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Goswami P, Akhter J, Mangla A, Suramya S, Jindal G, Ahmad S, Raisuddin S. Downregulation of ATF-4 Attenuates the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Experimentally Induced Alzheimer's Disease Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5071-5082. [PMID: 38159199 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is invariably associated with the inflammation as a factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the interaction between downstream factors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and inflammation, with implications in cognitive impairment in AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ)(1-42) was administered by bilateral intracerebroventricular (icv) injection in the brain of adult male Wistar rats to experimentally develop AD. The cognitive impairment was assessed by measuring behavioral parameters such as Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in different rat brain regions. Inflammatory marker proteins such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-КB) (p65) were measured by the western blotting. Gene expression of ER stress downstream factors such as ATF-4, CHOP, and GADD-34 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Histological studies were performed to check Aβ accumulation and neuronal degeneration. Integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB) was used to confirm the specific role of ER stress-mediated inflammation in cognitive impairment. Administration of Aβ(1-42) resulted in alteration in levels of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory proteins, and mRNA levels of ER stress downstream factors. ISRIB treatment resulted in attenuation of Aβ(1-42)-induced ER stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment in rats. These results indicate that ER stress-mediated inflammation potentiates the cognitive impairment in AD. An understanding of cascade of events, interaction of ER stress which was a hallmark of the present investigation together with inflammation and modulation of downstream signalling factors could serve as potent biomarkers to study AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Goswami
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Anuradha Mangla
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Suramya Suramya
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Garima Jindal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Soon HR, Gaunt JR, Bansal VA, Lenherr C, Sze SK, Ch’ng TH. Seizure enhances SUMOylation and zinc-finger transcriptional repression in neuronal nuclei. iScience 2023; 26:107707. [PMID: 37694138 PMCID: PMC10483055 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A single episode of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus can trigger the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures in a rodent model for epilepsy. The initial seizure-induced events in neuronal nuclei that lead to long-term changes in gene expression and cellular responses likely contribute toward epileptogenesis. Using a transgenic mouse model to specifically isolate excitatory neuronal nuclei, we profiled the seizure-induced nuclear proteome via tandem mass tag mass spectrometry and observed robust enrichment of nuclear proteins associated with the SUMOylation pathway. In parallel with nuclear proteome, we characterized nuclear gene expression by RNA sequencing which provided insights into seizure-driven transcriptional regulation and dynamics. Strikingly, we saw widespread downregulation of zinc-finger transcription factors, specifically proteins that harbor Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domains. Our results provide a detailed snapshot of nuclear events induced by seizure activity and demonstrate a robust method for cell-type-specific nuclear profiling that can be applied to other cell types and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Rong Soon
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636551, Singapore
| | - Jessica Ruth Gaunt
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Vibhavari Aysha Bansal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Clara Lenherr
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catherines, ON, Canada
| | - Toh Hean Ch’ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636551, Singapore
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3
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Giovannini G, Meletti S. Fluid Biomarkers of Neuro-Glial Injury in Human Status Epilepticus: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12519. [PMID: 37569895 PMCID: PMC10420319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As per the latest ILAE definition, status epilepticus (SE) may lead to long-term irreversible consequences, such as neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alterations in neuronal networks. Consequently, there is growing interest in identifying biomarkers that can demonstrate and quantify the extent of neuronal and glial injury. Despite numerous studies conducted on animal models of status epilepticus, which clearly indicate seizure-induced neuronal and glial injury, as well as signs of atrophy and gliosis, evidence in humans remains limited to case reports and small case series. The implications of identifying such biomarkers in clinical practice are significant, including improved prognostic stratification of patients and the early identification of those at high risk of developing irreversible complications. Moreover, the clinical validation of these biomarkers could be crucial in promoting neuroprotective strategies in addition to antiseizure medications. In this study, we present a systematic review of research on biomarkers of neuro-glial injury in patients with status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Giovannini
- Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy;
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
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4
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Jia X, Wang Q, Ji J, Lu W, Liu Z, Tian H, Guo L, Wang Y. Mitochondrial transplantation ameliorates hippocampal damage following status epilepticus. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:41-50. [PMID: 36734302 PMCID: PMC9986225 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal damage caused by status epilepticus (SE) can bring about cognitive decline and emotional disorders, which are common clinical comorbidities in patients with epilepsy. It is therefore imperative to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for protecting hippocampal damage after SE. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of contributing factors in epilepsy. Given the therapeutic benefits of mitochondrial replenishment by exogenous mitochondria, we hypothesized that transplantation of mitochondria would be capable of ameliorating hippocampal damage following SE. METHODS Pilocarpine was used to induced SE in mice. SE-generated cognitive decline and emotional disorders were determined using novel object recognition, the tail suspension test, and the open field test. SE-induced hippocampal pathology was assessed by quantifying loss of neurons and activation of microglia and astrocytes. The metabolites underlying mitochondrial transplantation were determined using metabonomics. RESULTS The results showed that peripheral administration of isolated mitochondria could improve cognitive deficits and depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Exogenous mitochondria blunted the production of reactive oxygen species, proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, and loss of neurons in the hippocampus. The metabonomic profiles showed that mitochondrial transplantation altered multiple metabolic pathways such as sphingolipid signaling pathway and carbon metabolism. Among potential affected metabolites, mitochondrial transplantation decreased levels of sphingolipid (d18:1/18:0) and methylmalonic acid, and elevated levels of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that artificial mitochondrial transplantation is capable of ameliorating hippocampal damage following SE. These new findings support mitochondrial transplantation as a promising therapeutic strategy for epilepsy-associated psychiatric and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianlun Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenchun Lu
- Psychology Laboratory, School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Andrioli A, Fabene PF, Mudò G, Barresi V, Di Liberto V, Frinchi M, Bentivoglio M, Condorelli DF. Downregulation of the Astroglial Connexin Expression and Neurodegeneration after Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010023. [PMID: 36613467 PMCID: PMC9819917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic networks and gap junctional communication mediated by connexins (Cxs) have been repeatedly implicated in seizures, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy. However, the effect of seizures on Cx expression is controversial. The present study focused on the response of Cxs to status epilepticus (SE), which is in turn an epileptogenic insult. The expression of neuronal Cx36 and astrocytic Cx30 and Cx43 mRNAs was investigated in the brain of rats in the first day after pilocarpine-induced SE. In situ hybridization revealed a progressive decrease in Cx43 and Cx30 mRNA levels, significantly marked 24 h after SE onset in neocortical areas and the hippocampus, and in most thalamic domains, whereas Cx36 mRNA did not exhibit obvious changes. Regional evaluation with quantitative real-time-RT-PCR confirmed Cx43 and Cx30 mRNA downregulation 24 h after SE, when ongoing neuronal cell death was found in the same brain regions. Immunolabeling showed at the same time point marked a decrease in Cx43, microglia activation, and interleukin-1β induction in some microglial cells. The data showed a transient downregulation of astroglial Cxs in the cortical and thalamic areas in which SE triggers neurodegenerative events in concomitance with microglia activation and cytokine expression. This could potentially represent a protective response of neuroglial networks to SE-induced acute damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Francesco Fabene
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Verona Unit, National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BiND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Unit of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BiND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BiND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Verona Unit, National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Unit of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abd Allah HN, Abdul-Hamid M, Mahmoud AM, Abdel-Reheim ES. Melissa officinalis L. ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation and upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2214-2226. [PMID: 34363578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures, and its effective management continues to be a therapeutic challenge. Oxidative stress and local inflammatory response accompany the status epilepticus (SE). This study evaluated the effect of Melissa officinalis extract (MOE) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of pilocarpine (PILO)-administered rats, pointing to the involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Rats received PILO via intraperitoneal administration and were treated with MOE for 2 weeks. MOE prevented neuronal loss; decreased lipid peroxidation, Cox-2, PGE2, and BDNF; and downregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus of PILO-treated rats. In addition, MOE enhanced GSH and antioxidant enzymes, upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA abundance, and increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Na+/K+-ATPase activity and GABA were increased, and glutamate and acetylcholine were decreased in the hippocampus of epileptic rats treated with MOE. In conclusion, MOE attenuated neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation; activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling; and modulated neurotransmitters, GFAP, and Na+/K+-ATPase in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. These findings suggest that M. officinalis can mitigate epileptogenesis, pending further studies to explore the exact underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar N Abd Allah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Eman S Abdel-Reheim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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7
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Santos VR, Melo IS, Pacheco ALD, Castro OWD. Life and death in the hippocampus: What's bad? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106595. [PMID: 31759972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is crucial for the generation and regulation of several brain functions, including memory and learning processes; however, it is vulnerable to neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of epilepsy, changes the hippocampal circuitry and excitability, under the contribution of both neuronal degeneration and abnormal neurogenesis. Classically, neurodegeneration affects sensitive areas of the hippocampus, such as dentate gyrus (DG) hilus, as well as specific fields of the Ammon's horn, CA3, and CA1. In addition, the proliferation, migration, and abnormal integration of newly generated hippocampal granular cells (GCs) into the brain characterize TLE neurogenesis. Robust studies over the years have intensely discussed the effects of death and life in the hippocampus, though there are still questions to be answered about their possible benefits and risks. Here, we review the impacts of death and life in the hippocampus, discussing its influence on TLE, providing new perspectives or insights for the implementation of new possible therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodrigues Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Igor Santana Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil.
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8
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Srivastava A, Kumar K, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Dubey V, Sharma D, Yadav N, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Doddamani R, Chandra PS, Dixit AB. Transcriptomic profiling of high- and low-spiking regions reveals novel epileptogenic mechanisms in focal cortical dysplasia type II patients. Mol Brain 2021; 14:120. [PMID: 34301297 PMCID: PMC8305866 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of the cerebral cortex with poorly-defined epileptogenic zones (EZs), and poor surgical outcome in FCD is associated with inaccurate localization of the EZ. Hence, identifying novel epileptogenic markers to aid in the localization of EZ in patients with FCD is very much needed. High-throughput gene expression studies of FCD samples have the potential to uncover molecular changes underlying the epileptogenic process and identify novel markers for delineating the EZ. For this purpose, we, for the first time performed RNA sequencing of surgically resected paired tissue samples obtained from electrocorticographically graded high (MAX) and low spiking (MIN) regions of FCD type II patients and autopsy controls. We identified significant changes in the MAX samples of the FCD type II patients when compared to non-epileptic controls, but not in the case of MIN samples. We found significant enrichment for myelination, oligodendrocyte development and differentiation, neuronal and axon ensheathment, phospholipid metabolism, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton, semaphorins, and ion channels in the MAX region. Through the integration of both MAX vs non-epileptic control and MAX vs MIN RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) data, PLP1, PLLP, UGT8, KLK6, SOX10, MOG, MAG, MOBP, ANLN, ERMN, SPP1, CLDN11, TNC, GPR37, SLC12A2, ABCA2, ABCA8, ASPA, P2RX7, CERS2, MAP4K4, TF, CTGF, Semaphorins, Opalin, FGFs, CALB2, and TNC were identified as potential key regulators of multiple pathways related to FCD type II pathology. We have identified novel epileptogenic marker elements that may contribute to epileptogenicity in patients with FCD and could be possible markers for the localization of EZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Devina Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - M C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Beesley S, Sullenberger T, Ailani R, D'Orio C, Crockett MS, Kumar SS. d-Serine Intervention In The Medial Entorhinal Area Alters TLE-Related Pathology In CA1 Hippocampus Via The Temporoammonic Pathway. Neuroscience 2021; 453:168-186. [PMID: 33197499 PMCID: PMC7796904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Entrainment of the hippocampus by the medial entorhinal area (MEA) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of drug-resistant epilepsy in adults, is believed to be mediated primarily through the perforant pathway (PP), which connects stellate cells in layer (L) II of the MEA with granule cells of the dentate gyrus (DG) to drive the hippocampal tri-synaptic circuit. Using immunohistochemistry, high-resolution confocal microscopy and the rat pilocarpine model of TLE, we show here that the lesser known temporoammonic pathway (TAP) plays a significant role in transferring MEA pathology to the CA1 region of the hippocampus independently of the PP. The pathology observed was region-specific and restricted primarily to the CA1c subfield of the hippocampus. As shown previously, daily intracranial infusion of d-serine (100 μm), an antagonist of GluN3-containing triheteromeric N-Methyl d-aspartate receptors (t-NMDARs), into the MEA prevented loss of LIII neurons and epileptogenesis. This intervention in the MEA led to the rescue of hippocampal CA1 neurons that would have otherwise perished in the epileptic animals, and down regulation of the expression of astrocytes and microglia thereby mitigating the effects of neuroinflammation. Interestingly, these changes were not observed to a similar extent in other regions of vulnerability like the hilus, DG or CA3, suggesting that the pathology manifest in CA1 is driven predominantly through the TAP. This work highlights TAP's role in the entrainment of the hippocampus and identifies specific areas for therapeutic intervention in dealing with TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Beesley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, United States
| | - Thomas Sullenberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, United States
| | - Roshan Ailani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, United States
| | - Cameron D'Orio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, United States
| | - Mathew S Crockett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, United States
| | - Sanjay S Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, United States.
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10
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Toral-Rios D, Patiño-López G, Gómez-Lira G, Gutiérrez R, Becerril-Pérez F, Rosales-Córdova A, León-Contreras JC, Hernández-Pando R, León-Rivera I, Soto-Cruz I, Florán-Garduño B, Campos-Peña V. Activation of STAT3 Regulates Reactive Astrogliosis and Neuronal Death Induced by AβO Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207458. [PMID: 33050466 PMCID: PMC7590075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO) have been proposed as the most potent neurotoxic and inflammation inducers in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AβO contribute to AD pathogenesis by impairing the production of several cytokines and inflammation-related signaling pathways, such as the Janus kinases/signal transducer of transcription factor-3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway. STAT3 modulates glial activation, indirectly regulates Aβ deposition, and induces cognitive decline in AD transgenic models. However, in vivo studies using an AβO microinjection rat model have not yet explored STAT3 role. The main purpose of this study was to elucidate if a single microinjection of AβO could promote an increased expression of STAT3 in glial cells favoring neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We designed a model of intrahippocampal microinjection and assessed glial activation, cytokines production, STAT3 expression, and neurodegeneration in time. Our results showed robust expression of STAT3 in glial cells (mainly in astrocytes) and neurons, correlating with neuronal death in response to AβO administration. A STAT3 inhibition assay conducted in rat primary hippocampal cultures, suggested that the induction of the transcription factor by AβO in astrocytes leads them to an activation state that may favor neuronal death. Notwithstanding, pharmacological inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway should be focused on astrocytes because it is also essential in neurons survival. Overall, these findings strongly suggest the participation of STAT3 in the development of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danira Toral-Rios
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico; (D.T.-R.); (B.F.-G.)
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico;
| | - Gisela Gómez-Lira
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 14330, Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Rafael Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 14330, Mexico; (G.G.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Fernando Becerril-Pérez
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Aldebarán Rosales-Córdova
- Departamento de Administración, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Anáhuac de México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico;
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Departamento de Patología, Sección Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (J.C.L.-C.); (R.H.-P.)
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología, Sección Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (J.C.L.-C.); (R.H.-P.)
| | - Ismael León-Rivera
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Morelos 62210, Mexico;
| | - Isabel Soto-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 09230, Mexico;
| | - Benjamín Florán-Garduño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico; (D.T.-R.); (B.F.-G.)
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +555-6063-822 (ext. 2010)
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de Melo IS, Pacheco ALD, Dos Santos YMO, Figueiredo LM, Nicacio DCSP, Cardoso-Sousa L, Duzzioni M, Gitaí DLG, Tilelli CQ, Sabino-Silva R, de Castro OW. Modulation of Glucose Availability and Effects of Hypo- and Hyperglycemia on Status Epilepticus: What We Do Not Know Yet? Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:505-519. [PMID: 32975651 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) can lead to serious neuronal damage and act as an initial trigger for epileptogenic processes that may lead to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Besides promoting neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and abnormal neurogenesis, SE can generate an extensive hypometabolism in several brain areas and, consequently, reduce intracellular energy supply, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. Although some antiepileptic drugs show efficiency to terminate or reduce epileptic seizures, approximately 30% of TLE patients are refractory to regular antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Modulation of glucose availability may provide a novel and robust alternative for treating seizures and neuronal damage that occurs during epileptogenesis; however, more detailed information remains unknown, especially under hypo- and hyperglycemic conditions. Here, we review several pathways of glucose metabolism activated during and after SE, as well as the effects of hypo- and hyperglycemia in the generation of self-sustained limbic seizures. Furthermore, this study suggests the control of glucose availability as a potential therapeutic tool for SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Yngrid Mickaelli Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Laura Mello Figueiredo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Dannyele Cynthia Santos Pimentel Nicacio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Leia Cardoso-Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), ARFIS, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuruama, Uberlandia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Queixa Tilelli
- Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei (UFSJ), Central-West Campus, Divinopolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), ARFIS, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuruama, Uberlandia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
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12
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Kong H, Wang H, Zhuo Z, Li Z, Tian P, Wu J, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhang J, Luo Q. Inhibition of miR-181a-5p reduces astrocyte and microglia activation and oxidative stress by activating SIRT1 in immature rats with epilepsy. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1223-1237. [PMID: 32461588 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, and this process has been shown to be implicated in the pathological processes of temporal lobe epilepsy. At present, studies about the impact of microRNA-181a (miR-181a) on epilepsy have focused on hippocampal neurons, and the effect of miR-181a on other cells in the hippocampus remains poorly understood. Herein, we explored the role of miR-181a-5p in a lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepticus in immature rats. We found that the hippocampal expression level of miR-181a-5p was increased. Inhibition of miR-181a-5p protected the hippocampus against epilepsy, including hippocampal insults, neuronal apoptosis, astrocyte and microglia activation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, miR-181a-5p inhibition exerted a seizure-suppressing effect via SIRT1 upregulation. Overall, our findings reveal the potential role of the miR-181a-5p/SIRT1 pathway in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy, and this pathway may represent a novel target for ameliorating epilepsy and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Huaili Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhihong Zhuo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhenbiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Peichao Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jiyao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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Stevenson R, Samokhina E, Rossetti I, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Glial Function During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:278. [PMID: 32973460 PMCID: PMC7473408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Wu X, Zhou Y, Huang Z, Cai M, Shu Y, Zeng C, Feng L, Xiao B, Zhan Q. The study of microtubule dynamics and stability at the postsynaptic density in a rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:863. [PMID: 32793707 DOI: 10.21037/atm-19-4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The recurrence and drug resistance of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been ceaselessly challenging scientists and epilepsy experts. There has been an accumulation of evidence linking the dysregulation of postsynaptic proteins etiology and the pathology of epilepsy. For example, NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Furthermore, our earlier proteomic analysis proved there to be differential expressions of cytoskeletons like microtubules among rat groups. These differential expressions were shown in TLE-spontaneous recurrent seizures (TLE-SRS), TLE without SRS (TLE-NSRS) and control groups. Therefore, we aimed to understand how the microtubule system of the hippocampal postsynaptic density (PSD) regulates the development of TLE. Methods In this study, a pilocarpine-induced Sprague-Dawley rat TLE model were used, and Western blot, Nissl staining, and the immunoelectron microscopic method were utilized to determine the dynamic change of microtubules (α- and β-tubulin) in PSD and the extent of hippocampal neuron loss respectively in acute SE, and latent and chronic (spontaneous seizures) periods. Animal models were then stereotactically treated using colchicine, a microtubule depolymerizer, and paclitaxel, a microtubule polymerization agent, after each animal's acute SE period so as to further explore the function of PSD microtubules. Results Our study revealed 3 principal findings. One, both α- and β-tubulin were decreased from the 3rd to the 30th day (lowest at the 7th day) in the seizure group compared with the controls. Two, both α- and β-tubulin were found to be more downregulated in the TLE-SRS and the TLE-NSRS group than in the control group (especially in the TLE-SRS group). The same trend was also noticed for hippocampal neuron loss. Three, the paclitaxel lowered the chronic SRS rate and increased the expression of PSD β-tubulin in the hippocampus. Conclusions Altogether, these results indicate that the microtubule system of PSD may play an essential role in the development and recurrence of epilepsy, and it may be used as a new target for the prevention and treatment of this refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiling Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingfei Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Zeng
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sasaki-Takahashi N, Shinohara H, Shioda S, Seki T. The polarity and properties of radial glia-like neural stem cells are altered by seizures with status epilepticus: Study using an improved mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Hippocampus 2020; 30:250-262. [PMID: 32101365 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mouse hippocampus, new neurons are produced by radial glia-like (RGL) neural stem cells in the subgranular zone, which extend their apical processes toward the molecular layer, and express the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein, but not the astrocyte marker S100β. In rodent models of epilepsy, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was reported to be increased after acute and mild seizures, but to be decreased by chronic and severe epilepsy. In the present study, we investigated how the severity of seizures affects neurogenesis and RGL neural stem cells in acute stages of epilepsy, using an improved mouse pilocarpine model in which pilocarpine-induced hypothermia was prevented by maintaining body temperature, resulting in a high incidence rate of epileptic seizures and low rate of mortality. In mice that experienced seizures without status epilepticus (SE), the number of proliferating progenitors and immature neurons were significantly increased, whereas no changes were observed in RGL cells. In mice that experienced seizures with SE, the number of proliferating progenitors and immature neurons were unchanged, but the number of RGL cells with an apical process was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the processes of the majority of RGL cells extended inversely toward the hilus, and about half of the aberrant RGL cells expressed S100β. These results suggest that seizures with SE lead to changes in the polarity and properties of RGL neural stem cells, which may direct them toward astrocyte differentiation, resulting in the reduction of neural stem cells producing new granule cells. This also suggests the possibility that cell polarity of RGL stem cells is important for maintaining the stemness of adult neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Shinohara
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Shin S, Kim D, Song JY, Jeong H, Hyeon SJ, Kowall NW, Ryu H, Pae AN, Lim S, Kim YK. Visualization of soluble tau oligomers in TauP301L-BiFC transgenic mice demonstrates the progression of tauopathy. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 187:101782. [PMID: 32105751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of abnormal tau aggregates in the brain is a pathological hallmark of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence suggests that soluble tau aggregates play a key role in tau pathology as neurotoxic species causing neuronal cell death and act as prion-like seeds mediating tau propagation. Despite the pathological relevance, there is a paucity of methods to monitor tau oligomerization in the brain. As a tool to monitor tau self-assembly in the brain, we generated a novel tau transgenic mouse, named TauP301L-BiFC. By introducing bimolecular fluorescence complementation technique to human tau containing a P301L mutation, we were able to monitor and quantify tau self-assembly, represented by BiFC fluorescence in the brains of transgenic TauP301L-BiFC mice. TauP301L-BiFC mice showed soluble tau oligomerization from 3 months, showing significantly enriched BiFC fluorescence in the brain. Then, massive tau fragmentation occured at 6 months showing dramatically decreased TauP301L-BiFC fluorescence. The fragmented tau species served as a seed for insoluble tau aggregation. In a result, insoluble TauP301L-BiFC aggregates coaggregated with endogenous mouse tau accumulated in the brain, showing subsequently increased BiFC fluorescence from 9 months. Neuronal degeneration and cognitive deficits were observed from 12 months of age. TauP301L-BiFC mouse model demonstrated that methylene blue reduced the amount of soluble tau oligomers in the brain, resulting in the prevention of cognitive impairments. We assure that TauP301L-BiFC mice are a bona-fide animal tool to monitor pathological tau oligomerization in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Shin
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Song
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeanjeong Jeong
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Upregulation of hippocampal synaptophysin, GFAP and mGluR3 in a pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy with history of prolonged febrile seizure. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 100:101659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jain S, LaFrancois JJ, Botterill JJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Scharfman HE. Adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus protects the hippocampus from neuronal injury following severe seizures. Hippocampus 2019; 29:683-709. [PMID: 30672046 PMCID: PMC6640126 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that reducing the numbers of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse increases susceptibility to severe continuous seizures (status epilepticus; SE) evoked by systemic injection of the convulsant kainic acid (KA). However, it was not clear if the results would be the same for other ways to induce seizures, or if SE-induced damage would be affected. Therefore, we used pilocarpine, which induces seizures by a different mechanism than KA. Also, we quantified hippocampal damage after SE. In addition, we used both loss-of-function and gain-of-function methods in adult mice. We hypothesized that after loss-of-function, mice would be more susceptible to pilocarpine-induced SE and SE-associated hippocampal damage, and after gain-of-function, mice would be more protected from SE and hippocampal damage after SE. For loss-of-function, adult neurogenesis was suppressed by pharmacogenetic deletion of dividing radial glial precursors. For gain-of-function, adult neurogenesis was increased by conditional deletion of pro-apoptotic gene Bax in Nestin-expressing progenitors. Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) was used to quantify neuronal injury and video-electroencephalography (video-EEG) was used to quantify SE. Pilocarpine-induced SE was longer in mice with reduced adult neurogenesis, SE had more power and neuronal damage was greater. Conversely, mice with increased adult-born neurons had shorter SE, SE had less power, and there was less neuronal damage. The results suggest that adult-born neurons exert protective effects against SE and SE-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John J. LaFrancois
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Kobylarek D, Iwanowski P, Lewandowska Z, Limphaibool N, Szafranek S, Labrzycka A, Kozubski W. Advances in the Potential Biomarkers of Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31312171 PMCID: PMC6614180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures. It is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Comprehensive studies on epilepsy in recent decades have revealed the complexity of epileptogenesis, in which immunological processes, epigenetic modifications, and structural changes in neuronal tissues have been identified as playing a crucial role. This review discusses the recent advances in the biomarkers of epilepsy. We evaluate the possible molecular background underlying the clinical changes observed in recent studies, focusing on therapeutic investigations, and the evidence of their safety and efficacy in the human population. This article reviews the pathophysiology of epilepsy, including recent reports on the effects of oxidative stress and hypoxia, and focuses on specific biomarkers and their clinical implications, along with further perspectives in epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kobylarek
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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20
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Montroull LE, Danelon V, Cragnolini AB, Mascó DH. Loss of TrkB Signaling Due to Status Epilepticus Induces a proBDNF-Dependent Cell Death. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:4. [PMID: 30800056 PMCID: PMC6375841 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are secretory proteins that bind to target receptors and influence many cellular functions, such as cell survival and cell death in neurons. The mammalian NT brain-derived neurotrophic factor (matBDNF) is the C-terminal mature form released by cleavage from the proBDNF precursor. The binding of matBDNF to the tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) activates different signaling cascades and leads to neuron survival and plasticity, while the interaction of proBDNF with the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR)/sortilin receptor complex has been highly involved in apoptosis. Many studies have demonstrated that prolonged seizures such as status epilepticus (SE) induce changes in the expression of NT, pro-NT, and their receptors. We have previously described that the blockage of both matBDNF and proBDNF signaling reduces neuronal death after SE in vivo (Unsain et al., 2008). We used an in vitro model as well as an in vivo model of SE to determine the specific role of TrkB and proBDNF signaling during neuronal cell death. We found that the matBDNF sequestering molecule TrkB-Fc induced an increase in neuronal death in both models of SE, and it also prevented a decrease in TrkB levels. Moreover, SE triggered the interaction between proBDNF and p75NTR, which was not altered by sequestering matBDNF. The intra-hippocampal administration of TrkB-Fc, combined with an antibody against proBDNF, prevented neuronal degeneration. In addition, we demonstrated that proBDNF binding to p75NTR exacerbates neuronal death when matBDNF signaling is impaired through TrkB. Our results indicated that both the mature and the precursor forms of BDNF may have opposite effects depending on the scenario in which they function and the signaling pathways they activate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ester Montroull
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Víctor Danelon
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Beatriz Cragnolini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Hugo Mascó
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Huang WY, Wang YP, Mahmmod YS, Wang JJ, Liu TH, Zheng YX, Zhou X, Zhang XX, Yuan ZG. A Double-Edged Sword: Complement Component 3 in Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800271. [PMID: 30515942 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sprague Dawley rats and Kunming (KM) mice are artificially infected with type II Toxoplasma gondii strain Prugniaud (Pru) to generate toxoplasmosis, which is a fatal disease mediated by T. gondii invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by unknown mechanisms. The aim is to explore the mechanism of differential susceptibility of mice and rats to T. gondii infection. Therefore, a strategy of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is established to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the rats' and the mice's brains compared to the healthy groups. In KM mice, which is susceptible to T. gondii infection, complement component 3 (C3) is upregulated and the tight junction (TJ) pathway shows a disorder. It is presumed that T. gondii-stimulated C3 disrupts the TJ of the blood-brain barrier in the CNS. This effect allows more T. gondii passing to the brain through the intercellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Pei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tang-Hui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Xiang Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
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22
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Transient Morphological Alterations in the Hippocampus After Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1671-1682. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Pottoo FH, Tabassum N, Javed MN, Nigar S, Rasheed R, Khan A, Barkat MA, Alam MS, Maqbool A, Ansari MA, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. The Synergistic Effect of Raloxifene, Fluoxetine, and Bromocriptine Protects Against Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1233-1247. [PMID: 29881945 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Kelley MR, Cardarelli RA, Smalley JL, Ollerhead TA, Andrew PM, Brandon NJ, Deeb TZ, Moss SJ. Locally Reducing KCC2 Activity in the Hippocampus is Sufficient to Induce Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. EBioMedicine 2018; 32:62-71. [PMID: 29884458 PMCID: PMC6020795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is the most common form of epilepsy, believed to arise in part from compromised GABAergic inhibition. The neuronal specific K+/Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) is a critical determinant of the efficacy of GABAergic inhibition and deficits in its activity are observed in mTLE patients and animal models of epilepsy. To test if reductions of KCC2 activity directly contribute to the pathophysiology of mTLE, we locally ablated KCC2 expression in a subset of principal neurons within the adult hippocampus. Deletion of KCC2 resulted in compromised GABAergic inhibition and the development of spontaneous, recurrent generalized seizures. Moreover, local ablation of KCC2 activity resulted in hippocampal sclerosis, a key pathological change seen in mTLE. Collectively, our results demonstrate that local deficits in KCC2 activity within the hippocampus are sufficient to precipitate mTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R Kelley
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross A Cardarelli
- AstraZeneca-Tufts University Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua L Smalley
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas A Ollerhead
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Andrew
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca-Tufts University Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience Research, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarek Z Deeb
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; AstraZeneca-Tufts University Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; AstraZeneca-Tufts University Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience Research, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College, London, WC1E, 6BT, UK.
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25
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Peng WF, Fan F, Li X, Zhang QQ, Ding J, Wang X. Different behavioral and pathological changes between epilepsy-associated depression and primary depression models. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 83:212-218. [PMID: 29678455 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Comorbid depression is common in patients with epilepsy. However, the epilepsy-associated depression is generally atypical and has not been fully recognized by neurologists. This study aimed to compare the behavioral and pathological changes between the chronic lithium chloride-pilocarpine rat epilepsy model (Licl-pilocarpine model) and the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress rat depression model (CUMS model), to evaluate for differences between epilepsy-associated depression and primary depression. METHODS The Licl-pilocarpine model and the CUMS model were established respectively and simultaneously. Spontaneous seizures were recorded by video monitoring. Forced swim test (FST) and sucrose consumption test (SCT) were performed to test depressive behaviors. Immobility time (IMT) and climbing time (CMT) in FST, sucrose preference rate (SPR) in SCT, and weight gain rate (WGR) were adopted to represent severity of depressive behaviors in rats. Immunofluorescent staining was conducted to measure expressions of neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b) in the hippocampus of Licl-pilocarpine model, CUMS model, and Control group. RESULTS Significantly, more prolonged IMT was observed in both the Licl-pilocarpine model (p<0.05) and the CUMS model (p<0.01) than Control group. But decreased WGR was only seen in the CUMS model. The percentage of rats with CMT greater than 100s was significantly higher in the Licl-pilocarpine model than the CUMS model (p<0.05). Increased CMT was observed in the Licl-pilocarpine model with mild depression subgroup (EMD, IMT≤100s) even compared with the Control group. Neuronal loss was both found in the Licl-pilocarpine model and the CUMS model when comparing with the Control group (p<0.05). However, the number of GFAP and CD11b staining cells was both greater in the Licl-pilocarpine model than the CUMS model and the Control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION There were some different depressive behavioral and hippocampal pathological changes between the Licl-pilocarpine and the CUMS models except for some common features. Gliosis and microglial activation might be more involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy-associated depression than primary depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Wulsin AC, Franco-Villanueva A, Romancheck C, Morano RL, Smith BL, Packard BA, Danzer SC, Herman JP. Functional disruption of stress modulatory circuits in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197955. [PMID: 29795651 PMCID: PMC5993058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical data suggest that the neuroendocrine stress response is chronically dysregulated in a subset of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), potentially contributing to both disease progression and the development of psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Whether neuroendocrine dysregulation and psychiatric comorbidities reflect direct effects of epilepsy-related pathologies, or secondary effects of disease burden particular to humans with epilepsy (i.e. social estrangement, employment changes) is not clear. Animal models provide an opportunity to dissociate these factors. Therefore, we queried whether epileptic mice would reproduce neuroendocrine and behavioral changes associated with human epilepsy. Male FVB mice were exposed to pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE) and the subsequent development of spontaneous recurrent seizures. Morning baseline corticosterone levels were elevated in pilocarpine treated mice at 1, 7 and 10 weeks post-SE relative to controls. Similarly, epileptic mice had increased adrenal weight when compared to control mice. Exposure to acute restraint stress resulted in hypersecretion of corticosterone 30 min after the onset of the challenge. Anatomical analyses revealed reduced Fos expression in infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortex, ventral subiculum and basal amygdala following restraint. No differences in Fos immunoreactivity were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, hippocampal subfields or central amygdala. In order to assess emotional behavior, a second cohort of mice underwent a battery of behavioral tests, including sucrose preference, open field, elevated plus maze, 24h home-cage monitoring and forced swim. Epileptic mice showed increased anhedonic behavior, hyperactivity and anxiety-like behaviors. Together these data demonstrate that epileptic mice develop HPA axis hyperactivity and exhibit behavioral dysfunction. Endocrine and behavioral changes are associated with impaired recruitment of forebrain circuits regulating stress inhibition and emotional reactivity. Loss of forebrain control may underlie pronounced endocrine dysfunction and comorbid psychopathologies seen in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynara C. Wulsin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christian Romancheck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Morano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brittany L. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steve C. Danzer
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Dynamic Changes of Astrocytes and Adenosine Signaling in Rat Hippocampus in Post-status Epilepticus Model of Epileptogenesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1227-1234. [PMID: 29770956 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to explore the development of epileptogenesis, and the adenosine and adenosine kinase (ADK) system seems to play a key role in this process. The aim of this study is to explore the dynamic changes of astrocytes and adenosine signaling during epileptogenesis in rat hippocampus in a post-status epileptogenesis (SE) model. Rat SE models were built and killed for experiments at 1 day (acute phase of epileptogenesis), 5 days (latent phase), 4 weeks (chronic phase), and 8 weeks (late chronic phase of epileptogenesis) after SE induction. Immunofluorescence staining, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Western blotting were performed to assess changes of astrocytes, adenosine, ADK, and ADK receptors (including A1R, A2aR, A2bR, and A3R) in hippocampus. The expression level of glial fibrillary acidic protein significantly increased from latent to late chronic phase. The concentration of adenosine sharply increased in acute phase and gradually decreased in the remaining phases of post-SE, being significantly lower than in the control group in late chronic phase. Protein levels of A1R and A2aR in post-SE models increased in acute phase, whereas A2bR and A3R protein expression decreased in latent phase, chronic phase, and late chronic phase following post-SE epileptogenesis. Protein expression of ADK significantly increased during latent phase, chronic phase, and late chronic phase of post-SE epileptogenesis. In conclusion, the levels of adenosine and protein expression of A1R and A2R significantly increased during acute phase of post-SE. During the remaining phases of post-SE epileptogenesis, there was imbalance among astrocytes, adenosine, adenosine receptors, and ADK. Regulation of the ADK/adenosine system may provide potential treatment strategies for epileptogenesis.
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28
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2R,4R-APDC, a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist, Reduced Neuronal Apoptosis by Upregulating MicroRNA-128 in a Rat Model After Seizures. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:591-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Xiong TQ, Chen LM, Tan BH, Guo CY, Li YN, Zhang YF, Li SL, Zhao H, Li YC. The effects of calcineurin inhibitor FK506 on actin cytoskeleton, neuronal survival and glial reactions after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:138-147. [PMID: 29358156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After status epilepticus (SE), actin cytoskeleton (F-actin) becomes progressively deconstructed in the hippocampus, which is consistent with the delayed pyramidal cell death in both time course and spatial distribution. A variety of experiments show that calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 are able to inhibit the SE-induced actin depolymerization. However, it is still unclear what changes happen to the F-actin in the epileptic brain after FK506 treatment. A pilocarpine model of SE in mice was used to examine the effects of FK506 on the F-actin in the hippocampal neurons. The post SE (PSE) mice with or without FK506 treatment were monitored consecutively for 14 days to examine the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. The effects of FK506 on the activity of cofilin and actin dynamics were assessed at 7 and 14 d PSE by western blots. The organization of F-actin, neuronal cell death, and glial reactions were investigated by phalloidin staining, histological and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. As compared to the PSE + vehicle mice, FK506 treatment significantly decreased the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. Relative to the PSE + vehicle mice, western blots detected a partial restoration of phosphorylated cofilin and a significant increase of F/G ratio in the hippocampus after FK506 treatment. In the PSE + vehicle mice, almost no F-actin puncta were left in the CA1 and CA3 subfields at 7 and 14 d PSE. FK506-treated PSE mice showed a similar decrease of F-actin, but the extent of damage was significantly ameliorated. Consistently, the surviving neurons became significantly increased in number after FK506 treatment, relative to the PSE + vehicle groups. After FK506 treatment, microglial reaction was partially inhibited, but the expression of GFAP was not significantly changed, compared to the PSE + vehicle mice. The results suggest that post-epileptic treatment with FK506 ameliorated, but could not stop the deconstruction of F-actin or the delayed neuronal loss in the PSE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Ling-Meng Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yong-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shu-Lei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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30
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Wong JC, Makinson CD, Lamar T, Cheng Q, Wingard JC, Terwilliger EF, Escayg A. Selective targeting of Scn8a prevents seizure development in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:126. [PMID: 29317669 PMCID: PMC5760706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that genetic mutants with reduced expression or activity of Scn8a are resistant to induced seizures and that co-segregation of a mutant Scn8a allele can increase survival and seizure resistance of Scn1a mutant mice. In contrast, Scn8a expression is increased in the hippocampus following status epilepticus and amygdala kindling. These findings point to Scn8a as a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy and raise the possibility that aberrant overexpression of Scn8a in limbic structures may contribute to some epilepsies, including temporal lobe epilepsy. Using a small-hairpin-interfering RNA directed against the Scn8a gene, we selectively reduced Scn8a expression in the hippocampus of the intrahippocampal kainic acid (KA) mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We found that Scn8a knockdown prevented the development of spontaneous seizures in 9/10 mice, ameliorated KA-induced hyperactivity, and reduced reactive gliosis. These results support the potential of selectively targeting Scn8a for the treatment of refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | | | - Tyra Lamar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wingard
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ernest F Terwilliger
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
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Status epilepticus triggers long-lasting activation of complement C1q-C3 signaling in the hippocampus that correlates with seizure frequency in experimental epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:163-173. [PMID: 29074125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) triggers a myriad of neurological alterations that include unprovoked seizures, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and cognitive deficits. Although SE-induced loss of hippocampal dendritic structures and synaptic remodeling are often associated with this pathophysiology, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recent evidence points to the classical complement pathway as a potential mechanism. Signaling through the complement protein C1q to C3, which is cleaved into smaller biologically active fragments including C3b and iC3b, contributes to the elimination of synaptic structures in the normal developing brain and in models of neurodegenerative disorders. We recently found increased protein levels of C1q and iC3b fragments in human drug-resistant epilepsy. Thus, to identify a potential role for C1q-C3 in SE-induced epilepsy, we performed a temporal analysis of C1q protein levels and C3 cleavage in the hippocampus along with their association to seizures and hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions in a rat model of SE and acquired TLE. We found significant increases in the levels of C1q, C3, and iC3b in the hippocampus at 2-, 3- and 5-weeks after SE relative to controls (p<0.05). In the SE group, greater iC3b levels were significantly correlated with higher seizure frequency (p<0.05). Together, these data support that hyperactivation of the classical complement pathway after SE parallels the progression of epilepsy. Future studies will determine whether C1q-C3 signaling contributes to epileptogenic synaptic remodeling in the hippocampus.
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32
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Uemori T, Toda K, Seki T. Seizure severity-dependent selective vulnerability of the granule cell layer and aberrant neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1054-1068. [PMID: 28608989 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rodent model has been commonly used to analyze the mechanisms of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Recent studies using this model have demonstrated that epileptic seizures lead to increased adult neurogenesis of the dentate granule cells, and cause abnormal cellular organization in dentate neuronal circuits. In this study, we examined these structural changes in rats with seizures of varying severity. In rats with frequent severe seizures, we found a clear loss of Prox1 and NeuN expression in the dentate granule cell layer (GCL), which was confined mainly to the suprapyramidal blade of the GCL at the septal and middle regions of the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. In the damaged suprapyramidal region, the number of immature neurons in the subgranular zone was markedly reduced. In contrast, in rats with less frequent severe seizures, there was almost no loss of Prox1 and NeuN expression, and the number of immature neurons was increased. In rats with no or slight loss of Prox1 expression in the GCL, ectopic immature neurons were detected in the molecular layer of the suprapyramidal blade in addition to the hilus, and formed chainlike aggregated structures along the blood vessels up to the hippocampal fissure, suggesting that newly generated neurons migrate at least partially along blood vessels to the hippocampal fissure. These results suggest that seizures of different severity cause different effects on GCL damage, neurogenesis, and the migration of new neurons, and that these structural changes are selective to subdivisions of the GCL and the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemori
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Toda
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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García-García L, Shiha AA, Fernández de la Rosa R, Delgado M, Silván Á, Bascuñana P, Bankstahl JP, Gomez F, Pozo MA. Metyrapone prevents brain damage induced by status epilepticus in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:261-273. [PMID: 28495374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium-pilocarpine is a well characterized rodent model of the human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) which is accompanied by severe brain damage. Stress and glucocorticoids markedly contribute to exacerbate neuronal damage induced by seizures but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein we sought to investigate whether a single administration of metyrapone (150 mg/kg, i.p.), an 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, enzyme involved in the peripheral and central synthesis of corticosteroids, had neuroprotective properties in this model. Two experiments were carried out. In exp. 1, metyrapone was administered 3 h before pilocarpine injection whereas in exp. 2, metyrapone administration took place at the onset of the SE. In both experiments, 3 days after the insult, brain metabolism was assessed by in vivo 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Brains were processed for analyses of markers of hippocampal integrity (Nissl staining), neurodegeneration (Fluoro-Jade C), astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry) and, for a marker of activated microglia by in vitro autoradiography with the TSPO (18 kDa translocator protein) radioligand [18F]GE180. The SE resulted in a consistent hypometabolism in hippocampus, cortex and striatum and neuronal damage, hippocampal neurodegeneration, neuronal death and gliosis. Interestingly, metyrapone had neuroprotective effects when administered before, but not after the insult. In summary, we conclude that metyrapone administration prior but not after the SE protected from brain damage induced by SE in the lithium-pilocarpine model. Therefore, it seems that the effect of metyrapone is preventive in nature and likely related to its antiseizure properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis García-García
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ahmed A Shiha
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández de la Rosa
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Delgado
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ágata Silván
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francisca Gomez
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Pozo
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII nº 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Tecnológico PET, C/ Manuel Bartolomé Cossío nº 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Phase-Dependent Astroglial Alterations in Li-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Young Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2730-2742. [PMID: 28444637 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy prevalence is high in infancy and in the elderly population. Lithium-pilocarpine is widely used to induce experimental animal models of epilepsy, leading to similar neurochemical and morphological alterations to those observed in temporal lobe epilepsy. As astrocytes have been implicated in epileptic disorders, we hypothesized that specific astroglial changes accompany and contribute to epileptogenesis. Herein, we evaluated time-dependent astroglial alterations in the hippocampus of young (27-day-old) rats at 1, 14 and 56 days after Li-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), corresponding to different phases in this model of epilepsy. We determined specific markers of astroglial activation: GFAP, S100B, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutathione (GSH) content, aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) and potassium channel Kir 4.1; as well as epileptic behavioral, inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes. Phase-dependent signs of hippocampal astrogliosis were observed, as demonstrated by increments in GFAP, S100B and GS. Astrocyte dysfunction in the hippocampus was characterized, based on the decrease in GSH content, AQP-4 and Kir 4.1 channels. Degenerating neurons were identified by Fluoro-Jade C staining. We found a clear, early (at SE1) and persistent (at SE56) increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) S100B levels. Additionally, serum S100B was found to decrease soon after SE induction, implicating a rapid-onset increase in the CSF/serum S100B ratio. However, serum S100B increased at SE14, possibly reflecting astroglial activation and/or long-term increase in cerebrovascular permeability. Moreover, we suggest that peripheral S100B levels may represent a useful marker for SE in young rats and for follow up during the chronic phases of this model of epilepsy. Together, results reinforce and extend the idea of astroglial involvement in epileptic disorders.
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Duy PQ, Berberoglu MA, Beattie CE, Hall CW. Cellular responses to recurrent pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the adult zebrafish brain. Neuroscience 2017; 349:118-127. [PMID: 28238851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A seizure is a sustained increase in brain electrical activity that can result in loss of consciousness and injury. Understanding how the brain responds to seizures is important for development of new treatment strategies for epilepsy, a neurological condition characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Pharmacological induction of seizures in rodent models results in a myriad of cellular alterations, including inflammation, angiogenesis, and adult neurogenesis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cellular responses to recurrent pentylenetetrazole seizures in the adult zebrafish brain. We subjected zebrafish to five once-daily pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and characterized the cellular consequences of these seizures. In response to recurrent seizures, we found histologic evidence of vasodilatation, perivascular leukocyte egress and leukocyte proliferation suggesting seizure-induced acute CNS inflammation. We also found evidence of increased proliferation, neurogenesis, and reactive gliosis following pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Collectively, our results suggest that the cellular responses to seizures in the adult zebrafish brain are similar to those observed in mammalian brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Berberoglu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christine E Beattie
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Charles W Hall
- Premier Health Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Gross A, Benninger F, Madar R, Illouz T, Griffioen K, Steiner I, Offen D, Okun E. Toll-like receptor 3 deficiency decreases epileptogenesis in a pilocarpine model of SE-induced epilepsy in mice. Epilepsia 2017; 58:586-596. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Gross
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Felix Benninger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Neuroscience Laboratory; Felsenstein Medical Research Center; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Neurology; Rabin Medical Center; Petach Tikva Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Kathleen Griffioen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; Liberty University; Lynchburg Virginia U.S.A
| | - Israel Steiner
- Department of Neurology; Rabin Medical Center; Petach Tikva Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- The Neuroscience Laboratory; Felsenstein Medical Research Center; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Choi HS, Lee CH. Time-course changes of hippocalcin expression in the mouse hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Vet Sci 2016; 17:137-44. [PMID: 26435544 PMCID: PMC4921661 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocalcin participates in the maintenance of neuronal calcium homeostasis. In the present study, we examined the time-course changes of neuronal degeneration and hippocalcin protein level in the mouse hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Marked neuronal degeneration was observed in the hippocampus after SE in a time-dependent manner, although neuronal degeneration differed according to the hippocampal subregions. Almost no hippocalcin immunoreactivity was detected in the pyramidal neurons of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region from 6 h after SE. However, many pyramidal neurons in the CA2 region showed hippocalcin immunoreactivity until 24 h after SE. In the CA3 region, only a few hippocalcin immunoreactive cells were observed at 12 h after SE, and almost no hippocalcin immunoreactivity was observed in the pyramidal neurons from 24 h after SE. Hippocalcin immunoreactivity in the polymorphic cells of the dentate gyrus was markedly decreased from 6 h after SE. In addition, hippocalcin protein level in the hippocampus began to decrease from 6 h after SE, and was significantly decreased at 24 h and 48 h after pilocarpine-induced SE. These results indicate that marked reduction of hippocalcin level may be closely related to neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Dengler CG, Coulter DA. Normal and epilepsy-associated pathologic function of the dentate gyrus. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:155-78. [PMID: 27323942 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus plays critical roles both in cognitive processing, and in regulation of the induction and propagation of pathological activity. The cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying these diverse functions overlap extensively. At the cellular level, the intrinsic properties of dentate granule cells combine to endow these neurons with a fundamental reluctance to activate, one of their hallmark traits. At the circuit level, the dentate gyrus constitutes one of the more heavily inhibited regions of the brain, with strong, fast feedforward and feedback GABAergic inhibition dominating responses to afferent activation. In pathologic states such as epilepsy, a number of alterations within the dentate gyrus combine to compromise the regulatory properties of this circuit, culminating in a collapse of its normal function. This epilepsy-associated transformation in the fundamental properties of this critical regulatory hippocampal circuit may contribute both to seizure propensity, and cognitive and emotional comorbidities characteristic of this disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Dengler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D A Coulter
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Schartz ND, Herr SA, Madsen L, Butts SJ, Torres C, Mendez LB, Brewster AL. Spatiotemporal profile of Map2 and microglial changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24988. [PMID: 27143585 PMCID: PMC4855223 DOI: 10.1038/srep24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) triggers pathological changes to hippocampal dendrites that may promote epileptogenesis. The microtubule associated protein 2 (Map2) helps stabilize microtubules of the dendritic cytoskeleton. Recently, we reported a substantial decline in Map2 that coincided with robust microglia accumulation in the CA1 hippocampal region after an episode of SE. A spatial correlation between Map2 loss and reactive microglia was also reported in human cortex from refractory epilepsy. New evidence supports that microglia modulate dendritic structures. Thus, to identify a potential association between SE-induced Map2 and microglial changes, a spatiotemporal profile of these events is necessary. We used immunohistochemistry to determine the distribution of Map2 and the microglia marker IBA1 in the hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced SE from 4 hrs to 35 days. We found a decline in Map2 immunoreactivity in the CA1 area that reached minimal levels at 14 days post-SE and partially increased thereafter. In contrast, maximal microglia accumulation occurred in the CA1 area at 14 days post-SE. Our data indicate that SE-induced Map2 and microglial changes parallel each other’s spatiotemporal profiles. These findings may lay the foundation for future mechanistic studies to help identify potential roles for microglia in the dendritic pathology associated with SE and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Schartz
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seth A Herr
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lauren Madsen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sarah J Butts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ceidy Torres
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad del Este, Carolina, PR 00984, Puerto Rico
| | - Loyda B Mendez
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad del Este, Carolina, PR 00984, Puerto Rico
| | - Amy L Brewster
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Huang PY, Shih YH, Tseng YJ, Ko TL, Fu YS, Lin YY. Xenograft of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly as a potential therapy for rat pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:45-58. [PMID: 26732826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of intra-hippocampal transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) on pilocarpine-treated rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following three groups: (1) a normal group of rats receiving only PBS, (2) a status epilepticus (SE) group of rats with pilocarpine-induced SE and PBS injected into the hippocampi, and (3) a SE+HUMSC group of SE rats with HUMSC transplantation. Spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) were monitored using simultaneous video and electroencephalographic recordings at two to four weeks after SE induction. The results showed that the number of SRMS within two to four weeks after SE was significantly decreased in SE+HUMSCs rats compared with SE rats. All of the rats were sacrificed on Day 29 after SE. Hippocampal morphology and volume were evaluated using Nissl staining and magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the volume of the dorsal hippocampus was smaller in SE rats compared with normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. The pyramidal neuron loss in CA1 and CA3 regions was more severe in the SE rats than in normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. No significant differences were found in the hippocampal neuronal loss or in the number of dentate GABAergic neurons between normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. Compared with the SE rats, the SE+HUMSCs rats exhibited a suppression of astrocyte activity and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. Implanted HUMSCs survived in the hippocampus and released cytokines, including FGF-6, amphiregulin, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factors receptor (GITR), MIP-3β, and osteoprotegerin. In an in vitro study, exposure of cortical neurons to glutamate showed a significant decrease in cell viability, which was preventable by co-culturing with HUMSCs. Above all, the expression of human osteoprotegerin and amphiregulin were significantly increased in the media of the co-culture of neurons and HUMSCs. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of HUMSC transplantation for the development of epilepsy, which are likely due to the ability of the cells to produce neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, HUMSC transplantation may be an effective therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Huang
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhan Tseng
- Division of medical research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, HsinChu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Ko
- Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Show Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Otsuka S, Ohkido T, Itakura M, Watanabe S, Yamamori S, Iida Y, Saito M, Miyaoka H, Takahashi M. Dual mechanisms of rapid expression of anxiety-related behavior in pilocarpine-treated epileptic mice. Epilepsy Res 2016; 123:55-67. [PMID: 27132018 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mouse model of epilepsy was generated by inducing status epilepticus (SE) for either 1.5 or 4.5h with pilocarpine to study anxiety-related behaviors, changes in the electroencephalogram of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and expression of hippocampal proteins. The viability and rate of success of SE induction were high in C57BL/6N mice but not in C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6N mice were immotile during the first 2days after SE; however, by the third day, most mice were recovered and exhibited strong anxiety-related behaviors in response to the light/dark preference test and open field test. There was a striking difference in the temporal appearance of anxiety-related behavior between the two SE durations: 1.5h SE mice exhibited strong anxiety-related behavior 3days after SE that gradually attenuated over the next few weeks, whereas 4.5h SE mice exhibited strong anxiety-related behavior 3days after SE that persisted even at nearly 1year after SE. Mice receiving both SE durations exhibited generalized seizures (GS) after SE; however, there was a marked difference in the timing and duration of GS appearance. Mice in the 4.5h SE group exhibited spontaneous GS from 4days to at least 96days after SE. In contrast, mice in the 1.5h SE group exhibited GS only within the first several days after SE; however, epileptic spike clusters continuously appeared in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus for up to twelve days after SE. Among the hippocampal proteins tested, only brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exhibited altered expression in parallel with anxiety-related behavior. These results showed the possibility that BDNF expression in the hippocampus might cause anxiety-related behavior in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Otsuka
- Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Taro Ohkido
- Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Asamizodai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0380, Japan.
| | - Saori Yamamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Yuuki Iida
- Department of Psychiatry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Asamizodai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0380, Japan.
| | - Masanori Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Asamizodai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0380, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Miyaoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Asamizodai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0380, Japan.
| | - Masami Takahashi
- Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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Chronic Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation Protects Against Seizures, Cognitive Impairments, Hippocampal Apoptosis, and Inflammatory Responses in Epileptic Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:78-89. [PMID: 26973056 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) has recently been demonstrated effective in the treatment of epilepsy and mood disorders. Here, we aim to determine the effects of TNS on epileptogenesis, cognitive function, and the associated hippocampal apoptosis and inflammatory responses. Rats were injected with pilocarpine to produce status epilepticus (SE) and the following chronic epilepsy. After SE induction, TNS treatment was conducted for 4 consecutive weeks. A pilocarpine re-injection was then used to induce a seizure in the epileptic rats. The hippocampal neuronal apoptosis induced by seizure was assessed by TUNEL staining and inflammatory responses by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) number was counted through video monitoring, and the cognitive function assessed through Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. TNS treatment attenuated the SRS attacks and improved the cognitive impairment in epileptic rats. A pilocarpine re-injection resulted in less hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and reduced level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and microglial activation in epileptic rats with TNS treatment in comparison to the epileptic rats without TNS treatment. It is concluded that TNS treatment shortly after SE not only protected against the chronic spontaneous seizures but also improved cognitive impairments. These antiepileptic properties of TNS may be related to its attenuating effects on hippocampal apoptosis and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Fachim HA, Pereira AC, Iyomasa-Pilon MM, Rosa MLNM. Differential Expression of AMPA Subunits Induced by NMDA Intrahippocampal Injection in Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:32. [PMID: 26912994 PMCID: PMC4753315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in excitotoxic mechanisms by interacting with different receptors. Such interactions result in neuronal death associated with several neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this work was to study the time course of changes in the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of glutamate amino-acid-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in rat hippocampus induced by NMDA intrahippocampal injection. Rats were submitted to stereotaxic surgery for NMDA or saline (control) microinjection into dorsal hippocampus and the parameters were evaluated 24 h, 1, 2, and 4 weeks after injection. The extension and efficacy of the NMDA-induced injury were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) behavioral test and Nissl staining. The expression of GluR1 and GluR2 receptors, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuronal marker (NeuN) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. It was observed the impairment of learning and memory functions, loss of neuronal cells, and glial proliferation in CA1 area of NMDA compared with control groups, confirming the injury efficacy. In addition, NMDA injection induced distinct changes in GluR1 and GluR2 expression over the time. In conclusion, such changes may be related to the complex mechanism triggered in response to NMDA injection resulting in a local injury and in the activation of neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene A Fachim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and BehaviorRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and BehaviorRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria L N M Rosa
- Institute of Neuroscience and BehaviorRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde de Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB)Barretos, Brazil
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Xiong T, Liu J, Dai G, Hou Y, Tan B, Zhang Y, Li S, Song Y, Liu H, Li Y, Li Y. The progressive changes of filamentous actin cytoskeleton in the hippocampal neurons after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2015; 118:55-67. [PMID: 26600371 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported a persistent reduction of F-actin puncta but a compensating increase in puncta size in the mouse hippocampus at 2 months after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (Epilepsy Res. 108 (2014), 379-389). However, the F-actin changes during the period of epileptogenesis remain unknown. This study was designed to examine the temporal and spatial changes of F-actin during the period of epileptogenesis in a pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model, primarily by the histological and TUNEL evaluation of cell loss, phalloidin detection of F-actin, and immunohistochemical analysis of glial reactions. The results demonstrated that F-actin continued to decrease after pilocarpine treatment, which was consistent in its time course with hippocampal neuronal death. Within different hippocampal subfields, the spatial changes of F-actin exhibited similar features. First, the F-actin puncta decreased in number. Thereafter, F-actin was transiently aggregated in dendritic shafts and neuronal cell bodies and eventually was completely lost in the degenerated neurons. The progressive changes of F-actin in the degenerating neurons reported in this study may help to elucidate a cytoskeletal mechanism that may link to the delayed cell loss that occurs during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Gaoyue Dai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Baihong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Pediatric Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shulei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Yan Song
- Nursing College, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yanchao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
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Kourdougli N, Varpula S, Chazal G, Rivera C. Detrimental effect of post Status Epilepticus treatment with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in a pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:413. [PMID: 26557054 PMCID: PMC4615811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of epilepsy in adults where 20-30% of the patients are refractory to currently available anti-epileptic drugs. The RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling pathway activation has been involved in inflammatory responses, neurite outgrowth and neuronal death under pathological conditions such as epileptic insults. Acute preventive administration of ROCK inhibitor has been reported to have beneficial outcomes in Status Epilepticus (SE) epilepsy. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of chronic post SE treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in a rat pilocarpine model of TLE. We used chronic i.p. injections of Y-27632 for 5 days in 6 week old control rats or rats subjected to pilocarpine treatment as a model of TLE. Surprisingly, our findings demonstrate that a systemic administration of Y-27632 in pilocarpine-treated rats increases neuronal death in the CA3 region and ectopic recurrent mossy fiber sprouting (rMFS) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Interestingly, we found that chronic treatment with Y-27632 exacerbates the down-regulation and pathological distribution of the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2, thus providing a putative mechanism for post SE induced neuronal death. The involvement of astrogliosis in this mechanism appears to be intricate as ROCK inhibition reduces reactive astrogliosis in pilocarpine rats. Conversely, in control rats, chronic Y-27632 treatment increases astrogliosis. Together, our findings suggest that Y-27632 has a detrimental effect when chronically used post SE in a rat pilocarpine model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Kourdougli
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
| | - Saara Varpula
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Genevieve Chazal
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Rivera
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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Peng WF, Ding J, Li X, Fan F, Zhang QQ, Wang X. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit involved in depression-like behaviours in lithium chloride-pilocarpine chronic rat epilepsy model. Epilepsy Res 2015; 119:77-85. [PMID: 26688426 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common comorbidity in patients with epilepsy with unclear mechanisms. This study is to explore the role of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits in epilepsy-associated depression. Lithium chloride (Licl)-pilocarpine chronic rat epilepsy model was established and rats were divided into epilepsy with depression (EWD) and epilepsy without depression (EWND) subgroups based on forced swim test. Expression of NMDA receptor NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits was measured by western blot and immunofluorescence methods. The immobility time (IMT) was significantly greater in Licl-pilocarpine model group than in Control group, which was also greater in EWD group than in EWND group. No differences of spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) counts over two weeks and latency were found between EWD and EWND groups. The number of NeuN positive cells was significantly less in Licl-pilocarpine model group than in Control group, but had no difference between EWD and EWND groups. The ratios of phosphorylated NR1 (p-NR1)/NR1 and p-NR2B/NR2B were significantly greater in the hippocampus in EWD group than in EWND group. Moreover, the expression of p-NR1 and p-NR2B in the CA1 subfield of hippocampus were both greater in Licl-pilocarpine model group than Control group. Selective blockage of NR2B subunit with ifenprodil could alleviate depression-like behaviours of Licl-pilocarpine rat epilepsy model. In conclusion, glutamate NMDA receptor NR2B subunit was involved in promoting depression-like behaviours in the Licl-pilocarpine chronic rat epilepsy model and might be a target for treating epilepsy-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Kalemenev SV, Zubareva OE, Frolova EV, Sizov VV, Lavrentyeva VV, Lukomskaya NY, Kim KK, Zaitsev AV, Magazanik LG. Impairment of exploratory behavior and spatial memory in adolescent rats in lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2015; 463:175-7. [PMID: 26335964 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496615040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in six-week -old rats has been studied in the lithium-pilocarpine model of adolescent temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. The pilocarpine-treated rats (n =21) exhibited (a) a decreased exploratory activity in comparison with control rats (n = 20) in the open field (OP) test and (b) a slower extinction of exploratory behavior in repeated OP tests. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test showed that the effect of training was less pronounced in the pilocarpine-treated rats, which demonstrated disruption of predominantly short-term memory. Therefore, our study has shown that lithium-pilocarpine seizures induce substantial changes in exploratory behavior and spatial memory in adolescent rats. OP and MWM tests can be used in the search of drugs reducing cognitive impairments associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kalemenev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Continuous neurodegeneration and death pathway activation in neurons and glia in an experimental model of severe chronic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:54-66. [PMID: 26264964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether seizures might determine the activation of cell death pathways and what could be the relevance of seizure-induced cell death in epilepsy are still highly debated issues. We recently developed an experimental model of acquired focal cortical dysplasia (the MAM-pilocarpine or MP rat) in which the occurrence of status epilepticus--SE--and subsequent seizures induced progressive cellular/molecular abnormalities and neocortical/hippocampal atrophy. Here, we exploited the same model to verify when, where, and how cell death occurred in neurons and glia during epilepsy course. We analyzed Fluoro Jade (FJ) staining and the activation of c-Jun- and caspase-3-dependent pathways during epilepsy, from few hours post-SE up to six months of spontaneous recurrent seizures. FJ staining revealed that cell injury in MP rats was not temporally restricted to SE, but extended throughout the different epileptic stages. The region-specific pattern of FJ staining changed during epilepsy, and FJ(+) neurons became more prominent in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA at chronic epilepsy stages. Phospho-c-Jun- and caspase-3-dependent pathways were selectively activated respectively in neurons and glia, at early but even more conspicuously at late chronic stages. Phospho-c-Jun activation was associated with increased cytochrome-c staining, particularly at chronic stages, and the staining pattern of cytochrome-c was suggestive of its release from the mitochondria. Taken together, these data support the content that at least in the MP rat model the recurrence of seizures can also sustain cell death mechanisms, thus continuously contributing to the pathologic process triggered by the occurrence of SE.
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Fachim HA, Mortari MR, Gobbo-Netto L, Dos Santos WF. Neuroprotective activity of parawixin 10, a compound isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom (Araneidae: Araneae) in rats undergoing intrahippocampal NMDA microinjection. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:579-85. [PMID: 26246735 PMCID: PMC4522846 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parawixia bistriata is a semi-colonial spider found mainly in southeastern of Brazil. Parawixin 10 (Pwx 10) a compound isolated from this spider venom has been demonstrated to act as neuroprotective in models of injury regulating the glutamatergic neurotransmission through glutamate transporters. Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Pwx 10 in a rat model of excitotoxic brain injury by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) injection. Material and Methods: Male Wistar rats have been used, submitted to stereotaxic surgery for saline or NMDA microinjection into dorsal hippocampus. Two groups of animals were treated with Pwx 10. These treated groups received a daily injection of the Pwx 10 (2.5 mg/μL) in the right lateral ventricle into rats pretreated with NMDA, always at the same time, each one starting the treatment 1 h or 24 h. Nissl staining was performed for evaluating the extension and efficacy of the NMDA injury and the neuroprotective effect of Pwx 10. Results: The treatment with Pwx 10 showed neuroprotective effect, being most pronounced when the compound was administrated from 1 h after NMDA in all hippocampal subfields analyzed (CA1, CA3 and hilus). Conclusion: These results indicated that Pwx 10 may be a good template to develop therapeutic drugs for treating neurodegenerative diseases, reinforcing the importance of continuing studies on its effects in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Aparecida Fachim
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, FFCLRP, Brazil ; Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, INeC-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Renata Mortari
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gobbo-Netto
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, FCFRP, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Ferreira Dos Santos
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, FFCLRP, Brazil ; Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, INeC-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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