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Liow JS, Morse CL, Lu S, Frankland M, Tye GL, Zoghbi SS, Gladding RL, Shaik AB, Innis RB, Newman AH, Pike VW. [ O- methyl- 11C] N-(4-(4-(3-Chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-1 H-indole-2-carboxamide ([ 11C]BAK4-51) Is an Efflux Transporter Substrate and Ineffective for PET Imaging of Brain D₃ Receptors in Rodents and Monkey. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112737. [PMID: 30360553 PMCID: PMC6278341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective high-affinity antagonists for the dopamine D₃ receptor (D₃R) are sought for treating substance use disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) with an effective D₃R radioligand could be a useful tool for the development of such therapeutics by elucidating pharmacological specificity and target engagement in vivo. Currently, a D₃R-selective radioligand does not exist. The D₃R ligand, N-(4-(4-(3-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (BAK4-51, 1), has attractive properties for PET radioligand development, including full antagonist activity, very high D₃R affinity, D₃R selectivity, and moderate lipophilicity. We labeled 1 with the positron-emitter carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) in the methoxy group for evaluation as a radioligand in animals with PET. However, [11C]1 was found to be an avid substrate for brain efflux transporters and lacked D₃R-specific signal in rodent and monkey brain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Michael Frankland
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - George L Tye
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Robert L Gladding
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Anver B Shaik
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Boileau I, Nakajima S, Payer D. Imaging the D3 dopamine receptor across behavioral and drug addictions: Positron emission tomography studies with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1410-20. [PMID: 26141509 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic drug use has been associated with dopaminergic abnormalities, detectable in humans with positron emission tomography (PET). Among these, a hallmark feature is low D2 dopamine receptor availability, which has been linked to clinical outcomes, but has not yet translated into a therapeutic strategy. The D3 dopamine receptor on the other hand has gained increasing attention, as, in contrast to D2, chronic exposure to drugs has been shown to up-regulate this receptor subtype in preclinical models of addiction-a phenomenon linked to dopamine system sensitization and drug-seeking. The present article summarizes the literature to date in humans, suggesting that the D3 receptor may indeed contribute to core features of addiction such as impulsiveness and cognitive impairment. A particularly useful tool in investigating this question is the PET imaging probe [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO, which binds to D2/3 dopamine receptors but has preferential affinity for D3. This technique has been used to demonstrate D3 up-regulation in humans, and can be applied to assess pharmacological interventions for development of D3-targeted strategies in addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Multimodal Imaging Group & Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keio University, School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Doris Payer
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Prante O, Maschauer S, Banerjee A. Radioligands for the dopamine receptor subtypes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 56:130-48. [PMID: 24285319 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actions of the predominant neurotransmitter in the brain, dopamine, are mediated by the postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The five dopamine receptor subtypes and their regulation have been associated with a large variety of psychiatric diseases. Therefore, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies using suitable and selective (18) F-labeled and (11) C-labeled dopamine receptor radioligands could provide valuable knowledge on the impact of receptor density on the pathogenesis and evolvement of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. This special issue subchapter provides a summary of the most important (18) F-labeled and (11) C-labeled radioligands for PET imaging of the dopamine receptor subtypes, their radiochemistry, and characteristics from in vitro and in vivo applications, considering not only the already established PET ligands but also the recently published preclinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Tóth M, Varrone A, Steiger C, Laszlovszky I, Horváth A, Kiss B, Gyertyán I, Adham N, Halldin C, Gulyás B. Brain uptake and distribution of the dopamine D3 /D2 receptor partial agonist [11 C]cariprazine: an in vivo positron emission tomography study in nonhuman primates. Synapse 2013; 67:258-64. [PMID: 23238770 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cariprazine is a dopamine D(3)/D(2) receptor partial agonist antipsychotic candidate, which binds with high affinity to dopamine D(3) and D(2) receptors (with ∼10-fold higher in vitro affinity to D(3) vs. D(2) receptors) and with moderate affinity to 5-HT(1A) receptors. The main objective of the present molecular imaging investigation was to evaluate the uptake and reversible binding of 11-C labeled cariprazine in the nonhuman primate brain, in relation to the known distributions of dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptors. We examined the brains of two cynomolgus monkeys at baseline condition as well as during a pharmacological blocking condition, using unlabeled cariprazine or raclopride as blockers before injection of [(11) C]cariprazine. Of the total injected radioactivity, ∼7% entered the brain and ∼3-4% remained in the brain after 90 min, indicating good blood brain barrier penetration and slow washout. It was possible to block cariprazine binding with unlabeled cariprazine and raclopride indicating that [(11) C]cariprazine binds to dopamine D(3)/D(2) receptors. Nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) measurements, using a simplified reference tissue model and cerebellum as the reference region, yielded values of ∼1.5 and 0.3 in the striatum and thalamus, respectively. Striatum BPND values were reduced by 80 and 85% following pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg IV injection of unlabeled cariprazine and 1 mg/kg IV injection of unlabeled raclopride, respectively. The data confirm that cariprazine, a novel antipsychotic drug candidate, enters the nonhuman primate brain readily and binds to dopamine D(3)/D(2) receptors. Furthermore, in PET imaging [(11) C]cariprazine can effectively visualize dopamine D(3)/D(2) receptors in the nonhuman primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Tóth
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centrum for Psychiatry Research, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mach RH, Tu Z, Xu J, Li S, Jones LA, Taylor M, Luedtke RR, Derdeyn CP, Perlmutter JS, Mintun MA. Endogenous dopamine (DA) competes with the binding of a radiolabeled D₃ receptor partial agonist in vivo: a positron emission tomography study. Synapse 2011; 65:724-32. [PMID: 21132811 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of microPET imaging studies were conducted in anesthetized rhesus monkeys using the dopamine D₃-selective partial agonist, [¹⁸F]5. There was variable uptake in regions of brain known to express a high density of D₃ receptors under baseline conditions. Pretreatment with lorazepam (1 mg/kg, i.v. 30 min) to reduce endogenous dopamine activity before tracer injection resulted in a dramatic increase in uptake in the caudate, putamen, and thalamus, and an increase in the binding potential (BP) values, a measure of D₃ receptor binding in vivo. These data indicate that there is a high level of competition between [¹⁸F]5 and endogenous dopamine for D₃ receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mach
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Micheli F. Recent Advances in the Development of Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists: a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1152-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Blockade of [11C](+)-PHNO binding in human subjects by the dopamine D3 receptor antagonist ABT-925. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:273-87. [PMID: 19751545 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709990642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptors are preferentially localized in the limbic system and midbrain, and thus may be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatry disorders. [11C](+)-PHNO is the first preferential D3 receptor radioligand in humans, yet there are no blockade studies with a D3 receptor antagonist in humans. This study characterized the blockade of [11C](+)-PHNO binding by ABT-925, a D3 receptor antagonist, in healthy male subjects. Sixteen subjects underwent 2-3 positron emission tomography (PET) scans, at baseline and following one or two doses of ABT-925 ranging from 50 mg to 600 mg. Receptor occupancies were estimated for globus pallidus, substantia nigra, caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum. At the 600-mg dose (n=9), ABT-925 receptor occupancy (mean+/-s.d.) was higher in substantia nigra (75+/-10%) and globus pallidus (64+/-22%) than in ventral striatum (44+/-17%), caudate (40+/-18%) and putamen (38+/-17%) (ANOVA: F4,140=15.02, p<0.001). The fractions of [11C](+)-PHNO binding attributable to D3 receptors in D3 receptor-rich regions were 100% (substantia nigra) and 90% (globus pallidus), and in D2 receptor-rich regions were 55% (caudate) and 53% (putamen). The ED50 of ABT-925 was 4.37 microg/ml across regions. Our results demonstrate that [11C](+)-PHNO binding can be blocked by a D3 receptor antagonist and confirm preclinical findings that [11C](+)-PHNO signal in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus is mainly reflective of its binding to D3 receptors. Thus, [11C](+)-PHNO seems a suitable PET radiotracer to estimate D3 receptor occupancy in humans.
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Imaging the D3 receptor in humans in vivo using [11C](+)-PHNO positron emission tomography (PET). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:289-90. [PMID: 20149269 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Measurement of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neuroactive compounds. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Flores-Tochihuitl J, Vargas G, Morales-Medina JC, Rivera G, De La Cruz F, Zamudio S, Flores G. Enhanced apomorphine sensitivity and increased binding of dopamine D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens in prepubertal rats after neonatal blockade of the dopamine D3 receptors by (+)-S14297. Synapse 2007; 62:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Narendran R, Slifstein M, Guillin O, Hwang Y, Hwang DR, Scher E, Reeder S, Rabiner E, Laruelle M. Dopamine (D2/3) receptor agonist positron emission tomography radiotracer [11C]-(+)-PHNO is a D3 receptor preferring agonist in vivo. Synapse 2006; 60:485-95. [PMID: 16952157 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
[11C]PHNO is a recently introduced agonist to image DA D2-like receptors with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). In cats and humans, [11C]PHNO revealed an atypical distribution compared to radiolabeled D2-like antagonists (such as [11C]raclopride) or other D2-like agonists (such as [11C]NPA), as it displayed unusual high binding in the globus pallidus (GP). The goal of this study was to assess the pharmacological nature of the binding of [11C]PHNO in the GP in nonhuman primates. As previously reported in humans, [11C]PHNO equilibrium specific to nonspecific equilibrium partition coefficients (V3'') in baboons was much higher in GP (3.88 +/- 1.15) than in the dorsal striatum (DST, 2.07 +/- 0.43), whereas the reverse was true for [11C]raclopride (1.48 +/- 0.41 in GP, 2.56 +/- 0.91 in DST) and [11C]NPA (0.87 +/- 0.19 in GP, 1.02 +/- 0.13 in DST). Administration of unlabeled raclopride resulted in similar reductions of [11C] PHNO V3'' and [11C]raclopride V3'' in both the GP and the DST. This observation demonstrated that the [11C]PHNO binding in the GP was specific to D2-like receptors. To evaluate the respective contribution of D3 and D2 receptors to the binding potential (BP) of [11C]PHNO and [11C]raclopride, experiments were carried out with the selective D3 partial agonist 1-(4(2-Napthoylamino)butyl)-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1A-piperazine HCL (BP897). BP897 reduced [11C]raclopride V3'' by 29% +/- 9%, 19% +/- 8%, and 10% +/- 7% in GP, VST, and DST, respectively, a result consistent with expectation from postmortem studies (D3/D2 ratio in GP > VST > DST). BP897 reduced [11C]PHNO V3'' by 57% +/- 11%, 30% +/- 11%, and 13% +/- 8% in GP, VST, and DST, respectively, indicating that the D3 receptor contribution to [11C]PHNO signal is higher than that of [11C]raclopride. From these experiments we conclude that [11C]PHNO is a D3 preferring agonist, and that this property explains the high GP signal not observed with [11C]raclopride or [11C]NPA. This property might contribute to its higher vulnerability to endogenous DA compared to [11C]raclopride and [11C]NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA.
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