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Makepeace R, Craig M. Higher intensity exercise after encoding is more conducive to episodic memory retention than lower intensity exercise: A field study in endurance runners. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308373. [PMID: 39269940 PMCID: PMC11398685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
An acute bout of exercise in the moments after learning benefits the retention of new memories. This finding can be explained, at least partly, through a consolidation account: exercise provides a physiological state that is conducive to the early stabilisation of labile new memories, which supports their retention and subsequent retrieval. The modification of consolidation through non-invasive exercise interventions offers great applied potential. However, it remains poorly understood whether effects of exercise translate from the laboratory to naturalistic settings and whether the intensity of exercise determines the effect in memory. To this end, adult endurance runners were recruited as participants and completed two study sessions spaced two weeks apart. In each session, participants were presented with a list of words and asked to recall them on three occasions: (i) immediately following their presentation, (ii) after a 30-minute retention interval, and (iii) after 24 hours. Crucially, the 30-minute retention interval comprised our experimental manipulation: higher intensity exercise (running) in the first session and lower intensity exercise (walking) in the second, both completed in a naturalistic setting around participants' existing physical activity training programmes. Exertion was recorded through heart rate and rate of perceived exertion data. Alertness, mood, and arousal ratings were also collected before and after the 30-minute retention interval. Immediate memory for the two wordlists was matched, but participants retained significantly more words after 30 minutes and 24 hours when encoding was followed by higher than lower intensity exercise. Exertion data revealed that participants experienced vigorous and light exercise in the higher and lower intensity conditions, respectively. Significant improvements in alertness, mood, and arousal were observed following both exercise conditions, but especially in the higher intensity condition. These outcomes reveal that experiencing higher intensity physical activity in the field is conducive to declarative memory retention, possibly because it encourages consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Makepeace
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Craig
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Hu Y, Shi W, Jiang D, Zhao L, Lu H, Wu D, Lin Z. MR Assessment of Acute Changes of Cerebral Perfusion, Metabolism, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Response to Aerobic Exercise. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 39096314 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear how a single bout of exercise affects brain perfusion, oxygen metabolism, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Addressing this unresolved issue is essential to understand the acute changes in cerebral physiology induced by aerobic exercise. PURPOSE To dynamically monitor the acute changes in cerebral physiology subsequent to a single aerobic exercise training session using noninvasive MRI measurements. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twenty-three healthy participants (18-35 years, 10 females/13 males) were enrolled and divided into 10-minute exercising (N = 10) and 20-minute exercising (N = 13) groups. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 T/Phase Contrast (PC) MRI (gradient echo), T2-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST) MRI (gradient echo EPI), Water-Extraction-with-Phase-Contrast-Arterial-Spin-Tagging (WEPCAST) MRI (gradient echo EPI) and T1-weighted magnetization-prepared-rapid-acquisition-of-gradient-echo (MPRAGE) (gradient echo). ASSESSMENT A baseline MR measurement plus four repeated MR measurements immediately after 10 or 20 minutes moderate running exercise. MR measurements included cerebral blood flow (CBF) as measured by PC MRI, venous oxygenation (Yv) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) as assessed by TRUST MRI, water extraction fraction (E), and BBB permeability-surface-area product (PS) as determined by WEPCAST MRI. STATISTICAL TESTS The time dependence of the physiological parameters was studied with a linear mixed-effect model. Additionally, pairwise t-tests comparison of the physiological parameters at each time point was conducted. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was an initial drop (8.22 ± 2.60%) followed by a recovery in CBF after exercise, while Yv revealed a significant decrease (6.37 ± 0.92%), i.e., an increased oxygen extraction, and returned to baseline at later time points. CMRO2 showed a trend of increase (5.68 ± 3.04%) and a significant interaction between time and group. In addition, E increased significantly (3.86% ± 0.89) and returned to baseline level at later time points, while PS remained elevated (13.33 ± 4.79%). DATA CONCLUSION A single bout of moderate aerobic exercise can induce acute alterations in cerebral perfusion, metabolism, and BBB permeability. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dengrong Jiang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Naito T, Oka K, Ishii K. Hemodynamics of short-duration light-intensity physical exercise in the prefrontal cortex of children: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15587. [PMID: 38971930 PMCID: PMC11227512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying the types of exercise that enhance cerebral blood flow is crucial for developing exercise programs that enhance cognitive function. Nevertheless, few studies have explored the amount of light-intensity, short-duration exercises that individuals can easily perform on cerebral blood flow, particularly in children. We examined the effects of these exercises on the hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Participants comprised 41 children (aged 12.1 ± 1.5 years, 37% female) who engaged in seven light-intensity exercises, with each movement performed in two patterns lasting 10 or 20 s. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels at rest and during exercise were compared using analysis of covariance, with sex and age as covariates. Significant increases in oxy-Hb were observed in multiple regions of the PFC during all forms of exercise (including dynamic and twist stretching [66.6%, 8/12 regions, η2 = 0.07-0.27], hand and finger movements [75.0%, 9/12 regions, η2 = 0.07-0.16], and balance exercises (100.0%, 6/6 regions, η2 = 0.13-0.25]), except for static stretching with monotonic movements. This study implies that short-duration, light-intensity exercises, provided that they entail a certain degree of cognitive and/or physical demands, can activate the PFC and increase blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Jinbocho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8301, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Oka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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Orcioli-Silva D, Beretta VS, Santos PCR, Rasteiro FM, Marostegan AB, Vitório R, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Cerebral and muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise in healthy adults: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:459-471. [PMID: 38462172 PMCID: PMC11184313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has allowed for the measurement of cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation simultaneously during exercise. Since this technology has been growing and is now successfully used in laboratory and sports settings, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence and enhance an integrative understanding of blood flow adjustments and oxygen (O2) changes (i.e., the balance between O2 delivery and O2 consumption) within the cerebral and muscle systems during exercise. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to search for relevant studies that simultaneously investigated cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes using the near-infrared spectroscopy system during exercise. This review considered manuscripts written in English and available before February 9, 2023. Each step of screening involved evaluation by 2 independent authors, with disagreements resolved by a third author. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS Twenty studies were included, of which 80% had good methodological quality, and involved 290 young or middle-aged adults. Different types of exercises were used to assess cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes, such as cycling (n = 11), treadmill (n = 1), knee extension (n = 5), isometric contraction of biceps brachii (n = 3), and duet swim routines (n = 1). The cerebral hemodynamics analysis was focused on the frontal cortex (n = 20), while in the muscle, the analysis involved vastus lateralis (n = 18), gastrocnemius (n = 3), biceps brachii (n = 5), deltoid (n = 1), and intercostal muscle (n = 1). Overall, muscle deoxygenation increases during exercise, reaching a plateau in voluntary exhaustion, while in the brain, oxyhemoglobin concentration increases with exercise intensity, reaching a plateau or declining at the exhaustion point. CONCLUSION Muscle and cerebral oxygenation respond differently to exercise, with muscle increasing O2 utilization and cerebral tissue increasing O2 delivery during exercise. However, at the exhaustion point, both muscle and cerebral oxygenation become compromised. This is characterized by a reduction in blood flow and a decrease in O2 extraction in the muscle, while in the brain, oxygenation reaches a plateau or decline, potentially resulting in motor failure during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orcioli-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Victor Spiandor Beretta
- Physical Education Department, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Rocha Santos
- Department of Computer Science & Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel
| | - Felipe Marroni Rasteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Anita Brum Marostegan
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vitório
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, Brazil
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Noh K, Baumgartner NW, Onbasi SI, Kao SC. The relationship of aerobic fitness with verbal and spatial working memory: An ERP study. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:211-234. [PMID: 38876576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) plays an important role in daily life and is known to correlated with aerobic fitness. However, whether the relationship between aerobic fitness and WM is dependent on the stimulus modality or is associated with one or multiple subprocesses involved in WM remains unknown. Accordingly, this study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to comprehensively examine the encoding, preparation, and retrieval processes during verbal and spatial WM performance. Eighty-eight young adults aged 18-30years were recruited to participate in two laboratory visits on separate days. On day 1, aerobic fitness was assessed by maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) during a treadmill-based graded exercise test. On day 2, participants completed verbal and spatial WM tasks while P2, contingent negative voltage (CNV), and P3 components of ERP were recorded during the encoding, preparatory, and retrieval stages of WM, respectively. Results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that V˙O2max was positively correlated with response accuracy during the high-demanding condition of spatial WM after controlling for age, sex, and self-reported physical activity. Additionally, a higher level of V˙O2max was associated with larger terminal CNV amplitude at the Cz electrode during the high-demanding condition of spatial WM. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness may have selective beneficial associations with the motor preparatory process and subsequent task performance requiring a greater amount of spatial information but not the encoding and retrieval stages nor the verbal modality of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Noh
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas W Baumgartner
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Salim Ibrahim Onbasi
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Boecker H, Daamen M, Maurer A, Bodensohn L, Werkhausen J, Lohaus M, Manunzio C, Manunzio U, Radbruch A, Attenberger U, Dukart J, Upadhyay N. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations associated with μ-opioid and dopamine receptor distributions in the central nervous system after high-intensity exercise bouts. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2024; 3:1332384. [PMID: 38455686 PMCID: PMC10917966 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2024.1332384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Dopaminergic, opiod and endocannabinoid neurotransmission are thought to play an important role in the neurobiology of acute exercise and, in particular, in mediating positive affective responses and reward processes. Recent evidence indicates that changes in fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (zfALFF) in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) may reflect changes in specific neurotransmitter systems as tested by means of spatial correlation analyses. Methods Here, we investigated this relationship at different exercise intensities in twenty young healthy trained athletes performing low-intensity (LIIE), high-intensity (HIIE) interval exercises, and a control condition on three separate days. Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scores and rs-fMRI were acquired before and after each of the three experimental conditions. Respective zfALFF changes were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs. We examined the spatial correspondence of changes in zfALFF before and after training with the available neurotransmitter maps across all voxels and additionally, hypothesis-driven, for neurotransmitter maps implicated in the neurobiology of exercise (dopaminergic, opiodic and endocannabinoid) in specific brain networks associated with "reward" and "emotion." Results Elevated PANAS Positive Affect was observed after LIIE and HIIE but not after the control condition. HIIE compared to the control condition resulted in differential zfALFF decreases in precuneus, temporo-occipital, midcingulate and frontal regions, thalamus, and cerebellum, whereas differential zfALFF increases were identified in hypothalamus, pituitary, and periaqueductal gray. The spatial alteration patterns in zfALFF during HIIE were positively associated with dopaminergic and μ-opioidergic receptor distributions within the 'reward' network. Discussion These findings provide new insight into the neurobiology of exercise supporting the importance of reward-related neurotransmission at least during high-intensity physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Boecker
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Daamen
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Angelika Maurer
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luisa Bodensohn
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Werkhausen
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marvin Lohaus
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Manunzio
- Sportsmedicine, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ursula Manunzio
- Sportsmedicine, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Attenberger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juergen Dukart
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Neeraj Upadhyay
- Clinical Functional Imaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wu HY, Huang CM, Hsu AL, Chen CN, Wu CW, Chen JH. Functional neuroplasticity of facilitation and interference effects on inhibitory control following 3-month physical exercise in aging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3682. [PMID: 38355770 PMCID: PMC10866924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Preservation of executive function, like inhibition, closely links to the quality of life in senior adults. Although neuroimaging literature has shown enhanced inhibitory function followed by aerobic exercise, current evidence implies inconsistent neuroplasticity patterns along different time durations of exercise. Hence, we conducted a 12-week exercise intervention on 12 young and 14 senior volunteers and repeatedly measured the inhibitory functionality of distinct aspects (facilitation and interference effects) using the numerical Stroop task and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Results showcased improved accuracy and reduced reaction times (RT) after 12-week exercise, attributed to frontoparietal and default mode network effects. In young adults, the first phase (0 to six weeks) exercise increased the activation of the right superior medial frontal gyrus, associated with reduced RT in interference, but in the second intervention phase (six to twelve weeks), the decreased activation of the left superior medial frontal gyrus positively correlated with reduced RT in facilitation. In senior adults, the first six-week intervention led to reduced activations of the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, and default mode network regions, associated with the reduced RT in interference. Still, in the second intervention phase, only the visual area exhibited increased activity, associated with reduced RT in interference. Except for the distinctive brain plasticity between the two phases of exercise intervention, the between-group comparison also presented that the old group gained more cognitive benefits within the first six weeks of exercise intervention; however, the cognitive improvements in the young group occurred after six weeks of intervention. Limited by the sample size, these preliminary findings corroborated the benefits of aerobic exercise on the inhibitory functions, implying an age × exercise interaction on the brain plasticity for both facilitation and interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hsu
- Bachelor Program in Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Changwei W Wu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chang YB, Jung EJ, Suh HJ, Choi HS. Protective Effects of Whey Protein Hydrolysate, Treadmill Exercise, and Their Combination against Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Deficit in Mice. Foods 2023; 12:4428. [PMID: 38137233 PMCID: PMC10742977 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and treadmill exercise to prevent cognitive decline was investigated, along with their neuroprotective mechanisms. Cognitive dysfunction was induced in mice with 1 mg/kg of scopolamine, followed by the administration of WPH at 100 and 200 mg/kg and/or treadmill exercise at 15 m/min for 30 min five days per week. Both WPH administration and treadmill exercise significantly improved the memory of mice with scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, which was attributed to several key mechanisms, including a reduction in oxidative stress based on decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in the brain tissue and an increase in acetylcholine by increasing choline acyltransferase and decreasing acetylcholine esterase levels. Exercise and WPH also exerted neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, enhancing the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and inhibiting apoptosis by reducing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio in conjunction with the downregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Moreover, the impact of WPH and treadmill exercise extended to the gut microbiome, suggesting a potential link with cognitive improvement. These findings suggest that both WPH intake and treadmill exercise are effective strategies for mitigating cognitive impairment, providing promising avenues for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeok Boo Chang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Jung
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
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Mulser L, Moreau D. Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function in people with epilepsy: Commentary on Alexander and Allendorfer (2023). Epilepsy Behav 2023; 149:109505. [PMID: 37949758 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mulser
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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