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Xue P, Wang Y, Lv L, Wang D, Wang Y. Roles of Chemokines in Intervertebral Disk Degeneration. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024; 28:95-108. [PMID: 37976014 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intervertebral disc degeneration is the primary etiology of low back pain and radicular pain. This review examines the roles of crucial chemokines in different stages of degenerative disc disease, along with interventions targeting chemokine function to mitigate disc degeneration. RECENT FINDINGS The release of chemokines from degenerated discs facilitates the infiltration and activation of immune cells, thereby intensifying the inflammatory cascade response. The migration of immune cells into the venous lumen is concomitant with the emergence of microvascular tissue and nerve fibers. Furthermore, the presence of neurogenic factors secreted by disc cells and immune cells stimulates the activation of pain-related cation channels in the dorsal root ganglion, potentially exacerbating discogenic and neurogenic pain and intensifying the degenerative cascade response mediated by chemokines. Gaining a deeper comprehension of the functions of chemokines and immune cells in these processes involving catabolism, angiogenesis, and injury detection could offer novel therapeutic avenues for managing symptomatic disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xue
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Central Laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiujiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Long Lv
- Central Laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Central Laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China.
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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2
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Perez JC, Poulen G, Cardoso M, Boukhaddaoui H, Gazard CM, Courtand G, Bertrand SS, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. CSF1R inhibition at chronic stage after spinal cord injury modulates microglia proliferation. Glia 2023; 71:2782-2798. [PMID: 37539655 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces irreversible autonomic and sensory-motor impairments. A large number of patients exhibit chronic SCI and no curative treatment is currently available. Microglia are predominant immune players after SCI, they undergo highly dynamic processes, including proliferation and morphological modification. In a translational aim, we investigated whether microglia proliferation persists at chronic stage after spinal cord hemisection and whether a brief pharmacological treatment could modulate microglial responses. We first carried out a time course analysis of SCI-induced microglia proliferation associated with morphological analysis up to 84 days post-injury (dpi). Second, we analyzed outcomes on microglia of an oral administration of GW2580, a colony stimulating factor-1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor reducing selectively microglia proliferation. After SCI, microglia proliferation remains elevated at 84 dpi. The percentage of proliferative microglia relative to proliferative cells increases over time reaching almost 50% at 84 dpi. Morphological modifications of microglia processes are observed up to 84 dpi and microglia cell body area is transiently increased up to 42 dpi. A transient post-injury GW2580-delivery at two chronic stages after SCI (42 and 84 dpi) reduces microglia proliferation and modifies microglial morphology evoking an overall limitation of secondary inflammation. Finally, transient GW2580-delivery at chronic stage after SCI modulates myelination processes. Together our study shows that there is a persistent microglia proliferation induced by SCI and that a pharmacological treatment at chronic stage after SCI modulates microglial responses. Thus, a transient oral GW2580-delivery at chronic stage after injury may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Maida Cardoso
- UMR 5221, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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3
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Wang T, Li Y, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Huang L, Zhao H, Zhou Z, Wu Q. Anti-aging mechanism of different age donor-matched adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:192. [PMID: 37533129 PMCID: PMC10394785 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have anti-aging and anti-obesity effects in aged animals, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo transplantation effects of different age donor-matched ASCs on natural aging and leptin knockout mice (ob-/ob- mice). The multi-omics expression profiles of young and aged mouse donor-derived ASCs were also analyzed. RESULTS The results revealed that ASCs from young donors induced weight and abdominal fat loss for older recipients but not for young or ob-/ob-mice. The young and aged mouse donor ASCs displayed significant phenotypic differences, contributing to the distinguished weight loss and anti-aging effects in aged mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an underlying molecular mechanism by which young-donor ASCs reduce immune cells and inflammation in aged mice via secreted immune factors. These findings point to a general anti-aging mechanism of stem cells, which may provide new insights into age-related disturbances of stem cell plasticity in healthy aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yingyu Li
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Zebiao Liu
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Li Huang
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zuping Zhou
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Freyermuth-Trujillo X, Segura-Uribe JJ, Salgado-Ceballos H, Orozco-Barrios CE, Coyoy-Salgado A. Inflammation: A Target for Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172692. [PMID: 36078099 PMCID: PMC9454769 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be treatable if intervention is initiated promptly. Therefore, several treatment proposals are currently being evaluated. Inflammation is part of a complex physiological response to injury or harmful stimuli induced by mechanical, chemical, or immunological agents. Neuroinflammation is one of the principal secondary changes following SCI and plays a crucial role in modulating the pathological progression of acute and chronic SCI. This review describes the main inflammatory events occurring after SCI and discusses recently proposed potential treatments and therapeutic agents that regulate inflammation after insult in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-2498-5223
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Baazm M, Behrens V, Beyer C, Nikoubashman O, Zendedel A. Regulation of Inflammasomes by Application of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Spinal Cord Injury Model. Cells 2021; 10:3147. [PMID: 34831370 PMCID: PMC8618254 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n3) ameliorate inflammation in different diseases and potentially improve neurological function after neuronal injury. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), inflammatory events result in caspase-1 mediated activation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) and 18. We aim to evaluate the neuroprotective potency of PUFA n3 in suppressing the formation and activation of inflammasomes following SCI. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, SCI, SCI+PUFA n3, and SCI+Lipofundin MCT (medium-chain triglyceride; vehicle). PUFA n3 or vehicle was intravenously administered immediately after SCI and every 24 h for the next three days. We analyzed the expression of NLRP3, NLRP1, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1b, and 18 in the spinal cord. The distribution of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes was assessed by immunohistochemistry analysis. Behavioral testing showed significantly improved locomotor recovery in PUFA n3-treated animals and the SCI-induced upregulation of inflammasome components was reduced. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the suppression of microgliosis, increased numbers of oligodendrocytes, and the prevention of demyelination by PUFA n3. Our data support the neuroprotective role of PUFA n3 by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings provide evidence that PUFA n3 has therapeutic effects which potentially attenuate neuronal damage in SCI and possibly also in other neuronal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Baazm
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak 3819693345, Iran;
| | - Victoria Behrens
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (V.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (V.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Omid Nikoubashman
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (V.B.); (C.B.)
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CXCL12 promotes spinal nerve regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Neuroreport 2021; 32:450-457. [PMID: 33657074 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent loss of motor and sensory function due to the complex mechanisms of the external microenvironment and internal neurobiochemistry that restrict neuronal plasticity and axonal regeneration. Chemokine CXCL12 was verified in regulating the development of central nervous system (CNS) and repairing of CNS disease. In the present study, CXCL12 was downregulated in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI also induced gliosis and loss of synapse. Intrathecal treatment of CXCL12 promoted the functional recovery of SCI by inducing the formation of neuronal connections and suppressing glia scar. To confirm whether CXCL12 promoted synapse formation and functional neuronal connections, the primary cortical neurons were treated with CXCL12 peptide, the synapse was examined using Immunofluorescence staining and the function of synapse was tested using a whole-cell patch clamp. The results indicated that CXCL12 peptide promoted axonal elongation, branche formation, dendrite generation and synaptogenesis. The electrophysiological results showed that CXCL12 peptide increased functional connections among neurons. Taken together, the present study illustrated an underlying mechanism of the development of SCI and indicated a potential approach to facilitate functional recovery of spinal cord after SCI.
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Lin S, Xu C, Lin J, Hu H, Zhang C, Mei X. Regulation of inflammatory cytokines for spinal cord injury recovery. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:137-142. [PMID: 33001420 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most destructive traumatic diseases in human beings. The balance of inflammation in the microenvironment is crucial to the repair process of spinal cord injury. Inflammatory cytokines are direct mediators of local lesion inflammation and affect the prognosis of spinal cord injury to varying degrees. In spinal cord injury models, some inflammatory cytokines are beneficial for spinal cord repair, while others are harmful. A large number of animal studies have shown that local targeted administration can effectively regulate the secretion and delivery of inflammatory cytokines and promote the repair of spinal cord injury. In addition, many clinical studies have shown that drugs can promote the repair of spinal cord injury by regulating the content of inflammatory cytokines. However, topical administration affects only a small portion of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, different individuals have different inflammatory cytokine profiles during spinal cord injury. Therefore, future research should aim to develop a personalized local delivery therapeutic cocktail strategy to effectively and accurately regulate inflammation and obtain substantial functional recovery from spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaquan Lin
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Hengshuo Hu
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Chuanjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China.
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8
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Xue Y, Xu T, Jiang W. Dexmedetomidine protects PC12 cells from ropivacaine injury through miR-381/LRRC4 /SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway. Regen Ther 2020; 14:322-329. [PMID: 32467829 PMCID: PMC7243045 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ropivacaine has been regularly used because of its good anesthetic and analgesic effects, but it may exert neurotoxic effects on neurocyte. Dexmedetomidine has presented special advantages in the fields of neuroprotection, and it also could improve peripheral nerve block combining with ropivacaine. However, if dexmedetomidine could repair neurocyte injury induced by ropivacaine, and the specific mechanism remain unclear. Methods Western blotting and qRT-PCR were applied for measuring expression of protein and mRNA, respectively. Flow cytometry was used for assessing apoptosis. Cell proliferation was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Transwell assay was applied to measure the migration and invasion of cells. Dual luciferase reporter assay was applied for confirming the binding site between microRNA-381 (miR-381) and Leucine-rich repeat C4 protein (LRRC4). Results The viability of PC12 cells increased with raising the concentration of dexmedetomidine (0 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM). Dexmedetomidine reversed role of ropivacaine (0 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM) by upragulating the expression of miR-381 and suppressing the expression of LRRC4 in PC12 cells. miR-381 can directly interact with target gene LRRC4 and negatively regulate its expression. Dexmedetomidine promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis of PC12 cells by suppressing LRRC4 via up-regulating the expressions of miR-381 and further activated SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine could protect PC12 cells from ropivacaine injury through miR-381/LRRC4/SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway. This study may provide new therapeutic strategy targeting miR-381/LRRC4/SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway about the prevention of ropivacaine induced neurocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
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Ashrafizadeh M, Tavakol S, Ahmadi Z, Roomiani S, Mohammadinejad R, Samarghandian S. Therapeutic effects of kaempferol affecting autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Phytother Res 2019; 34:911-923. [PMID: 31829475 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) guarantees to preserve organismal homeostasis. Apoptosis and autophagy are two major arms of RCD, while endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a crucial organelle involved in proteostasis, promotes cells toward autophagy and apoptosis. Alteration in ER stress and autophagy machinery is responsible for a great number of diseases. Therefore, targeting those pathways appears to be beneficial in the treatment of relevant diseases. Meantime, among the traditional herb medicine, kaempferol as a flavonoid seems to be promising to modulate ER stress and autophagy and exhibits protective effects on malfunctioning cells. There are some reports indicating the capability of kaempferol in affecting autophagy and ER stress. In brief, kaempferol modulates autophagy in noncancerous cells to protect cells against malfunction, while it induces cell mortality derived from autophagy through the elevation of p-AMP-activated protein kinase, light chain-3-II, autophagy-related geness, and Beclin-1 in cancer cells. Noteworthy, kaempferol enhances cell survival through C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) suppression and GRP78 increment in noncancerous cells, while it enhances cell mortality through the induction of unfolding protein response and CHOP increment in cancer cells. In this review, we discuss how kaempferol modulates autophagy and ER stress in noncancer and cancer cells to expand our knowledge of new pharmacological compounds for the treatment of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Sahar Roomiani
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Mohammadinejad R, Ahmadi Z, Tavakol S, Ashrafizadeh M. Berberine as a potential autophagy modulator. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14914-14926. [PMID: 30770555 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Today, pharmacognosy is considered a valuable science in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Among herbals, Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in the Berberis species. Surprisingly, it shows antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, it diminishes drug resistance in cancer therapy and enhances tumor suppression in part through autophagy and cell cycle arrest mechanisms. In the present review, we discuss the effect of berberine on diverse cellular pathways and describe how berberine acts as an autophagy modulator to adjust physiologic and pathologic conditions and diminishes drug resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad Branch, Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mohammadinejad R, Tavakol S, Ahmadi Z, Roomiani S, Katebi M. Autophagy, anoikis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress: Potential applications in melanoma therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19471-19479. [PMID: 31032940 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma as the most major skin malignancy has attracted much attention, so far. Although a successful therapeutic strategy requires an accurate understanding of the precise mechanisms for the initiation and progression of the melanoma. Several types of cell death mechanisms have recently been identified along with conventional cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and necrosis. Among those mechanisms, necroptosis, anoikis, ferroptosis, and autophagy may be considered to have remarkable modulatory impacts on melanoma. In the present review, we explain the mechanisms of cell death signaling pathways related to autophagy, ferroptosis, anoikis, necroptosis, and reticulum endoplasmic stress in cells and describe how those mechanisms transduce signals in melanoma cells. Meanwhile, we describe how we can modulate those mechanisms to eliminate melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad Branch, University of Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Sahar Roomiani
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad Branch, University of Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
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12
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Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang X, Zhao W, Ren H, Hu Z. SDF1/CXCR7 Signaling Axis Participates in Angiogenesis in Degenerated Discs via the PI3K/AKT Pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:457-467. [PMID: 30864829 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the main cause of low back pain, and the ingrowth of new blood vessels is one of its pathological features. The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1)/CXCR7 signaling axis plays a role in these physiological and pathological activities. The aims of this study were to explore whether this signaling axis participates in the angiogenesis of degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) and to define its underlying mechanism. In this study, we cocultured human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and regulated the expression of SDF1/CXCR7 to investigate the effect of VEC angiogenesis by NPCs. The results revealed that angiogenesis was enhanced with increased SDF1 and that angiogenesis was weakened with the inhibition of CXCR7. We found that PI3K/AKT was involved in the downstream pathway in the coculture. VEC angiogenesis induction by NPCs was enhanced with an increase in pAKT or a decrease in PTEN. We conclude that the SDF1/CXCR7 signaling axis plays a role in the angiogenesis of degenerated IVD through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenming Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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13
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Ren H, Chen X, Tian M, Zhou J, Ouyang H, Zhang Z. Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines for Spinal Cord Injury Repair Through Local Delivery of Therapeutic Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800529. [PMID: 30479916 PMCID: PMC6247077 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The balance of inflammation is critical to the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is one of the most devastating traumas in human beings. Inflammatory cytokines, the direct mediators of local inflammation, have differential influences on the repair of the injured spinal cord. Some inflammatory cytokines are demonstrated beneficial to spinal cord repair in SCI models, while some detrimental. Various animal researches have revealed that local delivery of therapeutic agents efficiently regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes repair from SCI. Quite a few clinical studies have also shown the promotion of repair from SCI through regulation of inflammatory cytokines. However, local delivery of a single agent affects only a part of the inflammatory cytokines that need to be regulated. Meanwhile, different individuals have differential profiles of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, future studies may aim to develop personalized strategies of locally delivered therapeutic agent cocktails for effective and precise regulation of inflammation, and substantial functional recovery from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
| | - Xuri Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Mengya Tian
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing TechnologiesGuangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
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14
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Stewart AN, Kendziorski G, Deak ZM, Bartosek NC, Rezmer BE, Jenrow K, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells that overexpress NT-3 produce motor improvements without axonal regeneration following complete spinal cord transections in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1699:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Hickey K, Stabenfeldt SE. Using biomaterials to modulate chemotactic signaling for central nervous system repair. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:044106. [PMID: 29411713 PMCID: PMC5991092 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aaad82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis enables cellular communication and movement within the body. This review focuses on exploiting chemotaxis as a tool for repair of the central nervous system (CNS) damaged from injury and/or degenerative diseases. Chemokines and factors alone may initiate repair following CNS injury/disease, but exogenous administration may enhance repair and promote regeneration. This review will discuss critical chemotactic molecules and factors that may promote neural regeneration. Additionally, this review highlights how biomaterials can impact the presentation and delivery of chemokines and growth factors to alter the regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassondra Hickey
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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16
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Stewart AN, Matyas JJ, Welchko RM, Goldsmith AD, Zeiler SE, Hochgeschwender U, Lu M, Nan Z, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. SDF-1 overexpression by mesenchymal stem cells enhances GAP-43-positive axonal growth following spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:395-411. [PMID: 28598857 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Utilizing genetic overexpression of trophic molecules in cell populations has been a promising strategy to develop cell replacement therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI). Over-expressing the chemokine, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1α), which has chemotactic effects on many cells of the nervous system, offers a promising strategy to promote axonal regrowth following SCI. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of human SDF-1α, when overexpressed by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on axonal growth and motor behavior in a contusive rat model of SCI. METHODS Using a transwell migration assay, the paracrine effects of MSCs, which were engineered to secrete human SDF-1α (SDF-1-MSCs), were assessed on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). For in vivo analyses, the SDF-1-MSCs, unaltered MSCs, or Hanks Buffered Saline Solution (vehicle) were injected into the lesion epicenter of rats at 9-days post-SCI. Behavior was analyzed for 7-weeks post-injury, using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale of locomotor functions. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate major histopathological outcomes, including gliosis, inflammation, white matter sparing, and cavitation. New axonal outgrowth was characterized using immunohistochemistry against the neuron specific growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). RESULTS The results of these experiments demonstrate that the overexpression of SDF-1α by MSCs can enhance the migration of NSCs in vitro. Although only modest functional improvements were observed following transplantation of SDF-1-MSCs, a significant reduction in cavitation surrounding the lesion, and an increased density of GAP-43-positive axons inside the SCI lesion/graft site were found. CONCLUSION The results from these experiments support the potential role for utilizing SDF-1α as a treatment for enhancing growth and regeneration of axons after traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nathaniel Stewart
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Jane Matyas
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Matthew Welchko
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Alison Delanie Goldsmith
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Zeiler
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ming Lu
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Zhenhong Nan
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Gary Leo Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Field Neurosciences Inst., 4677 Towne Centre Rd. Suite 101 Saginaw, MI, USA
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17
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Induction of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells By Extracorporeal Shock Waves After Spinal Cord Injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E200-E207. [PMID: 28658046 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Animal experimental study OBJECTIVES.: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) on endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation after spinal cord injury (SCI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Exogenous stem cell transplantation for SCI still has many limitations to be addressed such as ideal cell sources, timing of transplantation, and fate of the transplanted cells. Moreover, the efficacy is another issue owing to a peculiar pathologic condition in the chronic phase of SCI. METHODS Contusive SCI was made using 24 Sprague-Dawley rats, and ESWs were applied at post-injury 4 weeks in rats. Proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs (DCX, Sox-2) and axonal sprouting (GAP-43 and MAP-2) were observed at 6 weeks after application of ESWs. Differentiation of the activated neural stem cells was also investigated by coexpression of neuronal/glial cell markers (GFAP, Neu N, and CC-1). Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed for quantitative analysis, and these results were compared with those in the control group. For clinical assessment, the BBB locomotor rating scale was performed. RESULTS More proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells was noted in the experimental groups, and these activated cells were mainly founded in the ependymal layer of the central canal and the injured posterior horn. Differentiation into neuronal and glial cells was also noted in a limited number of cells. With respect to axonal regeneration, GAP-43 and MAP-2 expressions in the experimental groups were also significantly higher than those in the control group. During 6 weeks' clinical observation following ESWs application, functional improvement of the hindlimb was observed without clinical deterioration by trials. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings indicate that ESWs on the chronic phase of SCI induce activation of endogenous NSCs and consequent functional improvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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18
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Recent advances in regenerative medicine approaches for spinal cord injuries. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Co-transplantation of mesenchymal and neural stem cells and overexpressing stromal-derived factor-1 for treating spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2017; 1672:91-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Pakulska MM, Tator CH, Shoichet MS. Local delivery of chondroitinase ABC with or without stromal cell-derived factor 1α promotes functional repair in the injured rat spinal cord. Biomaterials 2017; 134:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Zendedel A, Mönnink F, Hassanzadeh G, Zaminy A, Ansar MM, Habib P, Slowik A, Kipp M, Beyer C. Estrogen Attenuates Local Inflammasome Expression and Activation after Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1364-1375. [PMID: 28127698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
17-estradiol (E2) is a neuroprotective hormone with a high anti-inflammatory potential in different neurological disorders. The inflammatory response initiated by spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the processing of interleukin-1beta (IL-1b) and IL-18 mediated by caspase-1 which is under the control of an intracellular multiprotein complex called inflammasome. We recently described in a SCI model that between 24 and 72 h post-injury, most of inflammasome components including IL-18, IL-1b, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 are upregulated. In this study, we investigated the influence of E2 treatment after spinal cord contusion on inflammasome regulation. After contusion of T9 spinal segment, 12-week-old male Wistar rats were treated subcutaneously with E2 immediately after injury and every 12 h for the next 3 days. Behavioral scores were significantly improved in E2-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated groups. Functional improvement in E2-treated animals was paralleled by the attenuated expression of certain inflammasome components such as ASC, NLRP1b, and NLRP3 together with IL1b, IL-18, and caspase-1. On the histopathological level, microgliosis and oligodendrocyte injury was ameliorated. These findings support and extend the knowledge of the E2-mediated neuroprotective function during SCI. The control of the inflammasome machinery by E2 might be a missing piece of the puzzle to understand the anti-inflammatory potency of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fabian Mönnink
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Zaminy
- Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Malek Masoud Ansar
- Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Brain, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Pires AO, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Teixeira FG, Anjo SI, Ribeiro-Samy S, Gomes ED, Serra SC, Silva NA, Manadas B, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Unveiling the Differences of Secretome of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells, and Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells: A Proteomic Analysis. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1073-83. [PMID: 27226274 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has emerged as a possible therapeutic strategy for CNS-related conditions. Research in the last decade strongly suggests that MSC-mediated benefits are closely related with their secretome. Studies published in recent years have shown that the secretome of hMSCs isolated from different tissue sources may present significant variation. With this in mind, the present work performed a comparative proteomic-based analysis through mass spectrometry on the secretome of hMSCs derived from bone marrow (BMSCs), adipose tissue (ASCs), and human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs). The results revealed that BMSCs, ASCs, and HUCPVCs differed in their secretion of neurotrophic, neurogenic, axon guidance, axon growth, and neurodifferentiative proteins, as well as proteins with neuroprotective actions against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and excitotoxicity, which have been shown to be involved in several CNS disorder/injury processes. Although important changes were observed within the secretome of the cell populations that were analyzed, all cell populations shared the capability of secreting important neuroregulatory molecules. The difference in their secretion pattern may indicate that their secretome is specific to a condition of the CNS. Nevertheless, the confirmation that the secretome of MSCs isolated from different tissue sources is rich in neuroregulatory molecules represents an important asset not only for the development of future neuroregenerative strategies but also for their use as a therapeutic option for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana O Pires
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Barbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- 3 Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal .,4 CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silvina Ribeiro-Samy
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- 4 CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Antonio J Salgado
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal .,2 ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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23
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Cheng X, Long H, Chen W, Xu J, Huang Y, Li F. Three-dimensional alteration of cervical anterior spinal artery and anterior radicular artery in rat model of chronic spinal cord compression by micro-CT. Neurosci Lett 2015; 606:106-12. [PMID: 26327142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the spatial and temporal changes of anterior spinal artery (ASA) and anterior radicular artery (ARA) of chronic compressive spinal cord injury on rat model by three-dimensional micro-CT. METHODS 48 rats were divided into two groups: sham control group (n=24) and compressive spinal cord injury group (n=24). A C6 semi-laminectomy was performed in the sham control group, while a water-absorbable polyurethane polymer was implanted into C6 epidural space in the compression group. The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were used to evaluate neurological function. Micro-CT scanning was used to investigate the change of ASA and ARA after perfusion at the 1th (n=6), 28th (n=6), 42th (n=6) and 70th (n=6) day of post operation. The diameter, angle-off and vascular index (VI) was measured by 3D micro-CT. RESULTS In comparison with sham control, BBB score have a significant reduction at the 28th day (p<0.05) and abnormal SEP have a significant severity at the 28th day (p<0.05). Both of them have a significant improvement at the 70th day compared with that of the 28th day (p<0.05). VI shows the amount of microvessels reduced at the 28th day (p<0.05) and increased at the 70th day (p<0.05). The diameter and angle-off of ASA and ARA also changed significantly at the 28th, 42th, 70th day (p<0.05). CONCLUSION There was a significant alteration of cervical anterior spinal artery and anterior radicular artery after chronic cervical spinal cord compression. Alteration of ASA and ARA may affect the vascular density of spinal cord and play an important role in neural functional change of chronic cervical spinal cord compression through 3D micro-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - HouQing Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - WenLi Chen
- Department of neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - JingHui Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - YangLiang Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - FoBao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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24
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Zendedel A, Johann S, Mehrabi S, Joghataei MT, Hassanzadeh G, Kipp M, Beyer C. Activation and Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome by Intrathecal Application of SDF-1a in a Spinal Cord Injury Model. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3063-3075. [PMID: 25972240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1a) or CXCL12 is an important cytokine with multiple functions in the brain during development and in adulthood. The inflammatory response initiated by spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the processing of interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) and IL-18 mediated by caspase-1 which is under the control of an intracellular multiprotein complex termed inflammasome. Using an SCI rat model, we found improved functional long-term recovery which is paralleled by a reduction of apoptosis after intrathecal treatment with SDF-1a. An intriguing aspect is that SDF-1a changed the number of neuroinflammatory cells in the damaged area. We further examined the cellular localization and sequential expression of several inflammasomes during SCI at 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days as well as the role of SDF-1a as a regulatory factor for inflammasomes. Using 14-week old male Wistar rats, spinal cord contusion was applied at the thoracic segment 9, and animals were subsequently treated with SDF-1a via intrathecal application through an osmotic pump. SCI temporally increased the expression of the inflammasomes NLRP3, ASC, the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1ß (IL-1β) and IL-18. SDF-1a significantly reduced the levels of IL-18, IL-1b, TNF-a, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. Immunofluorescence double-labeling demonstrated that microglia and neurons are major sources of the ASC and NLRP3 respectivley. Our data provide clear evidence that SCI stimulates a complex scenario of inflammasome activation at the injured site and that SDF-1a-mediated neuroprotection presumably depends on the attenuation of the inflammasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Sonja Johann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Atterberry PN, Roark TJ, Severt SY, Schiller ML, Antos JM, Murphy AR. Sustained Delivery of Chemokine CXCL12 from Chemically Modified Silk Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1582-9. [PMID: 25894928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A delivery platform was developed using silk-based hydrogels, and sustained delivery of the cationic chemokine CXCL12 at therapeutically relevant doses is demonstrated. Hydrogels were prepared from plain silk and silk that had been chemically modified with sulfonic acid groups. CXCL12 was mixed with the silk solution prior to gelation, resulting in 100% encapsulation efficiency, and both hydrated and lyophilized gels were compared. By attaching a fluorescein tag to CXCL12 using a site-specific sortase-mediated enzymatic ligation, release was easily quantified in a high-throughput manner using fluorescence spectroscopy. CXCL12 continually eluted from both plain and acid-modified silk hydrogels for more than 5 weeks at concentrations ranging from 10 to 160 ng per day, depending on the gel preparation method. Notably, acid-modified silk hydrogels displayed minimal burst release yet had higher long-term release rates compared to those of plain silk hydrogels. Similar release profiles were observed over a range of loading capacities, allowing dosage to be easily varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige N Atterberry
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Travis J Roark
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Sean Y Severt
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Morgan L Schiller
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - John M Antos
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Amanda R Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
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26
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Walter HL, van der Maten G, Antunes AR, Wieloch T, Ruscher K. Treatment with AMD3100 attenuates the microglial response and improves outcome after experimental stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:24. [PMID: 25881123 PMCID: PMC4329193 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery of lost neurological function after stroke is limited and dependent on multiple mechanisms including inflammatory processes. Selective pharmacological modulation of inflammation might be a promising approach to improve stroke outcome. Methods We used 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis[1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane] (AMD3100), an antagonist to the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and potential allosteric agonist to CXCR7, administered to mice twice daily from day 2 after induction of photothrombosis (PT). In addition to functional outcome, the dynamics of post-stroke microglia response were monitored in vivo by 2-photon-laser-microscopy in heterozygous transgenic CX3CR1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice (CX3CR1GFP/+) and complemented with analyses for fractalkine (FKN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results We found a significantly enhanced recovery and modified microglia activation without affecting infarct size in mice treated with AMD3100 after PT. AMD3100 treatment significantly reduced the number of microglia in the peri-infarct area accompanied by stabilization of soma size and ramified cell morphology. Within the ischemic infarct core of AMD3100 treated wild-type mice we obtained significantly reduced levels of the endogenous CX3CR1 ligand FKN and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Interestingly, in CX3CR1-deficient mice (homozygous transgenic CX3CR1-GFP mice) subjected to PT, the levels of FKN were significantly lower compared to their wild-type littermates. Moreover, AMD3100 treatment did not induce any relevant changes of cytokine levels in CX3CR1 deficient mice. Conclusion After AMD3100 treatment, attenuation of microglia activation contributes to enhanced recovery of lost neurological function in experimental stroke possibly due to a depression of FKN levels in the brain. We further hypothesize that this mechanism is dependent on a functional receptor CX3CR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L Walter
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gerlinde van der Maten
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ana Rita Antunes
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
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Transplanted iNSCs migrate through SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling to promote neural recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Neuroreport 2014; 25:391-7. [PMID: 24374507 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of transplanted induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury and the mechanism by which iNSCs migrate to injured areas are poorly understood. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a cytokine, whereas CXCR4 is its cognate receptor. The aim of this study was to determine whether SDF-1 regulates the migration of iNSCs and to explore the potential mechanism by which iNSCs promotes functional recovery. In-vitro experiments demonstrated that SDF-1 induces a concentration-dependent migration of iNSCs. Pretreatment with the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100 significantly prevented the migration of iNSCs. We found that the expression of SDF-1 increased significantly in spinal cord lesions and was mainly associated with neurons and astrocytes. We also demonstrated that transplanted green fluorescent protein-labeled iNSCs were localized to regions where SDF-1 was highly expressed. In addition, iNSC-treated animals showed significantly improved functional recovery as assessed by BBB at 7 days after injection compared with controls. iNSCs also increased cell proliferation, enhanced vascularity, and reduced apoptosis. These results suggest that upregulated SDF-1 plays an important role in the migration of iNSCs to the injured region and that iNSCs are beneficial for functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Does extracorporeal shock wave introduce alteration of microenvironment in cell therapy for chronic spinal cord injury? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:E1553-9. [PMID: 25271504 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Animal experimental study. OBJECTIVE To present experimental evidence for cell therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In chronic SCI, the efficacy of cell engraftment has been known to be low due to its distinct pathology. Alteration of microenvironment was tried using extracorporeal shock waves (ESW) for chronic SCI, and the efficacy of cell therapy was investigated. METHODS A chronic contusive SCI model was made in 36 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were allocated into (1) control group (SCI only), (2) ESW control group (SCI + ESW), (3) IV group (SCI + intravenous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs), and (4) ESW + IV group (SCI + MSCs IV transplantation after ESW). ESW were applied at the energy determined by our preliminary trials. Engraftment of the cells and expressions of growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal growth factor) and cytokines (SDF-1, CXCR4, VEGF) at the epicenter were assessed. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale was used for the clinical assessment. RESULTS The mean numbers of engrafted cells were higher in the ESW+ IV than that in the IV with a statistical significance. The expression of SDF-1 was higher in the ESW groups than that in the control or IV group. CXCR4 was highly expressed in the transplanted groups. The expressions of growth factors in the treated group were higher in the treated group than those in the control group. However, various statistical significances were noted. The improvement of locomotor was higher in the transplanted groups than that in the control and ESW only group. CONCLUSION At a given energy level, ESW presented more engraftment of the transplanted MSCs without any clinical deterioration in a chronic SCI. Based on this promising result and possible explanations, ESW may cause an alteration of the microenvironment for the cell therapy in chronic SCI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Knerlich-Lukoschus F, Krossa S, Krause J, Mehdorn HM, Scheidig A, Held-Feindt J. Impact of chemokines on the properties of spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells in a rat spinal cord lesion model. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:562-71. [PMID: 25491360 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The existence of endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult spinal cord (sc) provides the potential for tailored repair therapies after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigates the impact of inflammatory mediators on properties of NPC cultures derived from adult rats after SCI. The Infinite Horizon impactor was used to apply 200-kdyn thoracic sc lesions in adult rats. Control groups received laminectomies to equivalent sc regions. Thoracic sc segments were taken for neurosphere cell cultures. Cell proliferation was found to be significantly higher in lesion groups. Neurosphere-derived cells differentiated into neurons, oligodendroglia, and astroglia. Lesion cultures exhibited significantly higher amounts of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA (P < 0.0005) and β-III-tubulin mRNA (P < 0.05) compared with sham animals. Neurospheres from different treatment groups exhibited the same amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 mRNA. C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) expression on neurospheres was examined by real-time RT-PCR. CCR1 was expressed most consistently in mRNA levels in neurospheres from both treatment groups. After cell differentiation, CCR1 mRNA amounts decreased. CCR1 was detectable by immunohistochemistry in neurospheres and differentiated cells of both groups. Application of CCL3 during differentiation cycles led to significantly higher GFAP mRNA amounts in sham animals compared with CCL3-free cultures; in contrast, CCL3 had no impact on cell differentiation in the lesion group. In conclusion, impact SCI alters differentiation tendencies and proliferation rates of adult-derived sc NPCs. Thereby, CCR1/CCL3 promotes specifically astroglial differentiation of NPCs, which provides a potential target for future neurorestorative approaches.
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Wu L, Li J, Chen L, Zhang H, Yuan L, Davies SJ. Combined transplantation of GDAs(BMP) and hr-decorin in spinal cord contusion repair. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2236-48. [PMID: 25206533 PMCID: PMC4146032 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.24.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury, astrocyte proliferation and scar formation are the main factors inhibiting the regeneration and growth of spinal cord axons. Recombinant decorin suppresses inflammatory reactions, inhibits glial scar formation, and promotes axonal growth. Rat models of T8 spinal cord contusion were created with the NYU impactor and these models were subjected to combined transplantation of bone morphogenetic protein-4-induced glial-restricted precursor-derived astrocytes and human recombinant decorin transplantation. At 28 days after spinal cord contusion, double-immunofluorescent histochemistry revealed that combined transplantation inhibited the early inflammatory response in injured rats. Furthermore, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which was secreted by transplanted cells, protected injured axons. The combined transplantation promoted axonal regeneration and growth of injured motor and sensory neurons by inhibiting astrocyte proliferation and glial scar formation, with astrocytes forming a linear arrangement in the contused spinal cord, thus providing axonal regeneration channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China ; Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Xiaotangshan Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 102211, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Stephen Ja Davies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, 1250 14th Street Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
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Hu X, Liou AKF, Leak RK, Xu M, An C, Suenaga J, Shi Y, Gao Y, Zheng P, Chen J. Neurobiology of microglial action in CNS injuries: receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms and functional roles. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 119-120:60-84. [PMID: 24923657 PMCID: PMC4121732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the first line of immune defense against central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. These highly plastic cells play dualistic roles in neuronal injury and recovery and are known for their ability to assume diverse phenotypes. A broad range of surface receptors are expressed on microglia and mediate microglial 'On' or 'Off' responses to signals from other host cells as well as invading microorganisms. The integrated actions of these receptors result in tightly regulated biological functions, including cell mobility, phagocytosis, the induction of acquired immunity, and trophic factor/inflammatory mediator release. Over the last few years, significant advances have been made toward deciphering the signaling mechanisms related to these receptors and their specific cellular functions. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of the surface receptors involved in microglial activation, with an emphasis on their engagement of distinct functional programs and their roles in CNS injuries. It will become evident from this review that microglial homeostasis is carefully maintained by multiple counterbalanced strategies, including, but not limited to, 'On' and 'Off' receptor signaling. Specific regulation of theses microglial receptors may be a promising therapeutic strategy against CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
| | - Anthony K F Liou
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Mingyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengrui An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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Ma J, Liu N, Yi B, Zhang X, Gao BB, Zhang Y, Xu R, Li X, Dai Y. Transplanted hUCB-MSCs migrated to the damaged area by SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling to promote functional recovery after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurol Res 2014; 37:50-6. [PMID: 24919714 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transplanted human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have exhibited considerable therapeutic potential for traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, how hUC-MSCs migrating to the injury region and the mechanism of hUC-MSCs promoting functional recovery after TBI are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was involved in the hUC-MSCs migration and the possible mechanisms that might be involved in the beneficial effect on functional recovery. In vitro experiments demonstrated that SDF-1 induces a concentration-dependent migration of hUC-MSCs. Furthermore, pre-treatment with the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100 significantly prevented the migration of hUC-MSCs in vitro. We found that the expression of SDF-1 increased significantly around the damaged area. Transplanted hUC-MSCs were localized to regions where SDF-1 was highly expressed. Additionally, our results showed that hUC-MSCs-treated animals showed significantly improved functional recovery compared with controls. In hUC-MSCs-transplanted group, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were decreased and BrdU-positive cells were significantly increased compared with control group, more of BrdU-positive cells co-localized with GFAP. These suggest that SDF-1 plays an important role in the migration of hUC-MSCs to the damaged area and hUC-MSCs are beneficial for functional recovery after TBI.
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Yin T, Bader AR, Hou TK, Maron BA, Kao DD, Qian R, Kohane DS, Handy DE, Loscalzo J, Zhang YY. SDF-1α in glycan nanoparticles exhibits full activity and reduces pulmonary hypertension in rats. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4009-20. [PMID: 24059347 DOI: 10.1021/bm401122q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To establish a homing signal in the lung to recruit circulating stem cells for tissue repair, we formulated a nanoparticle, SDF-1α NP, by complexing SDF-1α with dextran sulfate and chitosan. The data show that SDF-1α was barely released from the nanoparticles over an extended period of time in vitro (3% in 7 days at 37 °C); however, incorporated SDF-1α exhibited full chemotactic activity and receptor activation compared to its free form. The nanoparticles were not endocytosed after incubation with Jurkat cells. When aerosolized into the lungs of rats, SDF-1α NP displayed a greater retention time compared to free SDF-1α (64 vs 2% remaining at 16 h). In a rat model of monocrotaline-induced lung injury, SDF-1α NP, but not free form SDF-1α, was found to reduce pulmonary hypertension. These data suggest that the nanoparticle formulation protected SDF-1α from rapid clearance in the lung and sustained its biological function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Kyritsis N, Kizil C, Brand M. Neuroinflammation and central nervous system regeneration in vertebrates. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:128-35. [PMID: 24029244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) are one of the leading causes of mortality or persistent disabilities in humans. One of the reasons why humans cannot recover from neuronal loss is the limited regenerative capacity of their CNS. By contrast, non-mammalian vertebrates exhibit widespread regeneration in diverse tissues including the CNS. Understanding those mechanisms activated during regeneration may improve the regenerative outcome in the severed mammalian CNS. Of those mechanisms, recent evidence suggests that inflammation may be important in regeneration. In this review we compare the different events following acute CNS injury in mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. We also discuss the involvement of the immune response in initiating regenerative programs and how immune cells and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Kyritsis
- DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caghan Kizil
- DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Chen K, Deng S, Lu H, Zheng Y, Yang G, Kim D, Cao Q, Wu JQ. RNA-seq characterization of spinal cord injury transcriptome in acute/subacute phases: a resource for understanding the pathology at the systems level. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72567. [PMID: 23951329 PMCID: PMC3739761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disease without effective treatment. To generate a comprehensive view of the mechanisms involved in SCI pathology, we applied RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to characterize the temporal changes in global gene expression after contusive SCI in mice. We sequenced tissue samples from acute and subacute phases (2 days and 7 days after injury) and systematically characterized the transcriptomes with the goal of identifying pathways and genes critical in SCI pathology. The top enriched functional categories include “inflammation response,” “neurological disease,” “cell death and survival” and “nervous system development.” The top enriched pathways include LXR/RXR Activation and Atherosclerosis Signaling, etc. Furthermore, we developed a systems-based analysis framework in order to identify key determinants in the global gene networks of the acute and sub-acute phases. Some candidate genes that we identified have been shown to play important roles in SCI, which demonstrates the validity of our approach. There are also many genes whose functions in SCI have not been well studied and can be further investigated by future experiments. We have also incorporated pharmacogenomic information into our analyses. Among the genes identified, the ones with existing drug information can be readily tested in SCI animal models. Therefore, in this study we have described an example of how global gene profiling can be translated to identifying genes of interest for functional tests in the future and generating new hypotheses. Additionally, the RNA-Seq enables splicing isoform identification and the estimation of expression levels, thus providing useful information for increasing the specificity of drug design and reducing potential side effect. In summary, these results provide a valuable reference data resource for a better understanding of the SCI process in the acute and sub-acute phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenian Chen
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuyun Deng
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hezuo Lu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yiyan Zheng
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guodong Yang
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dong Kim
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qilin Cao
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (JQW) (QC)
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Institution of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (JQW) (QC)
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