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Wong CE, Liu W, Huang CC, Lee PH, Huang HW, Chang Y, Lo HT, Chen HF, Kuo LC, Lee JS. Sciatic nerve stimulation alleviates neuropathic pain and associated neuroinflammation in the dorsal root ganglia in a rodent model. J Transl Med 2024; 22:770. [PMID: 39143617 PMCID: PMC11325705 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) play a pivotal role in the formation of neuropathic pain (NP). Sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) neuromodulation was reported to alleviate NP and reduce neuroinflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying SNS in the DRG remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of electric stimulation in reducing NP, focusing on the DRG. METHODS L5 nerve root ligation (NRL) NP rat model was studied. Ipsilateral SNS performed 1 day after NRL. Behavioral tests were performed to assess pain phenotypes. NanoString Ncounter technology was used to explore the differentially expressed genes and cellular pathways. Activated SGCs were characterized in vivo and in vitro. The histochemical alterations of SGCs, macrophages, and neurons in DRG were examined in vivo on post-injury day 8. RESULTS NRL induced NP behaviors including decreased pain threshold and latency on von Frey and Hargreaves tests. We found that following nerve injury, SGCs were hyperactivated, neurotoxic and had increased expression of NP-related ion channels including TRPA1, Cx43, and SGC-neuron gap junctions. Mechanistically, nerve injury induced reciprocal activation of SGCs and M1 macrophages via cytokines including IL-6, CCL3, and TNF-α mediated by the HIF-1α-NF-κB pathways. SNS suppressed SGC hyperactivation, reduced the expression of NP-related ion channels, and induced M2 macrophage polarization, thereby alleviating NP and associated neuroinflammation in the DRG. CONCLUSIONS NRL induced hyperactivation of SGCs, which had increased expression of NP-related ion channels. Reciprocal activation of SGCs and M1 macrophages surrounding the primary sensory neurons was mediated by the HIF-1α and NF-κB pathways. SNS suppressed SGC hyperactivation and skewed M1 macrophage towards M2. Our findings establish SGC activation as a crucial pathomechanism in the gliopathic alterations in NP, which can be modulated by SNS neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-En Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Wentai Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tien Lo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chieh Kuo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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2
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Qiao LY. Satellite Glial Cells Bridge Sensory Neuron Crosstalk in Visceral Pain and Cross-Organ Sensitization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:213-221. [PMID: 38777604 PMCID: PMC11264254 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Following colonic inflammation, the uninjured bladder afferent neurons are also activated. The mechanisms and pathways underlying this sensory neuron cross-activation (from injured neurons to uninjured neurons) are not fully understood. Colonic and bladder afferent neurons reside in the same spinal segments and are separated by satellite glial cells (SGCs) and extracellular matrix in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). SGCs communicate with sensory neurons in a bidirectional fashion. This review summarizes the differentially regulated genes/proteins in the injured and uninjured DRG neurons and explores the role of SGCs in regulation of sensory neuron crosstalk in visceral cross-organ sensitization. The review also highlights the paracrine pathways in mediating neuron-SGC and SGC-neuron coupling with an emphasis on the neurotrophins and purinergic systems. Finally, I discuss the results from recent RNAseq profiling of SGCs to reveal useful molecular markers for characterization, functional study, and therapeutic targets of SGCs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are the largest glial subtypes in sensory ganglia and play a critical role in mediating sensory neuron crosstalk, an underlying mechanism in colon-bladder cross-sensitization. Identification of novel and unique molecular markers of SGCs can advance the discovery of therapeutic targets in treatment of chronic pain including visceral pain comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Y Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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3
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Maximiano TKE, Carneiro JA, Fattori V, Verri WA. TRPV1: Receptor structure, activation, modulation and role in neuro-immune interactions and pain. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102870. [PMID: 38531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, the identification of a non-selective ion channel, especially responsive to capsaicin, revolutionized the studies of somatosensation and pain that were to follow. The TRPV1 channel is expressed mainly in neuronal cells, more specifically, in sensory neurons responsible for the perception of noxious stimuli. However, its presence has also been detected in other non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, β- pancreatic cells, muscle cells and adipocytes. Activation of the channel occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli, such as noxious heat, low pH, gasses, toxins, endocannabinoids, lipid-derived endovanilloid, and chemical agents, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. This activation results in an influx of cations through the channel pore, especially calcium. Intracellular calcium triggers different responses in sensory neurons. Dephosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel leads to its desensitization, which disrupts its function, while its phosphorylation increases the channel's sensitization and contributes to the channel's rehabilitation after desensitization. Kinases, phosphoinositides, and calmodulin are the main signaling pathways responsible for the channel's regulation. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of TRPV1 discovery, its tissue expression as well as on the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation (directly or indirectly) induces pain in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Kawane Euflazio Maximiano
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, 300 Longwood Ave, 02115, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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4
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Nguyen HS, Kang SJ, Kim S, Cha BH, Park KS, Jeong SW. Changes in the expression of satellite glial cell-specific markers during postnatal development of rat sympathetic ganglia. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148809. [PMID: 38354998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The sympathetic ganglia represent a final motor pathway that mediates homeostatic "fight and flight" responses in the visceral organs. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) form a thin envelope close to the neuronal cell body and synapses in the sympathetic ganglia. This unique morphological feature suggests that neurons and SGCs form functional units for regulation of sympathetic output. In the present study, we addressed whether SGC-specific markers undergo age-dependent changes in the postnatal development of rat sympathetic ganglia. We found that fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7) is an early SGC marker, whereas the S100B calcium-binding protein, inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir4.1 and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, SK3 are late SGC markers in the postnatal development of sympathetic ganglia. Unlike in sensory ganglia, FABP7 + SGC was barely detectable in adult sympathetic ganglia. The expression of connexin 43, a gap junction channel gradually increased with age, although it was detected in both SGCs and neurons in sympathetic ganglia. Glutamine synthetase was expressed in sensory, but not sympathetic SGCs. Unexpectedly, the sympathetic SGCs expressed a water-selective channel, aquaporin 1 instead of aquaporin 4, a pan-glial marker. However, aquaporin 1 was not detected in the SGCs encircling large neurons. Nerve injury and inflammation induced the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein, suggesting that this protein is a hall marker of glial activation in the sympathetic ganglia. In conclusion, our findings provide basic information on the in vivo profiles of specific markers for identifying sympathetic SGCs at different stages of postnatal development in both healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Son Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Konnova EA, Deftu AF, Chu Sin Chung P, Pertin M, Kirschmann G, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Characterisation of GFAP-Expressing Glial Cells in the Dorsal Root Ganglion after Spared Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15559. [PMID: 37958541 PMCID: PMC10647921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs), enveloping primary sensory neurons' somas in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), contribute to neuropathic pain upon nerve injury. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) serves as an SGC activation marker, though its DRG satellite cell specificity is debated. We employed the hGFAP-CFP transgenic mouse line, designed for astrocyte studies, to explore its expression within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) after spared nerve injury (SNI). We used diverse immunostaining techniques, Western blot analysis, and electrophysiology to evaluate GFAP+ cell changes. Post-SNI, GFAP+ cell numbers increased without proliferation, and were found near injured ATF3+ neurons. GFAP+ FABP7+ SGCs increased, yet 75.5% of DRG GFAP+ cells lacked FABP7 expression. This suggests a significant subset of GFAP+ cells are non-myelinating Schwann cells (nmSC), indicated by their presence in the dorsal root but not in the ventral root which lacks unmyelinated fibres. Additionally, patch clamp recordings from GFAP+ FABP7-cells lacked SGC-specific Kir4.1 currents, instead displaying outward Kv currents expressing Kv1.1 and Kv1.6 channels specific to nmSCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates increased GFAP expression in two DRG glial cell subpopulations post-SNI: GFAP+ FABP7+ SGCs and GFAP+ FABP7- nmSCs, shedding light on GFAP's specificity as an SGC marker after SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Konnova
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Chu Sin Chung
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Pertin
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guylène Kirschmann
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Decosterd
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc R. Suter
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Shaffer C, Barrett LF, Quigley KS. Signal processing in the vagus nerve: Hypotheses based on new genetic and anatomical evidence. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108626. [PMID: 37419401 PMCID: PMC10563766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Each organism must regulate its internal state in a metabolically efficient way as it interacts in space and time with an ever-changing and only partly predictable world. Success in this endeavor is largely determined by the ongoing communication between brain and body, and the vagus nerve is a crucial structure in that dialogue. In this review, we introduce the novel hypothesis that the afferent vagus nerve is engaged in signal processing rather than just signal relay. New genetic and structural evidence of vagal afferent fiber anatomy motivates two hypotheses: (1) that sensory signals informing on the physiological state of the body compute both spatial and temporal viscerosensory features as they ascend the vagus nerve, following patterns found in other sensory architectures, such as the visual and olfactory systems; and (2) that ascending and descending signals modulate one another, calling into question the strict segregation of sensory and motor signals, respectively. Finally, we discuss several implications of our two hypotheses for understanding the role of viscerosensory signal processing in predictive energy regulation (i.e., allostasis) as well as the role of metabolic signals in memory and in disorders of prediction (e.g., mood disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Shaffer
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Bennet BM, Pardo ID, Assaf BT, Buza E, Cramer SD, Crawford LK, Engelhardt JA, Galbreath EJ, Grubor B, Morrison JP, Osborne TS, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Technical Review: Biology and Pathology of Ganglia in Animal Species Used for Nonclinical Safety Testing. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:278-305. [PMID: 38047294 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), trigeminal ganglia (TG), other sensory ganglia, and autonomic ganglia may be injured by some test article classes, including anti-neoplastic chemotherapeutics, adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, nerve growth factor inhibitors, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This article reviews ganglion anatomy, cytology, and pathology (emphasizing sensory ganglia) among common nonclinical species used in assessing product safety for such test articles (TAs). Principal histopathologic findings associated with sensory ganglion injury include neuron degeneration, necrosis, and/or loss; increased satellite glial cell and/or Schwann cell numbers; and leukocyte infiltration and/or inflammation. Secondary nerve fiber degeneration and/or glial reactions may occur in nerves, dorsal spinal nerve roots, spinal cord (dorsal and occasionally lateral funiculi), and sometimes the brainstem. Ganglion findings related to TA administration may result from TA exposure and/or trauma related to direct TA delivery into the central nervous system or ganglia. In some cases, TA-related effects may need to be differentiated from a spectrum of artifactual and/or spontaneous background changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Buza
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James P Morrison
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Cao A, Gao W, Sawada T, Yoshimoto RU, Aijima R, Ohsaki Y, Kido MA. Transient Receptor Potential Channel Vanilloid 1 Contributes to Facial Mechanical Hypersensitivity in a Mouse Model of Atopic Asthma. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100149. [PMID: 37059266 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive skin, a common pathophysiological feature of allergic diseases, is defined as an unpleasant sensation in response to stimuli that normally should not provoke such sensations. However, the relationship between allergic inflammation and hypersensitive skin in the trigeminal system remains to be elucidated. To explore whether bronchial allergic inflammation affects facial skin and primary sensory neurons, we used an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model. Significant mechanical hypersensitivity was observed in the facial skin of mice with pulmonary inflammation induced by OVA sensitization compared to mice treated with adjuvant or vehicle as controls. The skin of OVA-treated mice showed an increased number of nerve fibers, especially rich intraepithelial nerves, compared to controls. Transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-immunoreactive nerves were enriched in the skin of OVA-treated mice. Moreover, epithelial TRPV1 expression was higher in OVA-treated mice than in controls. Trigeminal ganglia of OVA-treated mice displayed larger numbers of activated microglia/macrophages and satellite glia. In addition, more TRPV1 immunoreactive neurons were found in the trigeminal ganglia of OVA-treated mice than in controls. Mechanical hypersensitivity was suppressed in OVA-treated Trpv1-deficient mice, while topical skin application of a TRPV1 antagonist before behavioral testing reduced the reaction induced by mechanical stimulation. Our findings reveal that mice with allergic inflammation of the bronchi had mechanical hypersensitivity in the facial skin that may have resulted from TRPV1-mediated neuronal plasticity and glial activation in the trigeminal ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Cao
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Weiqi Gao
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Reiko U Yoshimoto
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Reona Aijima
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ohsaki
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mizuho A Kido
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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9
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McGinnis A, Ji RR. The Similar and Distinct Roles of Satellite Glial Cells and Spinal Astrocytes in Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2023; 12:965. [PMID: 36980304 PMCID: PMC10047571 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have identified glial cells as pivotal players in the genesis and maintenance of neuropathic pain after nerve injury associated with diabetes, chemotherapy, major surgeries, and virus infections. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) express similar molecular markers and are protective under physiological conditions. They also serve similar functions in the genesis and maintenance of neuropathic pain, downregulating some of their homeostatic functions and driving pro-inflammatory neuro-glial interactions in the PNS and CNS, i.e., "gliopathy". However, the role of SGCs in neuropathic pain is not simply as "peripheral astrocytes". We delineate how these peripheral and central glia participate in neuropathic pain by producing different mediators, engaging different parts of neurons, and becoming active at different stages following nerve injury. Finally, we highlight the recent findings that SGCs are enriched with proteins related to fatty acid metabolism and signaling such as Apo-E, FABP7, and LPAR1. Targeting SGCs and astrocytes may lead to novel therapeutics for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan McGinnis
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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10
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Tang G, Pi L, Guo H, Hu Z, Zhou C, Hu Q, Peng H, Xiao Z, Zhang Z, Wang M, Peng T, Huang J, Liang S, Li G. Naringin Relieves Diabetic Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Mediated by P2Y14 Receptor in Superior Cervical Ganglion. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:873090. [PMID: 35529431 PMCID: PMC9068893 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.873090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), an emerging chronic epidemic, contributes to mortality and morbidity around the world. Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is one of the most common complications associated with DM. Previous studies have shown that satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) play an indispensable role in DCAN progression. In addition, it has been shown that purinergic neurotransmitters, as well as metabotropic GPCRs, are involved in the pathophysiological process of DCAN. Furthermore, one traditional Chinese medicine, naringin may potently alleviate the effects of DCAN. Ferroptosis may be involved in DCAN progression. However, the role of naringin in DCAN as well as its detailed mechanism requires further investigation. In this research, we attempted to identify the effect and relevant mechanism of naringin in DCAN mitigation. We observed that compared with those of normal subjects, there were significantly elevated expression levels of P2Y14 and IL-1β in diabetic rats, both of which were remarkably diminished by treatment with either P2Y14 shRNA or naringin. In addition, abnormalities in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), and cardiac structure in the diabetic model can also be partially returned to normal through the use of those treatments. Furthermore, a reduced expression of NRF2 and GPX4, as well as an elevated level of ROS, were detected in diabetic cases, which can also be improved with those treatments. Our results showed that naringin can effectively relieve DCAN mediated by the P2Y14 receptor of SGCs in the SCG. Moreover, the NRF2/GPX4 pathway involved in ferroptosis may become one of the principal mechanisms participating in DCAN progression, which can be modulated by P2Y14-targeted naringin and thus relieve DCAN. Hopefully, our research can supply one novel therapeutic target and provide a brilliant perspective for the treatment of DCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Tang
- Queen Mary School, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingzhi Pi
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongmin Guo
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zihui Hu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Congfa Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qixing Hu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zehao Xiao
- Queen Mary School, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Queen Mary School, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Taotao Peng
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Queen Mary School, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Guilin Li,
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11
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Exercise Reduces Pain Behavior and Pathological Changes in Dorsal Root Ganglia Induced by Systemic Inflammation in Mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 778:136616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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How Is Peripheral Injury Signaled to Satellite Glial Cells in Sensory Ganglia? Cells 2022; 11:cells11030512. [PMID: 35159321 PMCID: PMC8833977 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury or inflammation in the peripheral branches of neurons of sensory ganglia causes changes in neuronal properties, including excessive firing, which may underlie chronic pain. The main types of glial cell in these ganglia are satellite glial cells (SGCs), which completely surround neuronal somata. SGCs undergo activation following peripheral lesions, which can enhance neuronal firing. How neuronal injury induces SGC activation has been an open question. Moreover, the mechanisms by which the injury is signaled from the periphery to the ganglia are obscure and may include electrical conduction, axonal and humoral transport, and transmission at the spinal level. We found that peripheral inflammation induced SGC activation and that the messenger between injured neurons and SGCs was nitric oxide (NO), acting by elevating cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in SGCs. These results, together with work from other laboratories, indicate that a plausible (but not exclusive) mechanism for neuron-SGCs interactions can be formulated as follows: Firing due to peripheral injury induces NO formation in neuronal somata, which diffuses to SGCs. This stimulates cGMP synthesis in SGCs, leading to their activation and to other changes, which contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability and pain. Other mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines probably also contribute to neuron-SGC communications.
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147721. [PMID: 34774500 PMCID: PMC10763621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels, of which the TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays a critical role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is expressed on nociceptors and spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. TRPV1 is also expressed on spinal astrocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) satellite cells. Agonists of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) suppress allodynia, with some that can bind TRPV1. The neuroimmune C-C class chemokine-2 (CCL2) expressed on injured DRG nociceptor cell bodies, Schwann cells and spinal astrocytes, stimulates immune cell accumulation in DRG and spinal cord, a known critical element in chronic allodynia. The current report examined whether two CB2R agonists, AM1710 and AM1241, previously shown to reverse light touch mechanical allodynia in rodent models of sciatic neuropathy, require TRPV1 activation that leads to receptor insensitivity resulting in reversal of allodynia. Global TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice with sciatic neuropathy given intrathecal or intraperitoneal AM1710 were examined for anti-allodynia followed by immunofluorescent microscopy analysis of lumbar spinal cord and DRG of astrocyte and CCL2 markers. Additionally, immunofluorescent analysis following intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 in rat was performed. Data reveal that intrathecal AM1710 resulted in mouse anti-allodynia, reduced spinal astrocyte activation and CCL2 expression independent of TRPV1 gene deletion. Conversely, peripheral AM1710 in TRPV1-KO mice failed to reverse allodynia. In rat, intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 reduced spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression, with CCL2-astrocyte and -microglial co-expression. These data support that CB2R agonists can impact spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression critical for anti-allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Discrepancy in the Usage of GFAP as a Marker of Satellite Glial Cell Reactivity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081022. [PMID: 34440226 PMCID: PMC8391720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) surrounding the neuronal somas in peripheral sensory ganglia are sensitive to neuronal stressors, which induce their reactive state. It is believed that such induced gliosis affects the signaling properties of the primary sensory neurons and is an important component of the neuropathic phenotype leading to pain and other sensory disturbances. Efforts to understand and manipulate such gliosis relies on reliable markers to confirm induced SGC reactivity and ultimately the efficacy of targeted intervention. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is currently the only widely used marker for such analyses. However, we have previously described the lack of SGC upregulation of GFAP in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury, suggesting that GFAP may not be a universally suitable marker of SGC gliosis across species and experimental models. To further explore this, we here investigate the regulation of GFAP in two different experimental models in both rats and mice. We found that whereas GFAP was upregulated in both rodent species in the applied inflammation model, only the rat demonstrated increased GFAP in SGCs following sciatic nerve injury; we did not observe any such GFAP upregulation in the mouse model at either protein or mRNA levels. Our results demonstrate an important discrepancy between species and experimental models that prevents the usage of GFAP as a universal marker for SGC reactivity.
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