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Mahemuti Y, Kadeer K, Su R, Abula A, Aili Y, Maimaiti A, Abulaiti S, Maimaitituerxun M, Miao T, Jiang S, Axier A, Aisha M, Wang Y, Cheng X. TSPO exacerbates acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing autophagy dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114542. [PMID: 37717810 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a double-edged sword, with a role in the regulation of the pathophysiological processes of the central nervous system (CNS) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein, with its expression level in the nervous system closely associated with the regulation of pathophysiological processes. In addition, the ligand of TSPO reduces neuroinflammation in brain diseases, but the potential role of TSPO in CIRI is largely undiscovered. On this basis, we investigated whether TSPO regulates neuroinflammatory response by affecting autophagy in microglia. In our study, increased expression of TSPO was detected in rat brain tissues with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and in BV2 microglial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation or reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that autophagy was over-activated during CIRI by increased expression of autophagy activation related proteins with Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the expression of p62 was decreased. The degradation process of autophagy was inhibited, while the expression levels of LAMP-1 and Cathepsin-D were significantly reduced. Results of confocal laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that autophagy flux was disordered. In contrast, inhibition of TSPO prevented autophagy over-activation both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, suppression of TSPO alleviated nerve cell damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-6 in microglia cells. In summary, these results indicated that TSPO might affect CIRI by mediating autophagy dysfunction and thus might serve as a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusufu Mahemuti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, PR China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kaheerman Kadeer
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Riqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Abudureheman Abula
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Subinuer Abulaiti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | | | - Tong Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Shihao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aximujiang Axier
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Maimaitili Aisha
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China.
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Qin YY, Pan SY, Dai JR, Wang QM, Luo X, Qin ZH, Luo L. Alleviation of ischemic brain injury by exercise preconditioning is associated with modulation of autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in cerebral cortex of female aged mice. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112226. [PMID: 37257699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical studies and preclinical studies supports that exercise preconditioning can not only reduce the risk of stroke but also improve brain tissue and functional outcome after stroke. It has been demonstrated that autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics are involved in ischemic stroke. However, it is still unclear whether exercise preconditioning-induced neuroprotection against stroke is associated with modulation of autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics. Although age and sex interactively affect ischemic stroke risk, incidence, and outcome, studies based on young male animals are most often used to explore the role of exercise preconditioning in the prevention of ischemic stroke. In the current study, we examined whether exercise preconditioning could modulate autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in a brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) model of female aged mice. The results showed that exercise preconditioning reduced infarct volume and improved neurological deficits. Additionally, increased levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3-II/LC3-I, LC3-II, p62, Atg7, and mitophagy-related proteins Bnip3L and Parkin, as well as increased levels of mitochondrial fusion modulator Mfn2 and mitochondrial fission modulator Drp1 in the ischemic cortex of female aged mice at 12 h after I/R were present. Our results could contribute to a better understanding of exercise preconditioning-induced neuroprotection against ischemic stroke for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Qin
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Shan-Yao Pan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jia-Ru Dai
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Qing-Mei Wang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xun Luo
- Kerry Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science; Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Luo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215021, China.
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Mishra J, Bhatti GK, Sehrawat A, Singh C, Singh A, Reddy AP, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Modulating autophagy and mitophagy as a promising therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2022; 311:121153. [PMID: 36343743 PMCID: PMC9712237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has become a major public health challenge and is associated with a tremendous burden on individuals, society and federal governments worldwide. Protein misfolding and aggregation are the major pathological hallmarks of several neurodegenerative disorders. The cells have evolved several regulatory mechanisms to deal with aberrant protein folding, namely the classical ubiquitin pathway, where ubiquitination of protein aggregates marks their degradation via lysosome and the novel autophagy or mitophagy pathways. Autophagy is a catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that allows the lysosome to recycle the cell's own contents, such as organelles and proteins, known as autophagic cargo. Their most significant role is to keep cells alive in distressed situations. Mitophagy is also crucial for reducing abnormal protein aggregation and increasing organelle clearance and partly accounts for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, substantial data indicate that any disruption in these homeostatic mechanisms leads to the emergence of several age-associated metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. So, targeting autophagy and mitophagy might be a potential therapeutic strategy for a variety of health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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p38 MAPK Endogenous Inhibition Improves Neurological Deficits in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Mice. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3300327. [PMID: 35811833 PMCID: PMC9259354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3300327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathophysiological process that can lead to neurological function damage and the formation of cerebral infarction. The p38 MAPK pathway has attracted considerable attention in cerebral I/R injury (IRI), but little research has been carried out on its direct role in vivo. In this study, to observe the effects of p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition on cerebral IRI, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We hypothesized that p38 signaling might be involved in I/R injury and neurological damage reduction and that neurological behavioral deficits improve when p38 MAPK is inhibited. First, we examined the neurological damage and neurological behavioral deficit effects of I/R injury in WT mice. Cerebral I/R injury was induced by the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. The cerebral infarction area and volume were assessed and analyzed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. p38 MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by western blotting. Neuronal apoptosis was measured using TUNEL staining. Neurological deficits were detected by behavioral testing. Furthermore, to assess whether these neuroprotective effects occurred when p38 MAPK was inhibited, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We found that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition rescued hippocampal cell apoptosis, reduced ischemic penumbra, and improved neurological behavioral deficits. These findings showed that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition had a neuroprotective effect on IRI and that p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral IRI.
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Mo Y, Sun YY, Yue E, Liu Y, Liu KY. MicroRNA-379-5p targets MAP3K2 to reduce autophagy and alleviate neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia via the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:230-243. [PMID: 34931755 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant in neurons and play key roles in the function and development of the nervous system. This study focuses on the function of miR-379-5p in neurological function recovery during ischemic stroke. The expression of miR-379-5p in the serum of patients with ischemic stroke was determined. Human cerebral cortical neuron cells (HCN-2) were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) to mimic an ischemic stroke in vitro, whereas mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were used as an animal model. The serum of patients with ischemic stroke and OGD-treated HCN-2 cells displayed a poor expression of miR-379-5p. Upregulation of miR-379-5p reduced the OGD-induced cell damage and decreased the expression of the autophagy marker protein Beclin1 in cells. Rapamycin, an autophagy activator, blocked the protective functions of miR-379-5p. Further, miR-379-5p directly bound to MAP3K2. MAP3K2 activated the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway and suppressed the neuroprotective events mediated by miR-379-5p. The in vitro results were reproduced in vivo, where upregulation of miR-379-5p reduced neurological impairment and infarct size in MCAO-induced mice. This study suggested that miR-379-5p showed a neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke and reduced autophagy of neurons through the suppression of MAP3K2 and the JNK/c-Jun axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mo
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yin-Yi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erli Yue
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, Penninger JM, Uversky VN, Pratico D, Henninger N, Reiter RJ, Bruno A, Joshipura K, Aslkhodapasandhokmabad H, Klionsky DJ, Ren J. Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107848. [PMID: 33823204 PMCID: PMC8263472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stroke constitutes the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Stroke is normally classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (HS) although 87% of cases belong to ischemic nature. Approximately 700,000 individuals suffer an ischemic stroke (IS) in the US each year. Recent evidence has denoted a rather pivotal role for defective macroautophagy/autophagy in the pathogenesis of IS. Cellular response to stroke includes autophagy as an adaptive mechanism that alleviates cellular stresses by removing long-lived or damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and surplus cellular components via the autophagosome-lysosomal degradation process. In this context, autophagy functions as an essential cellular process to maintain cellular homeostasis and organismal survival. However, unchecked or excessive induction of autophagy has been perceived to be detrimental and its contribution to neuronal cell death remains largely unknown. In this review, we will summarize the role of autophagy in IS, and discuss potential strategies, particularly, employment of natural compounds for IS treatment through manipulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; School of Medicine Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region 142290, Russia
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Askiel Bruno
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kaumudi Joshipura
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Imai T, Tsuji S, Matsubara H, Ohba T, Sugiyama T, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Deferasirox, a trivalent iron chelator, ameliorates neuronal damage in hemorrhagic stroke models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:73-84. [PMID: 32808069 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease with high mortality and morbidity. After ICH, iron released from the hematoma plays a crucial role in secondary brain injury. Deferasirox (DFR) is a trivalent iron chelator, which was approved to treat iron overload syndrome after transfusion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of DFR in both in vitro and in vivo ICH models. METHODS Using a hemin-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage model, we performed an intracellular bivalent iron (Fe2+) accumulation assay, cell death assay, oxidative stress assessments, and Western blotting analysis. Moreover, the effects of DFR intraventricular administration on hematoma, neurological deficits, and histological alteration were evaluated in an in vivo ICH mouse model by collagenase. RESULTS DFR significantly suppressed the intracellular Fe2+ accumulation and cell death caused by hemin exposure. These effects were related to the suppression of both reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation over-production. In Western blotting analysis, hemin increased the expression of ferritin (an iron storage protein), LC3 and p62 (autophagy-related markers), phosphorylated p38 (a stress response protein), and cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) (apoptosis-related makers). However, DFR suppressed the increase of these proteins. In addition, DFR attenuated the neurological deficits until 7 days after ICH without affecting hematoma and injury area. Furthermore, DFR also suppressed microglia/macrophage activation in peri-hematoma area at 3 days after ICH. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that DFR might be a useful therapeutic agent for the therapy of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohba
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sugiyama
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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Mitoma H, Buffo A, Gelfo F, Guell X, Fucà E, Kakei S, Lee J, Manto M, Petrosini L, Shaikh AG, Schmahmann JD. Consensus Paper. Cerebellar Reserve: From Cerebellar Physiology to Cerebellar Disorders. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:131-153. [PMID: 31879843 PMCID: PMC6978437 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar reserve refers to the capacity of the cerebellum to compensate for tissue damage or loss of function resulting from many different etiologies. When the inciting event produces acute focal damage (e.g., stroke, trauma), impaired cerebellar function may be compensated for by other cerebellar areas or by extracerebellar structures (i.e., structural cerebellar reserve). In contrast, when pathological changes compromise cerebellar neuronal integrity gradually leading to cell death (e.g., metabolic and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias, neurodegenerative ataxias), it is possible that the affected area itself can compensate for the slowly evolving cerebellar lesion (i.e., functional cerebellar reserve). Here, we examine cerebellar reserve from the perspective of the three cornerstones of clinical ataxiology: control of ocular movements, coordination of voluntary axial and appendicular movements, and cognitive functions. Current evidence indicates that cerebellar reserve is potentiated by environmental enrichment through the mechanisms of autophagy and synaptogenesis, suggesting that cerebellar reserve is not rigid or fixed, but exhibits plasticity potentiated by experience. These conclusions have therapeutic implications. During the period when cerebellar reserve is preserved, treatments should be directed at stopping disease progression and/or limiting the pathological process. Simultaneously, cerebellar reserve may be potentiated using multiple approaches. Potentiation of cerebellar reserve may lead to compensation and restoration of function in the setting of cerebellar diseases, and also in disorders primarily of the cerebral hemispheres by enhancing cerebellar mechanisms of action. It therefore appears that cerebellar reserve, and the underlying plasticity of cerebellar microcircuitry that enables it, may be of critical neurobiological importance to a wide range of neurological/neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - F Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - X Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - E Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - S Kakei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lee
- Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - M Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - L Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - A G Shaikh
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Wang D, Huang Z, Li L, Yuan Y, Xiang L, Wu X, Ni C, Yu W. Intracarotid cold saline infusion contributes to neuroprotection in MCAO‑induced ischemic stroke in rats via serum and glucocorticoid‑regulated kinase 1. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3942-3950. [PMID: 31485662 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracarotid cold saline infusion (ICSI) brings about neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. However, the involvement of serum and glucocorticoid‑regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in the underlying mechanism of ICSI is not fully understood; therefore, we used the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ICSI on ischemic stroke in rats, as well as the involvement of SGK1 in these effects. ICSI decreased infarct size and brain swelling, as determined by 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and the dry‑wet weight method, respectively. The results of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Nissl staining showed that ICSI also suppressed apoptosis and increased the relative integral optical density (IOD) values of Nissl bodies in the rat MCAO model. Regarding the mechanism, the results of immunohistochemistry and western blotting revealed that ICSI upregulated SGK1 expression and downregulated beclin‑1 and LC‑3 expression in the rat MCAO model. In addition, SGK1 knockdown increased ICSI‑mediated infarct size and brain swelling, promoted apoptosis, and reduced the IOD values of Nissl bodies in the rat MCAO model. In addition, we found that SGK1 knockdown upregulated beclin‑1 and LC‑3 expression mediated by ICSI. Overall, ICSI had a neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke after reperfusion by upregulating SGK1 and inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Courses, People's Armed College of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Yuan
- School of Medical Imaging, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Caifang Ni
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
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10
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Miao Y, Wang R, Wu H, Yang S, Qiu Y. CPCGI confers neuroprotection by enhancing blood circulation and neurological function in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2365-2372. [PMID: 31322214 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study used a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model with the aim to explore the effects of compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI) on brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Improvement in the infarct‑side microcirculation and the overall recovery of neurological function were detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, laser speckle blood flow monitoring, latex perfusion, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. The results revealed that administration of CPCGI for 7 consecutive days following ischemic stroke contributed to the recovery of neurological function and the reduction of cerebral infarct volume in rats. Blood flow monitoring results demonstrated that the administration of CPCGI effectively promoted cerebral blood flow following stroke, and contributed to the protection of the ischemic side blood vessels. In addition, CPCGI treatment increased the numbers of new blood vessels in the peripheral ischemic region, and upregulated the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1 and its receptor TEK receptor tyrosine kinase, fibroblast growth factor and Wnt signaling pathway‑associated proteins. Taken together, the present results indicated that CPCGI improved the blood circulation and neurological function following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Shaofeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
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11
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Zhao D, Liu Z, Zhang H. The protective effect of the TUG1/miR‑197/MAPK1 axis on lipopolysaccharide‑induced podocyte injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:49-56. [PMID: 31115515 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The podocyte, a type of glomerular epithelial cell, is the key constituent of the filtration barrier layer in the kidney. Previous studies have shown that long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA)‑taurine‑upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) served a protective role in diabetes‑induced podocyte damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of TUG1 in the progress of podocyte injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and explore the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that TUG1 expression was suppressed in LPS‑induced podocytes. Enhanced TUG1 expression by exogenous recombinant vector regulated the expression of podocyte associated proteins [Nephrin, Podocin and CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein (CHOP)]. A marked decrease was observed in the level the albumin influx in cells transfected with TUG1. Further study indicated that microRNA (miR)‑197 is a potential target of TUG1. The enhanced level of miR‑197 induced by LPS was inhibited in cells transfected with TUG1. The decreased Nephrin and Podocin expression, upregulated CHOP expression and the increased albumin influx were slightly enhanced by miR‑197 mimic transfection, while markedly suppressed by miR‑197 inhibitor transfection in LPS‑induced podocytes. Mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein was predicted as a potential target of miR‑197. The downregulated expression of phosphorylated‑MAPK/MAPK induced by LPS was significantly suppressed by TUG1 transfection in podocytes. In addition to this, autophagy was promoted by TUG1 transfection via the elevation of the Beclin1 and light chain (LC)3 II/LC3 I levels, and suppressing p62 expression. However, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 reversed the changes that TUG1 induced in the levels of Beclin1, LC3 II/LC3 I and p62. Taken together, these results demonstrated that LPS‑induced podocyte injury could be alleviated by the TUG1/miR‑197/MAPK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Nephropathy and Diabetes Mellitus, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi 721008, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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12
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Hou K, Xu D, Li F, Chen S, Li Y. The progress of neuronal autophagy in cerebral ischemia stroke: Mechanisms, roles and research methods. J Neurol Sci 2019; 400:72-82. [PMID: 30904689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that autophagy may be a new target in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Moderate autophagy can clear damaged organelles, thereby protecting cells against various injuries. However, long-term excessive autophagy brings redundant degradation of cell contents, leading to cell death and eventually serious damage to tissues and organs. A number of different animal models of ischemic brain injury shows that autophagy is activated and involved in the regulation of neuronal death during ischemic brain injury. This article summarizes the role of autophagy, its underlying regulators and mechanisms in ischemic neuronal injury. We briefly introduce the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy and give a summary of research methods and modulators of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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13
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The beneficial roles of exercise training via autophagy in neurological diseases and possible mechanisms. Life Sci 2019; 221:130-134. [PMID: 30769113 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conservative catabolism process, participating in delivering the cytosol and cytosolic components to the lysosome. Abnormal autophagy is related to human pathologies, for instance diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, macular degeneration, pulmonary, and cancer. Enormous evidences indicate that autophagy may mediate the cellular pathological condition in the process of neurological diseases. Exercise as a form of physiological stress may cause an adaptation, and autophagy is a necessary process for adaptational response to exercise. Autophagy during exercise may improve neurological function, control tissue maintain tissue integrity, and activate different signals pathway for adaptation. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms of exercise training via autophagy in neurological diseases.
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14
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The mechanism of GLT-1 mediating cerebral ischemic injury depends on the activation of p38 MAPK. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:1-13. [PMID: 30731111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The previous studies have shown that glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) participates in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. However, the mechanism involved remains to be elucidated. This study was undertaken to investigate whether p38 MAPK was involved in regulating GLT-1 in the process. At first, it was observed that global brain ischemia for 8 min led to obvious delayed neuronal death, GLT-1 down-regulation and p-p38 MAPK up-regulation in CA1 hippocampus in rats. Then, whether p-p38 MAPK was involved in regulating GLT-1 during cerebral ischemic injury was studied in vitro. Astrocyte-neuron co-cultures exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to mimic brain ischemia. It was observed that lethal OGD (4-h OGD) decreased GLT-1 expression and increased p-p38 MAPK expression in astrocytes. The p-p38 MAPK protein rised from 0 min to 48 h that is the end time of the observation, and the peak value was at 12 h, which was 12.45 times of the control group. Moreover, pre-administration of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or its siRNA dose-dependently increased GLT-1 expression, and meanwhile alleviated the neuronal death induced by lethal OGD. The above results indicated that p38 MAPK signaling pathway participated in regulating GLT-1 during OGD injury in vitro. Finally, back to in vivo experiment, it was found that pre-administration of SB203580 by intracerebroventricular injection dose-dependently reversed the down-regulation of GLT-1 expression and attenuated the delayed neuronal death normally induced by global brain ischemia in CA1 hippocampus in rats. Taken together, it can be concluded that the mechanism of GLT-1 mediating cerebral ischemic injury depends on the activation of p38 MAPK.
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15
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Hadley G, Beard DJ, Couch Y, Neuhaus AA, Adriaanse BA, DeLuca GC, Sutherland BA, Buchan AM. Rapamycin in ischemic stroke: Old drug, new tricks? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:20-35. [PMID: 30334673 PMCID: PMC6311672 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18807309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The significant morbidity that accompanies stroke makes it one of the world's most devastating neurological disorders. Currently, proven effective therapies have been limited to thrombolysis and thrombectomy. The window for the administration of these therapies is narrow, hampered by the necessity of rapidly imaging patients. A therapy that could extend this window by protecting neurons may improve outcome. Endogenous neuroprotection has been shown to be, in part, due to changes in mTOR signalling pathways and the instigation of productive autophagy. Inducing this effect pharmacologically could improve clinical outcomes. One such therapy already in use in transplant medicine is the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Recent evidence suggests that rapamycin is neuroprotective, not only via neuronal autophagy but also through its broader effects on other cells of the neurovascular unit. This review highlights the potential use of rapamycin as a multimodal therapy, acting on the blood-brain barrier, cerebral blood flow and inflammation, as well as directly on neurons. There is significant potential in applying this old drug in new ways to improve functional outcomes for patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Hadley
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Beard
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ain A Neuhaus
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bryan A Adriaanse
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alastair M Buchan
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
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16
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Lu Y, Li R, Zhu J, Wu Y, Li D, Dong L, Li Y, Wen X, Yu F, Zhang H, Ni X, Du S, Li X, Xiao J, Wang J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration through suppressing oxidative damage and autophagic cell death. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:497-511. [PMID: 30450828 PMCID: PMC6307793 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeking for effective drugs which are beneficial to facilitating axonal regrowth and elongation after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) has gained extensive attention. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic factor that regulates blood glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, there is little concern for the potential protective effect of FGF21 on nerve regeneration after PNI and revealing related molecular mechanisms. Here, we firstly found that exogenous FGF21 administration remarkably promoted functional and morphologic recovery in a rat model of sciatic crush injury, manifesting as persistently improved motor and sensory function, enhanced axonal remyelination and regrowth and accelerated Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation. Furthermore, local FGF21 application attenuated the excessive activation of oxidative stress, which was accompanied with the activation of nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (Nrf‐2) transcription and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) phosphorylation. We detected FGF21 also suppressed autophagic cell death in SCs. Additionally, treatment with the ERK inhibitor U0126 or autophagy inhibitor 3‐MA partially abolishes anti‐oxidant effect and reduces SCs death. Taken together, these results indicated that the role of FGF21 in remyelination and nerve regeneration after PNI was probably related to inhibit the excessive activation of ERK/Nrf‐2 signalling‐regulated oxidative stress and autophagy‐induced cell death. Overall, our work suggests that FGF21 administration may provide a new therapy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duohui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lupeng Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangzheng Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghu Du
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Wu CX, Feng YH, Yang L, Zhan ZL, Xu XH, Hu XY, Zhu ZH, Zhou GP. Electroacupuncture exerts neuroprotective effects on ischemia/reperfusion injury in JNK knockout mice: the underlying mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1594-1601. [PMID: 30127120 PMCID: PMC6126120 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways is not enough to trigger cell apoptosis. However, activation of the stress activated pathway (JNK/p38 MAPK) together with inhibition of the growth factor activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway can promote cell apoptosis. We hypothesized that inhibition of the JNK or p38 pro-apoptotic pathway and activating the ERK pathway could be the mechanism of anti-apoptosis following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. To investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of electroacupuncture on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in JNK knockout mice, mouse models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by Longa’s method. Electroacupuncture was conducted at acupoints Chize (LU5), Hegu (LI4), Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Zusanli (ST36) 1.5 hours after ischemia/reperfusion injury for 20 minutes, once a day. The neurological function was evaluated using neurological deficit scores. The expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and phospho-p38 (p-p38) in JNK knockout mice was detected using double-labeling immunofluorescence and western blot assay. The mRNA expression of ERK and p38 was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Electroacupuncture improved neurological function, increased the immunoreactivity and relative expression of p-ERK and reduced that of p-p38 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus on the injured side. Electroacupuncture increased mRNA expression of ERK, but decreased that of p38 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus on the injured side. In conclusion, electroacupuncture upregulated the protective ERK pathway and inhibited the pro-apoptotic p38 pathway, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect and improving the neurological function in JNK knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Hui Feng
- Central Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhu-Lian Zhan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Hu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhu
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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18
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Reduced Severity of Outcome of Recurrent Ipsilateral Transient Cerebral Ischemia Compared with Contralateral Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2915-2925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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19
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Bao L, Li RH, Li M, Jin MF, Li G, Han X, Yang YY, Sun B, Xu LX, Feng X. Autophagy-regulated AMPAR subunit upregulation in in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced hippocampal injury. Brain Res 2017; 1668:65-71. [PMID: 28549968 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy has been implicated to mediate experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal death; the underlying molecular mechanisms, though, are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in regulating the expression of AMPAR subunits (GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3) in oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-mediated injury of hippocampal neurons. Our results showed that, OGD/R-induced hippocampal neuron injury was accompanied by accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in cytoplasm alongside a dramatic increase in expression of autophagy-related genes, LC3 and Beclin 1 and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels. Pre-treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly reduced this effect. Moreover, the OGD/R-induced upregulation of mRNA and protein expressions of GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3 were also effectively reversed in cells pretreated with 3-MA. Our findings indicate that OGD/R induced the expression of GluRs by activating autophagy in in vitro cultured hippocampal neurons, which could be effectively reversed by the administration of 3-MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bao
- Department of Neonatology, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-Hu Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Fang Jin
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing Han
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Xiao Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xing Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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20
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Zhang P, Yang L, He H, Deng Y. Differential variations of autophagy and apoptosis in permanent focal cerebral ischaemia rat model. Brain Inj 2017; 31:1151-1158. [PMID: 28506087 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1298005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy and apoptosis coexist in stroke, but the relationship between effects and complex is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated dynamic changes of autophagy and apoptosis at the penumbra in permanent cerebral ischaemia. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat models were prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion. The autophagy and apoptosis were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence with LC3-II and cleaved caspase-3, respectively. The neurological deficit score and infarct volume were assessed. RESULTS The results showed that the expressions of LC3-II and cleaved caspase-3 were gradually increased from 1 to 5 hours, and reached maximum at 5 hours after stroke. After that, LC3-II expression was significantly declined, but cleaved caspase-3 expression was only mildly reduced from 6 hours to 3 days. Surprisingly, at 4 days after stroke, the autophagy was abruptly increased again, but the apoptosis was considerably and continuously decreased. The severity of the neurological deficit was in accordance with the increase of infarct expansion. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that autophagy and apoptosis were simultaneously activated within 12 hours after stroke. Four days later, LC3-II expression was significantly increased, while cleaved caspase-3 expression was considerably decreased, implying that there might be a transition from apoptosis to autophagy at the subacute phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhang
- a Department of Morphology, Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- a Department of Morphology, Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Hongyun He
- a Department of Morphology, Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Yihao Deng
- a Department of Morphology, Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
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21
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Pengyue Z, Tao G, Hongyun H, Liqiang Y, Yihao D. Breviscapine confers a neuroprotective efficacy against transient focal cerebral ischemia by attenuating neuronal and astrocytic autophagy in the penumbra. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:69-76. [PMID: 28343073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breviscapine is a flavonoid derived from a traditional Chinese herb Erigerin breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz, and has been extensively used in clinical treatment for cerebral stroke in China, but the underlying pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear. In present study, we investigated whether breviscapine could confer a neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia injury by targeting autophagy mechanisms. A cerebral stroke model in Sprague-Dawley rats was prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), rats were then randomly divided into 5 groups: MCAO+Bre group, rats were treated with breviscapine; MCAO+Tat-Beclin-1 group, animals were administrated with specific autophagy inducer Tat-Beclin-1; MCAO+Bre+Tat-Beclin-1 group, rats were treated with both breviscapine and Tat-Beclin-1, MCAO+saline group, rats received the same volume of physiological saline, and Sham surgery group. The autophagy levels in infarct penumbra were evaluated by western blotting, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence 7days after the insult. Meanwhile, infarct volume, brain water content and neurological deficit score were assessed. The results illustrated that the infarct volume, brain water content and neurofunctional deficiency were significantly reduced by 7days of breviscapine treatment in MCAO+Bre group, compared with those in MCAO+saline group. Meanwhile, the western blotting, quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence showed that the autophagy in both neurons and astrocytes at the penumbra were markedly attenuated by breviscapine admininstration. Moreover, these pharmacological effects of breviscapine could be counteracted by autophagy inducer Tat-Beclin-1. Our study suggests that breviscapine can provide a neuroprotection against transient focal cerebral ischemia, and this biological function is associated with attenuating autophagy in both neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Pengyue
- Department of morphology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guo Tao
- Department of morphology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - He Hongyun
- Department of morphology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Liqiang
- Department of morphology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Deng Yihao
- Department of morphology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Zhu L, Ye T, Tang Q, Wang Y, Wu X, Li H, Jiang Y. Exercise Preconditioning Regulates the Toll-Like Receptor 4/Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway and Reduces Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Inflammatory Injury: A Study in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2770-2779. [PMID: 27590301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of exercise preconditioning (EP) on the activity of the toll-like receptor (TLR)4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) inflammatory injury. METHODS Ischemia was induced in rats using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) after 3 weeks of EP. Fifty-four rats were divided into sham, MCAO, and EP+MCAO groups. Following the induction of cerebral I/R injury, rats were scored for neurological deficits. Various techniques were used to evaluate ischemic infarct volume and explore pathological changes in tissue morphology after cerebral I/R injury, wherein the levels of TLR4 and NF-κB were analyzed. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in peripheral serum. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after cerebral I/R injury, the neurological deficit scores decreased and ischemic cortical damage alleviated in EP+MCAO group; the number of TLR4- and NF-κB-positive cells, the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the ischemic side, and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in the peripheral serum were lower in EP+MCAO group than those in the MCAO group (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that EP can improve cerebral I/R-induced neurological deficits in rats, reduce infarct volume, mitigate pathological damage in the ischemic cortex, and exert neuroprotective effects. The mechanism underlying these effects might involve the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the inhibition of central and peripheral inflammatory cascades during cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwen Zhu
- Rehabilitation Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Rehabilitation Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Rehabilitation Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfei Jiang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Time-Dependent Changes in Apoptosis Upon Autophagy Inhibition in Astrocytes Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:223-234. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang XM, Zhang L, Wang G, Niu W, He Z, Ding L, Jia J. Suppression of mitochondrial fission in experimental cerebral ischemia: The potential neuroprotective target of p38 MAPK inhibition. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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