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Jin SE, Lee MY, Ha H, Shin HK, Seo CS. Safety evaluation of Gamisoyo-san: genotoxicity, acute toxicity, and influence on drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38291610 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2308830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Gamisoyo-san is an herbal formula widely used to treat psychological issues, menopausal symptoms, and dysmenorrhea. However, there is insufficient information on its safety profile. This study aimed to confirm the genotoxic and acute toxic potential of Gamisoyo-san. We performed a battery of tests, which included a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) using five bacterial strains, an in vitro chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, an in vivo micronucleus test in mice, and human Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) assays. In the acute toxicity study, male and female rats were orally administered Gamisoyo-san 1000, 2000, or 5000 mg/kg and observed for 14 days. The activities of human CYP450s and UGTs were evaluated using recombinant baculosomes. Gamisoyo-san showed no signs of genotoxicity in the five bacterial strains, CHL cells, or mouse bone marrow cells. The acute toxicity test showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) of Gamisoyo-san was greater than 5000 mg/kg in rats. Gamisoyo-san inhibited the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and UGT1A1. In conclusion, Gamisoyo-san may not exert severe toxicological events or genotoxic effects at doses up to 5000 mg/kg in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Jin
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Tomita K, Kuwahara Y, Igarashi K, Kitanaka J, Kitanaka N, Takashi Y, Tanaka KI, Roudkenar MH, Roushandeh AM, Kurimasa A, Nishitani Y, Sato T. Therapeutic potential for KCC2-targeted neurological diseases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:431-438. [PMID: 38022385 PMCID: PMC10665825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, tend to show low K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) levels in the brain. The cause of these diseases has been associated with stress and neuroinflammation. However, since the pathogenesis of these diseases is not yet fully investigated, drug therapy is still limited to symptomatic therapy. Targeting KCC2, which is mainly expressed in the brain, seems to be an appropriate approach in the treatment of these diseases. In this review, we aimed to discuss about stress and inflammation, KCC2 and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function, diseases which decrease the KCC2 levels in the brain, factors that regulate KCC2 activity, and the possibility to overcome neuronal dysfunction targeting KCC2. We also aimed to discuss the relationships between neurological diseases and LPS caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. g), which is a type of oral bacterium. Clinical trials on oxytocin, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V Member 1 activator have been conducted to develop effective treatment methods. We believe that KCC2 modulators that regulate mitochondria, such as oxytocin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and SIRT1, can be potential targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 650–8530, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
- Division of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 650–8530, Japan
| | - Junichi Kitanaka
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction and Experimental Therapeutics, Schoolof Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Nobue Kitanaka
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction and Experimental Therapeutics, Schoolof Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Takashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
| | - Koh-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 650–8530, Japan
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Velayat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41937–13194, Iran
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Akihiro Kurimasa
- Division of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
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Igarashi K, Kuchiiwa S, Kuchiiwa T, Tomita K, Sato T. Comparative data on emotional (psychotic) aggressive biting behavior in mice of ddY strain measured by using two devices; Aggressive response meter and powerlab-compatible type aggressive response meter. Data Brief 2023; 48:109231. [PMID: 37383814 PMCID: PMC10294006 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aggressive Response Meter (ARM) has been validated for measuring emotional (psychotic) aggression triggered by mental irritation in mice. In the present article, we newly developed a device, pARM (PowerLab-compatible type ARM). We collected on the aggressive biting behavior (ABB) intensity and ABB frequency of 20 male and female mice of ddY strain studied over a period of 6 days by using pARM and the former ARM. We calculated Pearson's correlation between the values of pARM and those of ARM. The accumulated data can be referred as a basis for demonstrating the consistence of pARM and the former ARM, and used in future research to augment the understanding of stress-induced emotional aggression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Igarashi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuchiiwa
- Department of Morphological Science, Field of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kuchiiwa
- Department of Morphological Science, Field of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Human Science, Kagoshima Immaculate Herat University, 2365 Amatatsu-Cho, Satsuma-Sendai, Kagoshima 895-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Kamishoyosan Alleviates Anxiety-like Behavior in a Premenstrual Syndrome Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2801784. [PMID: 36276857 PMCID: PMC9586730 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2801784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kamishoyosan (KSS) is a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine that is prescribed for hormonal change-induced mood disorders including premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In clinical studies, KSS exhibited ameliorative effects on mood symptoms of PMS, such as anxiety and irritability. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of KSS is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of serotonergic machinery in the anxiolytic effects of KSS on hormonally-induced anxiety-like behavior in progesterone withdrawal (PWD) rats, which were used as a model of PMS. Female rats were injected with progesterone daily for 21 days. At 48 h after the final progesterone injection, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the elevated plus maze. KSS was administered orally to PWD rats 1 h prior to the test and significantly attenuated PWD-induced anxiety-like behavior. This ameliorative effect of KSS was reversed by WAY-100635, a serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor antagonist. The effect of KSS on serotonergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex of PWD rats was also evaluated using an in vivo microdialysis procedure. KSS significantly increased the extracellular 5-HT level in the prefrontal cortex of PWD rats. In conclusion, our results suggest that KSS alleviates PWD-induced anxiety-like behavior at least partly by activating 5-HT1A receptors and enhancing serotonergic transmission.
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Kobayashi K, Tang YT, Sasaki K. Paeoniflorin, a constituent of Kami-shoyo-san, suppresses blood glucose levels in postmenopausal diabetic mice by promoting the secretion of estradiol from adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101335. [PMID: 36510583 PMCID: PMC9734273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian functional deterioration in women with climacteric disorders increases the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, we revealed that paeoniflorin (PF), an ingredient of paeony root (PR), which is a constituent of Kami-shoyo-san (KS), promotes glucose uptake by increasing estradiol secretion from adipocytes. Adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 cells were incubated in culture medium containing the extracts of KS, PR, KS excluding PR (KS-PR), or PF for 5 d at 37 °C and 5% CO2. The estradiol and glucose concentrations in the medium were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Next, PF (1 or 10 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into ovariectomized mice (12-week-old, ICR strain) once daily for 19 d to perform the glucose tolerance test and determine blood estradiol and adiponectin levels. The release of estradiol from 3T3-L1 adipocytes was significantly increased by KS, PR, KS-PR, and PF, and the increased estradiol level caused by KS was significantly decreased by excluding PF from KS (KS-PR). Glucose concentration in the medium was significantly decreased by KS and PF. In in vivo experiments, the 10 mg/kg PF-treated group showed significantly suppressed blood glucose levels at 0 and 30 min after d-glucose loading by intraperitoneal injection. These findings indicate that KS, which includes PR-containing PF as the main ingredient, may have the potential to prevent T2D caused by ovarian dysfunction in menopausal women by increasing estradiol secretion from adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kobayashi
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-1 Komatsushima 4-Chome, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
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Neuroprotective effect of oxytocin on cognitive dysfunction, DNA damage, and intracellular chloride disturbance in young mice after cranial irradiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 612:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Age-Related Alterations in the Behavior and Serotonin-Related Gene mRNA Levels in the Brain of Males and Females of Short-Lived Turquoise Killifish ( Nothobranchius furzeri). Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101421. [PMID: 34680051 PMCID: PMC8533623 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-lived turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) have become a popular model organism for neuroscience. In the present paper we study for the first time their behavior in the novel tank diving test and the levels of mRNA of various 5-HT-related genes in brains of 2-, 4- and 6-month-old males and females of N. furzeri. The marked effect of age on body mass, locomotor activity and the mRNA level of Tph1b, Tph2, Slc6a4b, Mao, Htr1aa, Htr2a, Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr4, Htr6 genes in the brains of N. furzeri males was shown. Locomotor activity and expression of the Mao gene increased, while expression of Tph1b, Tph2, Slc6a4b, Htr1aa, Htr2a, Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr4, Htr6 genes decreased in 6-month-old killifish. Significant effects of sex on body mass as well as on mRNA level of Tph1a, Tph1b, Tph2, Slc6a4b, Htr1aa, 5-HT2a, Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr4, and Htr6 genes were revealed: in general both the body mass and the expression of these genes were higher in males. N. furzeri is a suitable model with which to study the fundamental problems of age-related alterations in various mRNA levels related with the brains 5-HT system.
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