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Perdue MV, DeMayo MM, Bell TK, Boudes E, Bagshawe M, Harris AD, Lebel C. Changes in brain metabolite levels across childhood. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120087. [PMID: 37080345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites play important roles in brain development and their levels change rapidly in the prenatal period and during infancy. Metabolite levels are thought to stabilize during childhood, but the development of neurochemistry across early-middle childhood remains understudied. We examined the developmental changes of key metabolites (total N-acetylaspartate, tNAA; total choline, tCho; total creatine, tCr; glutamate+glutamine, Glx; and myo-inositol, mI) using short echo-time magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the left temporo-parietal cortex (LTP) using a mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal design in children aged 2-11 years (ACC: N=101 children, 112 observations; LTP: N=95 children, 318 observations). We found age-related effects for all metabolites. tNAA increased with age in both regions, while tCho decreased with age in both regions. tCr increased with age in the LTP only, and mI decreased with age in the ACC only. Glx did not show linear age effects in either region, but a follow-up analysis in only participants with ≥3 datapoints in the LTP revealed a quadratic effect of age following an inverted U-shape. These substantial changes in neurochemistry throughout childhood likely underlie various processes of structural and functional brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan V Perdue
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
| | - Marilena M DeMayo
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education; Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary
| | - Tiffany K Bell
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
| | | | - Mercedes Bagshawe
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary.
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2
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Nesbit MO, Chai A, Axerio-Cilies P, Phillips AG, Wang YT, Held K. The selective dopamine D 1 receptor agonist SKF81297 modulates NMDA receptor currents independently of D 1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108967. [PMID: 35077763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) agonists are frequently used to study the role of D1Rs in neurotransmission and behaviour. They have been repeatedly shown to modulate glutamatergic NMDAR currents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), giving rise to the idea that D1R activation tunes glutamatergic networks by regulating NMDAR activity. We report that the widely used D1R agonist SKF81297 potentiates NMDAR currents in a dose-dependent manner, independently of D1R activation in mPFC slices, cortical neuron cultures and NMDAR-expressing recombinant HEK293 cells. SKF81297 potentiated NMDAR currents through both GluN2A and GluN2B subtypes in the absence of D1R expression, while inhibiting NMDAR currents through GluN2C and GluN2D subtypes. In contrast, the D1R ligands SKF38393, dopamine and SCH23390 inhibited GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDAR currents. SKF81297 also inhibited GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDAR currents at higher concentrations and when glutamate/glycine levels were high, exhibiting bidirectional modulation. To our knowledge, these findings are the first report of a D1R-independent positive modulatory effect of a D1R ligand on NMDA receptors. Importantly, our results further emphasize the possibility of off-target effects of many D1R ligands, which has significant implications for interpreting the large body of research relying on these compounds to examine dopamine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya O Nesbit
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anping Chai
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peter Axerio-Cilies
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Katharina Held
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration and Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Sanchez A, Morales I, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Sole-Sabater M, Rodriguez M. Astrocytes, a Promising Opportunity to Control the Progress of Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101341. [PMID: 34680458 PMCID: PMC8533570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no efficient treatment to prevent the evolution of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is generated by the concurrent activity of multiple factors, which is a serious obstacle for the development of etio-pathogenic treatments. Astrocytes may act on most factors involved in PD and the promotion of their neuroprotection activity may be particularly suitable to prevent the onset and progression of this basal ganglia (BG) disorder. The main causes proposed for PD, the ability of astrocytes to control these causes, and the procedures that can be used to promote the neuroprotective action of astrocytes will be commented upon, here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Getafe University Hospital, 28905 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sole-Sabater
- Department of Neurology, La Candelaria University Hospital, 38010 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-319361; Fax: +34-922-319397
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4
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Ramos-Vicente D, Grant SG, Bayés À. Metazoan evolution and diversity of glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108640. [PMID: 34116111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. Proteins involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission, and chiefly glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits, play key roles in nervous system function. Thus, understanding their evolution and uncovering their diversity is essential to comprehend how nervous systems evolved, shaping cognitive function. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of these proteins across metazoans have revealed that their evolution is much more complex than what can be anticipated from vertebrate genomes. This is particularly true for ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), as their current classification into 6 classes (AMPA, Kainate, Delta, NMDA1, NMDA2 and NMDA3) would be largely incomplete. New work proposes a classification of iGluRs into 4 subfamilies that encompass 10 classes. Vertebrate AMPA, Kainate and Delta receptors would belong to one of these subfamilies, named AKDF, the NMDA subunits would constitute another subfamily and non-vertebrate iGluRs would be organised into the previously unreported Epsilon and Lambda subfamilies. Similarly, the animal evolution of metabotropic glutamate receptors has resulted in the formation of four classes of these receptors, instead of the three currently recognised. Here we review our current knowledge on the animal evolution of glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits. This article is part of the special issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - Orphan iGluRs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramos-Vicente
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seth Gn Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Glutamate-responsive translation of dendritic GSK3β mRNA triggers a cycle for amplification of reactivated preexisting GSK3β that is indispensable for tau hyperphosphorylation. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Kan NE, Khachatryan ZV, Chagovets VV, Starodubtseva NL, Amiraslanov EY, Tyutyunnik VL, Lomova NA, Frankevich VE. [Analysis of metabolic pathways in intrauterine growth restriction]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:174-180. [PMID: 32420900 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective was to analyze metabolic pathways based on a study of the metabolomic profile of pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction. The metabolic profile of pregnant women with fetal growth restriction has been analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the second stage pathways were identified using SMPDB and MetaboAnalyst databases to clarify the relationship between metabolites. Biological networks allow to determine the effect of proteins on the metabolic pathways involved in pathogenesis of IUGR and determine the epigenetic mechanisms of its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Kan
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z V Khachatryan
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Chagovets
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N L Starodubtseva
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Yu Amiraslanov
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V L Tyutyunnik
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Lomova
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V E Frankevich
- Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
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Dal Ben M, Bongiovanni R, Tuniz S, Fioriti E, Tiribelli C, Moretti R, Gazzin S. Earliest Mechanisms of Dopaminergic Neurons Sufferance in a Novel Slow Progressing Ex Vivo Model of Parkinson Disease in Rat Organotypic Cultures of Substantia Nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2224. [PMID: 31064126 PMCID: PMC6539377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments of Parkinson disease (PD) are ineffective mainly due to the poor understanding of the early events causing the decline of dopaminergic neurons (DOPAn). To overcome this problem, slow progressively degenerating models of PD allowing the study of the pre-clinical phase are crucial. We recreated in a short ex vivo time scale (96 h) all the features of human PD (needing dozens of years) by challenging organotypic culture of rat substantia nigra with low doses of rotenone. Thus, taking advantage of the existent knowledge, the model was used to perform a time-dependent comparative study of the principal possible causative molecular mechanisms undergoing DOPAn demise. Alteration in the redox state and inflammation started at 3 h, preceding the reduction in DOPAn number (pre-diagnosis phase). The number of DOPAn declined to levels compatible with diagnosis only at 12 h. The decline was accompanied by a persistent inflammation and redox imbalance. Significant microglia activation, apoptosis, a reduction in dopamine vesicle transporters, and the ubiquitination of misfolded protein clearance pathways were late (96 h, consequential) events. The work suggests inflammation and redox imbalance as simultaneous early mechanisms undergoing DOPAn sufferance, to be targeted for a causative treatment aimed to stop/delay PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dal Ben
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Tuniz
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Fioriti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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8
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Poletti S, Riberto M, Vai B, Ghiglino D, Lorenzi C, Vitali A, Brioschi S, Locatelli C, Serretti A, Colombo C, Benedetti F. A Glutamate Transporter EAAT1 Gene Variant Influences Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Bipolar Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:536-545. [PMID: 30073554 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe illness characterized by recurrent depressive and manic episodes and by emotional dysregulation. Altered cortico-limbic connectivity could account for typical symptoms of the disorder such as mood instability, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive deficits. Functional connectivity positively associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission. The inactivation of glutamate is handled by a series of glutamate transporters, among them, the excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) which is modulated by a SNP rs2731880 (C/T) where the C allele leads to increased EAAT1 expression and glutamate uptake. We hypothesized that rs2731880 would affect cortico-limbic functional connectivity during an implicit affective processing task. Sixty-eight BD patients underwent fMRI scanning during implicit processing of fearful and angry faces. We explored the effect of rs2731880 on the strength of functional connectivity from the amygdalae to the whole brain. A significant activation in response to emotional processing was observed in two main clusters encompassing the right and left amygdala. Amygdalae to whole-brain functional connectivity analyses revealed a significant interaction between rs2731880 and the task (emotional stimuli vs geometric shapes) for the functional connections between the right amygdala and right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. Post-hoc analyses revealed that T/T patients showed a significant negative connectivity between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex compared to C carriers. T/T subjects also performed significantly better in the face-matching task than rs2731880*C carriers. Our findings reveal an EAAT1 genotype-associated difference in cortico-limbic connectivity during affective regulation, possibly identifying a neurobiological underpinning of emotional dysfunction in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Riberto
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Vai
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ghiglino
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Vitali
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brioschi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Locatelli
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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9
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Serotonin-1A receptor dependent modulation of pain and reward for improving therapy of chronic pain. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Pál B. Involvement of extrasynaptic glutamate in physiological and pathophysiological changes of neuronal excitability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2917-2949. [PMID: 29766217 PMCID: PMC11105518 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, as the majority of neurons use glutamate as neurotransmitter. It is also well known that this neurotransmitter is not restricted to synaptic clefts, but found in the extrasynaptic regions as ambient glutamate. Extrasynaptic glutamate originates from spillover of synaptic release, as well as from astrocytes and microglia. Its concentration is magnitudes lower than in the synaptic cleft, but receptors responding to it have higher affinity for it. Extrasynaptic glutamate receptors can be found in neuronal somatodendritic location, on astroglia, oligodendrocytes or microglia. Activation of them leads to changes of neuronal excitability with different amplitude and kinetics. Extrasynaptic glutamate is taken up by neurons and astrocytes mostly via EAAT transporters, and astrocytes, in turn metabolize it to glutamine. Extrasynaptic glutamate is involved in several physiological phenomena of the central nervous system. It regulates neuronal excitability and synaptic strength by involving astroglia; contributing to learning and memory formation, neurosecretory and neuromodulatory mechanisms, as well as sleep homeostasis.The extrasynaptic glutamatergic system is affected in several brain pathologies related to excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation. Being present in dementias, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases or tumor invasion in a seemingly uniform way, the system possibly provides a common component of their pathogenesis. Although parts of the system are extensively discussed by several recent reviews, in this review I attempt to summarize physiological actions of the extrasynaptic glutamate on neuronal excitability and provide a brief insight to its pathology for basic understanding of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Pál
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4012, Hungary.
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Hirai S, Hotta K, Okado H. Developmental Roles and Evolutionary Significance of AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800028. [PMID: 30058076 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis and metamorphosis require the intricate orchestration of multiple types of cellular interactions and signaling pathways. Glutamate (Glu) is an excitatory extracellular signaling molecule in the nervous system, while Ca2+ is a major intracellular signaling molecule. The first Glu receptors to be cloned are Ca2+ -permeable receptors in mammalian brains. Although recent studies have focused on Glu signaling in synaptic mechanisms of the mammalian central nervous system, it is unclear how this signaling functions in development. Our recent article demonstrated that Ca2+ -permeable AMPA-type Glu receptors (GluAs) are essential for formation of a photosensitive organ, development of some neurons, and metamorphosis, including tail absorption and body axis rotation, in ascidian embryos. Based on findings in these embryos and mammalian brains, we formed several hypotheses regarding the evolution of GluAs, the non-synaptic function of Glu, the origin of GluA-positive neurons, and the neuronal network that controls metamorphosis in ascidians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Hirai
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
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12
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Wu J, Abdelfattah AS, Zhou H, Ruangkittisakul A, Qian Y, Ballanyi K, Campbell RE. Genetically Encoded Glutamate Indicators with Altered Color and Topology. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1832-1837. [PMID: 29308878 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the 20 common amino acids and of utmost importance for chemically mediated synaptic transmission in nervous systems. To expand the color palette of genetically encoded indicators for glutamate, we used protein engineering to develop a red intensity-based glutamate-sensing fluorescent reporter (R-iGluSnFR1). Manipulating the topology of R-iGluSnFR1, and a previously reported green fluorescent indicator, led to the development of noncircularly permutated (ncp) variants. R- and Rncp-iGluSnFR1 display glutamate affinities of 11 μM and 0.9 μM, respectively. We demonstrate that these glutamate indicators are functional when targeted to the surface of HEK-293 cells. Furthermore, we show that Gncp-iGluSnFR enabled reliable visualization of extrasynaptic glutamate in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, while R-iGluSnFR can reliably resolve action potential-evoked glutamate transients by electrical field stimuli in cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Ahmed S. Abdelfattah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | | | - Yong Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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13
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Pakula MM, Maier TJ, Vorup-Jensen T. Insight on the impacts of free amino acids and their metabolites on the immune system from a perspective of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:611-626. [PMID: 28441889 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1323879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amino acids (AAs) support a broad range of functions in living organisms, including several that affect the immune system. The functions of the immune system are affected when free AAs are depleted or in excess because of external factors, such as starvation, or because of genetic factors, such as inborn errors of metabolism. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the current insights into how free AAs affect immune responses. When possible, we make comparisons to known disease states resulting from inborn errors of metabolism, in which changed levels of AAs or AA metabolites provide insight into the impact of AAs on the human immune system in vivo. We also explore the literature describing how changes in AA levels might provide pharmaceutical targets for safe immunomodulatory treatment. Expert opinion: The impact of free AAs on the immune system is a neglected topic in most immunology textbooks. That neglect is undeserved, because free AAs have both direct and indirect effects on the immune system. Consistent choices of pre-clinical models and better strategies for creating formulations are required to gain clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- a Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- a Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Center for Neurodegenerative Inflammation Prevention (NEURODIN) , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,d The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA) , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,e MEMBRANES Research center , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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14
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Morales I, Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Rodriguez M. The astrocytic response to the dopaminergic denervation of the striatum. J Neurochem 2016; 139:81-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of La Laguna, La Laguna; Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of La Laguna, La Laguna; Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of La Laguna, La Laguna; Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
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15
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Delli Pizzi S, Padulo C, Brancucci A, Bubbico G, Edden RA, Ferretti A, Franciotti R, Manippa V, Marzoli D, Onofrj M, Sepede G, Tartaro A, Tommasi L, Puglisi-Allegra S, Bonanni L. GABA content within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is related to trait anxiety. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:758-66. [PMID: 26722018 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a key role in emotion processing and regulation. vmPFC dysfunction may lead to disinhibition of amygdala causing high anxiety levels. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) inter-neurons within vmPFC shape the information flow to amygdala. Thus, we hypothesize that GABA content within vmPFC could be relevant to trait anxiety. Forty-three healthy volunteers aged between 20 and 88 years were assessed for trait anxiety with the Subscale-2 of the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y2) and were studied with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate GABA and Glx (glutamate+glutamine) contents within vmPFC. Total creatine (tCr) was used as internal reference. Partial correlations assessed the association between metabolite levels and STAI-Y2 scores, removing the effect of possible nuisance factors including age, educational level, volumes of gray matter and white matter within magnetic resonance spectroscopy voxel. We observed a positive relationship between GABA/tCr and STAI-Y2 scores. No significant relationships were found between Glx/tCr and STAI-Y2 and between tCr/water and STAI-Y2. No differences were found between males and females as regards to age, STAI-Y2, GABA/tCr, Glx/tCr, tCr/water, gray matter and white matter volumes. We suggest a close relationship between GABA content within vmPFC and trait anxiety providing new insights in the physiology of emotional brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy, Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Caterina Padulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Department of Psychological Sciences, Health, and the Territory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brancucci
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health, and the Territory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Richard A Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, "The Johns Hopkins University" School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, F.M. Kirby Center for Functional MRI, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaella Franciotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy, Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Valerio Manippa
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Department of Psychological Sciences, Health, and the Territory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Daniele Marzoli
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health, and the Territory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Gianna Sepede
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - Armando Tartaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health, and the Territory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Department of Psychology, University "La Sapienza" of Roma, Italy, and Foundation Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
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16
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Subcortical glutamate mediates the reduction of short-range functional connectivity with age in a developmental cohort. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8433-41. [PMID: 26041912 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4375-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marked changes in brain physiology and structure take place between childhood and adulthood, including changes in functional connectivity and changes in the balance between main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate (Glu) and GABA. The balance of these neurotransmitters is thought to underlie neural activity in general and functional connectivity networks in particular, but so far no studies have investigated the relationship between human development related differences in these neurotransmitters and concomitant changes in functional connectivity. GABA+/H2O and Glu/H2O levels were acquired in a group of healthy children, adolescents, and adults in a subcortical (basal ganglia) region, as well as in a frontal region in adolescents and adults. Our results showed higher GABA+/Glu with age in both the subcortical and the frontal voxel, which were differentially associated with significantly lower Glu/H2O with age in the subcortical voxel and by significantly higher GABA+/H2O with age in the frontal voxel. Using a seed-to-voxel analysis, we were further able to show that functional connectivity between the putamen (seed) and other subcortical structures was lower with age. Lower subcortical Glu/H2O with age mediated the lower connectivity in the dorsal putamen. Based on these results, and the potential role of Glu in synaptic pruning, we suggest that lower Glu mediates a reduction of local connectivity during human development.
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17
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Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Morales I, Sanchez A, Sabate M. Parkinson's disease as a result of aging. Aging Cell 2015; 14:293-308. [PMID: 25677794 PMCID: PMC4406659 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that Parkinson's disease is induced by specific agents that degenerate a clearly defined population of dopaminergic neurons. Data commented in this review suggest that this assumption is not as clear as is often thought and that aging may be critical for Parkinson's disease. Neurons degenerating in Parkinson's disease also degenerate in normal aging, and the different agents involved in the etiology of this illness are also involved in aging. Senescence is a wider phenomenon affecting cells all over the body, whereas Parkinson's disease seems to be restricted to certain brain centers and cell populations. However, reviewed data suggest that Parkinson's disease may be a local expression of aging on cell populations which, by their characteristics (high number of synaptic terminals and mitochondria, unmyelinated axons, etc.), are highly vulnerable to the agents promoting aging. The development of new knowledge about Parkinson's disease could be accelerated if the research on aging and Parkinson's disease were planned together, and the perspective provided by gerontology gains relevance in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
| | - Magdalena Sabate
- Rehabilitation Service, Department of Pharmacology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
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18
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Kuriu T, Kakimoto Y, Araki O. Computational simulation: astrocyte-induced depolarization of neighboring neurons mediates synchronous UP states in a neural network. J Biol Phys 2015; 41:377-90. [PMID: 25940565 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-015-9385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent reports have suggested that synchronous neuronal UP states are mediated by astrocytic activity, the mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. Astrocytic glutamate release synchronously depolarizes adjacent neurons, while synaptic transmissions are blocked. The purpose of this study was to confirm that astrocytic depolarization, propagated through synaptic connections, can lead to synchronous neuronal UP states. We applied astrocytic currents to local neurons in a neural network consisting of model cortical neurons. Our results show that astrocytic depolarization may generate synchronous UP states for hundreds of milliseconds in neurons even if they do not directly receive glutamate release from the activated astrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kuriu
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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19
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Brassai A, Suvanjeiev RG, Bán EG, Lakatos M. Role of synaptic and nonsynaptic glutamate receptors in ischaemia induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res Bull 2015; 112:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Lutgen V, Resch J, Qualmann K, Raddatz NJ, Panhans C, Olander EM, Kong L, Choi S, Mantsch JR, Baker DA. Behavioral assessment of acute inhibition of system xc (-) in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4637-47. [PMID: 24828877 PMCID: PMC4474164 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gaps in our understanding of glutamatergic signaling may be key obstacles in accurately modeling complex CNS diseases. System xc (-) is an example of a poorly understood component of glutamate homeostasis that has the potential to contribute to CNS diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine whether system xc (-) contributes to behaviors used to model features of CNS disease states. METHODS In situ hybridization was used to map mRNA expression of xCT throughout the brain. Microdialysis in the prefrontal cortex was used to sample extracellular glutamate levels; HPLC was used to measure extracellular glutamate and tissue glutathione concentrations. Acute administration of sulfasalazine (8-16 mg/kg, IP) was used to decrease system xc (-) activity. Behavior was measured using attentional set shifting, elevated plus maze, open-field maze, Porsolt swim test, and social interaction paradigm. RESULTS The expression of xCT mRNA was detected throughout the brain, with high expression in several structures including the basolateral amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Doses of sulfasalazine that produced a reduction in extracellular glutamate levels were identified and subsequently used in the behavioral experiments. Sulfasalazine impaired performance in attentional set shifting and reduced the amount of time spent in an open arm of an elevated plus maze and the center of an open-field maze without altering behavior in a Porsolt swim test, total distance moved in an open-field maze, or social interaction. CONCLUSIONS The widespread distribution of system xc (-) and involvement in a growing list of behaviors suggests that this form of nonvesicular glutamate release is a key component of excitatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lutgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Jon Resch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Krista Qualmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Nicholas J. Raddatz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Cristina Panhans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Ellen M. Olander
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Linghai Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - SuJean Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - John R. Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15 St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
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21
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Rodriguez M, Morales I, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Sanchez A, Castro R, Brito JM, Sabate M. The degeneration and replacement of dopamine cells in Parkinson's disease: the role of aging. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:80. [PMID: 25147507 PMCID: PMC4124707 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Available data show marked similarities for the degeneration of dopamine cells in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and aging. The etio-pathogenic agents involved are very similar in both cases, and include free radicals, different mitochondrial disturbances, alterations of the mitophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Proteins involved in PD such as α-synuclein, UCH-L1, PINK1 or DJ-1, are also involved in aging. The anomalous behavior of astrocytes, microglia and stem cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) also changes similarly in aging brains and PD. Present data suggest that PD could be the expression of aging on a cell population with high vulnerability to aging. The future knowledge of mechanisms involved in aging could be critical for both understanding the etiology of PD and developing etiologic treatments to prevent the onset of this neurodegenerative illness and to control its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rafael Castro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Brito
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Magdalena Sabate
- Rehabilitation Service, Department of Physical Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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22
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Gonzalez J, Jurado-Coronel JC, Ávila MF, Sabogal A, Capani F, Barreto GE. NMDARs in neurological diseases: a potential therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:315-27. [PMID: 25051426 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.940941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptor (NMDARs) is a ligand-gated ion channel that plays a critical role in excitatory neurotransmission, brain development, synaptic plasticity associated with memory formation, central sensitization during persistent pain, excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). Within iGluRs, NMDA receptors have been the most actively investigated for their role in neurological diseases, especially neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It has been demonstrated that excessive activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) plays a key role in mediating some aspects of synaptic dysfunction in several CNS disorders, so extensive research has been directed on the discovery of compounds that are able to reduce NMDARs activity. This review discusses the role of NMDARs on neurological pathologies and the possible therapeutic use of agents that target this receptor. Additionally, we delve into the role of NMDARs in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and the receptor antagonists that have been tested on in vivo models of these pathologies. Finally, we put into consideration the importance of antioxidants to counteract oxidative capacity of the signaling cascade in which NMDARs are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneth Gonzalez
- 1Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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23
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Associations of regional GABA and glutamate with intrinsic and extrinsic neural activity in humans—a review of multimodal imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:36-52. [PMID: 25066091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The integration of multiple imaging modalities is becoming an increasingly well used research strategy for studying the human brain. The neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA particularly lend themselves towards such studies. This is because these transmitters are ubiquitous throughout the cortex, where they are the key constituents of the inhibition/excitation balance, and because they can be easily measured in vivo through magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as with select positron emission tomography approaches. How these transmitters underly functional responses measured with techniques such as fMRI and EEG remains unclear though, and was the target of this review. Consistently shown in the literature was a negative correlation between GABA concentrations and stimulus-induced activity within the measured region. Also consistently found was a positive correlation between glutamate concentrations and inter-regional activity relationships, both during tasks and rest. These findings are outlined along with results from populations with mental disorders to give an overview of what brain imaging has suggested to date about the biochemical underpinnings of functional activity in health and disease. We conclude that the combination of functional and biochemical imaging in humans is an increasingly informative approach that does however require a number of key methodological and interpretive issues be addressed before can meet its potential.
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24
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Degnan AJ, Ceschin R, Lee V, Schmithorst VJ, Blüml S, Panigrahy A. Early metabolic development of posteromedial cortex and thalamus in humans analyzed via in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3717-32. [PMID: 24888973 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The posteromedial cortex (PMC) including the posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and medial parietal cortex/precuneus is an epicenter of cortical interactions in a wide spectrum of neural activity. Anatomic connections between PMC and thalamic components have been established in animal studies, but similar studies do not exist for the fetal and neonatal period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows for noninvasive measurement of metabolites in early development. Using single-voxel 3-T MRS, healthy term neonates (n = 31, mean postconception age 41.5 weeks ± 3.8 weeks) were compared with control children (n = 23, mean age 9.4 years ± 5.1 years) and young adults (n = 10, mean age 24.1 years ± 2.6 years). LCModel-based calculations compared metabolites within medial parietal gray matter (colocalizing to the PMC), posterior thalamus, and parietal white matter voxels. Common metabolic changes existed for neuronal-axonal maturation and structural markers in the PMC, thalamus, and parietal white matter with increasing NAA and glutamate and decreasing myoinositol and choline with age. Key differences in creatine and glucose metabolism were noted in the PMC, in contrast to the thalamic and parietal white matter locations, suggesting a unique role of energy metabolism. Significant parallel metabolite developmental changes of multiple other metabolites including aspartate, glutamine, and glutathione with age were present between PMC and parietal white matter but not between PMC and thalamus. These findings offer insight into the metabolic architecture of the interface between structural and functional topology of brain networks. Further investigation unifying metabolic changes with functional and anatomic pathways may further enhance the understanding of the PMC in posterior default mode network development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Degnan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15224; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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25
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Pusic KM, Pusic AD, Kemme J, Kraig RP. Spreading depression requires microglia and is decreased by their M2a polarization from environmental enrichment. Glia 2014; 62:1176-94. [PMID: 24723305 PMCID: PMC4081540 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in fine-tuning neuronal activity. In part, this involves their production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which increases neuronal excitability. Excessive synaptic activity is necessary to initiate spreading depression (SD). Increased microglial production of proinflammatory cytokines promotes initiation of SD, which, when recurrent, may play a role in conversion of episodic to high frequency and chronic migraine. Previous work shows that this potentiation of SD occurs through increased microglial production of TNFα and reactive oxygen species, both of which are associated with an M1-skewed microglial population. Hence, we explored the role of microglia and their M1 polarization in SD initiation. Selective ablation of microglia from rat hippocampal slice cultures confirmed that microglia are essential for initiation of SD. Application of minocycline to dampen M1 signaling led to increased SD threshold. In addition, we found that SD threshold was increased in rats exposed to environmental enrichment. These rats had increased neocortical levels of interleukin-11 (IL-11), which decreases TNFα signaling and polarized microglia to an M2a-dominant phenotype. M2a microglia reduce proinflammatory signaling and increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and therefore may protect against SD. Nasal administration of IL-11 to mimic effects of environmental enrichment likewise increased M2a polarization and increased SD threshold, an effect also seen in vitro. Similarly, application of conditioned medium from M2a polarized primary microglia to slice cultures also increased SD threshold. Thus, microglia and their polarization state play an essential role in SD initiation, and perhaps by extension migraine with aura and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae M. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aya D. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Kemme
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard P. Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Sirca D, Vardeu A, Pinna M, Diana M, Enrico P. A robust, state-of-the-art amperometric microbiosensor for glutamate detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:526-31. [PMID: 24951923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientific knowledge of glutamate (GLU) neurobiology is severely hampered by the inadequacy of the available in vivo brain sampling techniques. Due to the crucial role of GLU in central nervous system function and pathology, the development of a reliable sampling device is mandatory. GLU biosensor holds potential to address many of the known issues of in vivo GLU measurement. We report here on the development and test of a labor- and cost-effective microbiosensor, suitable to be applied for measuring brain GLU. A glycerol-based cryopreservation method was also tested. Needle type Pt biosensors were coated with a permselective Nafion-Poly(o-phenylenediamine) layer and cross-linked to l-glutamate oxidase with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether. Tested in vitro, the device shows high sensitivity and specificity for GLU, while being poorly influenced by common interfering substances such as ascorbate, dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Further, the cryopreservation procedure kept sensitivity unaltered for 30 days and possibly longer. We conclude that a highly efficient GLU biosensor of minimal dimensions can be consistently and affordably constructed with relative ease. Together with the possibility of cryopreservation this shall foster diffusion and exploitation of GLU biosensors technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Sirca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Vardeu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Milo Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Diana
- "G. Minardi" Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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27
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Brites D, Vaz AR. Microglia centered pathogenesis in ALS: insights in cell interconnectivity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:117. [PMID: 24904276 PMCID: PMC4033073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and most aggressive form of adult motor neuron (MN) degeneration. The cause of the disease is still unknown, but some protein mutations have been linked to the pathological process. Loss of upper and lower MNs results in progressive muscle paralysis and ultimately death due to respiratory failure. Although initially thought to derive from the selective loss of MNs, the pathogenic concept of non-cell-autonomous disease has come to the forefront for the contribution of glial cells in ALS, in particular microglia. Recent studies suggest that microglia may have a protective effect on MN in an early stage. Conversely, activated microglia contribute and enhance MN death by secreting neurotoxic factors, and impaired microglial function at the end-stage may instead accelerate disease progression. However, the nature of microglial–neuronal interactions that lead to MN degeneration remains elusive. We review the contribution of the neurodegenerative network in ALS pathology, with a special focus on each glial cell type from data obtained in the transgenic SOD1G93A rodents, the most widely used model. We further discuss the diverse roles of neuroinflammation and microglia phenotypes in the modulation of ALS pathology. We provide information on the processes associated with dysfunctional cell–cell communication and summarize findings on pathological cross-talk between neurons and astroglia, and neurons and microglia, as well as on the spread of pathogenic factors. We also highlight the relevance of neurovascular disruption and exosome trafficking to ALS pathology. The harmful and beneficial influences of NG2 cells, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will be discussed as well. Insights into the complex intercellular perturbations underlying ALS, including target identification, will enhance our efforts to develop effective therapeutic approaches for preventing or reversing symptomatic progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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McGuire JL, Hammond JH, Yates SD, Chen D, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE. Altered serine/threonine kinase activity in schizophrenia. Brain Res 2014; 1568:42-54. [PMID: 24780530 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence implicates alterations in multiple signaling pathways in the etiology of schizophrenia. Previously, these studies were limited to the analysis of one or a few phosphoproteins at a time. Here, we use a novel kinase array platform to simultaneously investigate the convergence of multiple signaling cascades implicated in schizophrenia. This technology uses consensus peptide substrates to assess activity levels of a large number (>100) of serine/threonine protein kinases. 19 peptide substrates were differentially phosphorylated (>15% change) in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia. These peptide substrates were examined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to group them according to the functions and to identify processes most likely affected in schizophrenia. Pathway analysis placed 14 of the 19 peptides into cellular homeostatic pathways, 10 into pathways governing cytoskeletal organization, and 8 into pathways governing ion homeostasis. These data are the first to simultaneously investigate comprehensive changes in signaling cascades in a severe psychiatric disorder. The examination of kinase activity in signaling pathways may facilitate the identification of novel substrates for drug discovery and the development of safer and more effective pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - John H Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Stefani D Yates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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29
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Koncz I, Szász BK, Szabó SI, Kiss JP, Mike A, Lendvai B, Sylvester Vizi E, Zelles T. The tricyclic antidepressant desipramine inhibited the neurotoxic, kainate-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in CA1 pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices. Brain Res Bull 2014; 104:42-51. [PMID: 24742525 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kainate (KA), used for modelling neurodegenerative diseases, evokes excitotoxicity. However, the precise mechanism of KA-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increase is unexplored, especially in acute brain slice preparations. We used [Ca(2+)]i imaging and patch clamp electrophysiology to decipher the mechanism of KA-evoked [Ca(2+)]i rise and its inhibition by the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI) in CA1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slices and in cultured hippocampal cells. The effect of KA was dose-dependent and relied totally on extracellular Ca(2+). The lack of effect of dl-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) and abolishment of the response by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) suggested the involvement of non-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (non-NMDARs). The predominant role of the Ca(2+)-impermeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPARs) in the initiation of the Ca(2+) response was supported by the inhibitory effect of the selective AMPAR antagonist GYKI 53655 and the ineffectiveness of 1-naphthyl acetylspermine (NASPM), an inhibitor of the Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs. The voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCC), blocked by ω-Conotoxin MVIIC+nifedipine+NiCl2, contributed to the [Ca(2+)]i rise. VGCCs were also involved, similarly to AMPAR current, in the KA-evoked depolarisation. Inhibition of voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs; tetrodotoxin, TTX) did not affect the depolarisation of pyramidal cells but blocked the depolarisation-evoked action potential bursts and reduced the Ca(2+) response. The tricyclic antidepressant DMI inhibited the KA-evoked [Ca(2+)]i rise in a dose-dependent manner. It directly attenuated the AMPA-/KAR current, but its more potent inhibition on the Ca(2+) response supports additional effect on VGCCs, VGSCs and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers. The multitarget action on decisive players of excitotoxicity holds out more promise in clinical therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Koncz
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett K Szász
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd I Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Arpád Mike
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Lendvai
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Pharmacology and Drug Safety Department, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Sylvester Vizi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Zelles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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30
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Organization of Activity of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons under Coactivation of Dendritic Glutamate- and GABA-Sensitive Receptors: a Simulation Study. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-014-9414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Sharifulina SA, Komandirov MA, Uzdensky AB. Epigenetic regulation of death of crayfish glial cells but not neurons induced by photodynamic impact. Brain Res Bull 2014; 102:15-21. [PMID: 24502940 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes are involved in regulation of cell functions and survival, but their role in responses of neurons and glial cells to oxidative injury is insufficiently explored. Here, we studied the role of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation in reactions of neurons and surrounding glial cells to photodynamic treatment that induces oxidative stress and cell death. Isolated crayfish stretch receptor consisting of a single mechanoreceptor neuron surrounded by glial cells was photosensitized with aluminum phthalocyanine Photosens that induced neuron inactivation, necrosis of the neuron and glia, and glial apoptosis. Inhibitors of DNA methylation 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) reduced the level of PDT-induced necrosis of glial cells but not neurons by 1.3 and 2.0 times, respectively, and did not significantly influence apoptosis of glial cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and trichostatin A inhibited PDT-induced both necrosis and apoptosis of satellite glial cells but not neurons by 1.6-2.7 times. Thus, in the crayfish stretch receptor DNA methylation and histone deacetylation are involved in epigenetic control of glial but not neuronal necrosis. Histone deacetylation also participates in glial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sharifulina
- A.B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - M A Komandirov
- Department of Biophysics and Biocybernetics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - A B Uzdensky
- A.B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; Department of Biophysics and Biocybernetics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia.
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32
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Ballaz S, Morales I, Rodríguez M, Obeso JA. Ascorbate prevents cell death from prolonged exposure to glutamate in an in vitro model of human dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1609-17. [PMID: 23996657 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a nonenzymatic antioxidant highly concentrated in the brain. In addition to mediating redox balance, ascorbate is linked to glutamate neurotransmission in the striatum, where it renders neuroprotection against excessive glutamate stimulation. Oxidative stress and glutamatergic overactivity are key biochemical features accompanying the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that characterizes Parkinson's disease (PD). At present, it is not clear whether antiglutamate agents and ascorbate might be neuroprotective agents for PD. Thus, we tested whether ascorbate can prevent cell death from prolonged exposure to glutamate using dopaminergic neurons of human origin. To this purpose, dopamine-like neurons were obtained by differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells and then cultured for 4 days without antioxidant (antiaging) protection to evaluate glutamate toxicity and ascorbate protection as a model system of potential factors contributing to dopaminergic neuron death in PD. Glutamate dose dependently induced toxicity in dopaminergic cells largely by the stimulation of AMPA and metabotropic receptors and to a lesser extent by N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate receptors. At relatively physiological levels of extracellular concentration, ascorbate protected cells against glutamate excitotoxicity. This neuroprotection apparently relies on the inhibition of oxidative stress, because ascorbate prevented the pro-oxidant action of the scavenging molecule quercetin, which occurred over the course of prolonged exposure, as is also seen with glutamate. Our findings show the relevance of ascorbate as a neuroprotective agent and emphasize an often underappreciated role of oxidative stress in glutamate excitotoxicity. Occurrence of a glutamate-ascorbate link in dopaminergic neurons may explain previous contradictions regarding their putative role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ballaz
- Laboratory of Movement Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Applied Medicine Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Mechanisms of glycine release, which build up synaptic and extrasynaptic glycine levels: the role of synaptic and non-synaptic glycine transporters. Brain Res Bull 2012; 93:110-9. [PMID: 23266673 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycine is an amino acid neurotransmitter that is involved in both inhibitory and excitatory neurochemical transmission in the central nervous system. The role of glycine in excitatory neurotransmission is related to its coagonist action at glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. The glycine levels in the synaptic cleft rise many times higher during synaptic activation assuring that glycine spills over into the extrasynaptic space. Another possible origin of extrasynaptic glycine is the efflux of glycine occurring from astrocytes associated with glutamatergic synapses. The release of glycine from neuronal or glial origins exhibits several differences compared to that of biogenic amines or other amino acid neurotransmitters. These differences appear in an external Ca(2+)- and temperature-dependent manner, conferring unique characteristics on glycine as a neurotransmitter. Glycine transporter type-1 at synapses may exhibit neural and glial forms and plays a role in controlling synaptic glycine levels and the spill over rate of glycine from the synaptic cleft into the extrasynaptic biophase. Non-synaptic glycine transporter type-1 regulates extrasynaptic glycine concentrations, either increasing or decreasing them depending on the reverse or normal mode operation of the carrier molecule. While we can, at best, only estimate synaptic glycine levels at rest and during synaptic activation, glycine concentrations are readily measurable via brain microdialysis technique applied in the extrasynaptic space. The non-synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor may obtain glycine for activation following its spill over from highly active synapses or from its release mediated by the reverse operation of non-synaptic glycine transporter-1. The sensitivity of non-synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors to glutamate and glycine is many times higher than that of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors making the former type of receptor the primary target for drug action. Synaptic and non-synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate different neural functions, many of which are not clearly defined at present. Non-synaptic glycine transporter-1 and its blockade by inhibitory drugs may be important in drug therapy interventions, such as for reducing negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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