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Regulation of Tight Junctions by Sex Hormones in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111404. [PMID: 35681868 PMCID: PMC9179430 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary How ovarian hormones affect goat lactation by regulating cell–cell junctions is still unclear. Through the in vivo and in vitro assays, we found that ovarian hormones could elevate cell–cell junction protein expression, which may affect the intercellular space and molecule transportation between the goat mammary epithelial cells. Our assessment suggests that ovarian hormones may affect goat milk production by regulating the cell–cell junction protein expression between mammary epithelial cells. Abstract The sex hormones of estrogen and progesterone (P4) play a vital role in mammary gland development and milk lactation in ruminants. The tight junction (TJ) between adjacent secretory epithelial cells is instrumental in establishing the mammary blood–milk barrier. However, whether estrogen and P4 exert their effect on mammary function via regulating TJ remain unclear. Here, to clarify the role of 17-β estradiol (E2) and P4 in the regulation of TJ in goat mammary gland, we first explored the relationships between the concentrations of E2, P4, and the protein expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1 during the mammary gland development in goat. Then, we further explored the mRNA and protein expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1 in the goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) in vitro under different concentrations of E2 and P4. The results demonstrated that the protein expression of claudin-1 decreased, but occludin and ZO-1 increased with the decline in E2 and P4 during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. In the in vitro studies, E2 exerted a positive effect on the mRNA expression of claudin-1, and accelerated the proteins’ expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 in GMECs; P4 upregulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1, and also improved the protein expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, and ZO-1 in the GMECs. The results demonstrated that E2 and P4 play an important role in regulating the expression of the mammary TJ components, which may ultimately affect the mammary gland development and milk lactation.
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Blawn KT, Kellohen KL, Galloway EA, Wahl J, Vivek A, Verkhovsky VG, Barker NK, Cottier KE, Vallecillo TG, Langlais PR, Liktor-Busa E, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. Sex hormones regulate NHE1 functional expression and brain endothelial proteome to control paracellular integrity of the blood endothelial barrier. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147448. [PMID: 33771519 PMCID: PMC10494867 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex hormones have been implicated in pH regulation of numerous physiological systems. One consistent factor of these studies is the sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1). NHE1 has been associated with pH homeostasis at epithelial barriers. Hormone fluctuations have been implicated in protection and risk for breaches in blood brain barrier (BBB)/blood endothelial barrier (BEB) integrity. Few studies, however, have investigated BBB/BEB integrity in neurological disorders in the context of sex-hormone regulation of pH homeostasis. METHODS//RESULTS Physiologically relevant concentrations of 17-β-estradiol (E2, 294 pM), progesterone (P, 100 nM), and testosterone (T,3.12 nM) were independently applied to cultured immortalized bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells to study the BEB. Individual gonadal hormones showed preferential effects on extracellular pH (E2), 14C-sucrose uptake (T), stimulated paracellular breaches (P) with dependence on functional NHE1 expression without impacting transendothelial resistance (TEER) or total protein expression. While total NHE1 expression was not changed as determined via whole cell lysate and subcellular fractionation experiment, biotinylation of NHE1 for surface membrane expression showed E2 reduced functional expression. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed divergent effects of 17-β-estradiol and testosterone on changes in protein abundance in bEnd.3 endothelial cells as compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that circulating levels of sex hormones may independently control BEB integrity by 1) regulating pH homeostasis through NHE1 functional expression and 2) modifying the endothelial proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera T Blawn
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Emily A Galloway
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jared Wahl
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anjali Vivek
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Natalie K Barker
- University of Arizona, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Paul R Langlais
- University of Arizona, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Todd W Vanderah
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Cao H, Seto SW, Bhuyan DJ, Chan HH, Song W. Effects of Thrombin on the Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:973-984. [PMID: 33392917 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality that poses a significant burden on society and the economy. About 60% of cerebral ischemia is caused by thrombus, and the formation of thrombus proceeds from insoluble fibrin, following its transformation from liquid fibrinogen. In thrombus-induced ischemia, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain results in an altered brain microenvironment. Changes in the brain microenvironment affect brain function and the neurovascular unit (NVU), the working unit of the brain. Recent studies have reported that coagulation factors interact with the NVU and its components, but the specific function of this interaction is highly speculative and warrants further investigations. In this article, we reviewed the role of coagulation factors in cerebral ischemia and the role of coagulation factors in thrombosis. Additionally, the influence of thrombin on the NVU is introduced, as well as in the function of NVU, which may help to explore part of brain injury mechanism during ischemia. Lastly, we propose some novel therapeutic approaches on ischemic stroke by reducing the risk of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Hoi Huen Chan
- Hong Kong Community College, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenting Song
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Sitruk-Ware R, Bonsack B, Brinton R, Schumacher M, Kumar N, Lee JY, Castelli V, Corey S, Coats A, Sadanandan N, Gonzales-Portillo B, Heyck M, Shear A, Blaise C, Zhang H, Sheyner M, García-Sánchez J, Navarro L, El-Etr M, De Nicola AF, Borlongan CV. Progress in progestin-based therapies for neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:38-65. [PMID: 33359391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormone therapy, primarily progesterone and progestins, for central nervous system (CNS) disorders represents an emerging field of regenerative medicine. Following a failed clinical trial of progesterone for traumatic brain injury treatment, attention has shifted to the progestin Nestorone for its ability to potently and selectively transactivate progesterone receptors at relatively low doses, resulting in robust neurogenetic, remyelinating, and anti-inflammatory effects. That CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke, develop via demyelinating, cell death, and/or inflammatory pathological pathways advances Nestorone as an auspicious candidate for these disorders. Here, we assess the scientific and clinical progress over decades of research into progesterone, progestins, and Nestorone as neuroprotective agents in MS, ALS, SCI, and stroke. We also offer recommendations for optimizing timing, dosage, and route of the drug regimen, and identifying candidate patient populations, in advancing Nestorone to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexandreya Coats
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bella Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matt Heyck
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alex Shear
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cozene Blaise
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Sheyner
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julián García-Sánchez
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lisset Navarro
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Okamoto T, Kawamoto E, Usuda H, Tanaka T, Nikai T, Asanuma K, Suzuki K, Shimaoka M, Wada K. Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin Suppresses Monocyte Adhesion by Reducing Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Cellular Stiffening. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081811. [PMID: 32751580 PMCID: PMC7463703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cellular stiffening has been observed not only in inflamed cultured endothelial cells but also in the endothelium of atherosclerotic regions, which is an underlying cause of monocyte adhesion and accumulation. Although recombinant soluble thrombomodulin (rsTM) has been reported to suppress the inflammatory response of endothelial cells, its role in regulating endothelial cellular stiffness remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of anticoagulant rsTM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cellular stiffening. We show that LPS increases endothelial cellular stiffness by using atomic force microscopy and that rsTM reduces LPS-induced cellular stiffening not only through the attenuation of actin fiber and focal adhesion formation but also via the improvement of gap junction functionality. Moreover, post-administration of rsTM, after LPS stimulation, attenuated LPS-induced cellular stiffening. We also found that endothelial cells regulate leukocyte adhesion in a substrate- and cellular stiffness-dependent manner. Our result show that LPS-induced cellular stiffening enhances monocytic THP-1 cell line adhesion, whereas rsTM suppresses THP-1 cell adhesion to inflamed endothelial cells by reducing cellular stiffness. Endothelial cells increase cellular stiffness in reaction to inflammation, thereby promoting monocyte adhesion. Treatment of rsTM reduced LPS-induced cellular stiffening and suppressed monocyte adhesion in a cellular stiffness-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2132
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Life Science, Chugoku Gakuen University, 83 Niwase, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama 701-0197, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Nikai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Kunihiro Asanuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka-city, Mie 513-8679, Japan;
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
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Lu L, Qi S, Chen Y, Luo H, Huang S, Yu X, Luo Q, Zhang Z. Targeted immunomodulation of inflammatory monocytes across the blood-brain barrier by curcumin-loaded nanoparticles delays the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ghali GZ, Ghali MGZ. Nafamostat mesylate attenuates the pathophysiologic sequelae of neurovascular ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2217-2234. [PMID: 32594033 PMCID: PMC7749469 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafamostat mesylate, an apparent soi-disant panacea of sorts, is widely used to anticoagulate patients undergoing hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass, mitigate the inflammatory response in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, and reverse the coagulopathy of patients experiencing the commonly preterminal disseminated intravascular coagulation in the Far East. The serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in the setting of neurovascular ischemia. Nafamostat mesylate generates neuroprotective effects by attenuating the enzymatic activity of serine proteases, neuroinflammatory signaling cascades, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, downregulating excitotoxic transient receptor membrane channel subfamily 7 cationic currents, modulating the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways, and supporting neuronal survival (brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB/ERK1/2/CREB, nuclear factor kappa B. The effects collectively reduce neuronal necrosis and apoptosis and prevent ischemia mediated disruption of blood-brain barrier microarchitecture. Investigational clinical applications of these compounds may mitigate ischemic reperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac, hepatic, renal, or intestinal transplant, preventing allograft rejection, and treating solid organ malignancies. Neuroprotective effects mediated by nafamostat mesylate support the wise conduct of randomized prospective controlled trials in Western countries to evaluate the clinical utility of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zaki Ghali
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA; Department of Toxicology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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β-arrestin-2 in PAR-1-biased signaling has a crucial role in endothelial function via PDGF-β in stroke. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:100. [PMID: 30718498 PMCID: PMC6361911 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin aggravates ischemic stroke and activated protein C (APC) has a neuroprotective effect. Both proteases interact with protease-activated receptor 1, which exhibits functional selectivity and leads to G-protein- and β-arrestin-mediated-biased signal transduction. We focused on the effect of β-arrestin in PAR-1-biased signaling on endothelial function after stroke or high-fat diet (HFD). Thrombin had a rapid disruptive effect on endothelial function, but APC had a slow protective effect. Paralleled by prolonged MAPK 42/44 signaling activation by APC via β-arrestin-2, a lower cleavage rate of PAR-1 for APC than thrombin was quantitatively visualized by bioluminescence video imaging. HFD-fed mice showed lower β-arrestin-2 levels and more severe ischemic injury. The expression of β-arrestin-2 in capillaries and PDGF-β secretion in HFD-fed mice were reduced in penumbra lesions. These results suggested that β-arrestin-2-MAPK-PDGF-β signaling enhanced protection of endothelial function and barrier integrity after stroke.
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Robison LS, Gannon OJ, Salinero AE, Zuloaga KL. Contributions of sex to cerebrovascular function and pathology. Brain Res 2018; 1710:43-60. [PMID: 30580011 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences exist in how cerebral blood vessels function under both physiological and pathological conditions, contributing to observed sex differences in risk and outcomes of cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), such as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and stroke. Throughout most of the lifespan, women are protected from CBVDs; however, risk increases following menopause, suggesting sex hormones may play a significant role in this protection. The cerebrovasculature is a target for sex hormones, including estrogens, progestins, and androgens, where they can influence numerous vascular functions and pathologies. While there is a plethora of information on estrogen, the effects of progestins and androgens on the cerebrovasculature are less well-defined. Estrogen decreases cerebral tone and increases cerebral blood flow, while androgens increase tone. Both estrogens and androgens enhance angiogenesis/cerebrovascular remodeling. While both estrogens and androgens attenuate cerebrovascular inflammation, pro-inflammatory effects of androgens under physiological conditions have also been demonstrated. Sex hormones exert additional neuroprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and maintaining integrity and function of the blood brain barrier. Most animal studies utilize young, healthy, gonadectomized animals, which do not mimic the clinical conditions of aging individuals likely to get CBVDs. This is also concerning, as sex hormones appear to mediate cerebrovascular function differently based on age and disease state (e.g. metabolic syndrome). Through this review, we hope to inspire others to consider sex as a key biological variable in cerebrovascular research, as greater understanding of sex differences in cerebrovascular function will assist in developing personalized approaches to prevent and treat CBVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Olivia J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Abigail E Salinero
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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10
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Guennoun R, Zhu X, Fréchou M, Gaignard P, Slama A, Liere P, Schumacher M. Steroids in Stroke with Special Reference to Progesterone. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:551-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sayeed I, Wali B, Guthrie DB, Saindane MT, Natchus MG, Liotta DC, Stein DG. Development of a novel progesterone analog in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:292-298. [PMID: 30222982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although systemic progesterone (PROG) treatment has been shown to be neuroprotective by many laboratories and in multiple animal models of brain injury including traumatic brain injury (TBI), PROG's poor aqueous solubility limits its potential for use as a therapeutic agent. The problem of solubility presents challenges for an acute intervention for neural injury, when getting a neuroprotectant to the brain quickly is crucial. Native PROG (nPROG) is hydrophobic and does not readily dissolve in an aqueous-based medium, so this makes it harder to give under emergency field conditions. An agent with properties similar to those of PROG but easier to store, transport, formulate, and administer early in emergency trauma situations could lead to better and more consistent clinical outcomes following TBI. At the same time, the engineering of a new molecule designed to treat a complex systemic injury must anticipate a range of translational issues including solubility and bioavailability. Here we describe the development of EIDD-1723, a novel, highly stable PROG analog with >104-fold higher aqueous solubility than that of nPROG. We think that, with further testing, EIDD-1723 could become an attractive candidate use as a field-ready treatment for TBI patients. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Sayeed
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bushra Wali
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David B Guthrie
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Manohar T Saindane
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Emory Institute for Drug Development/Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Wang Q, Tang Y, Wang T, Yang HL, Wang X, Ma H, Zhang P. EPCR promotes MGC803 human gastric cancer cell tumor angiogenesis in vitro through activating ERK1/2 and AKT in a PAR1-dependent manner. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1565-1570. [PMID: 30008838 PMCID: PMC6036513 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) serves a key role in activated protein C (APC)-mediated cytoprotective effects in endothelial cells, and is involved in the development of certain types of human cancer. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that EPCR may exert effects on gastric cancer angiogenesis in vitro. To detect microvessel density (MVD), the microvascular endothelial cells were stained for cluster of differentiation (CD)31 and CD34 in 61 cases of surgical resection of gastric carcinoma tissues, and the association between the expression of EPCR protein and MVD was analyzed. In addition, to analyze the effect of EPCR expressed by gastric cancer cells on the proliferation, migration and angiogenic abilities of endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with tumor-conditioned medium derived from EPCR knockdown or protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-blocked MGC803 gastric cancer cells. A CCK-8 assay was used to assess the proliferation ability of the HUVECs. A Transwell assay was performed to assess the migration ability of the HUVECs and a Matrigel-based tube formation assay was used to assess the angiogenic activity of the HUVECs. The results demonstrated that the expression of EPCR was correlated with the MVD of gastric cancer tissues. When cultured with tumor-conditioned medium derived from EPCR knockdown or PAR1-blocked MGC803 cells, the proliferation, migration and tubules formation abilities of HUVECs were markedly inhibited markedly. The expression of phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, p-protein kinase B (AKT; s473) and p-AKT (T308) in the HUVECs was decreased. In addition, EPCR knockdown inhibited PAR1 activation in the MGC803 cells. These results indicated that the expression of EPCR in gastric cancer cell line MGC803 contributes to tumor angiogenesis in vitro by activating ERK1/2 and AKT, and that this effect of EPCR is dependent on PAR1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Tang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Hongru Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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Zhou Z, Lu J, Liu WW, Manaenko A, Hou X, Mei Q, Huang JL, Tang J, Zhang JH, Yao H, Hu Q. Advances in stroke pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:23-42. [PMID: 29807056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel is blocked or ruptured, and it is the major cause of death and adult disability worldwide. Various pharmacological agents have been developed for the treatment of stroke either through interrupting the molecular pathways leading to neuronal death or enhancing neuronal survival and regeneration. Except for rtPA, few of these agents have succeeded in clinical trials. Recently, with the understanding of the pathophysiological process of stroke, there is a resurrection of research on developing neuroprotective agents for stroke treatment, and novel molecular targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration have been discovered to predict or offer clinical benefits. Here we review the latest major progress of pharmacological studies in stroke, especially in ischemic stroke; summarize emerging potential therapeutic mechanisms; and highlight recent clinical trials. The aim of this review is to provide a panorama of pharmacological interventions for stroke and bridge basic and translational research to guide the clinical management of stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiyong Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun-Long Huang
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qin Hu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Lv J, Hu W, Yang Z, Li T, Jiang S, Ma Z, Chen F, Yang Y. Focusing on claudin-5: A promising candidate in the regulation of BBB to treat ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:79-96. [PMID: 29217457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 is a tight junction (TJ) protein in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that has recently attracted increased attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that claudin-5 regulates the integrity and permeability of the BBB. Increased claudin-5 expression plays a neuroprotective role in neurological diseases, particularly in cerebral ischemic stroke. Moreover, claudin-5 might be a potential marker for early hemorrhagic transformation detection in ischemic stroke. In light of the distinctive effects of claudin-5 on the nervous system, we present the elaborate network of roles that claudin-5 plays in ischemic stroke. In this review, we first introduce basic knowledge regarding the BBB and the claudin family, the characterization and regulation of claudin-5, and association between claudin-5 and other TJ proteins. Subsequently, we describe BBB dysfunction and neuron-specific drivers of pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, including inflammatory disequilibrium and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we summarize promising ischemic stroke treatments that target the BBB via claudin-5, including modified rt-PA therapy, pharmacotherapy, hormone treatment, receptor-targeted therapy, gene therapy, and physical therapy. This review highlights recent advances and provides a comprehensive summary of claudin-5 in the regulation of the BBB and may be helpful for drug design and clinical therapy for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Na W, Shin JY, Lee JY, Jeong S, Kim WS, Yune TY, Ju BG. Dexamethasone suppresses JMJD3 gene activation via a putative negative glucocorticoid response element and maintains integrity of tight junctions in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3695-3708. [PMID: 28338398 PMCID: PMC5718327 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17701156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits a highly selective permeability to support the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The tight junctions in the BBB microvascular endothelial cells seal the paracellular space to prevent diffusion. Thus, disruption of tight junctions results in harmful effects in CNS diseases and injuries. It has recently been demonstrated that glucocorticoids have beneficial effects on maintaining tight junctions in both in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. In the present study, we found that dexamethasone suppresses the expression of JMJD3, a histone H3K27 demethylase, via the recruitment of glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) and nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) to the negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) in the upstream region of JMJD3 gene in brain microvascular endothelial cells subjected to TNFα treatment. The decreased JMJD3 gene expression resulted in the suppression of MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 gene activation. Dexamethasone also activated the expression of the claudin 5 and occludin genes. Collectively, dexamethasone attenuated the disruption of the tight junctions in the brain microvascular endothelial cells subjected to TNFα treatment. Therefore, glucocorticoids may help to preserve the integrity of the tight junctions in the BBB via transcriptional and post-translational regulation following CNS diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonho Na
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Y Shin
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Y Lee
- 2 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangyun Jeong
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Won-Sun Kim
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Y Yune
- 2 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J, Keep RF, Shi Y. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:144-171. [PMID: 28987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of fluid, solutes and cells at the blood-brain interface and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the BBB can be disrupted, followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain and compromise of normal neuronal function. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, as well as blood-borne peripheral cells constantly modulate the BBB and influence its breakdown and repair after ischemic stroke. The involvement of stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions further complicate the pathogenesis of neurovascular injury by predisposing the BBB to anatomical and functional changes that can exacerbate BBB dysfunction. Emphasis is also given to the process of long-term structural and functional restoration of the BBB after ischemic injury. With the development of novel research tools, future research on the BBB is likely to reveal promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and improving patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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17
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Qie X, Wen D, Guo H, Xu G, Liu S, Shen Q, Liu Y, Zhang W, Cong B, Ma C. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediates Methamphetamine-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Damage. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:639. [PMID: 28959203 PMCID: PMC5603670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse causes serious health problems worldwide, and long-term use of METH disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, we explored the potential mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in METH-induced BBB endothelial cell damage in vitro and the therapeutic potential of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors for METH-induced BBB disruption in C57BL/6J mice. Exposure of immortalized BMVEC (bEnd.3) cells to METH significantly decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, and diminished the tightness of cell monolayers. METH activated ER stress sensor proteins, including PERK, ATF6, and IRE1, and upregulated the pro-apoptotic protein CHOP. The ER stress inhibitors significantly blocked the upregulation of CHOP. Knockdown of CHOP protected bEnd.3 cells from METH-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, METH elevated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced the dysfunction of mitochondrial characterized by a Bcl2/Bax ratio decrease, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and cytochrome c. ER stress release was partially reversed by ROS inhibition, and cytochrome c release was partially blocked by knockdown of CHOP. Finally, PBA significantly attenuated METH-induced sodium fluorescein (NaFluo) and Evans Blue leakage, as well as tight junction protein loss, in C57BL/6J mice. These data suggest that BBB endothelial cell damage was caused by METH-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which further induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and that PBA was an effective treatment for METH-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Qie
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Di Wen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Guanjie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianchao Shen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security BureauBeijing, China
| | - Bin Cong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
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18
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Contribution of thrombin-reactive brain pericytes to blood-brain barrier dysfunction in an in vivo mouse model of obesity-associated diabetes and an in vitro rat model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177447. [PMID: 28489922 PMCID: PMC5425209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications are characterized by the dysfunction of pericytes located around microvascular endothelial cells. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) exhibits hyperpermeability with progression of diabetes. Therefore, brain pericytes at the BBB may be involved in diabetic complications of the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesized that brain pericytes respond to increased brain thrombin levels in diabetes, leading to BBB dysfunction and diabetic CNS complications. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 or 8 weeks to induce obesity. Transport of i.v.-administered sodium fluorescein and 125I-thrombin across the BBB were measured. We evaluated brain endothelial permeability and expression of tight junction proteins in the presence of thrombin–treated brain pericytes using a BBB model of co-cultured rat brain endothelial cells and pericytes. Mice fed a HFD for 8 weeks showed both increased weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance. In parallel, the brain influx rate of sodium fluorescein was significantly greater than that in mice fed a normal diet. HFD feeding inhibited the decline in brain thrombin levels occurring during 6 weeks of feeding. In the HFD fed mice, plasma thrombin levels were significantly increased, by up to 22%. 125I-thrombin was transported across the BBB in normal mice after i.v. injection, with uptake further enhanced by co-injection of unlabeled thrombin. Thrombin-treated brain pericytes increased brain endothelial permeability and caused decreased expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin and morphological disorganization of ZO-1. Thrombin also increased mRNA expression of interleukin-1β and 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in brain pericytes. Thrombin can be transported from circulating blood through the BBB, maintaining constant levels in the brain, where it can stimulate pericytes to induce BBB dysfunction. Thus, the brain pericyte–thrombin interaction may play a key role in causing BBB dysfunction in obesity-associated diabetes and represent a therapeutic target for its CNS complications.
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19
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Brailoiu E, Shipsky MM, Yan G, Abood ME, Brailoiu GC. Mechanisms of modulation of brain microvascular endothelial cells function by thrombin. Brain Res 2016; 1657:167-175. [PMID: 27998795 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells are a critical component of the blood-brain barrier. They form a tight monolayer which is essential for maintaining the brain homeostasis. Blood-derived proteases such as thrombin may enter the brain during pathological conditions like trauma, stroke, and inflammation and further disrupts the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, via incompletely characterized mechanisms. We examined the underlying mechanisms evoked by thrombin in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMVEC). Our results indicate that thrombin, acting on protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) increases cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in RBMVEC via Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Thrombin increases nitric oxide production; the effect is abolished by inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase or by antagonism of PAR1 receptors. In addition, thrombin increases mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species production via PAR1-dependent mechanisms. Immunocytochemistry studies indicate that thrombin increases F-actin stress fibers, and disrupts the tight junctions. Thrombin increased the RBMVEC permeability assessed by a fluorescent flux assay. Taken together, our results indicate multiple mechanisms by which thrombin modulates the function of RBMVEC and may contribute to the blood-brain barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Megan M Shipsky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Guang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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20
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Zielińska KA, Van Moortel L, Opdenakker G, De Bosscher K, Van den Steen PE. Endothelial Response to Glucocorticoids in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:592. [PMID: 28018358 PMCID: PMC5155119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a crucial role in inflammation. A balanced control of inflammation requires the action of glucocorticoids (GCs), steroidal hormones with potent cell-specific anti-inflammatory properties. Besides the classic anti-inflammatory effects of GCs on leukocytes, recent studies confirm that endothelial cells also represent an important target for GCs. GCs regulate different aspects of endothelial physiology including expression of adhesion molecules, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity. However, the regulation of endothelial GC sensitivity remains incompletely understood. In this review, we specifically examine the endothelial response to GCs in various inflammatory diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis, stroke, sepsis, and vasculitis to atherosclerosis. Shedding more light on the cross talk between GCs and endothelium will help to improve existing therapeutic strategies and develop new therapies better tailored to the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A. Zielińska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Moortel
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Jumnongprakhon P, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on cerebral endothelial cells dysfunction induced by methamphetamine via NADPH oxidase-2. Brain Res 2016; 1650:84-92. [PMID: 27590720 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone that mostly produced from the pineal gland, and it performs as a strong neuroprotectant to both neuron and glial cells against methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity. Recently, it has been found that METH also damages the blood brain barrier (BBB) structure and function. However, the protective mechanism of melatonin on the BBB impairment caused by METH has not been investigated. In this study, the primary rat brain microvascular endothelium cells (BMVECs) isolated from neonatal rats was used to investigate the protective effect of melatonin on METH-induced BBB impairment and the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that melatonin decreased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and apoptosis induced by METH via NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 since apocynin, a NOX-2 inhibitor abolished those changes. In addition, melatonin was found to improve cell integrity by increasing the transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) values, and up-regulate the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5, thereby decreasing the paracellular permeability caused by METH mediated by NOX-2. Our data suggest that METH induces BBB impairment by mediating NOX-2 activity, and then induces oxidative and nitrative stress, as well as apoptosis, which causes the impairment of cell integrity, and that melatonin reduces these negative effects of METH by mediating via MT1/2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichaya Jumnongprakhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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22
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Immortalized endothelial cell lines for in vitro blood–brain barrier models: A systematic review. Brain Res 2016; 1642:532-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Wali B, Ishrat T, Stein DG, Sayeed I. Progesterone improves long-term functional and histological outcomes after permanent stroke in older rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:46-56. [PMID: 26921692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown progesterone to be beneficial in animal models of central nervous system injury, but less is known about its longer-term sustained effects on recovery of function following stroke. We evaluated progesterone's effects on a panel of behavioral tests up to 8 weeks after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats 12m.o. were subjected to pMCAO and, beginning 3h post-pMCAO, given intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (8mg/kg) or vehicle, followed by subcutaneous injections at 8h and then every 24h for 7 days, with tapering of the last 2 treatments. The rats were then tested on functional recovery at 3, 6 and 8 weeks post-stroke. We observed that progesterone-treated animals showed attenuation of infarct volume and improved functional outcomes at 8 weeks after stroke on grip strength, sensory neglect, motor coordination and spatial navigation tests. Progesterone treatments significantly improved motor deficits in the affected limb on a number of gait parameters. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was increased in the vehicle group and considerably lowered in the progesterone group at 8 weeks post-stroke. With repeated post-stroke testing, sensory neglect and some aspects of spatial learning performance showed spontaneous recovery, but on gait and grip-strength measres progesterone given only in the acute stage of stroke (first 7 days) showed sustained beneficial effects on all other measures of functional recovery up to 8 weeks post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Wali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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