid levels were increased in the cortex of AOM-treated mice. Reducing serum bile acids via cholestyramine feeding or using Cyp7A1(-/-) mice reduced bile acid levels and delayed AOM-induced neurological decline, whereas cholic acid or deoxycholic acid feeding worsened AOM-induced neurological decline. The expression of bile acid signaling machinery apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, FXR, and small heterodimer partner increased in the frontal cortex, and blocking FXR signaling delayed AOM-induced neurological decline. In conclusion, circulating bile acids may play a pathological role during hepatic encephalopathy, although precisely how they dysregulate normal brain function is unknown. Strategies to minimize serum bile acid concentrations may reduce the severity of neurological complications associated with liver failure.
Collapse
|
11
|
Michalski R, Michalowski B, Sikora A, Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. On the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging and dihydroethidium to detect superoxide in intact animals and ex vivo tissues: a reassessment. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:278-84. [PMID: 24200598 PMCID: PMC4275029 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, D.J. Hall et al. reported that ethidium (E(+)) is formed as a major product of hydroethidine (HE) or dihydroethidium reaction with superoxide (O2(-)) in intact animals with low tissue oxygen levels (J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 32:23-32, 2012). The authors concluded that measurement of E(+) is an indicator of O2(-) formation in intact brains of animals. This finding is in stark contrast to previous reports using in vitro systems showing that 2-hydroxyethidium, not ethidium, is formed from the reaction between O2(-) and HE. Published in vivo results support the in vitro findings. In this study, we performed additional experiments in which HE oxidation products were monitored under different fluxes of O2(-). Results from these experiments further reaffirm our earlier findings (H. Zhao et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34:1359, 2003). We conclude that whether in vitro or in vivo, E(+) measured by HPLC or by fluorescence lifetime imaging is not a diagnostic marker product for O2(-) reaction with HE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Michalski
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Michalowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Corresponding author: Balaraman Kalyanaraman, PhD, Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA, p: 414-955-4000, f: 414-955-6512,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morphological changes of cortical pyramidal neurons in hepatic encephalopathy. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:15. [PMID: 24433342 PMCID: PMC3898242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with acute and chronic liver diseases. It includes a number of neuropsychiatric disturbances including impaired motor activity and coordination, intellectual and cognitive function. Results In the present study, we used a chronic rat HE model by ligation of the bile duct (BDL) for 4 weeks. These rats showed increased plasma ammonia level, bile duct hyperplasia and impaired spatial learning memory and motor coordination when tested with Rota-rod and Morris water maze tests, respectively. By immunohistochemistry, the cerebral cortex showed swelling of astrocytes and microglia activation. To gain a better understanding of the effect of HE on the brain, the dendritic arbors of layer V cortical pyramidal neurons and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were revealed by an intracellular dye injection combined with a 3-dimensional reconstruction. Although the dendritic arbors remained unaltered, the dendritic spine density on these neurons was significantly reduced. It was suggested that the reduction of dendritic spines may be the underlying cause for increased motor evoked potential threshold and prolonged central motor conduction time in clinical finding in cirrhosis. Conclusions We found that HE perturbs CNS functions by altering the dendritic morphology of cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, which may be the underlying cause for the motor and intellectual impairments associated with HE patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Occludin dislocation in brain capillary endothelium of rats with bile duct ligation induced cholestasis. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:180-4. [PMID: 22985504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study used a rat model with bile duct ligation to examine the effect of cholestasis, to the localization of occludin in brain capillary endothelium by means of electronic microscopy. The results demonstrated a dislocation of occludin away from the tight junction sites of brain endothelial cells. A significant increase of the occludin-interendothelial cleft distance was demonstrated in the midbrain and the cerebellum samples but not in the frontal cortex, compared to the control group samples. These findings imply a brain region selective derangement of occludin in response to liver disease.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen YC, Sheen JM, Tain YL, Chen CC, Tiao MM, Huang YH, Hsieh CS, Huang LT. Alterations in NADPH oxidase expression and blood–brain barrier in bile duct ligation-treated young rats: Effects of melatonin. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:751-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
15
|
Gazzin S, Strazielle N, Tiribelli C, Ghersi-Egea JF. Transport and metabolism at blood-brain interfaces and in neural cells: relevance to bilirubin-induced encephalopathy. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:89. [PMID: 22629246 PMCID: PMC3355510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin, the end-product of heme catabolism, circulates in non-pathological plasma mostly as a protein-bound species. When bilirubin concentration builds up, the free fraction of the molecule increases. Unbound bilirubin then diffuses across blood-brain interfaces (BBIs) into the brain, where it accumulates and exerts neurotoxic effects. In this classical view of bilirubin neurotoxicity, BBIs act merely as structural barriers impeding the penetration of the pigment-bound carrier protein, and neural cells are considered as passive targets of its toxicity. Yet, the role of BBIs in the occurrence of bilirubin encephalopathy appears more complex than being simple barriers to the diffusion of bilirubin, and neural cells such as astrocytes and neurons can play an active role in controlling the balance between the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of bilirubin. This article reviews the emerging in vivo and in vitro data showing that transport and metabolic detoxification mechanisms at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers may modulate bilirubin flux across both cellular interfaces, and that these protective functions can be affected in chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Then the in vivo and in vitro arguments in favor of the physiological antioxidant function of intracerebral bilirubin are presented, as well as the potential role of transporters such as ABCC1 and metabolizing enzymes such as cytochromes P-450 in setting the cerebral cell- and structure-specific toxicity of bilirubin following hyperbilirubinemia. The relevance of these data to the pathophysiology of bilirubin-induced neurological diseases is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, AREA Science Park Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ding Z, Liu J, Lin R, Hou XH. Experimental pancreatitis results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability in rats: a potential role of MCP-1. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:179-185. [PMID: 22356313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in rats with acute pancreatitis (AP) and to investigate the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression in this alteration. METHODS Rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) was induced by pancreatic duct infusion of 5% and 0.5% sodium choleate, respectively, and a saline infusion was used in the control. The severity of AP was evaluated by a pathological score system. BBB permeability was detected by Evan's blue tracer and BBB tight junction was assessed by brain occludin expression. Immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect MCP-1 expression in the brain. Nifedipine was used as the antagonist of MCP-1. RESULTS Compared to the control group, change of BBB permeability was more significant in SAP groups, but not in MAP groups. Occludin level decreased 12 h after SAP induction. Pathological score of SAP group was higher than that in MAP group. BBB opening was associated with pancreatic injury. Brain MCP-1 expression was detected in all the SAP groups, which was correlated with increased BBB permeability, but was not found in the control group or the MAP group. After treatment with nifedipine, brain MCP-1 level decreased and BBB function improved synchronously in SAP groups. CONCLUSIONS BBB permeability increased in SAP significantly and time-dependently, and was correlated with brain MCP-1 expression. Nifedipine may improve BBB function by inhibiting MCP-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao Hua Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quinn M, Ueno Y, Pae HY, Huang L, Frampton G, Galindo C, Francis H, Horvat D, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Suppression of the HPA axis during extrahepatic biliary obstruction induces cholangiocyte proliferation in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G182-93. [PMID: 21979757 PMCID: PMC3345968 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00205.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic patients often present with clinical features suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. In the bile duct-ligated (BDL) model of cholestasis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is suppressed. The consequences of this suppression on cholangiocyte proliferation are unknown. We evaluated 1) HPA axis activity in various rat models of cholestasis and 2) effects of HPA axis modulation on cholangiocyte proliferation. Expression of regulatory molecules of the HPA axis was determined after BDL, partial BDL, and α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) intoxication. The HPA axis was suppressed by inhibition of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression by central administration of CRH-specific Vivo-morpholinos or by adrenalectomy. After BDL, the HPA axis was reactivated by 1) central administration of CRH, 2) systemic ACTH treatment, or 3) treatment with cortisol or corticosterone for 7 days postsurgery. There was decreased expression of 1) hypothalamic CRH, 2) pituitary ACTH, and 3) key glucocorticoid synthesis enzymes in the adrenal glands. Serum corticosterone and cortisol remained low after BDL (but not partial BDL) compared with sham surgery and after 2 wk of ANIT feeding. Experimental suppression of the HPA axis increased cholangiocyte proliferation, shown by increased cytokeratin-19- and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cholangiocytes. Conversely, restoration of HPA axis activity inhibited BDL-induced cholangiocyte proliferation. Suppression of the HPA axis is an early event following BDL and induces cholangiocyte proliferation. Knowledge of the role of the HPA axis during cholestasis may lead to development of innovative treatment paradigms for chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Quinn
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine,
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Hae Yong Pae
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine,
| | - Li Huang
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, ,3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine,
| | - Cheryl Galindo
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine,
| | - Heather Francis
- 4Digestive Disease Research Center, ,5Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital, ,6Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
| | - Darijana Horvat
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine,
| | - Matthew McMillin
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine,
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, ,4Digestive Disease Research Center, ,5Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital, ,6Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu SP, Li J, Hou BZ, Su YH, Li PP, Zhang BM. Evaluation of rat models of acute and chronic obstructive jaundice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1285-1289. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i12.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop rat models of acute and chronic obstructive jaundice and to evaluate the extent to which they mimic features of clinical diseases.
METHODS: Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups: acute obstructive jaundice group, chronic obstructive jaundice group, and control group. Each group was further divided into five subgroups for testing at different time points. Liver function was determined and the diameter of the common bile duct was measured under a microscope at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after model induction. Pathological changes in liver tissue were also observed by microscope. Choledochoduodenostomy was performed at week 4.
RESULTS: Jaundice progressively worsened in rats with acute obstructive jaundice, and TBIL increased from 84.86 μmol/L ± 49.09 μmol/L at week 1 to 749.38 μmol/L ± 38.99 μmol/L at week 4. Meanwhile, the diameter of the common bile duct diameter increased from 0.35 cm ± 0.15 cm to 1.50 cm ± 0.30 cm, and obvious degeneration, necrosis and hyperplasia of liver cells were observed. Jaundice was obviously improved after choledochoduodenostomy (TBIL: 153.93 μmol/L ± 57.36 μmol/L; diameter of the common bile duct: 0.40 cm ± 0.20 cm). Jaundice was mild in rats with chronic obstructive jaundice, and TBIL decreased from 42.43 μmol/L ± 23.56 μmol/L at week 1 to 36.52 μmol/L ± 16.28 μmol/L at week 4. Meanwhile, the diameter of the common bile duct increased from 0.20 cm ± 0.15 cm to 0.30 cm ± 0.10 cm, and obvious degeneration and hyperplasia of liver cells were noted. Jaundice slowly subsided after choledochoduodenostomy (TBIL: 32.15 μmol/L ± 13.20 μmol/L; diameter of the common bile duct: 0.15 cm ± 0.10 cm). Total bilirubin and the diameter of the common bile duct differed significantly at different time points between rats with acute and chronic obstructive jaundice (both P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Rat models of acute and chronic obstructive jaundice have been successfully established. There were significantly different manifestations between rats with chronic and acute obstructive jaundice.
Collapse
|
19
|
Assimakopoulos SF, Tsamandas AC, Georgiou CD, Vagianos CE, Scopa CD. Bombesin and neurotensin exert antiproliferative effects on oval cells and augment the regenerative response of the cholestatic rat liver. Peptides 2010; 31:2294-303. [PMID: 20833216 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the cholestatic liver is significantly attenuated. Oval cells are hepatic stem cells involved in liver's regeneration following diverse types of injury. The present study investigated the effect of the neuropeptides bombesin (BBS) and neurotensin (NT) on oval cell proliferation as well as on hepatocyte and cholangiocyte proliferation and apoptosis in the cholestatic rat liver. Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: controls, sham operated, bile duct ligated (BDL), BDL+BBS (30 μg/kg/d), BDL+NT (300 μg/kg/d). Ten days later, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA (in situ hybridization), cytokeratin-19 and Ki67 antigen expression (immunohistochemistry) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were evaluated on liver tissue samples. Cells with morphologic features of oval cells that were cytokeratin-19(+) and AFP mRNA(+) were scored in morphometric analysis and their proliferation was recorded. In addition, the proliferation and apoptotic rates of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes were determined. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and hepatic oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox state) were also estimated. The neuropeptides BBS and NT significantly reduced ALT levels and hepatic oxidative stress. Both agents exerted similar and cell type-specific effects on oval cells, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes: (a) oval cell proliferation and accumulation in the cholestatic liver was attenuated, (b) hepatocyte proliferation was increased along with a decreased rate of their apoptosis and (c) cholangiocyte proliferation was attenuated and their apoptosis was increased. These observations might be of potential value in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis.
Collapse
|