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Ma J, Yanase S, Udagawa L, Kuwaki T, Kusumoto-Yoshida I. Activation of neurons in the insular cortex and lateral hypothalamus during food anticipatory period caused by food restriction in mice. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:34. [PMID: 38066417 PMCID: PMC10717706 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Mice fed a single meal daily at a fixed time display food anticipatory activity (FAA). It has been reported that the insular cortex (IC) plays an essential role in food anticipation, and lateral hypothalamus (LH) regulates the expression of FAA. However, how these areas contribute to FAA production is still unclear. Thus, we examined the temporal and spatial activation pattern of neurons in the IC and LH during the food anticipation period to determine their role in FAA establishment. We observed an increase of c-Fos-positive neurons in the IC and LH, including orexin neurons of male adult C57BL/6 mice. These neurons were gradually activated from the 1st day to 15th day of restricted feeding. The activation of these brain regions, however, peaked at a distinct point in the food restriction procedure. These results suggest that the IC and LH are differently involved in the neural network for FAA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Sakurako Yanase
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Lisa Udagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ikue Kusumoto-Yoshida
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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2
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Teegala SB, Sarkar P, Siegel DM, Sheng Z, Hao L, Bello NT, De Lecea L, Beck KD, Routh VH. Lateral hypothalamus hypocretin/orexin glucose-inhibited neurons promote food seeking after calorie restriction. Mol Metab 2023; 76:101788. [PMID: 37536499 PMCID: PMC10448466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study tests the hypothesis that changes in the glucose sensitivity of lateral hypothalamus (LH) hypocretin/orexin glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons following weight loss leads to glutamate plasticity on ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and drives food seeking behavior. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were calorie restricted to a 15% body weight loss and maintained at that body weight for 1 week. The glucose sensitivity of LH hypocretin/orexin GI and VTA dopamine neurons was measured using whole cell patch clamp recordings in brain slices. Food seeking behavior was assessed using conditioned place preference (CPP). RESULTS 1-week maintenance of calorie restricted 15% body weight loss reduced glucose inhibition of hypocretin/orexin GI neurons resulting in increased neuronal activation with reduced glycemia. The effect of decreased glucose on hypocretin/orexin GI neuronal activation was blocked by pertussis toxin (inhibitor of G-protein coupled receptor subunit Gαi/o) and Rp-cAMP (inhibitor of protein kinase A, PKA). This suggests that glucose sensitivity is mediated by the Gαi/o-adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. The excitatory effect of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, on hcrt/ox neurons was also blocked by Rp-cAMP suggesting that hormonal signals of metabolic status may converge on the glucose sensing pathway. Food restriction and weight loss increased glutamate synaptic strength (indexed by increased AMPA/NMDA receptor current ratio) on VTA dopamine neurons and the motivation to seek food (indexed by CPP). Chemogenetic inhibition of hypocretin/orexin neurons during caloric restriction and weight loss prevented these changes in glutamate plasticity and food seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that this change in the glucose sensitivity of hypocretin/orexin GI neurons may drive, in part, food seeking behavior following caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj B Teegala
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pallabi Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dashiel M Siegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Zhenyu Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Lihong Hao
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Luis De Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute. 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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3
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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Arousal-Mediated Sleep Disturbance Persists During Cocaine Abstinence in Male Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:868049. [PMID: 35812231 PMCID: PMC9260276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.868049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cocaine disturbs sleep on a dose-dependent basis; however, the consequences of chronic cocaine remain unclear. While the arousal promotion following cocaine has been well-established, effects of cocaine on sleep after termination of chronic cocaine exposure appear variable in human subjects with few studies in non-human subjects. Here, a within-subjects design (outcomes normalized to baseline, undisturbed behavior) and between-subjects design (repeated experimenter-administered cocaine vs. experimenter-administered saline) was used to investigate sleep homeostasis and sleep/waking under repeated cocaine/saline exposure and prolonged forced abstinence conditions in mice. Overall, during the forced abstinence period increases in arousal, as determined by sleep latency and gamma energy, persisted for 2 weeks. However, the sleep response to externally enforced sleep deprivation was unchanged suggesting that sleep disruptions during the forced abstinence period were driven by enhancement of arousal in the absence of changes in sleep homeostatic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Bjorness
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs (VA) North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Theresa E. Bjorness,
| | - Robert W. Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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4
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Caba M, Meza E, Escobar C, Jiménez A, Caba-Flores MD, Moreno-Cortés ML, Melo AI. Oxytocinergic cells of the posterior hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus participate in the food entrained clock. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19957. [PMID: 34620909 PMCID: PMC8497610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying food anticipatory activity are still poorly understood. Here we explored the role of oxytocin (OT) and the protein c-Fos in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), medial (PVNm) and posterior (PVNp) regions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Adult rats were assigned to one of four groups: scheduled restricted feeding (RF), ad libitum (AL), fasting after restricted feeding (RF-F), to explore the possible persistence of oscillations, or ad libitum fasted (AL-F). In the SON and in the PVNm, OT cells were c-Fos positive after food intake; in contrast, OT cells in the PVNp showed c-Fos activation in anticipation to food access, which persisted in RF-F subjects. We conclude that OT and non-OT cells of the SON and PVNm may play a role as recipients of the entraining signal provided by food intake, whereas those of the PVNp which contain motor preautonomic cells that project to peripheral organs, may be involved in the hormonal and metabolic anticipatory changes in preparation for food presentation and thus, may be part of a link between central and peripheral oscillators. In addition, due to their persistent activation they may participate in the neuronal network for the clock mechanism that leads to food entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico.
| | - Enrique Meza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Angeles Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-UAT, Tlaxcala, Tlax, Mexico
| | | | | | - Angel I Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-UAT, Tlaxcala, Tlax, Mexico
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5
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Caba M, Lehman MN, Caba-Flores MD. Food Entrainment, Arousal, and Motivation in the Neonatal Rabbit Pup. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:636764. [PMID: 33815041 PMCID: PMC8010146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.636764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the newborn rabbit, the light entrainable circadian system is immature and once a day nursing provides the primary timing cue for entrainment. In advance of the mother's arrival, pups display food anticipatory activity (FAA), and metabolic and physiological parameters are synchronized to this daily event. Central structures in the brain are also entrained as indicated by expression of Fos and Per1 proteins, GFAP, a glial marker, and cytochrome oxidase activity. Under fasting conditions, several of these rhythmic parameters persist in the periphery and brain, including rhythms in the olfactory bulb (OB). Here we provide an overview of these physiological and neurobiological changes and focus on three issues, just beginning to be examined in the rabbit. First, we review evidence supporting roles for the organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT) and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in homeostasis of fluid ingestion and the neural basis of arousal, the latter which also includes the role of the orexigenic system. Second, since FAA in association with the daily visit of the mother is an example of conditioned learning, we review evidence for changes in the corticolimbic system and identified nuclei in the amygdala and extended amygdala as part of the neural substrate responsible for FAA. Third, we review recent evidence supporting the role of oxytocinergic cells of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) as a link to the autonomic system that underlies physiological events, which occur in preparation for the upcoming next daily meal. We conclude that the rabbit model has contributed to an overall understanding of food entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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Muthmainah M, Gogos A, Sumithran P, Brown RM. Orexins (hypocretins): The intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1473-1494. [PMID: 33608877 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides originally discovered to play a role in the regulation of feeding behaviour. The broad connections of orexin neurons to mesocorticolimbic circuitry suggest they may play a role in mediating reward-related behaviour beyond homeostatic feeding. Here, we review the role of orexin in a variety of eating-related behaviour, with a focus on reward and motivation, and the neural circuits driving these effects. One emerging finding is the involvement of orexins in hedonic and appetitive behaviour towards palatable food, in addition to their role in homeostatic feeding. This review discusses the brain circuitry and possible mechanisms underlying the role of orexins in these behaviours. Overall, there is a marked bias in the literature towards studies involving male subjects. As such, future work needs to be done to involve female subjects. In summary, orexins play an important role in driving motivation for high salient rewards such as highly palatable food and may serve as the intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthmainah Muthmainah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Robyn M Brown
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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7
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Yaeger JD, Krupp KT, Gale JJ, Summers CH. Counterbalanced microcircuits for Orx1 and Orx2 regulation of stress reactivity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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8
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Moreno-Cortés M, Gutiérrez-García A, Guillén-Ruiz G, Romo-González T, Contreras C. Widespread blunting of hypothalamic and amygdala-septal activity and behavior in rats with long-term hyperglycemia. Behav Brain Res 2016; 310:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Schneider NY, Piccin C, Datiche F, Coureaud G. Spontaneous brain processing of the mammary pheromone in rabbit neonates prior to milk intake. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:191-200. [PMID: 27418440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical signals play a critical role in interindividual communication, including mother-young relationships. Detecting odor cues released by the mammary area is vital to the newborn's survival. European rabbit females secret a mammary pheromone (MP) in their milk, which releases sucking-related orocephalic movements in newborns. Pups spontaneously display these typical movements at birth, independently of any perinatal learning. Our previous Fos mapping study (Charra et al., 2012) performed in 4-day-old rabbits showed that the MP activated a network of brain regions involved in osmoregulation, odor processing and arousal in comparison with a control odor. However, at this age, the predisposed appetitive value of the MP might be reinforced by previous milk intake. Here, the brain activation induced by the MP was examined by using Fos immunocytochemistry and compared to a neutral control odor in just born pups (day 0) that did not experienced milk intake. Compared to the control odor, the MP induced an increased Fos expression in the posterior piriform cortex. In the lateral hypothalamus, Fos immunostaining was combined with orexin detection since this peptide is involved in arousal/food-seeking behavior. The number of double-labeled cells was not different between MP and control odor stimulations but the total number of Fos stained cells was increased after MP exposure. Our results indicate that the MP does not activate the same regions in 0- vs. 4-day-old pups. This difference between the two ages may reflect a changing biological value of the MP in addition to its constant predisposed releasing value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Y Schneider
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Coralie Piccin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Datiche
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Gérard Coureaud
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (Lyon Neuroscience Research Center) INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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11
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Hsu TM, Hahn JD, Konanur VR, Noble EE, Suarez AN, Thai J, Nakamoto EM, Kanoski SE. Hippocampus ghrelin signaling mediates appetite through lateral hypothalamic orexin pathways. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26745307 PMCID: PMC4695382 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior rarely occurs in direct response to metabolic deficit, yet the overwhelming majority of research on the biology of food intake control has focused on basic metabolic and homeostatic neurobiological substrates. Most animals, including humans, have habitual feeding patterns in which meals are consumed based on learned and/or environmental factors. Here we illuminate a novel neural system regulating higher-order aspects of feeding through which the gut-derived hormone ghrelin communicates with ventral hippocampus (vHP) neurons to stimulate meal-entrained conditioned appetite. Additional results show that the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) is a critical downstream substrate for vHP ghrelin-mediated hyperphagia and that vHP ghrelin activated neurons communicate directly with neurons in the LHA that express the neuropeptide, orexin. Furthermore, activation of downstream orexin-1 receptors is required for vHP ghrelin-mediated hyperphagia. These findings reveal novel neurobiological circuitry regulating appetite through which ghrelin signaling in hippocampal neurons engages LHA orexin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Hsu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vaibhav R Konanur
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jessica Thai
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Emily M Nakamoto
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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12
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Kalló I, Molnár CS, Szöke S, Fekete C, Hrabovszky E, Liposits Z. Area-specific analysis of the distribution of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the rat ventral tegmental area, with special reference to the GABAergic and glutamatergic efferents. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:112. [PMID: 26388742 PMCID: PMC4559648 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a main regulator of reward and integrates a wide scale of hormonal and neuronal information. Feeding-, energy expenditure-, stress, adaptation- and reproduction-related hypothalamic signals are processed in the VTA and influence the reward processes. However, the neuroanatomical origin and chemical phenotype of neurons mediating these signals to the VTA have not been fully characterized. In this study we have systematically mapped hypothalamic neurons that project to the VTA using the retrograde tracer Choleratoxin B subunit (CTB) and analyzed their putative gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and/or glutamate character with in situ hybridization in male rats. 23.93 ± 3.91% of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the VTA was found in preoptic and 76.27 ± 4.88% in anterior, tuberal and mammillary hypothalamic regions. Nearly half of the retrogradely-labeled neurons in the preoptic, and more than one third in the anterior, tuberal and mammillary hypothalamus appeared in medially located regions. The analyses of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) and glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) mRNA expression revealed both amino acid markers in different subsets of retrogradely-labeled hypothalamic neurons, typically with the predominance of the glutamatergic marker VGLUT2. About one tenth of CTB-IR neurons were GAD65-positive even in hypothalamic nuclei expressing primarily VGLUT2. Some regions were populated mostly by GAD65 mRNA-containing retrogradely-labeled neurons. These included the perifornical part of the lateral hypothalamus where 58.63 ± 19.04% of CTB-IR neurons were GABAergic. These results indicate that both the medial and lateral nuclear compartments of the hypothalamus provide substantial input to the VTA. Furthermore, colocalization studies revealed that these projections not only use glutamate but also GABA for neurotransmission. These GABAergic afferents may underlie important inhibitory mechanism to fine-tune the reward value of specific signals in the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla S Molnár
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Szöke
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
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13
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García AP, Aitta-aho T, Schaaf L, Heeley N, Heuschmid L, Bai Y, Barrantes FJ, Apergis-Schoute J. Nicotinic α4 Receptor-Mediated Cholinergic Influences on Food Intake and Activity Patterns in Hypothalamic Circuits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133327. [PMID: 26247203 PMCID: PMC4527587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in regulating appetite and have been shown to do so by influencing neural activity in the hypothalamus. To shed light on the hypothalamic circuits governing acetylcholine's (ACh) regulation of appetite this study investigated the influence of hypothalamic nAChRs expressing the α4 subunit. We found that antagonizing the α4β2 nAChR locally in the lateral hypothalamus with di-hydro-ß-erythroidine (DHβE), an α4 nAChR antagonist with moderate affinity, caused an increase in food intake following free access to food after a 12 hour fast, compared to saline-infused animals. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that orexin/hypocretin (HO), oxytocin, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons in the A13 and A12 of the hypothalamus expressed the nAChR α4 subunit in varying amounts (34%, 42%, 50%, and 51%, respectively) whereas melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons did not, suggesting that DHβE-mediated increases in food intake may be due to a direct activation of specific hypothalamic circuits. Systemic DHβE (2 mg/kg) administration similarly increased food intake following a 12 hour fast. In these animals a subpopulation of orexin/hypocretin neurons showed elevated activity compared to control animals and MCH neuronal activity was overall lower as measured by expression of the immediate early gene marker for neuronal activity cFos. However, oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus and TH-containing neurons in the A13 and A12 did not show differential activity patterns. These results indicate that various neurochemically distinct hypothalamic populations are under the influence of α4β2 nAChRs and that cholinergic inputs to the lateral hypothalamus can affect satiety signals through activation of local α4β2 nAChR-mediated transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. García
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) UCA–CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teemu Aitta-aho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Schaaf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Heeley
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Heuschmid
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yunjing Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) UCA–CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Apergis-Schoute
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Fang L, Zhou J, Cheng S, Ying J, Yang Z, Yin L, Li S, Hou W, Wang Z. High orexin-A neuron activity and RACK1 expression might be involved in the restricted feeding-entrained behaviors in mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1004841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Urstadt KR, Stanley BG. Direct hypothalamic and indirect trans-pallidal, trans-thalamic, or trans-septal control of accumbens signaling and their roles in food intake. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:8. [PMID: 25741246 PMCID: PMC4327307 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due in part to the increasing incidence of obesity in developed nations, recent research aims to elucidate neural circuits that motivate humans to overeat. Earlier research has described how the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) motivates organisms to feed by activating neuronal populations in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). However, more recent research suggests that the LH may in turn communicate with the AcbSh, both directly and indirectly, to re-tune the motivation to consume foods with homeostatic and food-related sensory signals. Here, we discuss the functional and anatomical evidence for an LH to AcbSh connection and its role in eating behaviors. The LH appears to modulate Acb activity directly, using neurotransmitters such as hypocretin/orexin or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). The LH also indirectly regulates AcbSh activity through certain subcortical "relay" regions, such as the lateral septum (LS), ventral pallidum (VP), and paraventricular thalamus, using a variety of neurotransmitters. This review aims to summarize studies on these topics and outline a model by which LH circuits processing energy balance can modulate AcbSh neural activity to regulate feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Urstadt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Glenn Stanley
- Departments of Psychology and Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California - Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
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Blancas A, González-García S, Rodríguez K, Escobar C. Progressive anticipation in behavior and brain activation of rats exposed to scheduled daily palatable food. Neuroscience 2014; 281:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Olivo D, Caba M, Gonzalez-Lima F, Vázquez A, Corona-Morales A. Circadian feeding entrains anticipatory metabolic activity in piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle, but not in suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res 2014; 1592:11-21. [PMID: 25281805 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Animals maintained under conditions of food-availability restricted to a specific period of the day show molecular and physiological circadian rhythms and increase their locomotor activity 2-3h prior to the next scheduled feeding, called food anticipatory activity (FAA). Although the anatomical substrates and underlying mechanisms of the food-entrainable oscillator are not well understood, experimental evidence indicates that it involves multiple structures and systems. Using rabbit pups entrained to circadian nursing as a natural model of food restriction, we hypothesized that the anterior piriform cortex (APCx) and the olfactory tubercle (OTu) are activated during nursing-associated FAA. Two groups of litters were entrained to one of two different nursing times. At postnatal day 7, when litters showed clear FAA, pups from each litter were euthanized at nursing time, or 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20h later. Neural metabolic activities of the APCx, OTu, olfactory bulb (OB) and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were assessed by cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Additionally, two fasted groups were nurse-deprived for two cycles before being euthanized at postnatal day 9. In nursed pups, metabolic activity of APCx, OTu and OB increased during FAA and after feeding, independently of the geographical time. Metabolic activity in SCN was not affected by nursing schedule. Given that APCx and OTu are in a key network position to integrate temporal odor signals with body energetic state, brain arousal and reward mechanisms, we suggest that these structures could be an important part of the conditioned oscillatory mechanism that leads to food entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Olivo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico.
| | - Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico.
| | - F Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Araceli Vázquez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico.
| | - Aleph Corona-Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genómica y Fisiológica, Facultad de Nutrición, Médicos y odontólogos s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque, Universidad Veracruzana, 91010 Xalapa, Ver., Mexico.
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Metabolic regulation of lateral hypothalamic glucose-inhibited orexin neurons may influence midbrain reward neurocircuitry. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 62:30-41. [PMID: 25107627 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) orexin neurons modulate reward-based feeding by activating ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons. We hypothesize that signals of peripheral energy status influence reward-based feeding by modulating the glucose sensitivity of LHA orexin glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. This hypothesis was tested using electrophysiological recordings of LHA orexin-GI neurons in brain slices from 4 to 6week old male mice whose orexin neurons express green fluorescent protein (GFP) or putative VTA-DA neurons from C57Bl/6 mice. Low glucose directly activated ~60% of LHA orexin-GFP neurons in both whole cell and cell attached recordings. Leptin indirectly reduced and ghrelin directly enhanced the activation of LHA orexin-GI neurons by glucose decreases from 2.5 to 0.1mM by 53±12% (n=16, P<0.001) and 41±24% (n=8, P<0.05), respectively. GABA or neurotensin receptor blockade prevented leptin's effect on glucose sensitivity. Fasting increased activation of LHA orexin-GI neurons by decreased glucose, as would be predicted by these hormonal effects. We also evaluated putative VTA-DA neurons in a novel horizontal slice preparation containing the LHA and VTA. Decreased glucose increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs; 125 ± 40%, n=9, P<0.05) and action potentials (n=9; P<0.05) in 45% (9/20) of VTA DA neurons. sEPSCs were completely blocked by AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists (CNQX 20 μM, n=4; APV 20μM, n=4; respectively), demonstrating that these sEPSCs were mediated by glutamatergic transmission onto VTA DA neurons. Orexin-1 but not 2 receptor antagonism with SB334867 (10μM; n=9) and TCS-OX2-29 (2μM; n=5), respectively, blocks the effects of decreased glucose on VTA DA neurons. Thus, decreased glucose increases orexin-dependent excitatory glutamate neurotransmission onto VTA DA neurons. These data suggest that the glucose sensitivity of LHA orexin-GI neurons links metabolic state and reward-based feeding.
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Caba M, Pabello M, Moreno ML, Meza E. Main and accessory olfactory bulbs and their projections in the brain anticipate feeding in food-entrained rats. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:869-77. [PMID: 24915133 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.918625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) has a circadian clock independent of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but very little is known about the functional significance of its oscillations. The OB plays a major role in food intake as it contributes to the evaluation of the hedonic properties of food, it is necessary for a normal pattern of locomotor behavior and their ablation disrupts feeding patterns. Previously we demonstrated that OB of rabbit pups can be entrained by periodic nursing but it was not clear whether food was the entraining signal. Here we hypothesized that OB can be entrained by a food pulse during the day in adult rats under a restricted feeding schedule. Then we expect that OB will have a high activation before food presentation when animals show food anticipatory activity (FAA). To this aim we determined by immunohistochemistry the expression of FOS protein, as an indicator of neural activation, in the mitral and granular cell layers of the main and accessory OB. Additionally we also explored two of the OB brain targets, the piriform cortex (PC) and bed nuclei of the accessory olfactory tract (BAOT), in three groups: ad libitum (ALF), restricted feeding (RF), and fasted rats after restricted feeding (RF-F). In ALF group FOS levels in both main and accessory OB were low during the day and high during the night at the normal onset of the increase of activity, in agreement with previous reports. On the contrary in RF and RF-F groups FOS was high at the time of FAA, just before food presentation, when animals are in a state of high arousal and during food consumption but was low during the night. In their brain targets, we observed a similar pattern as OB in all groups with the only difference being that FOS levels remained high during the night in RF-F group. We conclude that the OB is entrained by food restriction by showing high activation at the time of food presentation, which persists during fasting and impose a similar FOS pattern to the two brain targets explored only in fed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana , Xalapa, Veracruz , México and
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Moreno ML, Meza E, Ortega A, Caba M. The median preoptic nucleus exhibits circadian regulation and is involved in food anticipatory activity in rabbit pups. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:515-22. [PMID: 24417519 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.874354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit pups are a natural model to study food anticipatory activity (FAA). Recently, we reported that three areas in the forebrain - the organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and medial preoptic area - exhibit activation during FAA. Here, we examined the PER1 protein profile of these three forebrain regions in both nursed and fasted subjects. We found robust PER1 oscillations in the MnPO in nursed subjects, with high PER1 levels during FAA that persisted in fasted subjects. In conclusion, our data indicate that periodic nursing is a strong signal for PER1 oscillations in MnPO and future experiments are warranted to explore the specific role of this area in FAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana , Xalapa, Veracruz , Mexico
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Moreno ML, Meza E, Morgado E, Juárez C, Ramos-Ligonio A, Ortega A, Caba M. Activation of organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus, and medial preoptic area in anticipation of nursing in rabbit pups. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:1272-82. [PMID: 24112031 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.823980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhythmic feeding in rabbit pups is a natural model to study food entrainment because, similar to rodents under a schedule of food restriction, these animals show food-anticipatory activity (FAA) prior to daily nursing. In rodents, several brain systems, including the orexinergic system, shift their activity to the restricted feeding schedule, and remain active when subjects are hungry. As the lamina terminalis and regions of the preoptic area participate in the control of behavioral arousal, it was hypothesized that these brain regions are also activated during FAA. Thus, the effects of daily milk ingestion on FOS protein expression in the organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), and medial preoptic area (MPOA) were examined using immunohistochemistry before and after scheduled time of nursing in nursed and fasted subjects. Additionally, FOS expression was explored in orexin (ORX) cells in the lateral hypothalamic area and in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) because of their involvement in arousal and fluid ingestion, respectively. Pups were entrained by daily nursing, as indicated by a significant increase in locomotor behavior before scheduled time of nursing in both nursed and fasted subjects. FOS was significantly higher in the OVLT, MnPO, and MPOA at the time of nursing, and decreased 8 h later in nursed pups. In fasted subjects, this effect persisted in the OVLT, whereas in the MnPO and MPOA, values did not drop at 8 h later, but remained at the same level or higher than those at the time of scheduled nursing. In addition, FOS was significantly higher in ORX cells during FAA in nursed pups in comparison with 8 h later, but in fasted subjects it remained high during most fasting time points. Additionally, OVLT, SON, and ORX cells were activated 1.5 h after nursing. We conclude that the OVLT, MnPO, and MPOA, but not SON, may participate in FAA, as they show activation before suckling of periodic milk ingestion, and that sustained activation of the OVLT, MnPO, and MPOA by fasting may contribute to the high arousal state associated with food deprivation. In agreement with this, ORX cells also remain active after expected nursing, which is consistent with reports in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa , Veracruz , México
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