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Osorio-Llanes E, Castellar-López J, Rosales W, Montoya Y, Bustamante J, Zalaquett R, Bravo-Sagua R, Riquelme JA, Sánchez G, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Mendoza-Torres E. Novel Strategies to Improve the Cardioprotective Effects of Cardioplegia. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:CCR-EPUB-137763. [PMID: 38275069 PMCID: PMC11071679 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x263956231129064455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of cardioprotective strategies as adjuvants of cardioplegic solutions has become an ideal alternative for the improvement of post-surgery heart recovery. The choice of the optimal cardioplegia, as well as its distribution mechanism, remains controversial in the field of cardiovascular surgery. There is still a need to search for new and better cardioprotective methods during cardioplegic procedures. New techniques for the management of cardiovascular complications during cardioplegia have evolved with new alternatives and additives, and each new strategy provides a tool to neutralize the damage after ischemia/reperfusion events. Researchers and clinicians have committed themselves to studying the effect of new strategies and adjuvant components with the potential to improve the cardioprotective effect of cardioplegic solutions in preventing myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury during cardiac surgery. The aim of this review is to explore the different types of cardioplegia, their protection mechanisms, and which strategies have been proposed to enhance the function of these solutions in hearts exposed to cardiovascular pathologies that require surgical alternatives for their corrective progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanie Osorio-Llanes
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Universidad Libre Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Jairo Castellar-López
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Universidad Libre Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Wendy Rosales
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Universidad Libre Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Yuliet Montoya
- Grupo de Dinámica Cardiovascular (GDC), Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - John Bustamante
- Grupo de Dinámica Cardiovascular (GDC), Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Zalaquett
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae - Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio OMEGA, INTA, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A. Riquelme
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gina Sánchez
- Physiopathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Evelyn Mendoza-Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Owjfard M, Taghadosi Z, Bigdeli MR, Safari A, Zarifkar A, Borhani-Haghighi A, Namavar MR. Effect of nicorandil on the spatial arrangement of primary motor cortical neurons in the sub-acute phase of stroke in a rat model. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:102000. [PMID: 34233211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke remains a major cause of disability and death worldwide. The density and the spatial distribution of the primary motor (M1) cortical neurons are important in signal transmission and control the movement-related functions. Recently, the neuroprotective effect of nicorandil in cerebral ischemia was described through its anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the effects of nicorandil on the neurobehavioral outcome, infarct size, and density, and spatial distribution of M1 cortical neurons after cerebral ischemia. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Sham underwent surgery without middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and drug. The MCAO and treatment groups after MCAO received saline or nicorandil 2, 24, 48, and 72 h after the induction of brain ischemia. Neurobehavioral tests were performed, brains removed, sectioned, and stained by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to estimate the size of the infarction and Nissl staining to evaluate the numerical density, mean area, and the distribution pattern of M1 cortical neurons, using Voronoi spatial tessellation. RESULTS Although nicorandil treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficits and density of neuronal neighbors, it could not preserve the normal regular spatial distributions of M1 cortical neurons after MCAO. It also could not significantly improve motor function or reduce ischemic lesion size. CONCLUSIONS Treatment using the present dose of nicorandil during sub-acute ischemic stroke could not increase neuronal density or preserve the normal regular spatial distributions after MCAO. However, it had beneficial effects on neurobehavioral and motor function and somewhat reduced ischemic lesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Taghadosi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Histomorphometry & Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Li CY, Ma W, Liu KP, Yang JW, Wang XB, Wu Z, Zhang T, Wang JW, Liu W, Liu J, Liang Y, Zhang XK, Li JJ, Guo JH, Li LY. Different ischemic duration and frequency of ischemic postconditioning affect neuroprotection in focal ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108921. [PMID: 32888963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have confirmed that "in situ ischemia postconditioning" (ISPostC) and "remote ischemic postconditioning" (RIPostC) can reduce cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but there is no comparison was made on the consistency of neuroprotection in ISPostC and RIPostC to different ischemic duration and number of cycles. NEW METHOD We used a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model to compare the neuroprotection of ISPostC and RIPostC. We conducted ISPostC and RIPostC via brief and repeated MCA and Femoral artery occlusion followed by different ischemic duration and number of cycles. Infarct volume, brain edema, Neurological deficit scores and Apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS First, the ISPostC with three cycles of 10-s occlusion/30-s release of both carotid arteries and the RIPostC with three cycles of 10-min occlusion/10-min release of the left and right femoral arteries can obviously reduce cerebral infarction size, brain edema, apoptosis, and improve behavioral deficits than other approaches. Second, three cycles of ischemia/reperfusion may be the best for RIPostC. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) In this paper, we compared different ischemic duration and frequency of ISPostC and RIPostC models to determine the best method. This conclusion helps to unify the experimental methods. CONCLUSIONS Different ischemic duration and frequency of ischemic postconditioning affect neuroprotection. three cycles of 10-s occlusion/30-s release of both carotid arteries and three cycles of 10-min occlusion/10-min release of both femoral arteries could be the first choice to study mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning and be conducive to the unification of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Kuang-Pin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jin-Wei Yang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Xian-Bin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Zhen Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xing-Kui Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jun-Jun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Morisaki Y, Nakagawa I, Ogawa Y, Yokoyama S, Furuta T, Saito Y, Nakase H. Ischemic Postconditioning Reduces NMDA Receptor Currents Through the Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore and K ATP Channel in Mouse Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:1079-1089. [PMID: 33159622 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning (PostC) is known to reduce cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, whether the opening of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (mito-KATP) channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) cause the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane that remains unknown. We examined the involvement of the mito-KATP channel and the mPTP in the PostC mechanism. Ischemic PostC consisted of three cycles of 15 s reperfusion and 15 s re-ischemia, and was started 30 s after the 7.5 min ischemic load. We recorded N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)-mediated currents and measured cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, and mitochondrial membrane potentials in mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Both ischemic PostC and the application of a mito-KATP channel opener, diazoxide, reduced NMDAR-mediated currents, and suppressed cytosolic Ca2+ elevations during the early reperfusion period. An mPTP blocker, cyclosporine A, abolished the reducing effect of PostC on NMDAR currents. Furthermore, both ischemic PostC and the application of diazoxide potentiated the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicate that ischemic PostC suppresses Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm by reducing NMDAR-mediated currents through mPTP opening. The present study suggests that depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential by opening of the mito-KATP channel is essential to the mechanism of PostC in neuroprotection against anoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Morisaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shohei Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takanori Furuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijocho 840, Kashihara, Japan
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The role of KATP channel blockade and activation in the protection against neurodegeneration in the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2020; 257:118070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Khan H, Kashyap A, Kaur A, Singh TG. Pharmacological postconditioning: a molecular aspect in ischemic injury. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1513-1527. [PMID: 33460133 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is defined as the damage to the tissue which is caused when blood supply returns to tissue after ischaemia. To protect the ischaemic tissue from irreversible injury, various protective agents have been studied but the benefits have not been clinically applicable due to monotargeting, low potency, late delivery or poor tolerability. KEY FINDINGS Strategies involving preconditioning or postconditioning can address the issues related to the failure of protective therapies. In principle, postconditioning (PoCo) is clinically more applicable in the conditions in which there is unannounced ischaemic event. Moreover, PoCo is an attractive beneficial strategy as it can be induced rapidly at the onset of reperfusion via series of brief I/R cycles following a major ischaemic event or it can be induced in a delayed manner. Various pharmacological postconditioning (pPoCo) mechanisms have been investigated systematically. Using different animal models, most of the studies on pPoCo have been carried out preclinically. SUMMARY However, there is a need for the optimization of the clinical protocols to quicken pPoCo clinical translation for future studies. This review summarizes the involvement of various receptors and signalling pathways in the protective mechanisms of pPoCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Kashyap
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Effects of nicorandil on neurobehavioral function, BBB integrity, edema and stereological parameters of the brain in the sub-acute phase of stroke in a rat model. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-0021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yokoyama S, Nakagawa I, Ogawa Y, Morisaki Y, Motoyama Y, Park YS, Saito Y, Nakase H. Ischemic postconditioning prevents surge of presynaptic glutamate release by activating mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels in the mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215104. [PMID: 30978206 PMCID: PMC6461229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A mild ischemic load applied after a lethal ischemic insult reduces the subsequent ischemia–reperfusion injury, and is called ischemic postconditioning (PostC). We studied the effect of ischemic PostC on synaptic glutamate release using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. We recorded spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs) from CA1 pyramidal cells in mouse hippocampal slices. The ischemic load was perfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) equilibrated with mixed gas (95% N2 and 5% CO2). The ischemic load was applied for 7.5 min, followed by ischemic PostC 30 s later, consisting of three cycles of 15 s of reperfusion and 15 s of re-ischemia. We found that a surging increase in sEPSCs frequency occurred during the immediate-early reperfusion period after the ischemic insult. We found a significant positive correlation between cumulative sEPSCs and the number of dead CA1 neurons (r = 0.70; p = 0.02). Ischemic PostC significantly suppressed this surge of sEPSCs. The mitochondrial KATP (mito-KATP) channel opener, diazoxide, also suppressed the surge of sEPSCs when applied for 15 min immediately after the ischemic load. The mito-KATP channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), significantly attenuated the suppressive effect of both ischemic PostC and diazoxide application on the surge of sEPSCs. These results suggest that the opening of mito-KATP channels is involved in the suppressive effect of ischemic PostC on synaptic glutamate release and protection against neuronal death. We hypothesize that activation of mito-KATP channels prevents mitochondrial malfunction and breaks mutual facilitatory coupling between glutamate release and Ca2+ entry at presynaptic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoichi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yudai Morisaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Motoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Young Su Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Pinto A, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Corsi M, Businaro R. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ketogenic Diet: New Perspectives for Neuroprotection in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E63. [PMID: 29710809 PMCID: PMC5981249 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet, originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy in non-responder children, is spreading to be used in the treatment of many diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. The main activity of the ketogenic diet has been related to improved mitochondrial function and decreased oxidative stress. B-Hydroxybutyrate, the most studied ketone body, has been shown to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), improving mitochondrial respiration: it stimulates the cellular endogenous antioxidant system with the activation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), it modulates the ratio between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺/NADH) and it increases the efficiency of electron transport chain through the expression of uncoupling proteins. Furthermore, the ketogenic diet performs anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) activation and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as well as inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), improving memory encoding. The underlying mechanisms and the perspectives for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Corsi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
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Wu J, Jin Z, Yang X, Yan LJ. Post-ischemic administration of 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid at the onset of reperfusion affords neuroprotection against stroke injury by preserving mitochondrial function and attenuating oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:444-450. [PMID: 29448100 PMCID: PMC5835215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA) could induce preconditioning effect in the ischemic brain of rat. In the present study, we addressed the question of whether MICA could also trigger a postconditioning effect in ischemic stroke. To this end, MICA (100 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally at the onset of 24 h reperfusion following 1 h ischemia in rat brain. Results indicate that stroked animals treated with MICA showed less brain infarction volume than that of vehicle-treated animals. Further experiments revealed that brain mitochondrial complexes I and IV showed elevated enzymatic activities in MICA treated group and the elevation in complex I activity was likely contributed by seemingly enhanced expression of many complex I subunits, which was determined by mass spectral peptide sequencing. When compared with vehicle-treated rats, the preservation of complexes I and IV activities was shown to be accompanied by enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ATP production, and decreased caspase-3 activity. Additional studies also indicate the involvement of NQO1 upregulation by the Nrf2 signaling pathway in this MICA postconditioning paradigm. Consequently, attenuated oxidative stress in the MICA treated group reflected by decrease in H2O2 production and protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation was detected. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that MICA can also induce a postconditioning effect in the ischemic brain of rat and the underlying mechanism likely involves preservation of mitochondrial function, upregulation of cellular antioxidative capacity, and attenuation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States; Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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Brunner SN, Bogert NV, Schnitzbauer AA, Juengel E, Moritz A, Werner I, Kornberger A, Beiras-Fernandez A. Levosimendan protects human hepatocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187839. [PMID: 29145424 PMCID: PMC5690693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major challenge in liver transplantation. The mitochondrial pathway plays a pivotal role in hepatic IRI. Levosimendan, a calcium channel sensitizer, was shown to attenuate apoptosis after IRI in animal livers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of levosimendan on apoptosis in human hepatocytes. Methods Primary human hepatocytes were either exposed to hypoxia or cultured under normoxic conditions. After the hypoxic phase, reoxygenation was implemented and cells were treated with different concentrations of levosimendan (10ng/ml, 100ng/ml, 1000ng/ml). The overall metabolic activity of the cells was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were determined in order to quantify hepatic injury. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was applied to measure necrosis and apoptosis. Finally, Western blotting was performed to analyze apoptotic pathway proteins. Results Administration of levosimendan during reperfusion increases the metabolic activity of human hepatocytes and decreases AST levels. Moreover, apoptosis after IRI is reduced in treated vs. untreated hepatocytes, and levosimendan prevents down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 as well as up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Conclusion The present study suggests a protective effect of levosimendan on human hepatocytes. Our findings suggest that treatment with levosimendan during reperfusion attenuates apoptosis of human hepatocytes by influencing BAX and Bcl-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N. Brunner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nicolai V. Bogert
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas A. Schnitzbauer
- Clinic for General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton Moritz
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Isabella Werner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Angela Kornberger
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andres Beiras-Fernandez
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Postconditioning-induced neuroprotection, mechanisms and applications in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Tan XH, Zheng XM, Yu LX, He J, Zhu HM, Ge XP, Ren XL, Ye FQ, Bellusci S, Xiao J, Li XK, Zhang JS. Fibroblast growth factor 2 protects against renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating mitochondrial damage and proinflammatory signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2909-2925. [PMID: 28544332 PMCID: PMC5661260 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (I/RI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). The molecular basis underlying I/RI‐induced renal pathogenesis and measures to prevent or reverse this pathologic process remains to be resolved. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is reported to have protective roles of myocardial infarction as well as in several other I/R related disorders. Herein we present evidence that FGF2 exhibits robust protective effect against renal histological and functional damages in a rat I/RI model. FGF2 treatment greatly alleviated I/R‐induced acute renal dysfunction and largely blunted I/R‐induced elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, and also the number of TUNEL‐positive tubular cells in the kidney. Mechanistically, FGF2 substantially ameliorated renal I/RI by mitigating several mitochondria damaging parameters including pro‐apoptotic alteration of Bcl2/Bax expression, caspase‐3 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and KATP channel integrity. Of note, the protective effect of FGF2 was significantly compromised by the KATP channel blocker 5‐HD. Interestingly, I/RI alone resulted in mild activation of FGFR, whereas FGF2 treatment led to more robust receptor activation. More significantly, post‐I/RI administration of FGF2 also exhibited robust protection against I/RI by reducing cell apoptosis, inhibiting the release of damage‐associated molecular pattern molecule HMBG1 and activation of its downstream inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1α, IL‐6 and TNF α. Taken together, our data suggest that FGF2 offers effective protection against I/RI and improves animal survival by attenuating mitochondrial damage and HMGB1‐mediated inflammatory response. Therefore, FGF2 has the potential to be used for the prevention and treatment of I/RI‐induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Xia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian He
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fa-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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14
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Feyzizadeh S, Badalzadeh R. Application of ischemic postconditioning's algorithms in tissues protection: response to methodological gaps in preclinical and clinical studies. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2257-2267. [PMID: 28402080 PMCID: PMC5618671 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic postconditioning (IPostC) was introduced for the first time by Zhao et al. as a feasible method for reduction of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. The cardioprotection by this protocol has been extensively evaluated in various species. Then, further research revealed that IPostC is a safe and convenient approach in limiting IR injury of non‐myocardial tissues such as lung, liver, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscle, brain and spinal cord. IPostC has been conducted with different algorithms, resulting in diverse effects. The possible important factors leading to these differences are the difference in activation levels of signalling pathways and protective mediators by any algorithm, presence or absence of IPostC effectors in each tissue, or intrinsic characteristics of the tissues as well as the methodological biases. Also, the conflicting results have been shown with the application of the same algorithm of IPostC in certain tissues or animal species. The effectiveness of IPostC may depend upon various parameters including the species and the tissues characteristics. For example, different heart rates and metabolic rates of the species and unequal amounts of perfusion and blood flow of the tissues should be considered as the important determinants of IPostC effectiveness and should be thought about in designing IPostC algorithms for future studies. Due to these discrepancies, there is still no optimal single IPostC algorithm applicable to any tissue or any species. This issue is the main topic of the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Feyzizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Badalzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Vidale S, Consoli A, Arnaboldi M, Consoli D. Postischemic Inflammation in Acute Stroke. J Clin Neurol 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28079313 PMCID: PMC5242162 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is caused by arterial occlusion due to a thrombus or an embolus. Such occlusion induces multiple and concomitant pathophysiological processes that involve bioenergetic failure, acidosis, loss of cell homeostasis, excitotoxicity, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. All of these mechanisms contribute to neuronal death, mainly via apoptosis or necrosis. The immune system is involved in this process in the early phases after brain injury, which contributes to potential enlargement of the infarct size and involves the penumbra area. Whereas inflammation and the immune system both exert deleterious effects, they also contribute to brain protection by stimulating a preconditioning status and to the concomitant repair of the injured parenchyma. This review describes the main phases of the inflammatory process occurring after arterial cerebral occlusion, with an emphasis on the role of single mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vidale
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
| | - Arturo Consoli
- Department of Interventional Neurovascular Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Arnaboldi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Domenico Consoli
- Department of Neurology, G. Jazzolino Hospital, Vibo Valentia, Italy
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16
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Postconditioning with sevoflurane ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficit after hemorrhage shock and resuscitation in rats. J Surg Res 2016; 206:307-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Martínez-Moreno M, Batlle M, Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayón J, Andrade C, Mahy N, Rodríguez MJ. Diazoxide enhances excitotoxicity-induced neurogenesis and attenuates neurodegeneration in the rat non-neurogenic hippocampus. Neuroscience 2016; 333:229-43. [PMID: 27471195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diazoxide, a well-known mitochondrial KATP channel opener with neuroprotective effects, has been proposed for the effective and safe treatment of neuroinflammation. To test whether diazoxide affects the neurogenesis associated with excitotoxicity in brain injury, we induced lesions by injecting excitotoxic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) into the rat hippocampus and analyzed the effects of a daily oral administration of diazoxide on the induced lesion. Specific glial and neuronal staining showed that NMDA elicited a strong glial reaction associated with progressive neuronal loss in the whole hippocampal formation. Doublecortin immunohistochemistry and bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-NeuN double immunohistochemistry revealed that NMDA also induced cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the lesioned non-neurogenic hippocampus. Furthermore, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the injured hippocampus expressed transcription factor Sp8 indicating that the excitotoxic lesion elicited the migration of progenitors from the subventricular zone and/or the reprograming of reactive astrocytes. Diazoxide treatment attenuated the NMDA-induced hippocampal injury in rats, as demonstrated by decreases in the size of the lesion, neuronal loss and microglial reaction. Diazoxide also increased the number of BrdU/NeuN double-stained cells and elevated the number of Sp8-positive cells in the lesioned hippocampus. These results indicate a role for KATP channel activation in regulating excitotoxicity-induced neurogenesis in brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Moreno
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Batlle
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Ortega
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Gimeno-Bayón
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Andrade
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Mahy
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Rodríguez
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Hou C, Duan J, Luo Y, Meng R, Li S, Yao C, Ding Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhao G, Zhang J, Ji X. Remote limb ischemic conditioning treatment for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis patients. Int J Stroke 2016; 11:831-8. [PMID: 27312678 DOI: 10.1177/1747493016654489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recurrence rate of ischemic stroke remains high among symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis patients with either ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether remote limb ischemic conditioning (RLIC) prevents cerebral ischemic events in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis patients. METHODS Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis patients with either ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack will be recruited from more than 60 hospitals in China to participate in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled clinical trial that will compare the efficacy and safety of RLIC for the prevention of recurrent stroke. Following randomization, patients allocated to the RLIC group (n = 1500) will receive RLIC once daily for 12 months, with treatment consisting of five cycles of 5 min of pressure treatment at 200 mm Hg, followed by 5 min of reperfusion. The sham group (n = 1500) will be treated identically, with the exception of pressure treatment at 60 mm Hg. RESULTS The primary endpoint will be an ischemic stroke event during the study period. Secondary endpoints will include composite fatal and nonfatal stroke, fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, and transient ischemic attack. Patients will be assessed periodically over a approximate 3-year study period using the modified Rankin Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index. CONCLUSION We predict that RLIC treatment for 12 months will safely reduce the ischemic stroke recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbei Hou
- Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangang Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Cerebrovascular Disease Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Clinical Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Cerebrovascular Disease Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Busija DW, Rutkai I, Dutta S, Katakam PV. Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1529-48. [PMID: 27347901 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria not only produce energy in the form of ATP to support the activities of cells comprising the neurovascular unit, but mitochondrial events, such as depolarization and/or ROS release, also initiate signaling events which protect the endothelium and neurons against lethal stresses via pre-/postconditioning as well as promote changes in cerebral vascular tone. Mitochondrial depolarization in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), via pharmacological activation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels), leads to vasorelaxation through generation of calcium sparks by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent downstream signaling mechanisms. Increased release of ROS by mitochondria has similar effects. Relaxation of VSM can also be indirectly achieved via actions of nitric oxide (NO) and other vasoactive agents produced by endothelium, perivascular and parenchymal nerves, and astroglia following mitochondrial activation. Additionally, NO production following mitochondrial activation is involved in neuronal preconditioning. Cerebral arteries from female rats have greater mitochondrial mass and respiration and enhanced cerebral arterial dilation to mitochondrial activators. Preexisting chronic conditions such as insulin resistance and/or diabetes impair mitoKATP channel relaxation of cerebral arteries and preconditioning. Surprisingly, mitoKATP channel function after transient ischemia appears to be retained in the endothelium of large cerebral arteries despite generalized cerebral vascular dysfunction. Thus, mitochondrial mechanisms may represent the elusive signaling link between metabolic rate and blood flow as well as mediators of vascular change according to physiological status. Mitochondrial mechanisms are an important, but underutilized target for improving vascular function and decreasing brain injury in stroke patients. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1529-1548, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Somhrita Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Prasad V Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Shimizu S, Tsounapi P, Dimitriadis F, Higashi Y, Shimizu T, Saito M. Testicular torsion-detorsion and potential therapeutic treatments: A possible role for ischemic postconditioning. Int J Urol 2016; 23:454-63. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku Kochi Japan
| | - Panagiota Tsounapi
- Division of Urology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Tottori Japan
| | - Fotios Dimitriadis
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Ioannina University; Ioannina Greece
| | - Youichirou Higashi
- Department of Pharmacology; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku Kochi Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku Kochi Japan
| | - Motoaki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku Kochi Japan
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21
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Jin Z, Wu J, Yan LJ. Chemical Conditioning as an Approach to Ischemic Stroke Tolerance: Mitochondria as the Target. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:351. [PMID: 27005615 PMCID: PMC4813212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the brain can be prepared to resist or tolerate ischemic stroke injury, and mitochondrion is a major target for this tolerance. The preparation of ischemic stroke tolerance can be achieved by three major approaches: ischemic conditioning, hypoxic conditioning and chemical conditioning. In each conditioning approach, there are often two strategies that can be used to achieve the conditioning effects, namely preconditioning (Pre-C) and postconditioning (Post-C). In this review, we focus on chemical conditioning of mitochondrial proteins as targets for neuroprotection against ischemic stroke injury. Mitochondrial targets covered include complexes I, II, IV, the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), adenine dinucleotide translocase (ANT) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). While numerous mitochondrial proteins have not been evaluated in the context of chemical conditioning and ischemic stroke tolerance, the paradigms and approaches reviewed in this article should provide general guidelines on testing those mitochondrial components that have not been investigated. A deep understanding of mitochondria as the target of chemical conditioning for ischemic stroke tolerance should provide valuable insights into strategies for fighting ischemic stroke, a leading cause of death in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Chen W, Liu Y, Xue G, Zhang L, Zhang L, Shao S. Diazoxide protects L6 skeletal myoblasts from H2O2-induced apoptosis via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway. Inflamm Res 2015; 65:53-60. [PMID: 26525360 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN Transplanted cell survival might greatly improve the therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy. Diazoxide (DZ), a highly selective mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, is known to suppress cell apoptosis and protect cells in oxidative stressed ischemic environment. We explored the mechanisms involved in DZ pre-treatment-induced anti-apoptotic effect on L6 skeletal myoblast (SKM). MATERIALS AND METHODS L6 SKMs were divided into control group, H2O2 group, DZ + H2O2 group and DZ + LY + H2O2 group. Treatments of 400 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 h alone, or after 200 μmol/L DZ pre-treatment for 30 min, or after DZ and 50 μmol/L LY294002 co-administration for 30 min were performed. The cell apoptosis rates were assessed by flow cytometric analysis. The changes of mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by JC-1 mitochondrial staining. The activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, caspase-9 and caspase-3 was detected by western blot. RESULTS Compared with the H2O2 group, DZ pre-treatment protected cells from H2O2-induced damage, increased Akt phosphorylation, prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization as well as the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and decreased the cell apoptosis rate. However, the DZ-induced cytoprotective and anti-apoptosis effects were partly inhibited by co-administration of a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DZ pre-treatment contributes to protection of L6 SKMs against apoptosis at least partly by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and subsequently inhibiting the mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 361, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Xue
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 361, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 361, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 361, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Shao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 361, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Nam YJ, Lee DH, Lee MS, Lee CS. KATP channel block prevents proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:582-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Yu D, Fan C, Zhang W, Wen Z, Hu L, Yang L, Feng Y, Yin KJ, Mo X. Neuroprotective effect of nicorandil through inhibition of apoptosis by the PI3K/Akt1 pathway in a mouse model of deep hypothermic low flow. J Neurol Sci 2015; 357:119-25. [PMID: 26279331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicorandil exerts a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the brain and kidney through anti-apoptotic mechanisms. However, the mechanism by which nicorandil protects against I/R injury induced by deep hypothermic low flow (DHLF) remains unclear. METHODS We used a cerebral I/R model induced by DHLF to determine the neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of nicorandil. RESULTS Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to detect changes in cell morphology and the number of apoptotic cells in hippocampus, respectively. The apoptotic regulators including Bcl-2, Bax, Akt, and p-Akt (the active, phosphorylated form of Akt) were examined by Western blot (WB). Histopathological findings showed that nicorandil significantly alleviated morphological damage in hippocampal and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei induced by DHLF. Nicorandil also increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax, while increasing p-Akt level. Consistent with these results, nicorandil-mediated neuroprotection was reduced in the Akt1+/- mutant mice and inhibited by LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed that nicorandil provides a neuroprotective role in DHLF-induced I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis via activation of the PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Changfeng Fan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuming Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Kim DY, Abdelwahab MG, Lee SH, O’Neill D, Thompson RJ, Duff HJ, Sullivan PG, Rho JM. Ketones prevent oxidative impairment of hippocampal synaptic integrity through KATP channels. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119316. [PMID: 25848768 PMCID: PMC4388385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and metabolic therapies are increasingly being considered for a variety of neurological disorders, based in part on growing evidence for the neuroprotective properties of the ketogenic diet (KD) and ketones. Earlier, we demonstrated that ketones afford hippocampal synaptic protection against exogenous oxidative stress, but the mechanisms underlying these actions remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that ketones may modulate neuronal firing through interactions with ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. Here, we used a combination of electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical assays to determine whether hippocampal synaptic protection by ketones is a consequence of KATP channel activation. Ketones dose-dependently reversed oxidative impairment of hippocampal synaptic integrity, neuronal viability, and bioenergetic capacity, and this action was mirrored by the KATP channel activator diazoxide. Inhibition of KATP channels reversed ketone-evoked hippocampal protection, and genetic ablation of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit Kir6.2, a critical component of KATP channels, partially negated the synaptic protection afforded by ketones. This partial protection was completely reversed by co-application of the KATP blocker, 5-hydoxydecanoate (5HD). We conclude that, under conditions of oxidative injury, ketones induce synaptic protection in part through activation of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammed G. Abdelwahab
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Soo Han Lee
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Derek O’Neill
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roger J. Thompson
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry J. Duff
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jong M. Rho
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ischemic Postconditioning Alleviates Brain Edema After Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats Through Down-Regulation of Aquaporin-4. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:722-9. [PMID: 25662982 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral edema is a serious complication associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a role in generating postischemic edema after reperfusion. Recently, ischemic postconditioning (Postcond) has been shown to produce neuroprotective effects and reduce brain edema in rats after cerebral I/R. It is unclear if ischemic Postcond alleviates brain edema injury through regulation of AQP4. In this study, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats by filament insertion for 2 h following 24-h reperfusion: ischemic Postcond treatment was performed before reperfusion in the experimental group. We used the wet-dry weight ratio and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate brain edema after 24 h of reperfusion. We used immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses to evaluate the distribution and expression of AQP4. Ischemic Postcond significantly reduced the water content of the brain tissue and swelling of the astrocytic foot processes. AQP4 expression increased in the I/R and Postcond groups compared to the sham group, but it decreased in the Postcond group compared to the I/R group. The results of our study suggest that ischemic Postcond effectively reduces brain edema after reperfusion by inhibiting AQP4 expression. The data in this study support the use of ischemic Postcond for alleviating brain edema after cerebral I/R.
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Zhang C, Guo Z, Liu H, Shi Y, Ge S. Influence of levosimendan postconditioning on apoptosis of rat lung cells in a model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114963. [PMID: 25608001 PMCID: PMC4301642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To ascertain if levosimendan postconditioning can alleviate lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI) in rats. Method One hundred rats were divided into five groups: Sham (sham), ischemia–reperfusion group (I/R group), ischemic postconditioning (IPO group), levosimendan postconditioning (Levo group) and combination postconditioning group of levosimendan and 5-Hydroxydecanoic acid (Levo+5-HD group). The apoptotic index (AI) of lung tissue cells was determined using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Expression of active cysteine aspartate specific protease-3 ( active caspase-3), Bcl-2 and Bax in lung tissue was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The morphopathology of lung tissue was observed using light and electron microscopy. Results AI values and expression of active caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax of lung tissue in I/R and Levo+5-HD groups were significantly higher than those in the sham group ( P<0.05). AI values and expression of active caspase-3 and Bax were significantly lower, whereas that of Bcl-2 was higher significantly in the Levo group, compared with I/R and Levo+5-HD groups (P<0.05). Significant differences were not observed in comparisons between I/R and Levo+5-HD groups as well as IPO and Levo groups. Conclusion LIRI can be alleviated by levosimendan, which simulates an IPO protective function. A postulated lung-protective mechanism of action could involve opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, relieving Ca2+ overload, upregulation of expression of Bcl-2, and downregulation of expression of active caspase-3 and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhixiang Guo
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyuan Liu
- Oncology Department, The He Fei Hospital affiliated with An Hui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yinglu Shi
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Chest Hospital of Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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Biological networks in ischemic tolerance - rethinking the approach to clinical conditioning. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:114-29. [PMID: 24223074 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive response (conditioning) to environmental stressors evokes evolutionarily conserved programs in uni- and multicellular organisms that result in increased fitness and resistance to stressor induced injury. Although the concept of conditioning has been around for a while, its translation into clinical therapies targeting neurovascular diseases has only recently begun. The slow pace of clinical adoption might be partially explained by our poor understanding of underpinning mechanisms and of the complex responses of the organism to the stressor. At the 2(nd) Translational Preconditioning Meeting participants engaged in an intense discussion addressing whether the time has come to more aggressively implement clinical conditioning protocols in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases or whether it would be better to wait until preclinical data would help to minimize clinical empiricism. This review addresses the complex involvement of biological networks in establishing ischemic tolerance at the organism level using two clinically promising conditioning modalities, namely remote ischemic preconditioning, and per- or post-conditioning, as examples.
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Remote ischemic postconditioning alleviates cerebral ischemic injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:692-700. [PMID: 25043802 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) has been proved to protect the brain from stroke, but the precise mechanism remains not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether RIPostC attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by abating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. CHOP, a multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress, regulates the expression of genes related to apoptosis, such as Bim and Bcl-2. Male SD rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion, and RIPostC was induced by three cycles of 10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion on bilateral femoral arteries immediately after ischemia. CHOP siRNA (CHOPi) and control siRNA (Coni) were injected into the right lateral ventricle 30 min before the beginning of ischemia. RIPostC, CHOPi, or RIPostC + CHOPi application reduced infarct volume, improved the neurological function, and decreased cell apoptosis. RIPostC increased the protein level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and decreased the protein level of phosphorylated-EIF2α, caspase-12, and CHOP. Furthermore, the expression of CHOP, Bim and cleaved-caspase-3 was decreased, while Bcl-2 expression was increased in response to application of RIPostC, CHOPi, or RIPostC + CHOPi. In sum, RIPostC protects against ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in rats by attenuating ER stress response-induced apoptosis.
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Dong P, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Dong J, Zhang L, Li D, Li L, Zhang X, Yang B, Lei W. Aging causes exacerbated ischemic brain injury and failure of sevoflurane post-conditioning: role of B-cell lymphoma-2. Neuroscience 2014; 275:2-11. [PMID: 24929064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with exacerbated brain injury after ischemic stroke. Herein, we explored the possible mechanisms underlying the age-associated exacerbated brain injury after ischemic stroke and determined whether therapeutic intervention with anesthetic post-conditioning would provide neuroprotection in aged rats. Male Fisher 344 rats (young, 4 months; aged, 24 months) underwent 2h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24-h reperfusion, with or without sevoflurane post-conditioning for 15 min immediately at the onset of reperfusion. Compared with young rats, aged rats showed larger infarct size, worse neurological scores and more TUNEL-positive cells in the penumbral cerebral cortex at 24h after MCAO. However, edema formation and motor coordination were similar in both groups. Sevoflurane reduced the infarct size, edema formation, and TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the neurological outcome in young rats but not in aged rats. Molecular studies revealed that basal expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the brain was lower in aged rats compared with young rats before MCAO, while basal expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) showed similar levels in both groups. MCAO reduced Bcl-2 expression and increased Bax expression in both groups; however, Bax increase was more pronounced in aged rats. In young rats, sevoflurane reversed the above MCAO-induced changes. In contrast, sevoflurane failed to enhance Bcl-2 expression but decreased Bax expression in aged rats. These findings suggest that aging-associated reduction in basal Bcl-2 expression in the brain contributes to increased neuronal injury by enhancing cell apoptosis after ischemic stroke. Sevoflurane post-conditioning failed to provide neuroprotection in aged rats, probably due to its inability to increase Bcl-2 levels and prevent apoptosis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Chiping, No. 136 Wenhua Road, Chiping City, Shandong Province 252100, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jining, No. 6 Jiankang Road, Jining City, Shandong Province 272011, China
| | - J Dong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - D Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - B Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - W Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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Dose dependent neuroprotection of the noble gas argon after cardiac arrest in rats is not mediated by KATP—Channel opening. Resuscitation 2014; 85:826-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Ma XD, Song JN, Zhang M, An JY, Zhao YL, Zhang BF. Advances in research of the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:161-9. [PMID: 24754439 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.917413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning refers to controlling reperfusion blood flow during reperfusion after ischemia, which can induce an endogenous neuroprotective effect and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activation of endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms plays a key role in protecting against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning are not completely clear, and the following aspects may be involved: downregulation of oxidative stress, attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress, accelerating the elimination of glutamate, increasing rCBF, inhibiting apoptosis, inhibiting autophagy, and regulating signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Busija DW, Katakam PV. Mitochondrial mechanisms in cerebral vascular control: shared signaling pathways with preconditioning. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:175-89. [PMID: 24862206 PMCID: PMC4149841 DOI: 10.1159/000360765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-initiated events protect the neurovascular unit against lethal stress via a process called preconditioning, which independently promotes changes in cerebrovascular tone through shared signaling pathways. Activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels) is a specific and dependable way to induce protection of neurons, astroglia, and cerebral vascular endothelium. Through the opening of mitoKATP channels, mitochondrial depolarization leads to activation of protein kinases and transient increases in cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) levels that activate terminal mechanisms that protect the neurovascular unit against lethal stress. The release of reactive oxygen species from mitochondria has similar protective effects. Signaling elements of the preconditioning pathways also are involved in the regulation of vascular tone. Activation of mitoKATP channels in cerebral arteries causes vasodilation, with cell-specific contributions from the endothelium, vascular smooth muscles, and nerves. Preexisting chronic conditions, such as insulin resistance and/or diabetes, prevent preconditioning and impair relaxation to mitochondrial-centered responses in cerebral arteries. Surprisingly, mitochondrial activation after anoxic or ischemic stress appears to protect cerebral vascular endothelium and promotes the restoration of blood flow; therefore, mitochondria may represent an important, but underutilized target in attenuating vascular dysfunction and brain injury in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La., USA
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34
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Shimizu S, Oikawa R, Tsounapi P, Inoue K, Shimizu T, Tanaka K, Martin DT, Honda M, Sejima T, Tomita S, Saito M. Blocking of the ATP sensitive potassium channel ameliorates the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat testis. Andrology 2014; 2:458-65. [PMID: 24604784 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the effects of administered ATP sensitive potassium (KATP ) channel openers or blockers during ischaemia are still controversial in many organs/tissues. Testicular torsion detorsion which causes ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, cannot be predicted, thus an effective drug should be administered during or after the ischaemia. The aim of this study was to examine whether the administration of KATP channel openers or blockers during ischaemia ameliorates IR injury in the testis. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 h right testicular ischaemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. The selective mitochondrial (mito) KATP channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) (40 mg/kg), the non-selective KATP channel blocker glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), the selective mito KATP channel opener diazoxide (10 mg/kg) and the non-selective KATP channel opener cromakalim (300 μg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 15 min prior to the ischaemia or 75 min after the induction of ischaemia. Tissue damage was evaluated by malondialdehyde concentration, myeloperoxidase activity, histological evaluation and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay in the testis. There was a significant increase in oxidative stress, neutrophil infiltration, histological damage and apoptosis in the testicular IR model. A significant reduction in the testicular IR injury was observed with the administration of glibenclamide, but not 5-HD, diazoxide or cromakalim during ischaemia. The administration of non-selective KATP channel blocker glibenclamide ameliorated the testicular IR injury. On the other hand, the selective mito KATP channel blocker, 5-HD and KATP channel openers did not reduce the testicular IR injury. These data suggest that blocking of the membrane KATP channel may have a protective effect during the testicular ischaemia. Glibenclamide could be an effective drug to manage the post-ischaemic injury caused by the testicular torsion-detorsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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35
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Yang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Fang X, Xu J. Sevoflurane postconditioning against cerebral ischemic neuronal injury is abolished in diet-induced obesity: role of brain mitochondrial KATP channels. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:843-50. [PMID: 24452205 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased infarct volumes and adverse outcomes following ischemic stroke. However, its effect on anesthetic postconditioning‑induced neuroprotection has not been investigated. The present study examined the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on focal ischemic brain injury in diet‑induced obesity. Sprague‑Dawley rats were fed a high‑fat diet (HF; 45% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks to develop obesity syndrome. Rats fed a low‑fat diet (LF; 10% kcal as fat) served as controls. The HF or LF‑fed rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia for 60 min, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Postconditioning was performed by exposure to sevoflurane for 15 min immediately at the onset of reperfusion. The involvement of the mitochondrial KATP (mitoKATP) channel was analyzed by the administration of a selective inhibitor of 5‑hydroxydecanoate (5‑HD) prior to sevoflurane postconditioning or by administration of diazoxide (DZX), a mitoKATP channel opener, instead of sevoflurane. The cerebral infarct volume, neurological score and motor coordination were evaluated 24 h after reperfusion. The HF‑fed rats had larger infarct volumes, and lower neurological scores than the LF‑fed rats and also failed to respond to neuroprotection by sevoflurane or DZX. By contrast, sevoflurane and DZX reduced the infarct volumes and improved the neurological scores and motor coordination in the LF‑fed rats. Pretreatment with 5‑HD inhibited sevoflurane‑induced neuroprotection in the LF‑fed rats, whereas it had no effect in the HF‑fed rats. Molecular studies demonstrated that the expression of Kir6.2, a significant mitoKATP channel component, was reduced in the brains of the HF‑fed rats compared with the LF‑fed rats. The results of this study indicate that diet‑induced obesity eliminates the ability of anesthetic sevoflurane postconditioning to protect the brain against cerebral ischemic neuronal injury, most likely due to an impaired brain mitoKATP channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- Department of Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Han D, Zhang S, Fan B, Wen LL, Sun M, Zhang H, Feng J. Ischemic postconditioning protects the neurovascular unit after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:50-8. [PMID: 24337985 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, cerebral ischemic postconditioning (Postcond) has been shown to reduce infarction volume in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, it is unclear if ischemic Postcond offers more extensive neuroprotection than current therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ischemic Postcond on the neurovascular unit (NVU). A middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model was used; cerebral infarct volumes, neurologic scores, and transmission electron microscopy were evaluated 24 h after reperfusion. We used Evans blue extravasation, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analyses to evaluate the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the distribution and expression of the tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins of claudin-5 and occludin in brain microvessel endothelium. The Postcond group showed significantly reduced infarct volumes and decreased neurologic impairment scores compared to the I/R group. Also, injuries to the cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons were minimized in the Postcond group. The permeability of the BBB increased in both the I/R and Postcond groups, but the Postcond group showed a significant decrease in permeability than the I/R group. Expression of both claudin-5 and occludin were higher in the Postcond groups compared to the I/R group, but expression of both proteins decreased in the I/R and Postcond groups compared to the sham group. The results of our study suggest that ischemic Postcond is an effective way to reduce injury to neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, to increase protein expressions of TJ-associated proteins, and to improve BBB intergrity affected by focal I/R. Ischemic Postcond could protect the NVU from I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
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Wang JF, Li Y, Song JN, Pang HG. Role of hydrogen sulfide in secondary neuronal injury. Neurochem Int 2013; 64:37-47. [PMID: 24239876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In acute neuronal insult events, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, pathological processes of secondary neuronal injury play a key role in the severity of insult and clinical prognosis. Along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is regarded as the third gasotransmitter and endogenous neuromodulator and plays multiple roles in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological states, especially in secondary neuronal injury. The endogenous level of H2S in the brain is significantly higher than that in peripheral tissues, and is mainly formed by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) in astrocytes and released in response to neuronal excitation. The mechanism of secondary neuronal injury exacerbating the damage caused by the initial insult includes microcirculation failure, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, neuronal apoptosis and calcium overload. H2S dilates cerebral vessels by activating smooth muscle cell plasma membrane ATP-sensitive K channels (KATP channels). This modification occurs on specific cysteine residues of the KATP channel proteins which are S-sulfhydrated. H2S counteracts glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity by inducing astrocytes to intake more glutamate from the extracellular space and thus increasing glutathione in neurons. In addition, H2S protects neurons from secondary neuronal injury by functioning as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mediator. However, there are still some reports suggest that H2S elevates neuronal Ca(2+) concentration and may contribute to the formation of calcium overload in secondary neuronal injury. H2S also elicits calcium waves in primary cultures of astrocytes and may mediate signals between neurons and glia. Consequently, further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of H2S in secondary neuronal injury will provide important insights into its potential therapeutic uses for the treatment of acute neuronal insult events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jin-Ning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Hong-Gang Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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Tan X, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang X. Postconditioning ameliorates mitochondrial DNA damage and deletion after renal ischemic injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2754-65. [PMID: 24021677 PMCID: PMC3811057 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in causing injury in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. We propose that increased mitochondrial ROS production is likely to damage mtDNA, causing further injury to mitochondria, and postconditioning (POC) may ameliorate kidney I/R injury by mitigating mitochondrial damage. METHODS Rats were divided into seven groups: (i) Sham-operated animals with an unconstricted renal artery; (ii) Sham + 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD); (iii) I/R; (iv) I/R + 5-HD; (v) POC; (vi) Sham POC and (vii) POC + 5-HD. Renal injury, oxidative DNA damage, mtDNA deletions, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and expression of the ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel subunit Kir6.2 were evaluated. RESULTS Following 1 h of reperfusion, animals in the I/R group exhibited increased ROS, oxidative mtDNA damage shown by 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine staining, multiple base pair deletions and decreased MMP. However, POC rats exhibited less ROS, oxidative mtDNA damage and deletions and improved MMP. After 2 days of reperfusion, serum creatinine was elevated in I/R rats and the number of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeled-positive tubular cells was increased and was associated with activation of caspase-3. Therefore, POC prevented the deleterious effects of I/R injury. Furthermore, the expression of mitochondrial Kir6.2 was widely distributed in renal tubular epithelial cells in Sham and POC rats and was lower in I/R rats. All of the protective effects of POC were reversed by the K(+) (KATP) channel blocker 5-HD. CONCLUSION POC may attenuate I/R injury by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and mtDNA damage and sustaining MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Tan
- Department of Pathology, Norman Bethune School of Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Li D, Huang B, Liu J, Li L, Li X. Decreased brain K(ATP) channel contributes to exacerbating ischemic brain injury and the failure of neuroprotection by sevoflurane post-conditioning in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73334. [PMID: 23991188 PMCID: PMC3753248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes leads to exacerbating brain injury after ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms and whether therapeutic intervention with anesthetic post-conditioning can induce neuroprotection in this population are not known. We tested the hypothesis that alteration of brain mitochondrial (mito) KATP channels might cause exacerbating brain injury after ischemic stroke and attenuate anesthetic post-conditioning induced neuroprotection in diabetes. We also examined whether hyperglycemic correction with insulin would restore anesthetic post-conditioning in diabetes. Non-diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with or without insulin were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia for 2 h followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Post-conditioning was performed by exposure to sevoflurane for 15 min, immediately at the onset of reperfusion. The role of the mitoKATP channel was assessed by administration of a selective blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) before sevoflurane post-conditioning or by diazoxide (DZX), a mitoKATP channel opener, given in place of sevoflurane. Compared with non-diabetic rats, diabetic rats had larger infarct volume and worse neurological outcome at 24 h after ischemia. Sevoflurane or DZX reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological outcome in non-diabetic rats but not in diabetic rats, and the protective effects of sevoflurane in non-diabetic rats were inhibited by pretreatment with 5-HD. Molecular studies revealed that expression of Kir6.2, an important mitoKATP channel component, was decreased in the brain of diabetic rats as compared to non-diabetic rats. In contrast, hyperglycemic correction with insulin in diabetic rats normalized expression of brain Kir6.2, reduced ischemic brain damage and restored neuroprotective effects of sevoflurane post-conditioning. Our findings suggest that decreased brain mitoKATP channel contributes to exacerbating ischemic brain injury and the failure of neuroprotection by anesthetic post-conditioning in diabetes. Insulin glycemic control in diabetes may restore the neuroprotective effects of anesthetic post-conditioning by modulation of brain mitoKATP channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
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Hein M, Zoremba N, Bleilevens C, Bruells C, Rossaint R, Roehl AB. Levosimendan limits reperfusion injury in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:106. [PMID: 23937651 PMCID: PMC3750823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroprotective strategies in ischemic stroke are an important challenge in clinical and experimental research as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy that may reduce neurologic injury and improve outcome. The neuroprotective properties of levosimendan in traumatic brain injury in vitro, transient global brain ischemia and focal spinal cord ischemia suggest the potential for similar effects in transient brain ischemia. Methods Transient brain ischemia was induced for 60 min by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in 40 male Wistar rats under general anesthesia with s-ketamine and xylazine and with continuous monitoring of their blood pressure and cerebral perfusion. Five minutes before inducing reperfusion, a levosimendan bolus (24 μg kg -1) was administered over a 20 minute period. Infarct size, brain swelling, neurological function and the expression of inflammatory markers were quantified 24 hours after reperfusion. Results Although levosimendan limited the infarct size and brain swelling by 40% and 53%, respectively, no effect on neurological outcome or mortality could be demonstrated. Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor α and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 was significantly impeded. Cerebral blood flow during reperfusion was significantly reduced as a consequence of sustained autoregulation. Conclusions Levosimendan demonstrated significant neuroprotective properties in a rat model of transient brain ischemia by reducing reperfusion injury.
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Budinich CS, Tucker LB, Lowe D, Rosenberger JG, McCabe JT. Short and long-term motor and behavioral effects of diazoxide and dimethyl sulfoxide administration in the mouse after traumatic brain injury. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 108:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Targeting microglial K(ATP) channels to treat neurodegenerative diseases: a mitochondrial issue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:194546. [PMID: 23844272 PMCID: PMC3697773 DOI: 10.1155/2013/194546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a complex process involving different cell types and neurotransmitters. A common characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders is the occurrence of a neuroinflammatory reaction in which cellular processes involving glial cells, mainly microglia and astrocytes, are activated in response to neuronal death. Microglia do not constitute a unique cell population but rather present a range of phenotypes closely related to the evolution of neurodegeneration. In a dynamic equilibrium with the lesion microenvironment, microglia phenotypes cover from a proinflammatory activation state to a neurotrophic one directly involved in cell repair and extracellular matrix remodeling. At each moment, the microglial phenotype is likely to depend on the diversity of signals from the environment and of its response capacity. As a consequence, microglia present a high energy demand, for which the mitochondria activity determines the microglia participation in the neurodegenerative process. As such, modulation of microglia activity by controlling microglia mitochondrial activity constitutes an innovative approach to interfere in the neurodegenerative process. In this review, we discuss the mitochondrial KATP channel as a new target to control microglia activity, avoid its toxic phenotype, and facilitate a positive disease outcome.
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Wang H, Wang G, Wang C, Wei Y, Wen Z, Wang C, Zhu A. The early stage formation of PI3K-AMPAR GluR2 subunit complex facilitates the long term neuroprotection induced by propofol post-conditioning in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65187. [PMID: 23776449 PMCID: PMC3679144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) mediated acute (24 h) post-conditioning neuroprotection induced by propofol. We also found that propofol post-conditioning produced long term neuroprotection and inhibited the internalization of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluR2 subunit up to 28 days post middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, the relationship between PI3K with AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit trafficking in propofol post-conditioning has never been explored. Here we showed that propofol post-conditioning promoted the binding of PI3K to the C-terminal of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit and formed a complex within 1 day after transient MCAO. Interestingly, the enhanced activity of PI3K was observed in the hippocampus of post-conditioning rats at day 1 post ischemia, whereas the decrease of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit internalization was found up to 28 days in the same group. Administration of PI3K selective antagonist wortmannin inhibited the improvement of spatial learning memory and the increase of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus up to 28 days post ischemia. It also reversed the inhibition of AMPA receptor GluR2 internalization induced by propofol post-conditioning. Together, our data indicated the critical role of PI3K in regulating the long term neuroprotection induced by propofol post-conditioning. Moreover, this role was established by first day activation of PI3K and formation of PI3K-AMPA receptor GluR2 complex, thus stabilized the structure of postsnaptic AMPA receptor and inhibited the internalization of GluR2 subunit during the early stage of propofol post-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Kong J, Ren G, Jia N, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Chen B, Cao Y. Effects of Nicorandil in Neuroprotective Activation of PI3K/AKT Pathways in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Eur Neurol 2013; 70:233-41. [DOI: 10.1159/000351247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li SQ, Li WB, Zhang M, Wu YZ, Hu YY. The role of neuroglobin in the neuroprotection of limb ischemic preconditioning in rats. Mol Neurobiol 2012. [PMID: 23180278 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP) protects neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the mechanisms of LIP are not well understood. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a recently discovered globin that affords protection against hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. This study was performed to investigate the role of Ngb in the neuroprotection of LIP against brain ischemia and the involvements of mitochondria in the process. The rat global brain ischemic model was used, and the CA1 hippocampus was selected as the observational target. Ngb expression was investigated by RT-PCR and Western blot. Neuropathological evaluation was performed by thionin staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and ultrastructure were examined by flow cytometry, spectrophotometry, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. We also used Ngb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) and Ngb inducer hemin to inhibit or mimic the effect of LIP. We found that LIP significantly up-regulated Ngb expression and protected neurons against ischemia. Furthermore, LIP effectively improved deterioration in the Δψm, mitochondrial Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and ultrastructure induced by cerebral ischemia. These effects of LIP were inhibited partly by Ngb AS-ODNs and mimicked by hemin. It could be concluded that up-regulation of Ngb expression played an important role in the neuroprotection induced by LIP, and the Ngb-mediated neuroprotection of LIP was, at least partly, associated with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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Zhao H, Ren C, Chen X, Shen J. From rapid to delayed and remote postconditioning: the evolving concept of ischemic postconditioning in brain ischemia. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:173-87. [PMID: 22204317 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799201621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning is a concept originally defined to contrast with that of ischemic preconditioning. While both preconditioning and postconditioning confer a neuroprotective effect on brain ischemia, preconditioning is a sublethal insult performed in advance of brain ischemia, and postconditioning, which conventionally refers to a series of brief occlusions and reperfusions of the blood vessels, is conducted after ischemia/reperfusion. In this article, we first briefly review the history of preconditioning, including the experimentation that initially uncovered its neuroprotective effects and later revealed its underlying mechanisms-of-action. We then discuss how preconditioning research evolved into that of postconditioning--a concept that now represents a broad range of stimuli or triggers, including delayed postconditioning, pharmacological postconditioning, remote postconditioning--and its underlying protective mechanisms involving the Akt, MAPK, PKC and K(ATP) channel cell-signaling pathways. Because the concept of postconditioning is so closely associated with that of preconditioning, and both share some common protective mechanisms, we also discuss whether a combination of preconditioning and postconditioning offers greater protection than preconditioning or postconditioning alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA.
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Roehl AB, Zoremba N, Kipp M, Schiefer J, Goetzenich A, Bleilevens C, Kuehn-Velten N, Tolba R, Rossaint R, Hein M. The effects of levosimendan on brain metabolism during initial recovery from global transient ischaemia/hypoxia. BMC Neurol 2012; 12:81. [PMID: 22920500 PMCID: PMC3492141 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroprotective strategies after cardiopulmonary resuscitation are currently the focus of experimental and clinical research. Levosimendan has been proposed as a promising drug candidate because of its cardioprotective properties, improved haemodynamic effects in vivo and reduced traumatic brain injury in vitro. The effects of levosimendan on brain metabolism during and after ischaemia/hypoxia are unknown. METHODS Transient cerebral ischaemia/hypoxia was induced in 30 male Wistar rats by bilateral common carotid artery clamping for 15 min and concomitant ventilation with 6% O2 during general anaesthesia with urethane. After 10 min of global ischaemia/hypoxia, the rats were treated with an i.v. bolus of 24 μg kg-1 levosimendan followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 μg kg-1 min-1. The changes in the energy-related metabolites lactate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, glucose and glutamate were monitored by microdialysis. In addition, the effects on global haemodynamics, cerebral perfusion and autoregulation, oedema and expression of proinflammatory genes in the neocortex were assessed. RESULTS Levosimendan reduced blood pressure during initial reperfusion (72 ± 14 vs. 109 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.03) and delayed flow maximum by 5 minutes (p = 0.002). Whereas no effects on time course of lactate, glucose, pyruvate and glutamate concentrations in the dialysate could be observed, the lactate/pyruvate ratio during initial reperfusion (144 ± 31 vs. 77 ± 8, p = 0.017) and the glutamate release during 90 minutes of reperfusion (75 ± 19 vs. 24 ± 28 μmol·L-1) were higher in the levosimendan group. The increased expression of IL-6, IL-1ß TNFα and ICAM-1, extend of cerebral edema and cerebral autoregulation was not influenced by levosimendan. CONCLUSION Although levosimendan has neuroprotective actions in vitro and on the spinal cord in vivo and has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier, the present results showed that levosimendan did not reduce the initial neuronal injury after transient ischaemia/hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Roehl
- Department of Anaesthesiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelstrasse 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
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Liu XR, Luo M, Yan F, Zhang CC, Li SJ, Zhao HP, Ji XM, Luo YM. Ischemic postconditioning diminishes matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and attenuates loss of the extracellular matrix proteins in rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:855-63. [PMID: 22925005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) has been proved to have neuroprotective effects for cerebral ischemia, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed at validating the neuroprotective effects of IPostC and investigating whether the neuroprotection of IPostC is associated with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and the extracellular matrix proteins, laminin and fibronectin, following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. METHODS The rats in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group underwent MCAO and reperfusion, and the animals in MCAO + IPostC group were treated by occluding bilateral common carotid arteries for 10 seconds and then reperfusing for 10 seconds for five episodes at the beginning of MCAO. Apoptosis was detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. The expression of MMP9, laminin, and fibronectin was measured with immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IPostC reduced brain edema and infarct volume and improved the neurological function. Furthermore, IPostC decreased cell apoptosis compared with the MCAO group. Compared to the MCAO group, IPostC treatment reduced MMP9 expression. Moreover, the results showed that the expression of laminin and fibronectin significantly increased in the MCAO + IPostC group compared to the MCAO group. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that diminishment of MMP9 expression and the attenuation of degradation of laminin and fibronectin may be involved in the protective mechanisms of postconditioning against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Liu
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Synaptic degeneration, an early pathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is closely correlated to impaired cognitive function and memory loss. Recent studies suggest that involvement of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) in synaptic mitochondrial alteration underlies these synaptic lesions. Thus, to understand the Aβ-associated synaptic mitochondrial perturbations would fortify our understanding of synaptic stress in the pathogenesis of AD. RECENT ADVANCES Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with synaptic failure in many neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Based on recent findings in human AD subjects, AD animal models, and AD cellular models, synaptic mitochondria undergo multiple malfunctions including Aβ accumulation, increased oxidative stress, decreased respiration, and compromised calcium handling capacity, all of which occur earlier than changes seen in nonsynaptic mitochondria before predominant AD pathology. Of note, the impact of Aβ on mitochondrial motility and dynamics exacerbates synaptic mitochondrial alterations. CRITICAL ISSUES Synaptic mitochondria demonstrate early deficits in AD; in combination with the role that synaptic mitochondria play in sustaining synaptic functions, deficits in synaptic mitochondria may be a key factor involved in an early synaptic pathology in AD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The importance of synaptic mitochondria in supporting synapses and the high vulnerability of synaptic mitochondria to Aβ make them a promising target of new therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Du
- Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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The effect of ischemic post-conditioning on hippocampal cell apoptosis following global brain ischemia in rats. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:570-3. [PMID: 22300791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of brain ischemic post-conditioning on cell apoptosis in the hippocampus following global brain ischemia in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=15/group): sham operation, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and ischemic post-conditioning (I PostC). Global brain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion. Ischemic post-conditioning consisted of six cycles of 10s/10s reperfusion/reocclusion at the onset of reperfusion. All rats were sacrificed 24 hours or 72 hours after reperfusion. The hippocampal CA1 regions were analysed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling (Tunel) staining technique for determining cell apoptosis. Levels of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were measured by Western blotting. After 72 hours, fewer Tunel-positive brain cells were observed in rats from the I PostC group than in rats from the I/R group (10.3 ± 2.7% versus 40.8 ± 6.2%, p<0.01). After reperfusion at 24 hours and 72 hours, expression of caspase-3 in the I PostC group was significantly decreased (p<0.01) and expression of Bcl-2 in the I PostC group was significantly increased (p<0.01) compared with the I/R group. We conclude that down-regulation of caspase-3 and up-regulation of Bcl-2 by ischemic post-conditioning may underlie the protective effects of post-conditioning.
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