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Shin H, Lee SY, Cho HU, Oh Y, Kim IY, Lee KH, Jang DP, Min HK. Fornix Stimulation Induces Metabolic Activity and Dopaminergic Response in the Nucleus Accumbens. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1109. [PMID: 31708723 PMCID: PMC6821687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Papez circuit, including the fornix white matter bundle, is a well-known neural network that is involved in multiple limbic functions such as memory and emotional expression. We previously reported a large-animal study of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the fornix that found stimulation-induced hemodynamic responses in both the medial limbic and corticolimbic circuits on functional resonance imaging (fMRI) and evoked dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), as measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). The effects of DBS on the fornix are challenging to analyze, given its structural complexity and connection to multiple neuronal networks. In this study, we extend our earlier work to a rodent model wherein we characterize regional brain activity changes resulting from fornix stimulation using fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) micro positron emission tomography (PET) and monitor neurochemical changes using FSCV with pharmacological confirmation. Both global functional changes and local changes were measured in a rodent model of fornix DBS. Functional brain activity was measured by micro-PET, and the neurochemical changes in local areas were monitored by FSCV. Micro-PET images revealed increased glucose metabolism within the medial limbic and corticolimbic circuits. Neurotransmitter efflux induced by fornix DBS was monitored at NAc by FSCV and identified by specific neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors. We found a significant increase in the metabolic activity in several key regions of the medial limbic circuits and dopamine efflux in the NAc following fornix stimulation. These results suggest that electrical stimulation of the fornix modulates the activity of brain memory circuits, including the hippocampus and NAc within the dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Shin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-U Cho
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - In Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Axonal iron transport in the brain modulates anxiety-related behaviors. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:1214-1222. [PMID: 31591566 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for a broad range of biochemical processes in the brain, but the mechanisms of iron metabolism in the brain remain elusive. Here we show that iron functionally translocates among brain regions along specific axonal projections. We identified two pathways for iron transport in the brain: a pathway from ventral hippocampus (vHip) to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to substantia nigra; and a pathway from thalamus (Tha) to amygdala (AMG) to mPFC. While vHip-mPFC transport modulates anxiety-related behaviors, impairment of Tha-AMG-mPFC transport did not. Moreover, vHip-mPFC iron transport is necessary for the behavioral effects of diazepam, a well-known anxiolytic drug. By contrast, genetic or pharmacological promotion of vHip-mPFC transport produced anxiolytic-like effects and restored anxiety-like behaviors induced by repeated restraint stress. Taken together, these findings provide key insights into iron metabolism in the brain and identify the mechanisms underlying iron transport in the brain as a potential target for development of novel anxiety treatments.
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Mogensen J, Wulf-Andersen C. Home and family in cognitive rehabilitation after brain injury: Implementation of social reserves. NeuroRehabilitation 2017; 41:513-518. [PMID: 29036841 DOI: 10.3233/nre-160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the present article is the home and family environment of patients suffering acquired brain injury. In order to obtain the optimal outcome of posttraumatic cognitive rehabilitation it is important (a) to obtain a sufficient intensity of rehabilitative training, (b) to achieve the maximum degree of generalization from formalized training to the daily environment of the patient, and (c) to obtain the best possible utilization of "cognitive reserves" in the form of cognitive abilities and "strategies" acquired pretraumatically. Supplementing the institution-based cognitive training with (potentially computer-based) home-based training these three goals may more easily be met. Home-based training supports a higher intensity of training. Training in the home environment also allows better utilization of cognitive strategies acquired pretraumatically and more direct transfer of training results from formalized training to activities of daily living of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Mogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Wulf-Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Wogensen E, Marschner L, Gram MG, Mehlsen S, Uhre VHB, Bülow P, Mogensen J, Malá H. Effects of different delayed exercise regimens on cognitive performance in fimbria-fornix transected rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gram MG, Wogensen E, Moseholm K, Mogensen J, Malá H. Exercise-induced improvement in cognitive performance after fimbria-fornix transection depends on the timing of exercise administration. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Gram MG, Wogensen E, Wörtwein G, Mogensen J, Malá H. Delayed restraint procedure enhances cognitive recovery of spatial function after fimbria-fornix transection. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2015; 34:1-17. [PMID: 26518669 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To i) evaluate the effect of a restraint procedure (7 days, 2 h/day) on place learning after fimbria-fornix transection (FF), ii) investigate effects of early vs. late administration of restraint, and iii) establish effects of the restraint procedure on expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. METHODS Fifty rats subjected to FF or sham surgery and divided into groups exposed to restraint immediately (early restraint) or 21 days (late restraint) after surgery were trained to acquire an allocentric place learning task. In parallel, 29 animals were subjected to FF or sham surgery and an identical restraint procedure in order to measure concentrations of BDNF and corticosterone. RESULTS The performance of the sham operated rats was positively affected by the late restraint. In FF-lesioned animals, the late restraint significantly improved task performance compared to the lesioned group with no restraint, while the early restraint was associated with a negative impact on task acquisition. Biochemical analysis after restraint procedure revealed a lesion-induced upregulation of BDNF in FF animals. CONCLUSIONS The improved task performance of lesioned animals suggests a therapeutic effect of this manipulation, independent of BDNF. This effect is sensitive to the temporal administration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gajhede Gram
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elise Wogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitta Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hana Malá
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gajhede Gram M, Gade L, Wogensen E, Mogensen J, Malá H. Equal effects of typical environmental and specific social enrichment on posttraumatic cognitive functioning after fimbria-fornix transection in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1629:182-95. [PMID: 26499260 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enriched environment (EE) has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive recovery after brain injury. Typical EE comprises three components: (i) enlarged living area providing physical activation, (ii) sensory stimulation, and (iii) social stimulation. The present study assessed the specific contribution of the social stimulation. Animals were randomly divided into groups of (1) a typical EE, (2) pure social enrichment (SE), or (3) standard housing (SH) and subjected to either a sham operation or transection of the fimbria-fornix (FF). The effect of these conditions on acquisition of a delayed alternation task in a T-maze was assessed. The sham control groups were not affected by housing conditions. In the lesioned groups, both typical EE and SE improved the task acquisition, compared to SH. A baseline one-hour activity measurement confirmed an equal level of physical activity in the EE and SE groups. After delayed alternation testing, pharmacological challenges (muscarinergic antagonist scopolamine and dopaminergic antagonist SKF-83566) were used to assess cholinergic and dopaminergic contributions to task solution. Scopolamine led to a marked impairment in all groups. SKF-83566 significantly enhanced the performance of the lesioned group subjected to SE. The results demonstrate that housing in a typical as well as atypical EE can enhance cognitive recovery after mechanical injury to the hippocampus. The scopolamine challenge revealed a cholinergic dependency during task performance in all groups, regardless of lesion and housing conditions. The dopaminergic challenge revealed a difference in the neural substrates mediating recovery in the lesioned groups exposed to different types of housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gajhede Gram
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Louise Gade
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Elise Wogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Mogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Hana Malá
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Recovery after Acquired Brain Injury in Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:830871. [PMID: 26509085 PMCID: PMC4609870 DOI: 10.1155/2015/830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to review the current status of exercise as a tool to promote cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury (ABI) in animal model-based research. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and psycINFO databases in February 2014. Search strings used were: exercise (and) animal model (or) rodent (or) rat (and) traumatic brain injury (or) cerebral ischemia (or) brain irradiation. Studies were selected if they were (1) in English, (2) used adult animals subjected to acquired brain injury, (3) used exercise as an intervention tool after inflicted injury, (4) used exercise paradigms demanding movement of all extremities, (5) had exercise intervention effects that could be distinguished from other potential intervention effects, and (6) contained at least one measure of cognitive and/or emotional function. Out of 2308 hits, 22 publications fulfilled the criteria. The studies were examined relative to cognitive effects associated with three themes: exercise type (forced or voluntary), timing of exercise (early or late), and dose-related factors (intensity, duration, etc.). The studies indicate that exercise in many cases can promote cognitive recovery after brain injury. However, the optimal parameters to ensure cognitive rehabilitation efficacy still elude us, due to considerable methodological variations between studies.
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Richter KM, Mödden C, Hanken K, Hildebrandt H. Recovery after brain damage: Is there any indication for generalization between different cognitive functions? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:571-80. [PMID: 26059257 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The question whether recovery in various cognitive functions is supported by one or two more fundamental functions (for instance, attentional or working memory functions) is a long-standing problem of cognitive rehabilitation. One possibility to answer this question is to analyze the recovery pattern in different cognitive domains and to see whether improvement in one domain is related to performance in another domain. METHOD Ninety-two inpatients with stroke or other brain lesions (Barthel Index >75) were included. Neuropsychological assessment was done at the beginning and the end of a rehabilitation stay. Cognitive performance was analyzed at test and at domain level using conceptually and statistically defined composite scores for attention, immediate and delayed memory, working memory, prospective memory, and word fluency. We used regression analysis to look for generalization between cognitive domains. RESULTS Effect sizes of improvement varied largely (from d = 0.18 in attention and d = 1.36 in episodic memory). Age, gender, and time since injury had no impact on recovery. Impaired patients showed significantly more improvement than nonimpaired patients. Regression analysis revealed no effect of initial performance in one cognitive domain on improvements in other cognitive domains. CONCLUSION Significant recovery in impaired cognitive domains can be expected during neuropsychological rehabilitation. It depends more or less exclusively on improvement in the specific functions itself, and there was no evidence for generalization between cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Merle Richter
- a Institut für Psychologie, Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg , Germany
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Allred RP, Kim SY, Jones TA. Use it and/or lose it-experience effects on brain remodeling across time after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:379. [PMID: 25018715 PMCID: PMC4072969 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of brain remodeling after stroke is time- and neural activity-dependent, and the latter makes it inherently sensitive to behavioral experiences. This generally supports targeting early dynamic periods of post-stroke neural remodeling with rehabilitative training (RT). However, the specific neural events that optimize RT effects are unclear and, as such, cannot be precisely targeted. Here we review evidence for, potential mechanisms of, and ongoing knowledge gaps surrounding time-sensitivities in RT efficacy, with a focus on findings from animal models of upper extremity RT. The reorganization of neural connectivity after stroke is a complex multiphasic process interacting with glial and vascular changes. Behavioral manipulations can impact numerous elements of this process to affect function. RT efficacy varies both with onset time and its timing relative to the development of compensatory strategies with the less-affected (nonparetic) hand. Earlier RT may not only capitalize on a dynamic period of brain remodeling but also counter a tendency for compensatory strategies to stamp-in suboptimal reorganization patterns. However, there is considerable variability across injuries and individuals in brain remodeling responses, and some early behavioral manipulations worsen function. The optimal timing of RT may remain unpredictable without clarification of the cellular events underlying time-sensitivities in its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Allred
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Theresa A Jones
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
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Puzzo D, Lee L, Palmeri A, Calabrese G, Arancio O. Behavioral assays with mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: practical considerations and guidelines. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:450-67. [PMID: 24462904 PMCID: PMC4014001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) basic research and drug discovery, mouse models are essential resources for uncovering biological mechanisms, validating molecular targets and screening potential compounds. Both transgenic and non-genetically modified mouse models enable access to different types of AD-like pathology in vivo. Although there is a wealth of genetic and biochemical studies on proposed AD pathogenic pathways, as a disease that centrally features cognitive failure, the ultimate readout for any interventions should be measures of learning and memory. This is particularly important given the lack of knowledge on disease etiology - assessment by cognitive assays offers the advantage of targeting relevant memory systems without requiring assumptions about pathogenesis. A multitude of behavioral assays are available for assessing cognitive functioning in mouse models, including ones specific for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here we review the basics of available transgenic and non-transgenic AD mouse models and detail three well-established behavioral tasks commonly used for testing hippocampal-dependent cognition in mice - contextual fear conditioning, radial arm water maze and Morris water maze. In particular, we discuss the practical considerations, requirements and caveats of these behavioral testing paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences - Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, P&S #12-420D, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences - Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Giorgio Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, P&S #12-420D, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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