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Fatemi SH, Otte ED, Folsom TD, Eschenlauer AC, Roper RJ, Aman JW, Thuras PD. Early Chronic Fluoxetine Treatment of Ts65Dn Mice Rescues Synaptic Vesicular Deficits and Prevents Aberrant Proteomic Alterations. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:452. [PMID: 38674386 PMCID: PMC11049293 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, presenting with intellectual impairment, craniofacial abnormalities, cardiac defects, and gastrointestinal disorders. The Ts65Dn mouse model replicates many abnormalities of DS. We hypothesized that investigation of the cerebral cortex of fluoxetine-treated trisomic mice may provide proteomic signatures that identify therapeutic targets for DS. Subcellular fractionation of synaptosomes from cerebral cortices of age- and brain-area-matched samples from fluoxetine-treated vs. water-treated trisomic and euploid male mice were subjected to HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Analysis of the data revealed enrichment of trisomic risk genes that participate in regulation of synaptic vesicular traffic, pre-synaptic and post-synaptic development, and mitochondrial energy pathways during early brain development. Proteomic analysis of trisomic synaptic fractions revealed significant downregulation of proteins involved in synaptic vesicular traffic, including vesicular endocytosis (CLTA, CLTB, CLTC), synaptic assembly and maturation (EXOC1, EXOC3, EXOC8), anterograde axonal transport (EXOC1), neurotransmitter transport to PSD (SACM1L), endosomal-lysosomal acidification (ROGDI, DMXL2), and synaptic signaling (NRXN1, HIP1, ITSN1, YWHAG). Additionally, trisomic proteomes revealed upregulation of several trafficking proteins, involved in vesicular exocytosis (Rab5B), synapse elimination (UBE3A), scission of endocytosis (DBN1), transport of ER in dendritic spines (MYO5A), presynaptic activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (FMR1), and NMDA receptor activity (GRIN2A). Chronic fluoxetine treatment of Ts65Dn mice rescued synaptic vesicular abnormalities and prevented abnormal proteomic changes in adult Ts65Dn mice, pointing to therapeutic targets for potential treatment of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Elysabeth D. Otte
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Timothy D. Folsom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Arthur C. Eschenlauer
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Randall J. Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Justin W. Aman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Paul D. Thuras
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School and VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Johnson CA, Behbehani R, Buss F. Unconventional Myosins from Caenorhabditis elegans as a Probe to Study Human Orthologues. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121889. [PMID: 36551317 PMCID: PMC9775386 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional myosins are a superfamily of actin-based motor proteins that perform a number of roles in fundamental cellular processes, including (but not limited to) intracellular trafficking, cell motility, endocytosis, exocytosis and cytokinesis. 40 myosins genes have been identified in humans, which belong to different 12 classes based on their domain structure and organisation. These genes are widely expressed in different tissues, and mutations leading to loss of function are associated with a wide variety of pathologies while over-expression often results in cancer. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a small, free-living, non-parasitic nematode. ~38% of the genome of C. elegans has predicted orthologues in the human genome, making it a valuable tool to study the function of human counterparts and human diseases. To date, 8 unconventional myosin genes have been identified in the nematode, from 6 different classes with high homology to human paralogues. The hum-1 and hum-5 (heavy chain of an unconventional myosin) genes encode myosin of class I, hum-2 of class V, hum-3 and hum-8 of class VI, hum-6 of class VII and hum-7 of class IX. The hum-4 gene encodes a high molecular mass myosin (307 kDa) that is one of the most highly divergent myosins and is a member of class XII. Mutations in many of the human orthologues are lethal, indicating their essential properties. However, a functional characterisation for many of these genes in C. elegans has not yet been performed. This article reviews the current knowledge of unconventional myosin genes in C. elegans and explores the potential use of the nematode to study the function and regulation of myosin motors to provide valuable insights into their role in diseases.
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Diaz-Valencia JD, Estrada-Abreo LA, Rodríguez-Cruz L, Salgado-Aguayo AR, Patiño-López G. Class I Myosins, molecular motors involved in cell migration and cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2022; 16:1-12. [PMID: 34974807 PMCID: PMC8741282 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.2020705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I Myosins are a subfamily of motor proteins with ATPase activity and a characteristic structure conserved in all myosins: A N-Terminal Motor Domain, a central Neck and a C terminal Tail domain. Humans have eight genes for these myosins. Class I Myosins have different functions: regulate membrane tension, participate in endocytosis, exocytosis, intracellular trafficking and cell migration. Cell migration is influenced by many cellular components including motor proteins, like myosins. Recently has been reported that changes in myosin expression have an impact on the migration of cancer cells, the formation of infiltrates and metastasis. We propose that class I myosins might be potential markers for future diagnostic, prognostic or even as therapeutic targets in leukemia and other cancers.Abbreviations: Myo1g: Myosin 1g; ALL: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, TH1: Tail Homology 1; TH2: Tail Homology 2; TH3: Tail Homology 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Diaz-Valencia
- Immunology and Proteomics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura A. Estrada-Abreo
- Immunology and Proteomics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Cell Biology and Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Metropolitan Autonomous University, México City, Mexico
| | - Leonor Rodríguez-Cruz
- Cell Biology and Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Metropolitan Autonomous University, México City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso R. Salgado-Aguayo
- Rheumatic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Immunology and Proteomics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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The Role of miR-217-5p in the Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Morphological Change of Podocytes. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8030043. [PMID: 35736640 PMCID: PMC9229466 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes, alternatively called glomerular epithelial cells, are terminally differentiated cells that wrap around glomerular capillaries and function as a part of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. Therefore, podocyte injury with morphological alteration and detachment from glomerular capillaries leads to severe proteinuria and subsequent renal failure through glomerulosclerosis. Previous RNA sequencing analysis of primary rat podocytes exposed to puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), a well-known experimental model of injured podocytes, identified several transcripts as being aberrantly expressed. However, how the expression of these transcripts is regulated remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally inhibit the expression of their target transcripts. In this study, using small RNA sequencing analysis, miR-217-5p was identified as the most upregulated transcript in PAN-treated rat podocytes. MiR-217-5p overexpression in E11 podocyte cells led to shrunken cells with abnormal actin cytoskeletons. Consistent with these changes in cell morphology, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that interactive GO terms related to cell morphogenesis were enriched with the predicted targets of miR-217-5p. Of the predicted targets highly downregulated by PAN, Myosin 1d (Myo1d) is a nonmuscle myosin predicted to be involved in actin filament organization and thought to play a role in podocyte morphogenesis and injury. We demonstrated that miR-217-5p targets Myo1d by luciferase assays, qRT–PCR, and Western blotting. Furthermore, we showed that miR-217-5p was present in urine from PAN- but not saline-administrated rats. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-217-5p may serve as a therapeutic target and a biomarker for podocyte injury.
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Ibrahim HIM, AlZahrani A, Hanieh H, Ahmed EA, Thirugnanasambantham K. MicroRNA-7188-5p and miR-7235 regulates Multiple sclerosis in an experimental mouse model. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:157-167. [PMID: 34543842 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The short non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as reliable modulators of various pathological conditions including autoimmune diseases in mammals. The current study, aims to identify new potential differential expressed miRNAs and their downstream mRNA targets of the autoimmune disease, Multiple sclerosis (MS). The study identifies a new set of miRNA(s) that are probably implicated in MS using computational tools. The study further carried-out different in vivo and in vitro experiments to check these identified miRNAs could be role in as therapeutic and prognostic applications. Preliminary insilico screening revealed that miR-659-3p, miR-659-5p, miR-684, miR-3607-3p, miR-3607-5p, miR-3682-3p, miR-3682-5p miR-4647, miR-7188-3p, miR-7188-5p and miR-7235 are specifically elevated in the secondary lymphoid cells of EAE mice. In addition, expression of the downstream target mRNA of these miRNAs such as FXBO33, SGMS-1, ZDHHC-9, GABRA-3, NRXN-2 were reciprocal to miRNA expression in lymphoid cells. These confirmed by applying the mimic and silencing miRNA models, suggesting new inflammatory target genes of these promising miRNA markers. The in vivo adoptive transfer model revealed that the suppression of miRNA-7188-5p and miR-7235 changed the pattern of astrocytes and CNS pathophysiology. The current study opens a new miRNA and their mRNA targets in MS disease. The absence of miRNA-7188-5p and miR-7235 enhanced the disease alleviation, confirms the regulatory effect of these targets. These optimized results highlights new set of miRNA's with therapeutic potential in experimental MS. Further studies are required to confirm these miRNA as therapeutic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairul-Islam Mohamed Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofouf, Alhasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Pondicherry, 605005, India.
| | - Abdullah AlZahrani
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofouf, Alhasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamza Hanieh
- Department of Medical Analysis, Department of Biological Sciences, Al Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan, Jordan
| | - Emad A Ahmed
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofouf, Alhasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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7
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Cytoskeleton regulators CAPZA2 and INF2 associate with CFTR to control its plasma membrane levels under EPAC1 activation. Biochem J 2020; 477:2561-2580. [PMID: 32573649 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal autosomic recessive disorder among Caucasians, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein, a cAMP-regulated chloride channel expressed at the apical surface of epithelial cells. Cyclic AMP regulates both CFTR channel gating through a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent process and plasma membane (PM) stability through activation of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP1 (EPAC1). This cAMP effector, when activated promotes the NHERF1:CFTR interaction leading to an increase in CFTR at the PM by decreasing its endocytosis. Here, we used protein interaction profiling and bioinformatic analysis to identify proteins that interact with CFTR under EPAC1 activation as possible regulators of this CFTR PM anchoring. We identified an enrichment in cytoskeleton related proteins among which we characterized CAPZA2 and INF2 as regulators of CFTR trafficking to the PM. We found that CAPZA2 promotes wt-CFTR trafficking under EPAC1 activation at the PM whereas reduction of INF2 levels leads to a similar trafficking promotion effect. These results suggest that CAPZA2 is a positive regulator and INF2 a negative one for the increase of CFTR at the PM after an increase of cAMP and concomitant EPAC1 activation. Identifying the specific interactions involving CFTR and elicited by EPAC1 activation provides novel insights into late CFTR trafficking, insertion and/or stabilization at the PM and highlighs new potential therapeutic targets to tackle CF disease.
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Woodbury-Smith MR, Paterson AD, Szatmari P, Scherer SW. Genome-wide association study of emotional empathy in children. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7469. [PMID: 32366958 PMCID: PMC7198552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic contribution to different aspects of empathy is now established, although the exact loci are unknown. We undertook a genome-wide association study of emotional empathy (EE) as measured by emotion recognition skills in 4,780 8-year old children from the ALSPAC cohort who were genotyped and imputed to Phase 1 version 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project. We failed to find any genome-wide significant signal in either our unstratified analysis or analysis stratified according to sex. A gene-based association analysis similarly failed to find any significant loci. In contrast, our transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) with a whole blood reference panel identified two significant loci in the unstratified analysis, residualised for the effects of age, sex and IQ. One signal was for CD93 on chromosome 20; this gene is not strongly expressed in the brain, however. The other signal was for AL118508, a non-protein coding pseudogene, which completely lies within CD93’s genomic coordinates, thereby explaining its signal. Neither are obvious candidates for involvement in the brain processes that underlie emotion recognition and its developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Woodbury-Smith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - A D Paterson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Szatmari
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Girón-Pérez DA, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Santos-Argumedo L. Class I myosins: Highly versatile proteins with specific functions in the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:973-981. [PMID: 30821871 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0918-350rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Connections established between cytoskeleton and plasma membrane are essential in cellular processes such as cell migration, vesicular trafficking, and cytokinesis. Class I myosins are motor proteins linking the actin-cytoskeleton with membrane phospholipids. Previous studies have implicated these molecules in cell functions including endocytosis, exocytosis, release of extracellular vesicles and the regulation of cell shape and membrane elasticity. In immune cells, those proteins also are involved in the formation and maintenance of immunological synapse-related signaling. Thus, these proteins are master regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in different scenarios. Although the localization of class I myosins has been described in vertebrates, their functions, regulation, and mechanical properties are not very well understood. In this review, we focused on and summarized the current understanding of class I myosins in vertebrates with particular emphasis in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Girón-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Zayda Lizbeth Piedra-Quintero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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10
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Koshida R, Tome S, Takei Y. Myosin Id localizes in dendritic spines through the tail homology 1 domain. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:65-72. [PMID: 29559226 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the postsynaptic compartments at excitatory synapses, are capable of changing their shape and size to modulate synaptic transmission. The actin cytoskeleton and a variety of actin-binding proteins play a critical role in the dynamics of dendritic spines. Class I myosins are monomeric motor proteins that move along actin filaments using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Of these class I myosins, myosin Id, the mammalian homolog of Drosophila Myo31DF, has been reported to be expressed in neurons, whereas its subcellular localization in neurons remained unknown. Here, we investigated the subcellular localization of myosin Id and determined the domain responsible for it. We found that myosin Id is enriched in the F-actin-rich pseudopodia of HEK293T cells and in the dendritic spines of primary hippocampal neurons. Both deletion and substitution of the tail homology 1 (TH1) domain drastically diminishes its colocalization with F-actin. In addition, the mutant form lacking the TH1 domain is less distributed in dendritic spines than is the full-length form. Taken together, our findings reveal that myosin Id localizes in dendritic spines through the TH1 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Koshida
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Saki Tome
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takei
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
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Iuliano O, Yoshimura A, Prospéri MT, Martin R, Knölker HJ, Coudrier E. Myosin 1b promotes axon formation by regulating actin wave propagation and growth cone dynamics. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2033-2046. [PMID: 29588377 PMCID: PMC5987710 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-headed myosin 1 has been identified in neurons, but its function in these cells is still unclear. We demonstrate that depletion of myosin 1b (Myo1b), inhibition of its motor activity, or its binding to phosphoinositides impairs the formation of the axon, whereas overexpression of Myo1b increases the number of axon-like structures. Myo1b is associated with growth cones and actin waves, two major contributors to neuronal symmetry breaking. We show that Myo1b controls the dynamics of the growth cones and the anterograde propagation of the actin waves. By coupling the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, Myo1b regulates the size of the actin network as well as the stability and size of filopodia in the growth cones. Our data provide the first evidence that a myosin 1 plays a major role in neuronal symmetry breaking and argue for a mechanical control of the actin cytoskeleton both in actin waves and in the growth cones by this myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Iuliano
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Azumi Yoshimura
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Prospéri
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - René Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Univesität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Evelyne Coudrier
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
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Masters TA, Kendrick-Jones J, Buss F. Myosins: Domain Organisation, Motor Properties, Physiological Roles and Cellular Functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 235:77-122. [PMID: 27757761 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are cytoskeletal motor proteins that use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments. Humans express 38 myosin genes belonging to 12 classes that participate in a diverse range of crucial activities, including muscle contraction, intracellular trafficking, cell division, motility, actin cytoskeletal organisation and cell signalling. Myosin malfunction has been implicated a variety of disorders including deafness, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Usher syndrome, Griscelli syndrome and cancer. In this chapter, we will first discuss the key structural and kinetic features that are conserved across the myosin family. Thereafter, we summarise for each member in turn its unique functional and structural adaptations, cellular roles and associated pathologies. Finally, we address the broad therapeutic potential for pharmacological interventions that target myosin family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Masters
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | | | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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13
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Tideman JWL, Fan Q, Polling JR, Guo X, Yazar S, Khawaja A, Höhn R, Lu Y, Jaddoe VWV, Yamashiro K, Yoshikawa M, Gerhold-Ay A, Nickels S, Zeller T, He M, Boutin T, Bencic G, Vitart V, Mackey DA, Foster PJ, MacGregor S, Williams C, Saw SM, Guggenheim JA, Klaver CCW. When do myopia genes have their effect? Comparison of genetic risks between children and adults. Genet Epidemiol 2016; 40:756-766. [PMID: 27611182 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified many genetic loci for refractive error and myopia. We aimed to investigate the effect of these loci on ocular biometry as a function of age in children, adolescents, and adults. The study population consisted of three age groups identified from the international CREAM consortium: 5,490 individuals aged <10 years; 5,000 aged 10-25 years; and 16,274 aged >25 years. All participants had undergone standard ophthalmic examination including measurements of axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR). We examined the lead SNP at all 39 currently known genetic loci for refractive error identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as a combined genetic risk score (GRS). The beta coefficient for association between SNP genotype or GRS versus AL/CR was compared across the three age groups, adjusting for age, sex, and principal components. Analyses were Bonferroni-corrected. In the age group <10 years, three loci (GJD2, CHRNG, ZIC2) were associated with AL/CR. In the age group 10-25 years, four loci (BMP2, KCNQ5, A2BP1, CACNA1D) were associated; and in adults 20 loci were associated. Association with GRS increased with age; β = 0.0016 per risk allele (P = 2 × 10-8 ) in <10 years, 0.0033 (P = 5 × 10-15 ) in 10- to 25-year-olds, and 0.0048 (P = 1 × 10-72 ) in adults. Genes with strongest effects (LAMA2, GJD2) had an early effect that increased with age. Our results provide insights on the age span during which myopia genes exert their effect. These insights form the basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying high and pathological myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiao Fan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthoptics, School of Applied Science Utrecht, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics & Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
- SYSU-CMU Shunde International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, GD, China
- Southern China Research Center of Statistical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yi Lu
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munemitsu Yoshikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aslihan Gerhold-Ay
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mingguang He
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thibaud Boutin
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Yamazaki R, Ishibashi T, Baba H, Yamaguchi Y. Knockdown of Unconventional Myosin ID Expression Induced Morphological Change in Oligodendrocytes. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:1759091416669609. [PMID: 27655972 PMCID: PMC5036140 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416669609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a special multilamellar structure involved in various functions in the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the oligodendrocyte (OL) produces myelin and has a unique morphology. OLs have a dynamic membrane sorting system associated with cytoskeletal organization, which aids in the production of myelin. Recently, it was reported that the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments is crucial for myelination. However, the partner myosin molecule which associates with actin filaments during the myelination process has not yet been identified. One candidate myosin is unconventional myosin ID (Myo1d) which is distributed throughout central nervous system myelin; however, its function is still unclear. We report here that Myo1d is expressed during later stages of OL differentiation, together with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). In addition, Myo1d is distributed at the leading edge of the myelin-like membrane in cultured OL, colocalizing mainly with actin filaments, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and partially with PLP. Myo1d-knockdown with specific siRNA induces significant morphological changes such as the retraction of processes and degeneration of myelin-like membrane, and finally apoptosis. Furthermore, loss of Myo1d by siRNA results in the impairment of intracellular PLP transport. Together, these results suggest that Myo1d may contribute to membrane dynamics either in wrapping or transporting of myelin membrane proteins during formation and maintenance of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Baba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Vester A, Caudle WM. The Synapse as a Central Target for Neurodevelopmental Susceptibility to Pesticides. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4030018. [PMID: 29051423 PMCID: PMC5606656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developmental period of the nervous system is carefully orchestrated and highly vulnerable to alterations. One crucial factor of a properly-functioning nervous system is the synapse, as synaptic signaling is critical for the formation and maturation of neural circuits. Studies show that genetic and environmental impacts can affect diverse components of synaptic function. Importantly, synaptic dysfunction is known to be associated with neurologic and psychiatric disorders, as well as more subtle cognitive, psychomotor, and sensory defects. Given the importance of the synapse in numerous domains, we wanted to delineate the effects of pesticide exposure on synaptic function. In this review, we summarize current epidemiologic and molecular studies that demonstrate organochlorine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid pesticide exposures target the developing synapse. We postulate that the synapse plays a central role in synaptic vulnerability to pesticide exposure during neurodevelopment, and the synapse is a worthy candidate for investigating more subtle effects of chronic pesticide exposure in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Vester
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Myosin-I molecular motors are proposed to play various cellular roles related to membrane dynamics and trafficking. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review and illustrate the proposed cellular functions of metazoan myosin-I molecular motors by examining the structural, biochemical, mechanical and cell biological evidence for their proposed molecular roles. We highlight evidence for the roles of myosin-I isoforms in regulating membrane tension and actin architecture, powering plasma membrane and organelle deformation, participating in membrane trafficking, and functioning as a tension-sensitive dock or tether. Collectively, myosin-I motors have been implicated in increasingly complex cellular phenomena, yet how a single isoform accomplishes multiple types of molecular functions is still an active area of investigation. To fully understand the underlying physiology, it is now essential to piece together different approaches of biological investigation. This article will appeal to investigators who study immunology, metabolic diseases, endosomal trafficking, cell motility, cancer and kidney disease, and to those who are interested in how cellular membranes are coupled to the underlying actin cytoskeleton in a variety of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy B McIntosh
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
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17
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Hegan PS, Ostertag E, Geurts AM, Mooseker MS. Myosin Id is required for planar cell polarity in ciliated tracheal and ependymal epithelial cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:503-16. [PMID: 26446290 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In wild type (WT) tracheal epithelial cells, ciliary basal bodies are oriented such that all cilia on the cell surface beat in the same upward direction. This precise alignment of basal bodies and, as a result, the ciliary axoneme, is termed rotational planar cell polarity (PCP). Rotational PCP in the multi-ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea is perturbed in rats lacking myosin Id (Myo1d). Myo1d is localized in the F-actin and basal body rich subapical cortex of the ciliated tracheal epithelial cell. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Myo1d knock out (KO) trachea revealed that the unidirectional bending pattern is disrupted. Instead, cilia splay out in a disordered, often radial pattern. Measurement of the alignment axis of the central pair axonemal microtubules was much more variable in the KO, another indicator that rotational PCP is perturbed. The asymmetric localization of the PCP core protein Vangl1 is lost. Both the velocity and linearity of cilia-driven movement of beads above the tracheal mucosal surface was impaired in the Myo1d KO. Multi-ciliated brain ependymal epithelial cells exhibit a second form of PCP termed translational PCP in which basal bodies and attached cilia are clustered at the anterior side of the cell. The precise asymmetric clustering of cilia is disrupted in the ependymal cells of the Myo1d KO rat. While basal body clustering is maintained, left-right positioning of the clusters is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Hegan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric Ostertag
- Transposagen Biopharmaceudicals, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mark S Mooseker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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18
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Yamazaki R, Ishibashi T, Baba H, Yamaguchi Y. Unconventional myosin ID is expressed in myelinating oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1286-94. [PMID: 24903835 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a dynamic multilamellar structure that ensheathes axons and is crucial for normal neuronal function. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes that wrap many layers of plasma membrane around axons. The dynamic membrane trafficking system, which relies on motor proteins, is required for myelin formation and maintenance. Previously, we found that myosin ID (Myo1d), a class I myosin, is enriched in the rat CNS myelin fraction. Myo1d is an unconventional myosin and has been shown to be involved in membrane trafficking in the recycling pathway in an epithelial cell line. Western blotting revealed that Myo1d expression begins early in myelinogenesis and continues to increase into adulthood. The localization of Myo1d in CNS myelin has not been reported, and the function of Myo1d in vivo remains unknown. To demonstrate the expression of Myo1d in CNS myelin and to begin to explore the function of Myo1d in myelination, we produced a new antibody against Myo1d that has a high titer and specificity for rat Myo1d. By using this antibody, we demonstrated that Myo1d is expressed in rat CNS myelin and is especially abundant in abaxonal and adaxonal regions (the outer and inner cytoplasm-containing loops, respectively), but that expression is low in peripheral nervous system myelin. In culture, Myo1d was expressed in mature rat oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, an increase in expression of Myo1d during maturation of CNS white matter (cerebellum and corpus callosum) was demonstrated by histological analysis. These results suggest that Myo1d may be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of CNS myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Darlington TM, Ehringer MA, Larson C, Phang TL, Radcliffe RA. Transcriptome analysis of Inbred Long Sleep and Inbred Short Sleep mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:263-74. [PMID: 23433184 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have utilized the Inbred Long Sleep and Inbred Short Sleep mouse strains to model the genetic influence on initial sensitivity to ethanol. The mechanisms underlying this divergent phenotype are still not completely understood. In this study, we attempt to identify genes that are differentially expressed between these two strains and to identify baseline networks of co-expressed genes, which may provide insight regarding their phenotypic differences. We examined the whole brain and striatal transcriptomes of both strains, using next generation RNA sequencing techniques. Many genes were differentially expressed between strains, including several in chromosomal regions previously shown to influence initial sensitivity to ethanol. These results are in concordance with a similar sample of striatal transcriptomes measured using microarrays. In addition to the higher dynamic range, RNA-Seq is not hindered by high background noise or polymorphisms in probesets as with microarray technology, and we are able to analyze exome sequence of abundant genes. Furthermore, utilizing Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, we identified several modules of co-expressed genes corresponding to strain differences. Several candidate genes were identified, including protein phosphatase 1 regulatory unit 1b (Ppp1r1b), prodynorphin (Pdyn), proenkephalin (Penk), ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 2 (Rassf2), myosin 1d (Myo1d) and transthyretin (Ttr). In addition, we propose a role for potassium channel activity as well as map kinase signaling in the observed phenotypic differences between the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Darlington
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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20
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Myosin motors at neuronal synapses: drivers of membrane transport and actin dynamics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:233-47. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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