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Shirsath KR, Patil VK, Awathale SN, Goyal SN, Nakhate KT. Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of neuropeptide S system in neurological disorders. Peptides 2024; 175:171167. [PMID: 38325715 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a 20 amino acids-containing neuroactive molecule discovered by the reverse pharmacology method. NPS is detected in specific brain regions like the brainstem, amygdala, and hypothalamus, while its receptor (NPSR) is ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Besides CNS, NPS and NPSR are also expressed in the peripheral nervous system. NPSR is a G-protein coupled receptor that primarily uses Gq and Gs signaling pathways to mediate the actions of NPS. In animal models of Parkinsonism and Alzheimer's disease, NPS exerts neuroprotective effects. NPS suppresses oxidative stress, anxiety, food intake, and pain, and promotes arousal. NPSR facilitates reward, reinforcement, and addiction-related behaviors. Genetic variation and single nucleotide polymorphism in NPSR are associated with depression, schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma. NPS interacts with several neurotransmitters including glutamate, noradrenaline, serotonin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. It also modulates the immune system via augmenting pro-inflammatory cytokines and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. In the present review, we discussed the distribution profile of NPS and NPSR, signaling pathways, and their importance in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders. We have also proposed the areas where further investigations on the NPS system are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini R Shirsath
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishnavi K Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay N Awathale
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India.
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Alur V, Raju V, Vastrad B, Vastrad C, Kavatagimath S, Kotturshetti S. Bioinformatics Analysis of Next Generation Sequencing Data Identifies Molecular Biomarkers Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 16:11795514231155635. [PMID: 36844983 PMCID: PMC9944228 DOI: 10.1177/11795514231155635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common metabolic disorder. The aim of the present investigation was to identify gene signature specific to T2DM. Methods The next generation sequencing (NGS) dataset GSE81608 was retrieved from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between T2DM and normal controls. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, modules, miRNA (micro RNA)-hub gene regulatory network construction and TF (transcription factor)-hub gene regulatory network construction, and topological analysis were performed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was also performed to verify the prognostic value of hub genes. Results A total of 927 DEGs (461 were up regulated and 466 down regulated genes) were identified in T2DM. GO and REACTOME results showed that DEGs mainly enriched in protein metabolic process, establishment of localization, metabolism of proteins, and metabolism. The top centrality hub genes APP, MYH9, TCTN2, USP7, SYNPO, GRB2, HSP90AB1, UBC, HSPA5, and SQSTM1 were screened out as the critical genes. ROC analysis provides prognostic value of hub genes. Conclusion The potential crucial genes, especially APP, MYH9, TCTN2, USP7, SYNPO, GRB2, HSP90AB1, UBC, HSPA5, and SQSTM1, might be linked with risk of T2DM. Our study provided novel insights of T2DM into genetics, molecular pathogenesis, and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Alur
- Department of Endocrinology, J.J.M
Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - Varshita Raju
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
K.L.E. College of Pharmacy, Gadag, Karnataka, India
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics,
Chanabasava Nilaya, Dharwad, Karnataka, India,Chanabasayya Vastrad, Biostatistics and
Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, Karnataka 580001,
India.
| | - Satish Kavatagimath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, K.L.E.
College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Curcumin Protects Diabetic Mice against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction by Modulating CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050624. [PMID: 35629293 PMCID: PMC9143027 DOI: 10.3390/life12050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular docking revealed curcumin as a potent CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) agonist. Since CB2R is involved in cardioprotective functions, we explored its role in ameliorative actions of curcumin against myocardial damage triggered by isoproterenol in diabetic animals. Mice were kept on a high-fat diet (HFD) throughout the experiment (30 days). Following 7 days of HFD feeding, streptozotocin was administered (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to induce diabetes. From day 11 to 30, diabetic mice received either curcumin (100 or 200 mg/kg/day, oral), CB2R antagonist AM630 (1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) or both, with concurrent isoproterenol (150 mg/kg, subcutaneous) administration on day 28 and 29. Diabetic mice with myocardial infarction showed an altered hemodynamic pattern and lipid profile, reduced injury markers, antioxidants with increased lipid peroxidation in the myocardium, and elevated glucose and liver enzymes in the blood. Moreover, an increased pro-inflammatory markers, histological severity, myonecrosis, and edema were observed. Curcumin compensated for hemodynamic fluctuations, restored biochemical markers, preserved antioxidant capacity, decreased cytokines levels, and restored cardiac functionality. However, the AM630 pre-treatment attenuated the effects of curcumin. The data suggest the involvement of CB2R in the actions of curcumin such as in the prevention of myocardial stress and in the improvement of the normal status of the myocardial membrane associated with diabetes.
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Kamdi SP, Badwaik HR, Raval A, Ajazuddin, Nakhate KT. Ameliorative potential of phloridzin in type 2 diabetes-induced memory deficits in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 913:174645. [PMID: 34800467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes associated oxidative stress and impaired cholinergic neurotransmission causes cognitive deficits. Although phloridzin shows antioxidant- and insulin sensitizing-activities, its ameliorative potential in diabetes-induced memory dysfunction remains unexplored. In the present study, type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) in rats on ad libitum high-fat diet. Diabetic animals were treated orally with phloridzin (10 and 20 mg/kg) for four weeks. Memory functions were evaluated by passive avoidance test (PAT) and novel object recognition (NOR) test. Brains of rats were subjected to biochemical analysis of glutathione (GSH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), malonaldehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Role of cholinergic system in the effects of phloridzin was evaluated by scopolamine pre-treatment in behavioral studies. While diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in step through latency in PAT, and exploration time and discrimination index in NOR test; a substantial increase in all parameters was observed following phloridzin treatment. Phloridzin reversed abnormal levels of GSH, BDNF, MDA and AChE in the brain of diabetic animals. Moreover, in silico molecular docking study revealed that phloridzin acts as a potent agonist at M1 receptor as compared to acetylcholine. Viewed collectively, reversal of T2D-induced memory impairment by phloridzin might be attributed to upregulation of neurotrophic factors, reduced oxidative stress and increased cholinergic signaling in the brain. Therefore, phloridzin may be a promising molecule in the management of cognitive impairment comorbid with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh P Kamdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Hemant R Badwaik
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Amit Raval
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, 490024, Chhattisgarh, India; Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
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Gilak-Dalasm M, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA. Swimming exercise decreases depression-like behaviour and inflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1981-1991. [PMID: 34347905 DOI: 10.1113/ep089501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can swimming exercise decrease depression-like behaviour and inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Swimming exercise decreased depression-like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise might be useful for the treatment of depression-related disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes. ABSTRACT Clinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression-related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression-related symptoms. The present study aimed to explore whether swimming exercise can decrease depression-like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. To induce type 2 diabetes, male C57BL6 mice were treated with a high-fat diet and streptozocin. Type 2 diabetic animals were subjected to swimming exercise for 4 weeks. Then, depression-like behaviours were evaluated by sucrose preference, novelty-suppressed feeding, social interaction and tail suspension tests. We also measured levels of glucose, insulin and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α in the serum of animals. The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia- and depression-like behaviours in mice. We also found significant increases in glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia- and depression-like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression-like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Gilak-Dalasm
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Peeri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Tanaka M, Yamada S, Watanabe Y. The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Nucleus Accumbens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147287. [PMID: 34298907 PMCID: PMC8307209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an abundant peptide in the central nervous system, is expressed in neurons of various regions throughout the brain. The physiological and behavioral effects of NPY are mainly mediated through Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes, which are expressed in regions regulating food intake, fear and anxiety, learning and memory, depression, and posttraumatic stress. In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has one of the highest NPY concentrations in the brain. In this review, we summarize the role of NPY in the NAc. NPY is expressed principally in medium-sized aspiny neurons, and numerous NPY immunoreactive fibers are observed in the NAc. Alterations in NPY expression under certain conditions through intra-NAc injections of NPY or receptor agonists/antagonists revealed NPY to be involved in the characteristic functions of the NAc, such as alcohol intake and drug addiction. In addition, control of mesolimbic dopaminergic release via NPY receptors may take part in these functions. NPY in the NAc also participates in fat intake and emotional behavior. Accumbal NPY neurons and fibers may exert physiological and pathophysiological actions partly through neuroendocrine mechanisms and the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5300
| | - Shunji Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Yoshihisa Watanabe
- Department of Basic Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
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Kamdi SP, Raval A, Nakhate KT. Phloridzin ameliorates type 2 diabetes-induced depression in mice by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:341-348. [PMID: 34178842 PMCID: PMC8212325 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked with depression due to insulin resistance, oxidative stress and disruption of neurotrophic factors. We evaluated potential benefits of phloridzin in ameliorating depressive symptoms in T2D. METHODS Adult male Swiss-albino mice (25-30 g) on high-fat-diet (HFD) for 2 weeks were administered with streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to induce T2D. Seven days after STZ administration, diabetic mice on HFD were distributed into different groups. Animals were subjected daily to oral treatment of saline (0.25 ml), fluoxetine (10-20 mg/kg) or phloridzin (10-20 mg/kg) for a period of 4 weeks. One hour after last dose, the immobility time of animals was evaluated in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). To further confirm the mechanisms involved in antidepressant effect of phloridzin, biochemical parameters like brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), glutathione (GSH), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) were estimated in the brain. RESULTS Animals with T2D showed a significant increase in immobility as compared to control in FST and TST. However, 4 weeks administration of fluoxetine or phloridzin attenuated this effect. A significant decline in GSH, BDNF, TrkB, CREB and ERK levels were noticed in the brain of mice with T2D. These changes were also attenuated by administration of phloridzin. CONCLUSIONS Phloridzin may ameliorates T2D-induced depression by mitigating the oxidative stress, and up-regulation of neurotrophins in the brain. Therefore, phloridzin can be used as a therapeutic intervention for the management of depression co-morbid with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh P. Kamdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research (PAHER) University, PB-12 Pacific hills, Airport Road, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313024 India
| | - Amit Raval
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research (PAHER) University, PB-12 Pacific hills, Airport Road, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313024 India
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024 India
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Kamdi SP, Raval A, Nakhate KT. Effect of apple peel extract on diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy and wound injury. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:119-130. [PMID: 34222062 PMCID: PMC8212242 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects up to 50 % diabetic patients. Moreover, uncontrolled diabetes associated with impaired wound healing. The present study was aimed at exploring the effect of apple peel extract (APE) on type 2 diabetes (T2D)-induced DPN and delayed wound healing. METHODS In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats on high-fat diet, a single low dose streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg) was administered via intraperitoneal route to induce T2D. Plantar test using Hargreaves apparatus was used to evaluate the DPN. Six different groups of rats were treated orally with saline (naïve control and DPN control), APE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and gabapentin (30 mg/kg) daily for 7 consecutive days and thermal paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was measured. To elucidate the underlying antioxidant effect of APE, the catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were measured. To evaluate the wound healing potential of APE, excision ischemic open wound model was used. Six different groups of rats were applied with 2 % gum acacia (naïve control and diabetic control), 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream and APE cream (5, 10 and 20 %) twice daily for 28 days. Dry connective tissue parameters like hydroxyproline and hexosamine were also measured to further confirm the wound healing activity. RESULTS Diabetes produced thermal hyperalgesia in rats with a significant decrease in PWL as compared to naive controls indicating induction of DPN. APE and gabapentin significantly improved PWL in diabetic animals. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant improvement in oxidative stress parameters such as catalase, GSH and MDA. Wound closure was significantly more after day 15 of topical application of APE and SSD as compared to control group. APE significantly increased hydroxyproline and hexosamine levels as compared to standard cream. Moreover, histopathology revealed that, topical application of APE cream showed an enhanced healing process. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the findings, we conclude that APE has a potential to be used as a therapeutic intervention for the management of DPN and delayed wound healing in the diabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh P. Kamdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, P.B-12 Pacific Hills, Airport Road, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313024 India
| | - Amit Raval
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, P.B-12 Pacific Hills, Airport Road, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313024 India
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024 India
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Werner FM, Coveñas R. Therapeutic Effect of Novel Antidepressant Drugs Acting at Specific Receptors of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:388-395. [PMID: 30969164 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190410165243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is a frequent psychiatric disease. One- third of the depressive patients remain treatment-resistant; thus, it is urgent to find novel antidepressant drugs. OBJECTIVE In major depression, in several brain areas the neural networks involved and the alterations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are updated. According to these networks, new pharmacological agents and effective combinations of antidepressant drugs achieving a more efficacious antidepressant treatment are suggested. RESULTS In the neural networks, the prefrontal cortex has been included. In this brain area, glutamatergic neurons, which receive an activating potential from D2 dopaminergic neurons, presynaptically inhibit M1 muscarinic cholinergic neurons via NMDA receptors. Medium spiny GABAergic/somatostatin neurons, which receive projections from M1 muscarinic cholinergic neurons, presynaptically inhibit D2 dopaminergic neurons via GABAA/somatostatin1 receptors. The combination of an NMDA receptor antagonist with an M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist can achive a rapid, long-lasting antidepressant effect. CONCLUSION In preclinical studies, the antidepressant effect of orvepitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist, has been demonstrated: this antagonist reaches a complete blockade of NK1 receptors. In clinical studies, the combination of an NMDA receptor antagonist with an M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist should be investigated indepth as well as the therapeutic effect of orvepitant. In clinical studies, the antidepressant effect of a triple reuptake inhibitor should be examined and compared to current antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix-Martin Werner
- Höhere Berufsfachschule für Altenpflege und Ergotherapie der Euro Akademie Pößneck, Pößneck, Germany.,Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Nakhate KT, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. Involvement of neuropeptide CART in the central effects of insulin on feeding and body weight. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:101-109. [PMID: 31054945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While insulin secreted from pancreas plays a pivotal role in the control of glucose homeostasis, it also interacts with hypothalamic sites and negatively influences the energy balance. The present study was undertaken to reveal the functional interaction between cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), a well-known anorexic peptide, and insulin within the framework of hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Insulin was administered daily by intracerebroventricular (icv) route, alone or in combination with CART (icv) for a period of seven days. Immediately thereafter, preweighed food was offered to the animals at the commencement of the dark phase. The food intake and body weight were measured daily just prior to next injection. Furthermore, brains of insulin-treated rats were processed for the immunohistochemical analysis of CART-containing elements in the hypothalamus. Treatment with insulin (6 mU, icv) for a period of 7 days caused a significant decrease in food intake and body weight as compared to control. Concomitant administration of CART (0.5 μg, icv) potentiated insulin-induced anorexia and weight loss. Insulin administration resulted in a significant increase in CART immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic arcuate, paraventricular, dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei. We suggest that increased CART contents in the hypothalamus may be causally linked with anorexia and weight loss induced by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Near NCL, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India.
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Rossetti I, Zambusi L, Maccioni P, Sau R, Provini L, Castelli MP, Gonciarz K, Colombo G, Morara S. Predisposition to Alcohol Drinking and Alcohol Consumption Alter Expression of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Microglia in Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis in a Subnucleus-Specific Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:158. [PMID: 31114482 PMCID: PMC6502997 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is often linked to anxiety states and has a major relay center in the anterior part of bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). We analyzed the impact of (i) genetic predisposition to high alcohol preference and consumption, and (ii) alcohol intake on anterior BNST, namely anterolateral (AL), anteromedial (AM), and anteroventral (lateral + medial subdivisions: AVl, AVm) subnuclei. We used two rat lines selectively bred for low- and high-alcohol preference and consumption, named Sardinian alcohol-non preferring (sNP) and -preferring (sP), respectively, the latter showing also inherent anxiety-related behaviors. We analyzed the modulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; exerting anxiogenic effects in BNST), neuropeptide Y (NPY; exerting mainly anxiolytic effects), and microglia activation (neuroinflammation marker, thought to increase anxiety). Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunofluorescent fibers/terminals did not differ between alcohol-naive sP and sNP rats. Fiber/terminal NPY-immunofluorescent intensity was lower in BNST-AM and BNST-AVm of alcohol-naive sP rats. Activation of microglia (revealed by morphological analysis) was decreased in BNST-AM and increased in BNST-AVm of alcohol-naive sP rats. Prolonged (30 consecutive days), voluntary alcohol intake under the homecage 2-bottle “alcohol vs. water” regimen strongly increased CGRP intensity in BNST of sP rats in a subnucleus-specific manner: in BNST-AL, BNST-AVm, and BNST-AM. CGRP area sum, however, decreased in BNST-AM, without changes in other subnuclei. Alcohol consumption increased NPY expression, in a subnucleus-specific manner, in BNST-AL, BNST-AVl, and BNST-AVm. Alcohol consumption increased many size/shapes parameters in microglial cells, indicative of microglia de-activation. Finally, microglia density was increased in ventral anterior BNST (BNST-AVl, BNST-AVm) by alcohol consumption. In conclusion, genetic predisposition of sP rats to high alcohol intake could be in part mediated by anterior BNST subnuclei showing lower NPY expression and differential microglia activation. Alcohol intake in sP rats produced complex subnucleus-specific changes in BNST, affecting CGRP/NPY expression and microglia and leading to hypothesize that these changes might contribute to the anxiolytic effects of voluntarily consumed alcohol repeatedly observed in sP rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rossetti
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zambusi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Maccioni
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Sau
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Gonciarz
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Morara
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Nakhate KT, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. A role of neuropeptide CART in hyperphagia and weight gain induced by olanzapine treatment in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1695:45-52. [PMID: 29775565 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although olanzapine is highly efficacious and most widely used second generation antipsychotic drug, the success of treatment has been hampered by its propensity to induce weight gain. While the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unclear, their elucidation may help to target alternative pathways regulating energy balance. The present study was undertaken to define the role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), a well-known anorexic peptide, in olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and body weight gain in female rats. Olanzapine was administered daily by intraperitoneal route, alone or in combination with CART (intracerebroventricular) for a period of two weeks. Immediately after drug administrations, preweighed food was offered to the animals at the commencement of the dark phase. The food intake and body weight were measured daily just prior to next injection. Furthermore, the brains of olanzapine-treated rats were processed for the immunohistochemical analysis of CART-containing elements in the hypothalamus. Treatment with olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg) for the duration of 14 days produced a significant increase in food intake and body weight as compared to control. However, concomitant administration of CART (0.5 µg) attenuated the olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. Olanzapine administration resulted in a significant reduction in CART immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic arcuate, paraventricular, dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei. We suggest that decreased CART contents in the hypothalamus may be causally linked with the hyperphagia and weight gain induced by olanzapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Near NCL, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India.
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Nakhate KT, Bharne AP, Verma VS, Aru DN, Kokare DM. Plumbagin ameliorates memory dysfunction in streptozotocin induced Alzheimer’s disease via activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibition of β-secretase. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:379-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Palmitoylation as a Functional Regulator of Neurotransmitter Receptors. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5701348. [PMID: 29849559 PMCID: PMC5903346 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5701348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of neuronal proteins involved in cellular signaling undergo different posttranslational modifications significantly affecting their functions. One of these modifications is a covalent attachment of a 16-C palmitic acid to one or more cysteine residues (S-palmitoylation) within the target protein. Palmitoylation is a reversible modification, and repeated cycles of palmitoylation/depalmitoylation might be critically involved in the regulation of multiple signaling processes. Palmitoylation also represents a common posttranslational modification of the neurotransmitter receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LICs). From the functional point of view, palmitoylation affects a wide span of neurotransmitter receptors activities including their trafficking, sorting, stability, residence lifetime at the cell surface, endocytosis, recycling, and synaptic clustering. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the palmitoylation of neurotransmitter receptors and its role in the regulation of receptors functions as well as in the control of different kinds of physiological and pathological behavior.
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Van der Auwera S, Peyrot WJ, Milaneschi Y, Hertel J, Baune B, Breen G, Byrne E, Dunn EC, Fisher H, Homuth G, Levinson D, Lewis C, Mills N, Mullins N, Nauck M, Pistis G, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Ripke S, Sullivan P, Teumer A, Völzke H, Boomsma DI, Wray NR, Penninx B, Grabe H. Genome-wide gene-environment interaction in depression: A systematic evaluation of candidate genes: The childhood trauma working-group of PGC-MDD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:40-49. [PMID: 29159863 PMCID: PMC5726923 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene by environment (GxE) interaction studies have investigated the influence of a number of candidate genes and variants for major depressive disorder (MDD) on the association between childhood trauma and MDD. Most of these studies are hypothesis driven and investigate only a limited number of SNPs in relevant pathways using differing methodological approaches. Here (1) we identified 27 genes and 268 SNPs previously associated with MDD or with GxE interaction in MDD and (2) analyzed their impact on GxE in MDD using a common approach in 3944 subjects of European ancestry from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium who had completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. (3) We subsequently used the genome-wide SNP data for a genome-wide case-control GxE model and GxE case-only analyses testing for an enrichment of associated SNPs. No genome-wide significant hits and no consistency among the signals of the different analytic approaches could be observed. This is the largest study for systematic GxE interaction analysis in MDD in subjects of European ancestry to date. Most of the known candidate genes/variants could not be supported. Thus, their impact on GxE interaction in MDD may be questionable. Our results underscore the need for larger samples, more extensive assessment of environmental exposures, and greater efforts to investigate new methodological approaches in GxE models for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hertel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernhard Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gerome Breen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, Great Britain
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, Great Britain
| | - Enda Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Fisher
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, Great Britain
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Douglas Levinson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cathryn Lewis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, Great Britain
- Department of Medical and& Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, Great Britain
| | - Natalie Mills
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Niamh Mullins
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, Great Britain
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University medicine Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Depression can be prevented by astaxanthin through inhibition of hippocampal inflammation in diabetic mice. Brain Res 2017; 1657:262-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thorsell A, Mathé AA. Neuropeptide Y in Alcohol Addiction and Affective Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:178. [PMID: 28824541 PMCID: PMC5534438 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a neuropeptide highly conserved throughout evolution, is present at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in peripheral tissues such as the gut and cardiovascular system. The peptide exerts its effects via multiple receptor subtypes, all belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Of these subtypes, the Y1 and the Y2 are the most thoroughly characterized, followed by the Y5 subtype. NPY and its receptors have been shown to be of importance in central regulation of events underlying, for example, affective disorders, drug/alcohol use disorders, and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, within the CNS, NPY also affects sleep regulation and circadian rhythm, memory function, tissue growth, and plasticity. The potential roles of NPY in the etiology and pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders, as well as alcohol use disorders, have been extensively studied. This focus was prompted by early indications for an involvement of NPY in acute responses to stress, and, later, also data pointing to a role in alterations within the CNS during chronic, or repeated, exposure to adverse events. These functions of NPY, in addition to the peptide's regulation of disease states, suggest that modulation of the activity of the NPY system via receptor agonists/antagonists may be a putative treatment mechanism in affective disorders as well as alcohol use disorders. In this review, we present an overview of findings with regard to the NPY system in relation to anxiety and stress, acute as well as chronic; furthermore we discuss post-traumatic stress disorder and, in part depression. In addition, we summarize findings on alcohol use disorders and related behaviors. Finally, we briefly touch upon genetic as well as epigenetic mechanisms that may be of importance for NPY function and regulation. In conclusion, we suggest that modulation of NPY-ergic activity within the CNS, via ligands aimed at different receptor subtypes, may be attractive targets for treatment development for affective disorders, as well as for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Thorsell
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Annika Thorsell,
| | - Aleksander A. Mathé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yue Y, Jiang H, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Liang J, Li S, Wang J, Lu J, Geng D, Wu A, Yuan Y. The Role of Neuropeptide Y mRNA Expression Level in Distinguishing Different Types of Depression. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:323. [PMID: 28082897 PMCID: PMC5186760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that the protein of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is abnormal in depression patients, but the changes of NPY in different types of depression are unclear. This study was aimed to examine protein and mRNA expression levels of NPY in 159 cases with four groups including post-stroke depression (PSD) group, stroke without depression (Non-PSD) group, major depressive disorder (MDD) group and normal control (NC) group. The protein and gene expression analysis were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square tests and nonparametric test were used to evaluate general characteristics, clinical and biological materials. In order to explore the role of NPY in different types of depression, the partial correlations, binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated for PSD and MDD groups. There are significant differences of NPY protein (Fdf(3) = 5.167, P = 0.002) and mRNA expression levels (χKruskal2-Wallis, df(3) = 20.541, P < 0.001) among four groups. Bonferroni multiple comparisons found that the NPY protein was significantly decreased in PSD (FBonferroni = −7.133, P = 0.002) and Non-PSD group (FBonferroni = −5.612, P = 0.018) compared with NC group. However, contrasted with MDD group, the mRNA expression was increased in PSD and Non-PSD group by nonparametric test (all P < 0.05). In binary logistic analyses, NPY mRNA expression was independent predictors of PSD (odds ratio: 1.452, 95% CI, 1.081–1.951, P = 0.013). The ROC curve showed NPY mRNA had a general prognostic accuracy (area under the curve: 0.766, 95% CI, 0.656–0.876, P < 0.001). This is the first study to explore the distinguishing function of NPY in different types of depression. It will provide help in the identification of different subtypes of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yue
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Haitang Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Yin
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqun Zhang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Shenghua Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangning Nanjing Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Gaochun County People's Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College Xuzhou, China
| | - Aiqin Wu
- Department of Psychosomatics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University Suzhou, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing, China
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Synthesis, characterization, and screening for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives linked to quinazolin-4-one ring. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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