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Mishra S, Sharma N, Lone SR. Understanding the impact of sociosexual interactions on sleep using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1220140. [PMID: 37670770 PMCID: PMC10476103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1220140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is conserved across species, and it is believed that a fixed amount of sleep is needed for normal neurobiological functions. Sleep rebound follows sleep deprivation; however, continuous sleep deprivation for longer durations is believed to be detrimental to the animal's wellbeing. Under some physiologically demanding situations, such as migration in birds, the birth of new offspring in cetaceans, and sexual interactions in pectoral sandpipers, animals are known to forgo sleep. The mechanisms by which animals forgo sleep without having any obvious negative impact on the proper functioning of their neurobiological processes are yet unknown. Therefore, a simple assay is needed to study how animals forgo sleep. The assay should be ecologically relevant so it can offer insights into the physiology of the organisms. Equally important is that the organism should be genetically amenable, which helps in understanding the cellular and molecular processes that govern such behaviors. This paper presents a simple method of sociosexual interaction to understand the process by which animals forgo sleep. In the case of Drosophila melanogaster, when males and females are in proximity, they are highly active and lose a significant amount of sleep. In addition, there is no sleep rebound afterward, and instead, males engaged in sexual interactions continue to show normal sleep. Thus, sexual drive in the fruit flies is a robust assay to understand the underlying mechanism by which animals forgo sleep.
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Canavan SV, Margoliash D. Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000929. [PMID: 33201883 PMCID: PMC7707536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study-and commonly used in older bird studies-dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture observed in mammals, songbirds, and now budgerigars, alongside recent work in reptiles and basal birds, provide support for the hypothesis that a common amniote ancestor possessed the precursors that gave rise to REM and SWS at one or more loci in the parallel evolution of sleep in higher vertebrates. We discuss this hypothesis in terms of the common plan of forebrain organization shared by reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija V. Canavan
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel Margoliash
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Woo J, Lee CJ. Sleep-enhancing Effects of Phytoncide Via Behavioral, Electrophysiological, and Molecular Modeling Approaches. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:120-129. [PMID: 32408402 PMCID: PMC7237266 DOI: 10.5607/en20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is indispensable for living animals to live and maintain a normal life. Due to the growing number of people suffering from sleep disorders such as insomnia, there have been increasing interests in environmentally friendly therapeutic approaches for sleep disorders to avoid any side effects of pharmacological treatment using synthetic hypnotics. It has been widely accepted that the various beneficial effects of forest, such as relieving stress and anxiety and enhancing immune system function, are caused by plant-derived products, also known as phytoncide. Recently, it has been reported that the sleep-enhancing effects of phytoncide are derived from pine trees such as (-)-α-pinene and 3-carene. These are the major constituents of pine tree that potentiate the inhibitory synaptic responses by acting as a positive modulator for GABAA-BZD receptor. In this review, we discuss the effects of phytoncide on sleep and review the latest approaches of sleep-related behavioral assay, electrophysiological recording, and molecular modeling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsung Woo
- Center for Cell and Gene Th erapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
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Woo J, Yang H, Yoon M, Gadhe CG, Pae AN, Cho S, Lee CJ. 3-Carene, a Phytoncide from Pine Tree Has a Sleep-enhancing Effect by Targeting the GABA A-benzodiazepine Receptors. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:593-601. [PMID: 31698551 PMCID: PMC6844839 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.5.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Carene, a bicyclic monoterpene, is one of the major components of the pine tree essential oils. It has been reported that, in addition to its known properties as a phytoncide, 3-carene has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anxiolytic effects. We have previously demonstrated that α-pinene, the major component of pine tree, has a hypnotic effect through GABAA-benzodiazepine (BZD) receptors. However, a hypnotic effect of 3-carene has not been studied yet. Here, we report that oral administration of 3-carene increases the sleep duration and reduces sleep latency in pentobarbital- induced sleep test. 3-Carene potentiates the GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic responses by prolonging the decay time constant of inhibitory synaptic responses. These enhancing effects of 3-carene are reproduced by zolpidem, a modulator for GABAA-BZD receptor, and fully inhibited by flumazenil, an antagonist for GABAA-BZD receptor. The molecular docking of 3-carene to the BZD site of GABAA protein structure, suggests that 3-carene binds to the BZD site of α1 and ϒ2 subunits of GABAA-BZD receptor. These results indicate that, similar to α-pinene, 3-carene shows a sleep-enhancing effect by acting as a positive modulator for GABAA-BZD receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsung Woo
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio- Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyejin Yang
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Minseok Yoon
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Changdev G Gadhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02791, Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02791, Korea
| | - Suengmok Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio- Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
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Hansson JHS. A hypothesis regarding how sleep can calibrate neuronal excitability in the central nervous system and thereby offer stability, sensitivity and the best possible cognitive function. Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109307. [PMID: 31443755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of sleep in mammal and other vertebrates is one of the great mysteries of biology. Many hypotheses have been proposed, but few of these have made even the slightest attempt to explain the essence of sleep - the uncompromising need for reversible unconsciousness. During sleep, epiphenomena - often of a somatic character - occur, but these cannot explain the core function of sleep. One answer could be hidden in the observations made for long periods of time of the function of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is faced with conflicting requirements on stability and excitability. A high level of excitability is desirable, and is also a prerequisite for sensitivity and quick reaction times; however, it can also lead to instability and the risk of feedback, with life-threatening epileptic seizures. Activity-dependent negative feedback in neuronal excitability improves stability in the short term, but not to the degree that is required. A hypothesis is presented here demonstrating how calibration of individual neurons - an activity which occurs only during sleep - can establish the balanced and highest possible excitability while also preserving stability in the CNS. One example of a possible mechanism is the observation of slow oscillations in EEGs made on birds and mammals during slow wave sleep. Calibration to a genetically determined level of excitability could take place in individual neurons during the slow oscillation. This is only possible offline, which explains the need for sleep. The hypothesis can explain phenomena such as the need for unconsciousness during sleep, with the disconnection of sensory stimuli, slow EEG oscillations, the relationship of sleep and epilepsy, age, the effects of sleep on neuronal firing rate and the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep homeostasis. This is with regard primarily to mammals, including humans, but also all other vertebrates.
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Tisdale RK, Lesku JA, Beckers GJL, Rattenborg NC. Bird-like propagating brain activity in anesthetized Nile crocodiles. Sleep 2019; 41:5003083. [PMID: 29955880 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives The changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity that characterize sleep and its sub-states-slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-are similar in mammals and birds. SWS is characterized by EEG slow waves resulting from the synchronous alternation of neuronal membrane potentials between hyperpolarized down-states with neuronal quiescence and depolarized up-states associated with action potentials. By contrast, studies of non-avian reptiles report the presence of high-voltage sharp waves (HShW) during sleep. How HShW relate to EEG phenomena occurring during mammalian and avian sleep is unclear. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of electrophysiological phenomena in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) anesthetized with isoflurane to determine whether they share similar spatiotemporal patterns to mammalian and avian slow waves. Methods Recordings of anesthetized crocodiles were made using 64-channel penetrating arrays with electrodes arranged in an 8 × 8 equally spaced grid. The arrays were placed in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), a region implicated in the genesis of HShW. Various aspects of the spatiotemporal distribution of recorded signals were investigated. Results Recorded signals revealed the presence of HShW resembling those reported in earlier studies of naturally sleeping reptiles. HShW propagated in complex and variable patterns across the DVR. Conclusions We demonstrate that HShW within the DVR propagate in complex patterns similar to those observed for avian slow waves recorded from homologous brain regions. Consequently, sleep with HShW may represent an ancestral form of SWS, characterized by up-states occurring less often and for a shorter duration than in mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabriel J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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Brawn TP, Nusbaum HC, Margoliash D. Sleep-dependent reconsolidation after memory destabilization in starlings. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3093. [PMID: 30082791 PMCID: PMC6079047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconsolidation theory describes memory formation as an ongoing process that cycles between labile and stable states. Though sleep is critical for the initial consolidation of a memory, there has been little evidence that sleep facilitates reconsolidation. We now demonstrate in two experiments that a sleep-consolidated memory can be destabilized if the memory is reactivated by retrieval. The destabilized memory, which can be impaired if an interference task is encountered after, but not before, the memory is reactivated, is then reconsolidated after sleep. In two additional experiments, we provide evidence suggesting that the learning of the interference task promotes the subsequent sleep-dependent enhancement of the original memory. These results provide novel insight into the complex mechanisms of memory processing, as well as critical evidence supporting the view that long-term memory formation involves a dynamic process of sleep-dependent consolidation, use-dependent destabilization, and sleep-dependent reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Brawn
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Howard C Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Daniel Margoliash
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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McIlhone AE, Beausoleil NJ, Kells NJ, Johnson CB, Mellor DJ. Effects of halothane on the electroencephalogram of the chicken. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:98-105. [PMID: 29851306 PMCID: PMC5980213 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of inhalant anaesthetics on the avian electroencephalogram (EEG). The effects of halothane on the avian EEG are of interest, as this agent has been widely used to study nociception and analgesia in mammals. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of halothane anaesthesia on the EEG of the chicken. Twelve female Hyline Brown chickens aged 8–10 weeks were anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen. For each bird, anaesthesia was progressively increased from 1–1.5 to 2 times the Minimum Anesthetic Concentration (MAC), then progressively decreased again. At each concentration, a sample of EEG was recorded after a 10‐min stabilization period. The mean Total Power (PTOT), Median Frequency (F50) and 95% Spectral Edge Frequency (F95) were calculated at each halothane MAC, along with the Burst Suppression Ratio (BSR). Burst suppression was rare and BSR did not differ between halothane concentrations. Increasing halothane concentration from 1 to 2 MAC resulted in a decrease in F50 and increase in PTOT, while F95 increased when MAC was reduced from 1.5 to 1. The results indicate dose‐dependent spectral EEG changes consistent with deepening anaesthesia in response to increasing halothane MAC. As burst suppression was rare, even at 1.5 or 2 times MAC, halothane may be a suitable anaesthetic agent for use in future studies exploring EEG activity in anaesthetized birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E McIlhone
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ngaio J Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikki J Kells
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Craig B Johnson
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David J Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Chan A, Li S, Lee AR, Leung J, Yip A, Bird J, Godden KE, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Rattenborg NC, Balaban E, Pompeiano M. Activation of state-regulating neurochemical systems in newborn and embryonic chicks. Neuroscience 2016; 339:219-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Aristakesyan EA. Evolutionary aspects of sleep–wake cycle development in vertebrates (Modern state of the I.G. Karmanova’s sleep evolution theory). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093016020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Mader EC, Mader ACL. Sleep as spatiotemporal integration of biological processes that evolved to periodically reinforce neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis: The 2m3d paradigm of sleep. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:63-80. [PMID: 27423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep continues to perplex scientists and researchers. Despite decades of sleep research, we still lack a clear understanding of the biological functions and evolution of sleep. In this review, we will examine sleep from a functional and phylogenetic perspective and describe some important conceptual gaps in understanding sleep. Classical theories of the biology and evolution of sleep emphasize sensory activation, energy balance, and metabolic homeostasis. Advances in electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging, and neuroplasticity allow us to view sleep within the framework of neural dynamics. With this paradigm shift, we have come to realize the importance of neurodynamic homeostasis in shaping the biology of sleep. Evidently, animals sleep to achieve neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis. We are not aware of any framework for understanding sleep where neurodynamic, metabolic, homeostatic, chronophasic, and afferent variables are all taken into account. This motivated us to propose the two-mode three-drive (2m3d) paradigm of sleep. In the 2m3d paradigm, local neurodynamic/metabolic (N/M) processes switch between two modes-m0 and m1-in response to three drives-afferent, chronophasic, and homeostatic. The spatiotemporal integration of local m0/m1 operations gives rise to the global states of sleep and wakefulness. As a framework of evolution, the 2m3d paradigm allows us to view sleep as a robust adaptive strategy that evolved so animals can periodically reinforce neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis while remaining sensitive to their internal and external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Claro Mader
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Shein-Idelson M, Ondracek JM, Liaw HP, Reiter S, Laurent G. Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons. Science 2016; 352:590-5. [PMID: 27126045 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has been described in animals ranging from worms to humans. Yet the electrophysiological characteristics of brain sleep, such as slow-wave (SW) and rapid eye movement (REM) activities, are thought to be restricted to mammals and birds. Recording from the brain of a lizard, the Australian dragon Pogona vitticeps, we identified SW and REM sleep patterns, thus pushing back the probable evolution of these dynamics at least to the emergence of amniotes. The SW and REM sleep patterns that we observed in lizards oscillated continuously for 6 to 10 hours with a period of ~80 seconds. The networks controlling SW-REM antagonism in amniotes may thus originate from a common, ancient oscillator circuit. Lizard SW dynamics closely resemble those observed in rodent hippocampal CA1, yet they originate from a brain area, the dorsal ventricular ridge, that has no obvious hodological similarity with the mammalian hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janie M Ondracek
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hua-Peng Liaw
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sam Reiter
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Libourel PA, Herrel A. Sleep in amphibians and reptiles: a review and a preliminary analysis of evolutionary patterns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:833-66. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Antoine Libourel
- SLEEP - Physiopathologie des Réseaux Neuronaux du Cycle Sommeil, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, Faculté de Médecine Laennec; 7 rue Guillaume Paradin 69372 Lyon Cedex 08 France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N.; 57 rue Cuvier, Case Postale 55 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; Ghent University; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Gent Belgium
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14
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Vorster AP, Born J. Sleep and memory in mammals, birds and invertebrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:103-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Hartse KM. Phylogeny in Sleep Medicine. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Michel M, Lyons LC. Unraveling the complexities of circadian and sleep interactions with memory formation through invertebrate research. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:133. [PMID: 25136297 PMCID: PMC4120776 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Across phylogeny, the endogenous biological clock has been recognized as providing adaptive advantages to organisms through coordination of physiological and behavioral processes. Recent research has emphasized the role of circadian modulation of memory in generating peaks and troughs in cognitive performance. The circadian clock along with homeostatic processes also regulates sleep, which itself impacts the formation and consolidation of memory. Thus, the circadian clock, sleep and memory form a triad with ongoing dynamic interactions. With technological advances and the development of a global 24/7 society, understanding the mechanisms underlying these connections becomes pivotal for development of therapeutic treatments for memory disorders and to address issues in cognitive performance arising from non-traditional work schedules. Invertebrate models, such as Drosophila melanogaster and the mollusks Aplysia and Lymnaea, have proven invaluable tools for identification of highly conserved molecular processes in memory. Recent research from invertebrate systems has outlined the influence of sleep and the circadian clock upon synaptic plasticity. In this review, we discuss the effects of the circadian clock and sleep on memory formation in invertebrates drawing attention to the potential of in vivo and in vitro approaches that harness the power of simple invertebrate systems to correlate individual cellular processes with complex behaviors. In conclusion, this review highlights how studies in invertebrates with relatively simple nervous systems can provide mechanistic insights into corresponding behaviors in higher organisms and can be used to outline possible therapeutic options to guide further targeted inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Michel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Sandercock DA, Auckburally A, Flaherty D, Sandilands V, McKeegan DEF. Avian reflex and electroencephalogram responses in different states of consciousness. Physiol Behav 2014; 133:252-9. [PMID: 24878315 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Defining states of clinical consciousness in animals is important in veterinary anaesthesia and in studies of euthanasia and welfare assessment at slaughter. The aim of this study was to validate readily observable reflex responses in relation to different conscious states, as confirmed by EEG analysis, in two species of birds under laboratory conditions (35-week-old layer hens (n=12) and 11-week-old turkeys (n=10)). We evaluated clinical reflexes and characterised electroencephalograph (EEG) activity (as a measure of brain function) using spectral analyses in four different clinical states of consciousness: conscious (fully awake), semi-conscious (sedated), unconscious-optimal (general anaesthesia), unconscious-sub optimal (deep hypnotic state), as well as assessment immediately following euthanasia. Jaw or neck muscle tone was the most reliable reflex measure distinguishing between conscious and unconscious states. Pupillary reflex was consistently observed until respiratory arrest. Nictitating membrane reflex persisted for a short time (<1 min) after respiratory arrest and brain death (isoelectric EEG). The results confirm that the nictitating membrane reflex is a conservative measure of death in poultry. Using spectral analyses of the EEG waveforms it was possible to readily distinguish between the different states of clinical consciousness. In all cases, when birds progressed from a conscious to unconscious state; total spectral power (PTOT) significantly increased, whereas median (F50) and spectral edge (F95) frequencies significantly decreased. This study demonstrates that EEG analysis can differentiate between clinical states (and loss of brain function at death) in birds and provides a unique integration of reflex responses and EEG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Sandercock
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | | | - Derek Flaherty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Avian Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Auchincruive Ayr KA6 5HW, UK
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
Recently, amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) has been increasingly used and proved useful in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for the management of neonatal seizures. It does not replace, but is supplementary to standard EEG. This article reviews some of findings obtained with standard EEGs, and tries to interpret them with recent findings in the field of basic science. Seizures mainly occur in active-REM sleep in neonates. This is in sharp contrast to those in older children and adults, in whom epileptic seizures occur mainly in NREM sleep. This may be explained by neurotransmitter effects on sleep mechanisms of the neonatal brain that are different from those of older individuals. When all clinical seizures have no electrical correlates, they are non-epileptic, but when the correlation between clinical seizures and frequent electrical discharges are inconsistent, they should rather be considered epileptic, reflecting progression of status epilepticus causing electro-clinical dissociation. Electro-clinical dissociation is not a characteristic of neonatal seizures per se, but a feature of prolonged status epilepticus in adults as well as children. It occurs when prolonged status epilepticus itself causes a progressively severe encephalopathy, or when status occurs in the presence of a severe underlying encephalopathy. In neonates without pre-existing brain damage, frequent seizures per se may cause mild depression characterized by the loss of high voltage slow patterns, an important constituent of slow wave sleep reflecting cortico-cortical connectivity. Mild depression only in the acute stage is not associated with neurological sequelae, but previously damaged brain may be more vulnerable than normal brain.
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McIlhone AE, Beausoleil NJ, Johnson CB, Mellor DJ. Effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane and methoxyflurane on the electroencephalogram of the chicken. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:613-20. [PMID: 24628924 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anaesthetics have differing effects on mammalian electroencephalogram (EEG) but little is known about the effects on avian EEG. This study explored how inhalant anaesthetics affect chicken EEG. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Twelve female Hyline Brown chickens aged 6-11 weeks. METHODS Each chicken was anaesthetized with isoflurane, sevoflurane, and methoxyflurane. For each, anaesthesia was adjusted to 1, 1.5 and 2 times Minimum Anaesthetic Concentration (MAC). Total Power (Ptot), Median Frequency (F50), Spectral Edge Frequency (F95) and Burst Suppression Ratio (BSR) were calculated at each volume concentration. BSR data were analyzed using doubly repeated measures anova. Neither isoflurane nor sevoflurane could be included in analysis of F50, F95 and Ptot because of extensive burst suppression; Methoxyflurane data were analyzed using RM anova. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between anaesthetic and concentration on BSR [F(4,22) = 10.65, p < 0.0001]. For both isoflurane and sevoflurane, BSR increased with concentration. Isoflurane caused less suppression than sevoflurane at 1.5 MAC and at final 1 MAC while methoxyflurane caused virtually no burst suppression. Methoxyflurane concentration had a significant effect on F50 [F(2,20) = 3.83, p = 0.04], F95 [F(2,20) = 4.03, p = 0.03] and Ptot [F(2,20) = 5.22, p = 0.02]. Decreasing methoxyflurane from 2 to 1 MAC increased F50 and F95. Ptot increased when concentration decreased from 1.5 to 1 MAC and tended to be higher at 1 MAC than at 2 MAC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Isoflurane and sevoflurane suppressed chicken EEG in a dose-dependent manner. Higher concentrations of methoxyflurane caused an increasing degree of synchronization of EEG. Isoflurane and sevoflurane suppressed EEG activity to a greater extent than did methoxyflurane at equivalent MAC multiples. Isoflurane caused less suppression than sevoflurane at intermediate concentrations. These results indicate the similarity between avian and mammalian EEG responses to inhalant anaesthetics and reinforce the difference between MAC and anaesthetic effects on brain activity in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E McIlhone
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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20
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Abstract
In the last decades a substantial knowledge about sleep mechanisms has been accumulated. However, the function of sleep still remains elusive. The difficulty with unraveling sleep's function may arise from the lack of understanding of how the multitude of processes associated with waking and sleep-from gene expression and single neuron activity to the whole brain dynamics and behavior-functionally and mechanistically relate to each other. Therefore, novel conceptual frameworks, which integrate and take into account the variety of phenomena occurring during waking and sleep at different levels, will likely lead to advances in our understanding of the function of sleep, above and beyond what merely descriptive or correlative approaches can provide. One such framework, the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, focuses on wake- and sleep-dependent changes in synaptic strength. The core claim of this hypothesis is that learning and experience during wakefulness are associated with a net increase in synaptic strength. In turn, the proposed function of sleep is to provide synaptic renormalization, which has important implications with respect to energy needs, intracranial space, metabolic supplies, and, importantly, enables further plastic changes. In this article we review the empirical evidence for this hypothesis, which was obtained at several levels-from gene expression and cellular excitability to structural synaptic modifications and behavioral outcomes. We conclude that although the mechanisms behind the proposed role of sleep in synaptic homeostasis are undoubtedly complex, this conceptual framework offers a unique opportunity to provide mechanistic and functional explanation for many previously disparate observations, and define future research strategies.
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Angarita GA, Canavan SV, Forselius E, Bessette A, Pittman B, Morgan P. Abstinence-related changes in sleep during treatment for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:343-347. [PMID: 24315572 PMCID: PMC4396819 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Former sleep studies among non-treatment seeking chronic cocaine users had captured polysomnographic changes for as long as three weeks of abstinence. METHODS 20 cocaine dependent participants, randomized to placebo in an ongoing clinical trial, received 12 days of inpatient substance abuse treatment followed by 6 weeks of outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy. Polysomnographic recording was performed on consecutive nights during the 1st and 2nd inpatient and 3rd and 6th outpatient weeks. Number of days abstinent was determined from thrice weekly urine toxicology and self-report. Polysomnographic sleep was compared between study week 1 and 2, using paired t-tests. Trajectory of total sleep time (TST) was modeled both as a linear and a quadratic function of days abstinent. RESULTS Despite reporting an improvement in overall sleep quality, polysomnographic sleep worsened from week 1 to 2. Among all participants, TST and stage 2 sleep time decreased, while REM sleep latency increased. Among participants who began the study with a positive urine test, there was also a decrease in REM and a trend for decreased slow wave sleep. TST compared to number of days abstinent (up to 54 days) was best fit with a quadratic model (p=0.002), suggesting the possibility of an improvement in total sleep time with extended abstinence. CONCLUSIONS This is the first polysomnographic characterization of sleep in a large sample of cocaine users in treatment. Present findings confirm earlier results of poor and deteriorating sleep early in abstinence, and raise the possibility of improvement after an extended abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Angarita
- Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - S. V. Canavan
- Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - E. Forselius
- Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - A. Bessette
- Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - B. Pittman
- Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - P.T. Morgan
- Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
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Madan V, Jha SK. Sleep alterations in mammals: did aquatic conditions inhibit rapid eye movement sleep? Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:746-58. [PMID: 23225315 PMCID: PMC5561822 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been studied widely in mammals and to some extent in other vertebrates. Higher vertebrates such as birds and mammals have evolved an inimitable rapid eye movement (REM) sleep state. During REM sleep, postural muscles become atonic and the temperature regulating machinery remains suspended. Although REM sleep is present in almost all the terrestrial mammals, the aquatic mammals have either radically reduced or completely eliminated REM sleep. Further, we found a significant negative correlation between REM sleep and the adaptation of the organism to live on land or in water. The amount of REM sleep is highest in terrestrial mammals, significantly reduced in semi-aquatic mammals and completely absent or negligible in aquatic mammals. The aquatic mammals are obligate swimmers and have to surface at regular intervals for air. Also, these animals live in thermally challenging environments, where the conductive heat loss is approximately ~90 times greater than air. Therefore, they have to be moving most of the time. As an adaptation, they have evolved unihemispheric sleep, during which they can rove as well as rest. A condition that immobilizes muscle activity and suspends the thermoregulatory machinery, as happens during REM sleep, is not suitable for these animals. It is possible that, in accord with Darwin's theory, aquatic mammals might have abolished REM sleep with time. In this review, we discuss the possibility of the intrinsic role of aquatic conditions in the elimination of REM sleep in the aquatic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Madan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Sushil K. Jha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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23
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Abstract
In the context of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), the term 'sleep-wake cycling' (SWC), which is frequently used by clinicians and researchers, should be changed to 'cyclicity'. SWC is a technical term that refers to the biological pattern of alternating sleeping and waking states, which is difficult to define with only aEEG and no physical parameters. Additionally, the absence of cyclicity on aEEG is a more robust reflection of the sequence of the suppressed background patterns of an aEEG following cerebral injury or dysfunction than are sleep/wake states.
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Corner M, van der Togt C. No phylogeny without ontogeny: a comparative and developmental search for the sources of sleep-like neural and behavioral rhythms. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:25-38. [PMID: 22233887 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that 'rapid eye movement (REM) sleep' be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much broader category of behavior, 'rapid body movement (RBM) sleep', defined by intrinsically-generated and apparently non-purposive movements. Such a classification completes a 2 × 2 matrix defined by the axes sleep versus waking and active versus quiet. Although 'paradoxical' arousal of forebrain electrical activity is restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates, we urge that juvenile or even infantile stages of development be investigated in cold-blooded animals, in view of the many reports of REM-like spontaneous motility (RBMs) in a wide range of species during sleep. The neurophysiological bases for motorically active sleep at the brainstem level and for slow-wave sleep in the forebrain appear to be remarkably similar, and to be subserved in both cases by a primitive diffuse mode of neuronal organization. Thus, the spontaneous synchronous burst discharges which are characteristics of the sleeping brain can be readily simulated even by highly unstructured neural network models. Neuromotor discharges during active sleep appear to reflect a hierarchy of simple relaxation oscillation mechanisms, spanning a wide range of spike-dependent relaxation times, whereas the periodic alternation of active and quiet sleep states more likely results from the entrainment of intrinsic cellular rhythms and/or from activity-dependent homeostatic changes in network excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Corner
- The Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam.
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25
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26
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EEG delta oscillations as a correlate of basic homeostatic and motivational processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:677-95. [PMID: 22020231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional significance of delta oscillations is not fully understood. One way to approach this question would be from an evolutionary perspective. Delta oscillations dominate the EEG of waking reptiles. In humans, they are prominent only in early developmental stages and during slow-wave sleep. Increase of delta power has been documented in a wide array of developmental disorders and pathological conditions. Considerable evidence on the association between delta waves and autonomic and metabolic processes hints that they may be involved in integration of cerebral activity with homeostatic processes. Much evidence suggests the involvement of delta oscillations in motivation. They increase during hunger, sexual arousal, and in substance users. They also increase during panic attacks and sustained pain. In cognitive domain, they are implicated in attention, salience detection, and subliminal perception. This evidence shows that delta oscillations are associated with evolutionary old basic processes, which in waking adults are overshadowed by more advanced processes associated with higher frequency oscillations. The former processes rise in activity, however, when the latter are dysfunctional.
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28
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Rattenborg NC, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Roth TC, Pravosudov VV. Hippocampal memory consolidation during sleep: a comparison of mammals and birds. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:658-91. [PMID: 21070585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transition from wakefulness to sleep is marked by pronounced changes in brain activity. The brain rhythms that characterize the two main types of mammalian sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, are thought to be involved in the functions of sleep. In particular, recent theories suggest that the synchronous slow-oscillation of neocortical neuronal membrane potentials, the defining feature of SWS, is involved in processing information acquired during wakefulness. According to the Standard Model of memory consolidation, during wakefulness the hippocampus receives input from neocortical regions involved in the initial encoding of an experience and binds this information into a coherent memory trace that is then transferred to the neocortex during SWS where it is stored and integrated within preexisting memory traces. Evidence suggests that this process selectively involves direct connections from the hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a multimodal, high-order association region implicated in coordinating the storage and recall of remote memories in the neocortex. The slow-oscillation is thought to orchestrate the transfer of information from the hippocampus by temporally coupling hippocampal sharp-wave/ripples (SWRs) and thalamocortical spindles. SWRs are synchronous bursts of hippocampal activity, during which waking neuronal firing patterns are reactivated in the hippocampus and neocortex in a coordinated manner. Thalamocortical spindles are brief 7-14 Hz oscillations that may facilitate the encoding of information reactivated during SWRs. By temporally coupling the readout of information from the hippocampus with conditions conducive to encoding in the neocortex, the slow-oscillation is thought to mediate the transfer of information from the hippocampus to the neocortex. Although several lines of evidence are consistent with this function for mammalian SWS, it is unclear whether SWS serves a similar function in birds, the only taxonomic group other than mammals to exhibit SWS and REM sleep. Based on our review of research on avian sleep, neuroanatomy, and memory, although involved in some forms of memory consolidation, avian sleep does not appear to be involved in transferring hippocampal memories to other brain regions. Despite exhibiting the slow-oscillation, SWRs and spindles have not been found in birds. Moreover, although birds independently evolved a brain region--the caudolateral nidopallium (NCL)--involved in performing high-order cognitive functions similar to those performed by the PFC, direct connections between the NCL and hippocampus have not been found in birds, and evidence for the transfer of information from the hippocampus to the NCL or other extra-hippocampal regions is lacking. Although based on the absence of evidence for various traits, collectively, these findings suggest that unlike mammalian SWS, avian SWS may not be involved in transferring memories from the hippocampus. Furthermore, it suggests that the slow-oscillation, the defining feature of mammalian and avian SWS, may serve a more general function independent of that related to coordinating the transfer of information from the hippocampus to the PFC in mammals. Given that SWS is homeostatically regulated (a process intimately related to the slow-oscillation) in mammals and birds, functional hypotheses linked to this process may apply to both taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Sleep and Flight Group, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany.
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Steinmeyer C, Schielzeth H, Mueller JC, Kempenaers B. Variation in sleep behaviour in free-living blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus: effects of sex, age and environment. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Margoliash D, Schmidt MF. Sleep, off-line processing, and vocal learning. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2010; 115:45-58. [PMID: 19906416 PMCID: PMC2891378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of song learning and the neural song system has provided an important comparative model system for the study of speech and language acquisition. We describe some recent advances in the bird song system, focusing on the role of off-line processing including sleep in processing sensory information and in guiding developmental song learning. These observations motivate a new model of the organization and role of the sensory memories in vocal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Margoliash
- University of Chicago, Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, IL 60637, United States.
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31
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Seelke AMH, Blumberg MS. Developmental appearance and disappearance of cortical events and oscillations in infant rats. Brain Res 2010; 1324:34-42. [PMID: 20138849 PMCID: PMC2848902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, organized and state-dependent neocortical activity in infant rats was thought to commence with the emergence of delta waves at postnatal day (P)11. This view is changing with the discovery of several forms of cortical activity that are detectable soon after birth, including spindle bursts (SBs) and slow activity transients (SATs). Here we provide further evidence of surprisingly rich cortical activity patterns during early development and document, in P5-P13 rats, the appearance, disappearance, and transient expression of three cortical events and oscillations. EEG activity in frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices was recorded in unanesthetized, head-fixed subjects using 16-channel laminar silicon electrodes and Ag-AgCl electrodes. In addition to SATs, we identified two novel forms of activity: cortical sharp potentials (CSPs) and gamma bursts (GBs). SBs were not observed in these areas. CSPs, defined as discrete, biphasic events with a duration of 250 ms, exhibited an inverted-U developmental trajectory with peak prevalence at P9. In contrast, GBs, defined as brief bursts of 40-Hz activity, increased steadily in prevalence and duration from P5 through P13. The prevalence of SATs decreased steadily across the ages tested here. Furthermore, both CSPs and GBs were more likely to occur during sleep than during wakefulness. Because SATs, CSPs, and GBs exhibit different developmental trajectories and rates of occurrence, and can occur independently of each other, they appear to be distinct patterns of neuronal activity. We hypothesize that these diverse patterns of neurophysiological activity reflect the instantaneous local structure and connectivity of the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele M H Seelke
- Department of Psychology and Delta Center, Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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32
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Roth TC, Rattenborg NC, Pravosudov VV. The ecological relevance of sleep: the trade-off between sleep, memory and energy conservation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:945-59. [PMID: 20156818 PMCID: PMC2830243 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All animals in which sleep has been studied express signs of sleep-like behaviour, suggesting that sleep must have some fundamental functions that are sustained by natural selection. Those functions, however, are still not clear. Here, we examine the ecological relevance of sleep from the perspective of behavioural trade-offs that might affect fitness. Specifically, we highlight the advantage of using food-caching animals as a system in which a conflict might occur between engaging in sleep for memory/learning and hypothermia/torpor to conserve energy. We briefly review the evidence for the importance of sleep for memory, the importance of memory for food-caching animals and the conflicts that might occur between sleep and energy conservation in these animals. We suggest that the food-caching paradigm represents a naturalistic and experimentally practical system that provides the opportunity for a new direction in sleep research that will expand our understanding of sleep, especially within the context of ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Roth
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Aristakesyan EA. Evolutionary aspects of interaction of sleep and stress: Phylo- and ontogenetic approach. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093009060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sleep and hippocampus: do we search for the right things? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:806-12. [PMID: 19348866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its established function in brain restoration, energy saving, circadian homeostasis, thermoregulation, and ontogenetic brain development, sleep is involved in replay and restructuring of memory representations that may lead to memory consolidation. The degree of availability of these memory-related functions in various species, and in disparate environmental and behavioral situations is widely debated. Generally it seems that species which can afford to sleep deeply show an involvement of sleep in learning and memory, both, hippocampus-dependent and hippocampus-independent. Inconsistencies in the sleep literature concerning the importance of certain sleep states for learning of various tasks and the involvement of different types of memory do not disprove that sleep plays a role in memory consolidation. In this review, we attempt to reconcile some of the seemingly antagonistic theories of sleep function in a succinct and unbiased manner and develop an eclectic view of its role in learning and memory.
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Low PS, Shank SS, Sejnowski TJ, Margoliash D. Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9081-6. [PMID: 18579776 PMCID: PMC2440357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703452105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A suite of complex electroencephalographic patterns of sleep occurs in mammals. In sleeping zebra finches, we observed slow wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, an intermediate sleep (IS) stage commonly occurring in, but not limited to, transitions between other stages, and high amplitude transients reminiscent of K-complexes. SWS density decreased whereas REM density increased throughout the night, with late-night characterized by substantially more REM than SWS, and relatively long bouts of REM. Birds share many features of sleep in common with mammals, but this collective suite of characteristics had not been known in any one species outside of mammals. We hypothesize that shared, ancestral characteristics of sleep in amniotes evolved under selective pressures common to songbirds and mammals, resulting in convergent characteristics of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steven Low
- Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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38
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Butler AB. Evolution of brains, cognition, and consciousness. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:442-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Martinez-Gonzalez D, Lesku JA, Rattenborg NC. Increased EEG spectral power density during sleep following short-term sleep deprivation in pigeons (Columba livia): evidence for avian sleep homeostasis. J Sleep Res 2008; 17:140-53. [PMID: 18321247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Birds provide a unique opportunity to evaluate current theories for the function of sleep. Like mammalian sleep, avian sleep is composed of two states, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep that apparently evolved independently in mammals and birds. Despite this resemblance, however, it has been unclear whether avian SWS shows a compensatory response to sleep loss (i.e., homeostatic regulation), a fundamental aspect of mammalian sleep potentially linked to the function of SWS. Here, we prevented pigeons (Columba livia) from taking their normal naps during the last 8 h of the day. Although time spent in SWS did not change significantly following short-term sleep deprivation, electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA; i.e., 0.78-2.34 Hz power density) during SWS increased significantly during the first 3 h of the recovery night when compared with the undisturbed night, and progressively declined thereafter in a manner comparable to that observed in similarly sleep-deprived mammals. SWA was also elevated during REM sleep on the recovery night, a response that might reflect increased SWS pressure and the concomitant 'spill-over' of SWS-related EEG activity into short episodes of REM sleep. As in rodents, power density during SWS also increased in higher frequencies (9-25 Hz) in response to short-term sleep deprivation. Finally, time spent in REM sleep increased following sleep deprivation. The mammalian-like increase in EEG spectral power density across both low and high frequencies, and the increase in time spent in REM sleep following sleep deprivation suggest that some aspects of avian and mammalian sleep are regulated in a similar manner.
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Ayala-Guerrero F, Mexicano G. Topographical distribution of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the lizard Ctenosaura pectinata: Functional implications on sleep. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:137-41. [PMID: 17383917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nature of sleep in reptiles has traditionally created intense discussion and has originated some controversy. Nevertheless, some authors have described a sleep phase analogous to sleep in endotherm vertebrates. It is known that in mammals, the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei, located in the brain stem, are functionally related to the sates vigilance regulation. In contrast the presence of two sleep phases in the lizard Ctenosaura pectinata similar to slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep have been described. Therefore we carried out studies of the brain stem of C. pectinata to search for cellular groupings related to the regulation of these sleep phases. We identified and described the topographical distribution of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the lizard C. pectinata. Results show that these nuclei that have been functionally related to vigilance states in mammals, are also present in C. pectinata. These nuclei are formed by fairly well defined cellular groupings placed in the brain stem.
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Rial RV, Nicolau MC, Gamundí A, Akaârir M, Aparicio S, Garau C, Tejada S, Roca C, Gené L, Moranta D, Esteban S. Sleep and wakefulness, trivial and non-trivial: Which is which? Sleep Med Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Lima SL. The non-trivial functions of sleep. Sleep Med Rev 2007; 11:405-9 author reply 411-7. [PMID: 17560147 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Sleep and Flight Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology--Seewiesen, Starnberg, Germany.
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Rial RV, Nicolau MC, Gamundi A, Akaârir M, Garau C, Aparicio S, Tejada S, Moranta D, Gené L, Esteban S. Comments on evolution of sleep and the palliopallial connectivity in mammals and birds. Brain Res Bull 2007; 72:183-6. [PMID: 17452279 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This commentary is referred to the review signed by Rattemborg [N.C. Rattenborg, Evolution of slow wave sleep and palliopallial connectivity in mammals and birds. A hypothesis. Brain Res. Bull. 69 (2006) 20-29]. We propose that the review missed important aspects in relation to the characteristics of sleep in poikilotherm vertebrates and in the evolution of sleep. Poikilotherms continuously show an EEG dominated by slow waves, but its highest amplitude appears not during sleep, but during active waking. In addition, they show an arousal reaction which consists in an increase in EEG amplitude and synchrony, opposite to mammals and birds. As a consequence, most of the conclusions proposed in the review should be rejected.
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Rattenborg NC. Response to commentary on evolution of slow-wave sleep and palliopallial connectivity in mammals and birds: a hypothesis. Brain Res Bull 2007; 72:187-93. [PMID: 17452280 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammals and birds are the only animals that exhibit high-amplitude slow-waves (SWs) in the electroencephalogram during sleep. The SWs that characterize slow-wave sleep (SWS) in mammals and birds reflect the large-scale synchronization of slow neuronal activity. In mammals, this synchronization is dependent upon the high degree of interconnectivity within the neocortex, a cytoarchitectonic trait also found in the avian hyperpallium, but not the reptilian dorsal cortex. Consequently, I recently proposed that the presence of SWs in sleeping mammals and birds, and their absence in sleeping reptiles, is attributable to the greater degree of interconnectivity within the neocortex and hyperpallium when compared to the dorsal cortex [N.C. Rattenborg, Evolution of slow-wave sleep and palliopallial connectivity in mammals and birds: A hypothesis, Brain Res. Bull. 69 (2006) 20-29]. Rial et al. (this issue) challenge this hypothesis by noting that high-amplitude SWs occur in awake reptiles. Based largely on this observation, they suggest that SWS in homeotherms evolved from reptilian wakefulness. SWs in awake reptiles do not seem to reflect neural processes comparable to those that generate sleep-related SWs in homeotherms, however. Moreover, the proposed conversion of reptilian wakefulness into SWS is untenable from behavioral, mechanistic and functional perspectives. A more parsimonious explanation is that the precursor state to SWS in homeotherms was a state comparable to reptilian sleep, rather than wakefulness, with the primary difference being that the reptilian dorsal cortex lacks the interconnectivity necessary to generate sleep-related SWs in the electroencephalogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Sleep & Flight Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Postfach 1564, D-82305 Starnberg, Germany.
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Abstract
The following review examines the evidence for sleep in flying birds. The daily need to sleep in most animals has led to the common belief that birds, such as the common swift (Apus apus), which spend the night on the wing, sleep in flight. The electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings required to detect sleep in flight have not been performed, however, rendering the evidence for sleep in flight circumstantial. The neurophysiology of sleep and flight suggests that some types of sleep might be compatible with flight. As in mammals, birds exhibit two types of sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep. Whereas, SWS can occur in one or both brain hemispheres at a time, REM sleep only occurs bihemispherically. During unihemispheric SWS, the eye connected to the awake hemisphere remains open, a state that may allow birds to visually navigate during sleep in flight. Bihemispheric SWS may also be possible during flight when constant visual monitoring of the environment is unnecessary. Nevertheless, the reduction in muscle tone that usually accompanies REM sleep makes it unlikely that birds enter this state in flight. Upon landing, birds may need to recover the components of sleep that are incompatible with flight. Periods of undisturbed postflight recovery sleep may be essential for maintaining adaptive brain function during wakefulness. The recent miniaturization of EEG recording devices now makes it possible to measure brain activity in flight. Determining if and how birds sleep in flight will contribute to our understanding of a largely unexplored aspect of avian behavior and may also provide insight into the function of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Max-Planck-Institute for Ornithology-Seewiesen, Postfach 1564, D-82305, Starnberg, Germany.
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