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Johansen A, Thiede B, Anonsen JH, Nilsson GE. Phosphoproteomic changes in response to anoxia are tissue-specific in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp ( Carassius carassius). Front Physiol 2024; 15:1407834. [PMID: 38872833 PMCID: PMC11170284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1407834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a freshwater fish, can survive chronic anoxia for several months at low temperatures. Consequently, anoxia-related physiological and biochemical adaptations in this species have been studied for more than half a century. Still, despite for the well-known role of protein phosphorylation in regulating cellular processes, no studies have comprehensively characterized the phosphoproteome in crucian carp. In this study, we report the global phosphoproteome in crucian carp brain and liver during anoxia and reoxygenation. By applying a bottom-up proteomic approach on enriched phosphopeptides we found that the brain phosphoproteome shows surprisingly few changes during anoxia-reoxygenation exposure with only 109 out of 4200 phosphopeptides being differentially changed compared to normoxic controls. By contrast, in the liver 395 out of 1287 phosphopeptides changed. Although most changes occurred in the liver phosphoproteome, the pattern of changes indicated metabolic depression and decreased translation in both brain and liver. We also found changes in phosphoproteins involved in apoptotic regulation and reactive oxygen species handling in both tissues. In the brain, some of the most changed phosphopeptides belonged to proteins involved in central nervous system development and neuronal activity at the synaptic cleft. Changed phosphoproteins specific for liver tissue were related to glucose metabolism, such as glycolytic flux and glycogenolysis. In conclusion, protein phosphorylation in response to anoxia and reoxygenation showed both common and tissue-specific changes related to the functional differences between brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Research Centre AS, Climate and Environment Department, Stavanger, Norway
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Zhu J, Dai Y, Tang B, Zhang H. The association between serum heat shock protein 72 and intestinal permeability with intestinal microbiota and clinical severity in patients with cerebral infarction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1302460. [PMID: 38264043 PMCID: PMC10803404 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1302460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to compare serum heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and intestinal permeability in patients with cerebral infarction (CI) and healthy individuals to reveal their correlations and link to gut microbiota alterations and clinical severity of CI. Methods and results Stool samples of 50 patients with CI and 46 healthy volunteers were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize intestinal flora profiles. Serum HSP72 and zonulin were assayed using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The obtained data were then subjected to comparative and correlative analysis. We found that the levels of zonulin and serum HSP72 were significantly higher in the CI group compared to the healthy group. Serum HSP72 and zonulin levels were positively correlated in the CI group and correlated positively with the clinical severity of CI. β diversity showed significant differences in intestinal microbiota composition between the two groups. In the CI patient group, the abundance of bacteria Eubacterium_fissicatena_group, Eubacterium_eligens_group, and Romboutsia manifested a remarkably positive correlation with serum HSP72. The abundance of bacteria Eubacterium_fissicatena_group and Acetivibrio had a significantly positive correlation with zonulin levels. Conclusion Our findings indicated that an increase in serum HSP72 and zonulin levels was manifested in patients with CI and was related to specific gut microbiota alterations and the clinical severity of CI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Hussan MT, Sakai A, Matsui H. Glutamatergic pathways in the brains of turtles: A comparative perspective among reptiles, birds, and mammals. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:937504. [PMID: 36059432 PMCID: PMC9428285 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.937504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate acts as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a vital role in physiological and pathological neuronal functions. In mammals, glutamate can cause detrimental excitotoxic effects under anoxic conditions. In contrast, Trachemys scripta, a freshwater turtle, is one of the most anoxia-tolerant animals, being able to survive up to months without oxygen. Therefore, turtles have been investigated to assess the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective strategies used by them in anoxic conditions, such as maintaining low levels of glutamate, increasing adenosine and GABA, upregulating heat shock proteins, and downregulating KATP channels. These mechanisms of anoxia tolerance of the turtle brain may be applied to finding therapeutics for human glutamatergic neurological disorders such as brain injury or cerebral stroke due to ischemia. Despite the importance of glutamate as a neurotransmitter and of the turtle as an ideal research model, the glutamatergic circuits in the turtle brain remain less described whereas they have been well studied in mammalian and avian brains. In reptiles, particularly in the turtle brain, glutamatergic neurons have been identified by examining the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). In certain areas of the brain, some ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) have been immunohistochemically studied, implying that there are glutamatergic target areas. Based on the expression patterns of these glutamate-related molecules and fiber connection data of the turtle brain that is available in the literature, many candidate glutamatergic circuits could be clarified, such as the olfactory circuit, hippocampal–septal pathway, corticostriatal pathway, visual pathway, auditory pathway, and granule cell–Purkinje cell pathway. This review summarizes the probable glutamatergic pathways and the distribution of glutamatergic neurons in the pallium of the turtle brain and compares them with those of avian and mammalian brains. The integrated knowledge of glutamatergic pathways serves as the fundamental basis for further functional studies in the turtle brain, which would provide insights on physiological and pathological mechanisms of glutamate regulation as well as neural circuits in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tufazzal Hussan
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tufazzal Hussan,
| | - Akiko Sakai
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Hideaki Matsui,
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Reiterer M, Bruce L, Milton S. Differential Responses of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases A and B to Anoxia and Oxidative Stress in the Freshwater Turtle Trachemys scripta. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070458. [PMID: 34357352 PMCID: PMC8304764 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been acknowledged as a major factor in aging, senescence and neurodegenerative conditions. Mammalian models are susceptible to these stresses following the restoration of oxygen after anoxia; however, some organisms including the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta can withstand repeated anoxia and reoxygenation without apparent pathology. T. scripta thus provides us with an alternate vertebrate model to investigate physiological mechanisms of neuroprotection. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant methionine sulfoxide reductase system (Msr) in turtle neuronal tissue. We examined brain transcript and protein levels of MsrA and MsrB and examined the potential for the transcription factor FOXO3a to regulate the oxygen-responsive changes in Msr in vitro. We found that Msr mRNA and protein levels are differentially upregulated during anoxia and reoxygenation, and when cells were exposed to chemical oxidative stress. However, while MsrA and MsrB3 levels increased when cell cultures were exposed to chemical oxidative stress, this induction was not enhanced by treatment with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has previously been shown to enhance FOXO3a levels in the turtle. These results suggest that FOXO3a and Msr protect the cells from oxidative stress through different molecular pathways, and that both the Msr pathway and EGCG may be therapeutic targets to treat diseases related to oxidative damage.
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Protein lysine methylation in the regulation of anoxia tolerance in the red eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 34:100660. [PMID: 32066095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The red eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a champion vertebrate facultative anaerobe, capable of surviving for several months under conditions of exceptionally low oxygen availability. The ability of the turtle to facilitate this impressive tolerance to oxygen restriction is accomplished through a dramatic reduction in non-essential cellular processes. This is done in an attempt to conserve limited ATP stores and match demand in the anoxic state, with ATP supplied primarily through anaerobic glycolysis. Determining both the non-essential and the essential cellular processes that are deemed to be anoxia-responsive in the turtle has been an intense area of study over the past few decades. As a result, recent advancements have established the influence of global metabolic controls, such as post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of gene expression in anoxia adaptation. A remaining question is whether or not epigenetic-level regulatory mechanisms are also utilized to allow for local control over gene expression. Recently, research has begun to document lysine methylation as an anoxia-responsive post-translational histone modification, as the activities of a number of methyl-lysine regulatory enzymes are extraordinarily sensitive to oxygen availability. As a result, oxygen-dependent methyl-lysine regulatory enzymes have been of particular interest to several recent studies of animal oxygen sensitivity, including the freshwater turtle. This review will introduce the concept of lysine methylation as an oxygen-sensitive protein modification as well as a prospectus on how this modification may contribute to anoxia tolerance in the turtle.
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Walsh CJ, Cocilova C, Restivo J, Flewelling L, Milton S. Immune function in Trachemys scripta following exposure to a predominant brevetoxin congener, PbTx-3, as a model for potential health impacts for sea turtles naturally exposed to brevetoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:1085-1104. [PMID: 31559558 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many species of marine life in southwestern Florida, including sea turtles, are impacted by blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. Sublethal exposure to toxins produced by K. brevis has been shown to impact sea turtle health. Since all sea turtles in the Gulf of Mexico have protected status, a freshwater turtle, Trachemys scripta, was used as a model for immune system effects following experimental exposure to a predominant brevetoxin congener in K. brevis blooms, PbTx-3. Exposure to PbTx-3 was oral or intratracheal and health effects were assessed using a suite of immune function parameters: innate immune function (phagocytosis, plasma lysozyme activity), adaptive immune function (lymphocyte proliferation), and measures of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in plasma). Inflammation was also measured using plasma protein electrophoresis. In addition, differential expression of genes in peripheral blood leukocytes was determined using suppression subtractive hybridization followed by real-time PCR of specific genes. The primary immune effects of sublethal brevetoxin exposure in T. scripta following PbTx-3 administration, appear to be an increase in oxidative stress, a decrease in lysozyme activity, and modulation of immune function through lymphocyte proliferation responses. Plasma protein electrophoresis showed a decreased A:G ratio which may indicate potential inflammation. Genes coding for oxidative stress, such as thioredoxin and GST, were upregulated in exposed animals. That sublethal brevetoxin exposures impact immune function components suggests potential health implications for sea turtles naturally exposed to toxins. Knowledge of physiological stressors induced by brevetoxins may contribute to the ultimate goal of developing directed treatment strategies in exposed animals for reduced mortality resulting from red tide toxin exposure in sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Walsh
- Marine Immunology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA.
| | - Courtney Cocilova
- Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Jessica Restivo
- Marine Immunology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Sarah Milton
- Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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Prolonged DADLE exposure epigenetically promotes Bcl-2 expression and elicits neuroprotection in primary rat cortical neurons via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1582-1589. [PMID: 29795362 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown the beneficial effects of the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) on neurodegeneration in hypoxia/ischemia. We previously reported that DOR stimulation with [(D-Ala2, D-Leu5) enkephalin] (DADLE), a potent DOR agonist, for both a short (minutes) and long (days) time has notable protective effects against sodium azide (NaN3)-induced cell injury in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. We further demonstrated that short-term DADLE stimulation increased neuronal survival through the PKC-mitochondrial ERK pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying long-term neuroprotection by DADLE remain unclear. Here, we showed that DOR stimulation with DADLE (0.1 μmol/L) for 2 d selectively activates the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in NaN3-treated neurons; this activation increased Bcl-2 expression, attenuated Cyto c release and promoted neuronal survival. Further investigation revealed that sustained DADLE stimulation increased Bcl-2 expression by enhancing NF-κB binding to the Bcl-2 promoter and upregulating the histone acetylation levels of the Bcl-2 promoter. Our results demonstrate that prolonged DADLE exposure epigenetically promotes Bcl-2 expression and elicits neuroprotective effects in the NaN3 model via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.
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8
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Tekko T, Lakspere T, Allikalt A, End J, Kõlvart KR, Jagomäe T, Terasmaa A, Philips MA, Visnapuu T, Väärtnõu F, Gilbert SF, Rinken A, Vasar E, Lilleväli K. Wfs1 is expressed in dopaminoceptive regions of the amniote brain and modulates levels of D1-like receptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172825. [PMID: 28267787 PMCID: PMC5436468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During amniote evolution, the construction of the forebrain has diverged across
different lineages, and accompanying the structural changes, functional
diversification of the homologous brain regions has occurred. This can be
assessed by studying the expression patterns of marker genes that are relevant
in particular functional circuits. In all vertebrates, the dopaminergic system
is responsible for the behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Here we
show that the brain regions that receive dopaminergic input through dopamine
receptor D1 are relatively conserved, but with some important
variations between three evolutionarily distant vertebrate lines–house mouse
(Mus musculus), domestic chick (Gallus gallus
domesticus) / common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and
red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Moreover, we find
that in almost all instances, those brain regions expressing D1-like dopamine
receptor genes also express Wfs1. Wfs1 has been studied
primarily in the pancreas, where it regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
stress response, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and insulin production
and secretion. Using radioligand binding assays in wild type and
Wfs1-/- mouse brains, we show that the number of
binding sites of D1-like dopamine receptors is increased in the hippocampus of
the mutant mice. We propose that the functional link between Wfs1 and D1-like
dopamine receptors is evolutionarily conserved and plays an important role in
adjusting behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Tekko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Lakspere
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anni Allikalt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Jaanus End
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anton Terasmaa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fred Väärtnõu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
of America
| | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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Cong X, Zhang Q, Li H, Jiang Z, Cao R, Gao S, Tian W. Puerarin ameliorates heat stress–induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in bovine Sertoli cells by suppressing ROS production and upregulating Hsp72 expression. Theriogenology 2017; 88:215-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cocilova CC, Milton SL. Characterization of brevetoxin (PbTx-3) exposure in neurons of the anoxia-tolerant freshwater turtle (Trachemys scripta). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:115-122. [PMID: 27697698 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms are increasing in frequency and extent worldwide and occur nearly annually off the west coast of Florida where they affect both humans and wildlife. The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is a key organism in Florida red tides that produces a suite of potent neurotoxins collectively referred to as the brevetoxins (PbTx). Brevetoxins bind to and open voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC), increasing cell permeability in excitable cells and depolarizing nerve and muscle tissue. Exposed animals may thus show muscular and neurological symptoms including head bobbing, muscle twitching, paralysis, and coma; large HABs can result in significant morbidity and mortality of marine life, including fish, birds, marine mammals, and sea turtles. Brevetoxicosis however is difficult to treat in endangered sea turtles as the physiological impacts have not been investigated and the magnitude and duration of brevetoxin exposure are generally unknown. In this study we used the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta as a model organism to investigate the effects of the specific brevetoxin PbTx-3 in the turtle brain. Primary turtle neuronal cell cultures were exposed to a range of PbTx-3 concentrations to determine excitotoxicity. Agonists and antagonists of voltage-gated sodium channels and downstream targets were utilized to confirm the toxin's mode of action. We found that turtle neurons are highly resistant to PbTx-3; while cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner across PbTx-3 concentrations of 100-2000nM, the EC50 was significantly higher than has been reported in mammalian neurons. PbTx-3 exposure resulted in significant Ca2+ influx, which could be fully abrogated by the VGSC antagonist tetrodotoxin, NMDA receptor blocker MK-801, and tetanus toxin, indicating that the mode of action in turtle neurons is the same as in mammalian cells. As both turtle and mammalian VGSCs have a high affinity for PbTx-3, we suggest that the high resistance of the turtle neuron to PbTx-3 may be related to its ability to withstand anoxic depolarization. The ultimate goal of this work is to design treatment protocols for sea turtles exposed to red tides worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Cocilova
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Sarah L Milton
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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Targeting Glial Mitochondrial Function for Protection from Cerebral Ischemia: Relevance, Mechanisms, and the Role of MicroRNAs. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6032306. [PMID: 27777645 PMCID: PMC5061974 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6032306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia play crucial roles in the response to cerebral ischemia and are effective targets for stroke therapy in animal models. MicroRNAs (miRs) are important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that function by inhibiting the translation of select target genes. In astrocytes, miR expression patterns regulate mitochondrial function in response to oxidative stress via targeting of Bcl2 and heat shock protein 70 family members. Mitochondria play an active role in microglial activation, and miRs regulate the microglial neuroinflammatory response. As endogenous miR expression patterns can be altered with exogenous mimics and inhibitors, miR-targeted therapies represent a viable intervention to optimize glial mitochondrial function and improve clinical outcome following cerebral ischemia. In the present article, we review the role that astrocytes and microglia play in neuronal function and fate following ischemic stress, discuss the relevance of mitochondria in the glial response to injury, and present current evidence implicating miRs as critical regulators in the glial mitochondrial response to cerebral ischemia.
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Nayak G, Prentice HM, Milton SL. Lessons from nature: signalling cascades associated with vertebrate brain anoxic survival. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1185-1190. [PMID: 26990582 DOI: 10.1113/ep085673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Although the mammalian brain is exquisitely sensitive to hypoxia, some turtles survive complete anoxia by decreasing metabolic demand to match reduced energy supply. These animal models may help to elucidate neuroprotective mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic targets for diseases of oxygen deprivation. What advances does it highlight? The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are part of the suite of adaptive responses to anoxia that are modulated by adenosine, a 'retaliatory metabolite' released in early anoxia. In anoxic turtle neurons, upregulation of pro-survival Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways promote cell survival, as does the anoxic- and post-anoxic upregulation of the antioxidant methionine sulfoxide reductase. Mammalian neurons undergo rapid degeneration when oxygen supply is curtailed. Neuroprotective pathways are induced during hypoxia/ischaemia, but their analysis is complicated by concurrent pathological events. Survival mechanisms can be investigated in anoxia-tolerant freshwater turtle species, which survive oxygen deprivation and post-anoxic reoxygenation by entrance into a state of reversible hypometabolism. Many energy-demanding processes are suppressed, including ion flux and neurotransmitter release, whereas cellular protective mechanisms, including certain mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), are upregulated. This superfamily of serine/threonine kinases plays a significant role in vital cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stress adaptation and apoptosis in response to external stimuli. Here, we report that neuronal survival relies on robust co-ordination between the major signalling cascades, with upregulation of the pro-survival Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. Other protective responses, including the upregulation of heat shock proteins and antioxidants, allow the turtle brain to abrogate potential oxidative stress upon reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Nayak
- College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Howard M Prentice
- College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Sarah L Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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13
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Multifactorial processes to slowing the biological clock: Insights from a comparative approach. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Xiang Q, Zhou WY, Hu WX, Wen Z, He D, Wu XM, Wei HP, Wang WD, Hu GZ. Neuroprotective effects of Rhizoma Dioscoreae polysaccharides against neuronal apoptosis induced by in vitro hypoxia. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2063-2070. [PMID: 26668596 PMCID: PMC4665171 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Dioscoreae polysaccharides (RDPS) are the primary active ingredient of Rhizoma Dioscoreae, which is a traditional Chinese medicine. RDPS have previously been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and protect against D-galactose-induced mimetic aging. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of RDPS against hypoxia-induced neuronal cell apoptosis. Neuronal cells harvested from pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups, as follows: i) Normal control group; ii) hypoxia-induced apoptosis neuronal cell model; iii) 0.025 g/l RDPS-treated group; iv) 0.05 g/l RDPS-treated group; v) 0.1 g/l RDPS-treated group; and vi) 0.25 g/l RDPS treated group. Neuronal cell viability was investigated using an MTT assay, and neuronal cell apoptosis was analyzed using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double-staining, Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining, Rhodamine 123 staining, polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining. The RDPS-treated neuronal cells exhibited improved viability, and decreased hypoxia-induced mitochondrial injury and apoptosis. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-associated X protein (Bax) were significantly downregulated, whereas the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated, in the RDPS-treated hypoxic neurons, as compared with the apoptosis model (P<0.05). Furthermore, the ratio of Bcl-2 expression:Bax expression significantly increased following RDPS treatment, as compared with the apoptosis model (P<0.05). The results of the present study suggested that RDPS may attenuate hypoxia-induced neuronal cell apoptosis by altering the expression levels of key apoptosis-regulating proteins in hypoxic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xu Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Wen
- Department of Hematology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dan He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mu Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Wei
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ding Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Zhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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15
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Turtle anoxia tolerance: Biochemistry and gene regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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