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Khoshneviszadeh M, Henneicke S, Pirici D, Senthilnathan A, Morton L, Arndt P, Kaushik R, Norman O, Jukkola J, Dunay IR, Seidenbecher C, Heikkinen A, Schreiber S, Dityatev A. Microvascular damage, neuroinflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling in Col18a1 knockout mice as a model for early cerebral small vessel disease. Matrix Biol 2024; 128:39-64. [PMID: 38387749 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Collagen type XVIII (COL18) is an abundant heparan sulfate proteoglycan in vascular basement membranes. Here, we asked (i) if the loss of COL18 would result in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, pathological alterations of small arteries and capillaries and neuroinflammation as found in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and (ii) if such changes may be associated with remodeling of synapses and neural extracellular matrix (ECM). We found that 5-month-old Col18a1-/- mice had elevated BBB permeability for mouse IgG in the deep gray matter, and intravascular erythrocyte accumulations were observed brain-wide in capillaries and arterioles. BBB permeability increased with age and affected cortical regions and the hippocampus in 12-month-old Col18a1-/- mice. None of the Col18a1-/- mice displayed hallmarks of advanced CSVD, such as hemorrhages, and did not show perivascular space enlargement. Col18a1 deficiency-induced BBB leakage was accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes, a loss of aggrecan in the ECM of perineuronal nets associated with fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons and accumulation of the perisynaptic ECM proteoglycan brevican and the microglial complement protein C1q at excitatory synapses. As the pathway underlying these regulations, we found increased signaling through the TGF-ß1/Smad3/TIMP-3 cascade. We verified the pivotal role of COL18 for small vessel wall structure in CSVD by demonstrating the protein's involvement in vascular remodeling in autopsy brains from patients with cerebral hypertensive arteriopathy. Our study highlights an association between the alterations of perivascular ECM, extracellular proteolysis, and perineuronal/perisynaptic ECM, as a possible substrate of synaptic and cognitive alterations in CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Henneicke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pirici
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Lorena Morton
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Arndt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oula Norman
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Jukkola
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Anne Heikkinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany.
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Funaki M, Nio-Kobayashi J, Suzuki R, Bando Y. Galectin-3 Plays a Role in Neuroinflammation in the Visual Pathway in Experimental Optic Neuritis. Cells 2024; 13:612. [PMID: 38607051 PMCID: PMC11011492 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) featuring numerous neuropathologies, including optic neuritis (ON) in some patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of ON remain unknown. Galectins, β-galactoside-binding lectins, are involved in various pathophysiological processes. We previously showed that galectin-3 (gal-3) is associated with the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the current study, we investigated the expression of gal-3 in the visual pathway in EAE mice to clarify its role in the pathogenesis of ON. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of gal-3 in the visual pathway of the EAE mice during the peak stage of the disease, compared with naïve and EAE mice during the chronic stage. Gal-3 was detected mainly in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the visual pathway in EAE mice. In addition, gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells, identified as phagocytic by immunostaining for cathepsin D, accumulated in demyelinating lesions in the visual pathway during the peak disease stage of EAE. Moreover, NLRP3 expression was detected in most gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells. These results strongly suggest that gal-3 regulates NLRP3 signaling in microglia/macrophages and neuroinflammatory demyelination in ON. In astrocytes, gal-3 was expressed from the peak to the chronic disease stages. Taken together, our findings suggest a critical role of gal-3 in the pathogenesis of ON. Thus, gal-3 in glial cells may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Funaki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Department of Functional Glycobiology in Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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McIlwrath SL, Carroll-Portillo AC, Lin HC, Westlund KN. In vivo imaging of cathepsin B in activated glia in the brain after orofacial formalin test. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4517. [PMID: 38402255 PMCID: PMC10894209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cathepsin B (Cat B) is a cysteine lysosomal protease that is upregulated in many inflammatory diseases and widely expressed in the brain. Here, we used a Cat B activatable near-infrared (NIR) imaging probe to measure glial activation in vivo in the formalin test, a standard orofacial inflammatory pain model. The probe's efficacy was quantified with immunohistochemical analysis of the somatosensory cortex. PROCEDURES Three different concentrations of Cat B imaging probe (30, 50, 100 pmol/200 g bodyweight) were injected intracisternally into the foramen magnum of rats under anesthesia. Four hours later formalin (1.5%, 50 μl) was injected into the upper lip and the animal's behaviors recorded for 45 min. Subsequently, animals were repeatedly scanned using the IVIS Spectrum (8, 10, and 28 h post imaging probe injection) to measure extracellular Cat B activity. Aldehyde fixed brain sections were immunostained with antibodies against microglial marker Iba1 or astrocytic GFAP and detected with fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies to quantify co-localization with the fluorescent probe. RESULTS The Cat B imaging probe only slightly altered the formalin test results. Nocifensive behavior was only reduced in phase 1 in the 100 pmol group. In vivo measured fluorescence efficiency was highest in the 100 pmol group 28 h post imaging probe injection. Post-mortem immunohistochemical analysis of the somatosensory cortex detected the greatest amount of NIR fluorescence localized on microglia and astrocytes in the 100 pmol imaging probe group. Sensory neuron neuropeptide and cell injury marker expression in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia was not altered by the presence of fluorescent probe. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a concentration- and time-dependent visualization of extracellular Cat B in activated glia in the formalin test using a NIR imaging probe. Intracisternal injections are well suited for extracellular CNS proteinase detection in conditions when the blood-brain barrier is intact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda C Carroll-Portillo
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Karin N Westlund
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
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Pachón-Angona I, Bernard PJ, Simakov A, Maj M, Jozwiak K, Novotna A, Lemke C, Gütschow M, Martin H, Oset-Gasque MJ, Contelles JM, Ismaili L. Design and Synthesis of Multi-Functional Ligands through Hantzsch Reaction: Targeting Ca 2+ Channels, Activating Nrf2 and Possessing Cathepsin S Inhibitory, and Antioxidant Properties. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:121. [PMID: 38258131 PMCID: PMC10819521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This work relates to the design and synthesis of a series of novel multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs), i.e., compounds 4a-l, via a convenient one-pot three-component Hantzsch reaction. This approach targeted calcium channel antagonism, antioxidant capacity, cathepsin S inhibition, and interference with Nrf2 transcriptional activation. Of these MTDLs, 4i emerged as a promising compound, demonstrating robust antioxidant activity, the ability to activate Nrf2-ARE pathways, as well as calcium channel blockade and cathepsin S inhibition. Dihydropyridine 4i represents the first example of an MTDL that combines these biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pachón-Angona
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.-A.); (P.J.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paul J. Bernard
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.-A.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Alexey Simakov
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; (A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Anna Novotna
- Pharmaceutical Institut, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.N.); (C.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Carina Lemke
- Pharmaceutical Institut, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.N.); (C.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institut, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.N.); (C.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Helene Martin
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; (A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - María-Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Marco Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC) C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), CIBER, ISCIII, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.-A.); (P.J.B.)
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5
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Fang S, Wu Z, Guo Y, Zhu W, Wan C, Yuan N, Chen J, Hao W, Mo X, Guo X, Fan L, Li X, Chen J. Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193053. [PMID: 37881439 PMCID: PMC10597707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to complement and repair neurons and neural circuits, thus benefiting the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant microglial activity can disrupt the appropriate formation and development of functional properties of neurogenesis, which will play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of depression. However, the mechanisms of the crosstalk between microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression are not yet fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we first introduce recent discoveries regarding the roles of microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the etiology of depression. Then, we systematically discuss the possible mechanisms of how microglia regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression according to recent studies, which involve toll-like receptors, microglial polarization, fractalkine-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, etc. In addition, we summarize the promising drugs that could improve the adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating the microglia. These findings will help us understand the complicated pathological mechanisms of depression and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Fang
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Wan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naijun Yuan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Mo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Raas Q, Tawbeh A, Tahri-Joutey M, Gondcaille C, Keime C, Kaiser R, Trompier D, Nasser B, Leoni V, Bellanger E, Boussand M, Hamon Y, Benani A, Di Cara F, Truntzer C, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Andreoletti P, Savary S. Peroxisomal defects in microglial cells induce a disease-associated microglial signature. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1170313. [PMID: 37138705 PMCID: PMC10149961 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1170313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells ensure essential roles in brain homeostasis. In pathological condition, microglia adopt a common signature, called disease-associated microglial (DAM) signature, characterized by the loss of homeostatic genes and the induction of disease-associated genes. In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), the most common peroxisomal disease, microglial defect has been shown to precede myelin degradation and may actively contribute to the neurodegenerative process. We previously established BV-2 microglial cell models bearing mutations in peroxisomal genes that recapitulate some of the hallmarks of the peroxisomal β-oxidation defects such as very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation. In these cell lines, we used RNA-sequencing and identified large-scale reprogramming for genes involved in lipid metabolism, immune response, cell signaling, lysosome and autophagy, as well as a DAM-like signature. We highlighted cholesterol accumulation in plasma membranes and observed autophagy patterns in the cell mutants. We confirmed the upregulation or downregulation at the protein level for a few selected genes that mostly corroborated our observations and clearly demonstrated increased expression and secretion of DAM proteins in the BV-2 mutant cells. In conclusion, the peroxisomal defects in microglial cells not only impact on VLCFA metabolism but also force microglial cells to adopt a pathological phenotype likely representing a key contributor to the pathogenesis of peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Raas
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Ali Tawbeh
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Mounia Tahri-Joutey
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | | | - Céline Keime
- Plateforme GenomEast, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Romain Kaiser
- Plateforme GenomEast, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Emma Bellanger
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Maud Boussand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center–Unicancer, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Savary
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Stéphane Savary,
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Lim JS, Bae J, Lee S, Lee DY, Yao L, Cho N, Bach TT, Yun N, Park SJ, Cho YC. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Symplocos sumuntia Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don Extract via Blockage of the NF-κB/JNK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Activated Microglial Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3095. [PMID: 36432823 PMCID: PMC9693526 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Symplocos sumuntia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (S. sumuntia) is a traditional medicinal herb used in Asia to treat various pathologies, including cough, stomachache, tonsillitis, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Although the anti-inflammatory activity of S. sumuntia has been reported, little is known about its anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in microglial cells. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effects of S. sumuntia methanol extract (SSME) on the inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 cells. The SSME significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, as well as the production of nitric oxide (NO), a proinflammatory mediator. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β, was suppressed by the SSME in the LPS-induced BV2 cells. The mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of SSME involves the suppression of the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as JNK. Moreover, we showed that the LPS-stimulated nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/p65 protein, followed by IκB degradation, was decreased by the SSME treatment. Collectively, these results showed that the SSME induced anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of the MAPK signaling pathways, accompanied by changes in the NF-κB translocation into the nucleus. Therefore, SSME may be employed as a potential therapeutic candidate for various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Bae
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research, Lab Technology System Co., Ltd., Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Lulu Yao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran The Bach
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 122000, Vietnam
| | - Narae Yun
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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8
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Odfalk KF, Bieniek KF, Hopp SC. Microglia: Friend and foe in tauopathy. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102306. [PMID: 35714860 PMCID: PMC9378545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of misfolded microtubule associated protein tau into abnormal intracellular inclusions defines a class of neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies. The consistent spatiotemporal progression of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) led to the hypothesis that tau aggregates spread in the brain via bioactive tau "seeds" underlying advancing disease course. Recent studies implicate microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in both negative and positive regulation of tau pathology. Polymorphisms in genes that alter microglial function are associated with the development of AD and other tauopathies. Experimental manipulation of microglia function can alter tau pathology and microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory cascades can exacerbate tau pathology. Microglia also exert protective functions by mitigating tau spread: microglia internalize tau seeds and have the capacity to degrade them. However, when microglia fail to degrade these tau seeds there are deleterious consequences, including secretion of exosomes containing tau that can spread to neurons. This review explores the intersection of microglia and tau from the perspective of neuropathology, neuroimaging, genetics, transcriptomics, and molecular biology. As tau-targeted therapies such as anti-tau antibodies advance through clinical trials, it is critical to understand the interaction between tau and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian F Odfalk
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin F Bieniek
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C Hopp
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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9
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Murray TE, Richards CM, Robert-Gostlin VN, Bernath AK, Lindhout IA, Klegeris A. Potential neurotoxic activity of diverse molecules released by astrocytes. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:80-101. [PMID: 35988785 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main support cells of the central nervous system. They also participate in neuroimmune reactions. In response to pathological and immune stimuli, astrocytes transform to reactive states characterized by increased release of inflammatory mediators. Some of these molecules are neuroprotective and inflammation resolving while others, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- 9, L-glutamate, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), are well-established toxins known to cause damage to surrounding cells and tissues. We hypothesized that similar to microglia, the brain immune cells, reactive astrocytes can release a broader set of diverse molecules that are potentially neurotoxic. A literature search was conducted to identify such molecules using the following two criteria: 1) evidence of their expression and secretion by astrocytes and 2) direct neurotoxic action. This review describes 14 structurally diverse molecules as less-established astrocyte neurotoxins, including C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10, CXCL12/CXCL12(5-67), FS-7-associated surface antigen ligand (FasL), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)- 2α, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF), pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), cathepsin (Cat)B, group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), high mobility group box (HMGB)1, ceramides, and lipocalin (LCN)2. For some of these molecules, further studies are required to establish either their direct neurotoxic effects or the full spectrum of stimuli that induce their release by astrocytes. Only limited studies with human-derived astrocytes and neurons are available for most of these potential neurotoxins, which is a knowledge gap that should be addressed in the future. We also summarize available evidence of the role these molecules play in select neuropathologies where reactive astrocytes are a key feature. A comprehensive understanding of the full spectrum of neurotoxins released by reactive astrocytes is key to understanding neuroinflammatory diseases characterized by the adverse activation of these cells and may guide the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Victoria N Robert-Gostlin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Anna K Bernath
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ivan A Lindhout
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
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10
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The Key Role of Lysosomal Protease Cathepsins in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169089. [PMID: 36012353 PMCID: PMC9409221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins encompass a family of lysosomal proteases that mediate protein degradation and turnover. Although mainly localized in the endolysosomal compartment, cathepsins are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular space, where they are involved in cell signaling, extracellular matrix assembly/disassembly, and protein processing and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membrane and between intracellular organelles. Ubiquitously expressed in the body, cathepsins play regulatory roles in a wide range of physiological processes including coagulation, hormone secretion, immune responses, and others. A dysregulation of cathepsin expression and/or activity has been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, kidney dysfunctions, and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as infectious diseases. In viral infections, cathepsins may promote (1) activation of the viral attachment glycoproteins and entry of the virus into target cells; (2) antigen processing and presentation, enabling the virus to replicate in infected cells; (3) up-regulation and processing of heparanase that facilitates the release of viral progeny and the spread of infection; and (4) activation of cell death that may either favor viral clearance or assist viral propagation. In this review, we report the most relevant findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying cathepsin involvement in viral infection physiopathology, and we discuss the potential of cathepsin inhibitors for therapeutical applications in viral infectious diseases.
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11
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Montavon B, Winter LE, Gan Q, Arasteh A, Montaño AM. Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IVA: Extracellular Matrix Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:829111. [PMID: 35620518 PMCID: PMC9127057 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.829111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IVA (Morquio A), signified by valvular disease and cardiac hypertrophy, is the second leading cause of death and remains untouched by current therapies. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the gold-standard treatment for MPS disorders including Morquio A. Early administration of ERT improves outcomes of patients from childhood to adulthood while posing new challenges including prognosis of CVD and ERT's negligible effect on cardiovascular health. Thus, having accurate biomarkers for CVD could be critical. Here we show that cathepsin S (CTSS) and elastin (ELN) can be used as biomarkers of extracellular matrix remodeling in Morquio A disease. We found in a cohort of 54 treatment naïve Morquio A patients and 74 normal controls that CTSS shows promising attributes as a biomarker in young Morquio A children. On the other hand, ELN shows promising attributes as a biomarker in adolescent and adult Morquio A. Plasma/urine keratan sulfate (KS), and urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels were significantly higher in Morquio A patients (p < 0.001) which decreased with age of patients. CTSS levels did not correlate with patients' phenotypic severity but differed significantly between patients (median range 5.45-8.52 ng/mL) and normal controls (median range 9.61-15.9 ng/mL; p < 0.001). We also studied α -2-macroglobulin (A2M), C-reactive protein (CRP), and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in a subset of samples to understand the relation between ECM biomarkers and the severity of CVD in Morquio A patients. Our experiments revealed that CRP and sVCAM-1 levels were lower in Morquio A patients compared to normal controls. We also observed a strong inverse correlation between urine/plasma KS and CRP (p = 0.013 and p = 0.022, respectively) in Morquio A patients as well as a moderate correlation between sVCAM-1 and CTSS in Morquio A patients at all ages (p = 0.03). As the first study to date investigating CTSS and ELN levels in Morquio A patients and in the normal population, our results establish a starting point for more elaborate studies in larger populations to understand how CTSS and ELN levels correlate with Morquio A severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Montavon
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Linda E. Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Adriana M. Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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The cytokines interleukin-6 and interferon-α induce distinct microglia phenotypes. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:96. [PMID: 35429976 PMCID: PMC9013466 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 or interferon (IFN)-α in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders or cerebral interferonopathies, respectively. Transgenic mice with CNS-targeted chronic production of IL-6 (GFAP-IL6) or IFN-α (GFAP-IFN) recapitulate important clinical and pathological features of these human diseases. The activation of microglia is a prominent manifestation found both in the human diseases and in the transgenic mice, yet little is known about how this contributes to disease pathology. Methods Here, we used a combination of ex vivo and in situ techniques to characterize the molecular, cellular and transcriptomic phenotypes of microglia in GFAP-IL6 versus GFAP-IFN mice. In addition, a transcriptomic meta-analysis was performed to compare the microglia response from GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice to the response of microglia in a range of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. Results We demonstrated that microglia show stimulus-specific responses to IL-6 versus IFN-α in the brain resulting in unique and extensive molecular and cellular adaptations. In GFAP-IL6 mice, microglia proliferated, had shortened, less branched processes and elicited transcriptomic and molecular changes associated with phagocytosis and lipid processing. In comparison, microglia in the brain of GFAP-IFN mice exhibited increased proliferation and apoptosis, had larger, hyper-ramified processes and showed transcriptomic and surface marker changes associated with antigen presentation and antiviral response. Further, a transcriptomic meta-analysis revealed that IL-6 and IFN-α both contribute to the formation of a core microglia response in animal models of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, tauopathy, multiple sclerosis and lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that microglia responses to IL-6 and IFN-α are highly stimulus-specific, wide-ranging and give rise to divergent phenotypes that modulate microglia responses in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02441-x.
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13
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Chen HJ, Qian L, Li K, Qin YZ, Zhou JJ, Ji XY, Wu DD. Hydrogen sulfide-induced post-translational modification as a potential drug target. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492730 PMCID: PMC10363594 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the three known gas signal transducers, and since its potential physiological role was reported, the literature on H2S has been increasing. H2S is involved in processes such as vasodilation, neurotransmission, angiogenesis, inflammation, and the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its mechanism remains to be further studied. At present, the role of post-translational processing of proteins has been considered as a possible mechanism for the involvement of H2S in a variety of physiological processes. Current studies have shown that H2S is involved in S-sulfhydration, phosphorylation, and S-nitrosylation of proteins, etc. This paper focuses on the effects of protein modification involving H2S on physiological and pathological processes, looking forward to providing guidance for subsequent research.
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14
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Ibrahim SRM, Omar AM, Bagalagel AA, Diri RM, Noor AO, Almasri DM, Mohamed SGA, Mohamed GA. Thiophenes-Naturally Occurring Plant Metabolites: Biological Activities and In Silico Evaluation of Their Potential as Cathepsin D Inhibitors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:539. [PMID: 35214871 PMCID: PMC8877444 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Naturally, thiophenes represent a small family of natural metabolites featured by one to five thiophene rings. Numerous plant species belonging to the family Asteraceae commonly produce thiophenes. These metabolites possessed remarkable bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, antioxidant, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and nematicidal properties. The current review provides an update over the past seven years for the reported natural thiophene derivatives, including their sources, biosynthesis, spectral data, and bioactivities since the last review published in 2015. Additionally, with the help of the SuperPred webserver, an AI (artificial intelligence) tool, the potential drug target for the compounds was predicted. In silico studies were conducted for Cathepsin D with thiophene derivatives, including ADMET (drug absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion/and toxicity) properties prediction, molecular docking for the binding interaction, and molecular dynamics to evaluate the ligand-target interaction stability under simulated physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Alaa A. Bagalagel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Reem M. Diri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Ahmad O. Noor
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Diena M. Almasri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | | | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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15
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Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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16
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New Insights into the Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121796. [PMID: 34944440 PMCID: PMC8698589 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia and astrocytes, is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that activated microglia induce the expression and secretion of various lysosomal cathepsins, particularly during the early stage of neuroinflammation. This trigger signaling cascade that aggravate neurodegeneration. To date, most research on neuroinflammation has focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins, the largest cathepsin family. Cysteine cathepsins are primarily responsible for protein degradation in lysosomes; however, they also play a role in regulating a number of other important physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the functional roles of cysteine cathepsins in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on their roles in the polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation signaling, which in turn causes neuronal death and thus neurodegeneration.
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17
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Ghosh P, Singh R, Ganeshpurkar A, Pokle AV, Singh RB, Singh SK, Kumar A. Cellular and molecular influencers of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Recent concepts & roles. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105212. [PMID: 34656693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an extremely common neurodegenerative disorder of the older generation, is one of the leading causes of death globally. Besides the conventional hallmarks i.e. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation also serves as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD. There are mounting evidences to support the fundamental role of cellular (microglia, astrocytes, mast cells, and T-cells) and molecular (cytokines, chemokines, caspases, and complement proteins) influencers of neuroinflammation in producing/promoting neurodegeneration and dementia in AD. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed the involvement of various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes related to neuroinflammation with the risk of developing AD. Modulating the release of the neuroinflammatory molecules and targeting their relevant mechanisms may have beneficial effects on the onset, progress and severity of the disease. Here, we review the distinct role of various mediators and modulators of neuroinflammation that impact the pathogenesis and progression of AD as well as incite further research efforts for the treatment of AD through a neuroinflammatory approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Powsali Ghosh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Vyankatrao Pokle
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Singh
- Institute of Pharmacy Harischandra PG College, Bawanbigha, Varanasi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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18
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Lindhout IA, Murray TE, Richards CM, Klegeris A. Potential neurotoxic activity of diverse molecules released by microglia. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105117. [PMID: 34186114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the professional immune cells of the brain, which support numerous physiological processes. One of the defensive functions provided by microglia involves secretion of cytotoxins aimed at destroying invading pathogens. It is also recognized that the adverse activation of microglia in diseased brains may lead to secretion of cytotoxic molecules, which could be damaging to the surrounding cells, including neurons. Several of these toxins, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, L-glutamate, and quinolinic acid, are widely recognized and well-studied. This review is focused on a structurally diverse group of less-established microglia neurotoxins, which were selected by applying the two criteria that these molecules 1) can be released by microglia, and 2) have the potential to be directly harmful to neurons. The following 11 molecules are discussed in detail: amyloid beta peptides (Aβ); cathepsin (Cat)B and CatD; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10 and CXCL12 (5-67); high mobility group box (HMGB)1; lymphotoxin (LT)-α; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9; platelet-activating factor (PAF); and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP). Molecular mechanisms of their release by microglia and neurotoxicity, as well as available evidence implicating their involvement in human neuropathologies are summarized. Further studies on several of the above molecules are warranted to confirm either their microglial origin in the brain or direct neurotoxic effects. In addition, investigations into the differential secretion patterns of neurotoxins by microglia in response to diverse stimuli are required. This research could identify novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders involving adverse microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Lindhout
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Taryn E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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19
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Cathepsin D-Managing the Delicate Balance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060837. [PMID: 34198733 PMCID: PMC8229105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal proteases play a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Human cathepsin D manages protein turnover degrading misfolded and aggregated proteins and favors apoptosis in the case of proteostasis disruption. However, when cathepsin D regulation is affected, it can contribute to numerous disorders. The down-regulation of human cathepsin D is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. On the other hand, its excessive levels outside lysosomes and the cell membrane lead to tumor growth, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting cathepsin D could provide significant diagnostic benefits and new avenues of therapy. Herein, we provide a brief overview of cathepsin D structure, regulation, function, and its role in the progression of many diseases and the therapeutic potentialities of natural and synthetic inhibitors and activators of this protease.
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20
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Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, Chételat G, Holtzman DM, Hyman BT, Nixon RA, Jones DT. Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:33. [PMID: 33986301 PMCID: PMC8574196 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 295.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is biologically defined by the presence of β-amyloid-containing plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. AD is a genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative disease that causes an amnestic cognitive impairment in its prototypical presentation and non-amnestic cognitive impairment in its less common variants. AD is a common cause of cognitive impairment acquired in midlife and late-life but its clinical impact is modified by other neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular conditions. This Primer conceives of AD biology as the brain disorder that results from a complex interplay of loss of synaptic homeostasis and dysfunction in the highly interrelated endosomal/lysosomal clearance pathways in which the precursors, aggregated species and post-translationally modified products of Aβ and tau play important roles. Therapeutic endeavours are still struggling to find targets within this framework that substantially change the clinical course in persons with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helene Amieva
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Gäel Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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21
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Best HL, Clare AJ, McDonald KO, Wicky HE, Hughes SM. An altered secretome is an early marker of the pathogenesis of CLN6 Batten disease. J Neurochem 2021; 157:764-780. [PMID: 33368303 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited childhood neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to the accumulation of auto-fluorescent storage material in lysosomes, NCLs are largely characterised by region-specific neuroinflammation that can predict neuron loss. These phenotypes suggest alterations in the extracellular environment-making the secretome an area of significant interest. This study investigated the secretome in the CLN6 (ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 6) variant of NCL. To investigate the CLN6 secretome, we co-cultured neurons and glia isolated from Cln6nclf or Cln6± mice, and utilised mass spectrometry to compare protein constituents of conditioned media. The significant changes noted in cathepsin enzymes, were investigated further via western blotting and enzyme activity assays. Viral-mediated gene therapy was used to try and rescue the wild-type phenotype and restore the secretome-both in vitro in co-cultures and in vivo in mouse plasma. In Cln6nclf cells, proteomics revealed a marked increase in catabolic and cytoskeletal-associated proteins-revealing new similarities between the pathogenic signatures of NCLs with other neurodegenerative disorders. These changes were, in part, corrected by gene therapy intervention, suggesting these proteins as candidate in vitro biomarkers. Importantly, these in vitro changes show promise for in vivo translation, with Cathepsin L (CTSL) activity reduced in both co-cultures and Cln6nclf plasma samples post gene-therapy. This work suggests the secretome plays a role in CLN6 pathogenesis and highlights its potential use as an in vitro model. Proteomic changes present a list of candidate biomarkers for monitoring disease and assessing potential therapeutics in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Best
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Clare
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirstin O McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hollie E Wicky
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Jurga AM, Paleczna M, Kuter KZ. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:198. [PMID: 32848611 PMCID: PMC7424058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even drives the development of multiple neurodegenerative conditions. A growing number of studies point out the importance of microglia in brain development as well as in physiological functioning. These resident brain immune cells are divergent from the peripherally infiltrated macrophages, but their precise in situ discrimination is surprisingly difficult. Microglial heterogeneity in the brain is especially visible in their morphology and cell density in particular brain structures but also in the expression of cellular markers. This often determines their role in physiology or pathology of brain functioning. The species differences between rodent and human markers add complexity to the whole picture. Furthermore, due to activation, microglia show a broad spectrum of phenotypes ranging from the pro-inflammatory, potentially cytotoxic M1 to the anti-inflammatory, scavenging, and regenerative M2. A precise distinction of specific phenotypes is nowadays essential to study microglial functions and tissue state in such a quickly changing environment. Due to the overwhelming amount of data on multiple sets of markers that is available for such studies, the choice of appropriate markers is a scientific challenge. This review gathers, classifies, and describes known and recently discovered protein markers expressed by microglial cells in their different phenotypes. The presented microglia markers include qualitative and semi-quantitative, general and specific, surface and intracellular proteins, as well as secreted molecules. The information provided here creates a comprehensive and practical guide through the current knowledge and will facilitate the choosing of proper, more specific markers for detailed studies on microglia and neuroinflammatory mechanisms in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Both basic research and clinical medicine need clearly described and validated molecular markers of microglia phenotype, which are essential in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of diseases engaging glia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Jurga
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Paleczna
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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23
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Gonçalves NP, Jager SE, Richner M, Murray SS, Mohseni S, Jensen TS, Vaegter CB. Schwann cell p75 neurotrophin receptor modulates small fiber degeneration in diabetic neuropathy. Glia 2020; 68:2725-2743. [PMID: 32658363 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy has an incidence as high as 50% of diabetic patients and is characterized by damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels within the peripheral nervous system. The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR ), particularly expressed by the Schwann cells in the peripheral nerve, has previously been reported to play a role in developmental myelination and cell survival/death. Increased levels of p75NTR , in the endoneurium and plasma from diabetic patients and rodent models of disease, have been observed, proposing that this receptor might be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, in this study, we addressed this hypothesis by utilizing a mouse model of selective nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) deletion in Schwann cells (SC-p75NTR -KO). Electron microscopy of sciatic nerves from mice with high fat diet induced obesity demonstrated how loss of Schwann cell-p75NTR aggravated axonal atrophy and loss of C-fibers. RNA sequencing disclosed several pre-clinical signaling alterations in the diabetic peripheral nerves, dependent on Schwann cell p75NTR signaling, specially related with lysosome, phagosome, and immune pathways. Morphological and biochemical analyses identified abundant lysosomes and autophagosomes in the C-fiber axoplasm of the diabetic SC-p75NTR -KO nerves, which together with increased Cathepsin B protein levels corroborates gene upregulation from the phagolysosomal pathways. Altogether, this study demonstrates that Schwann cell p75NTR deficiency amplifies diabetic neuropathy disease by triggering overactivation of immune-related pathways and increased lysosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sara E Jager
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simin Mohseni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Troels S Jensen
- International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Neurology and Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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24
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Knez D, Sosič I, Mitrović A, Pišlar A, Kos J, Gobec S. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-based anti-Alzheimer multimodal agents. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Wei H, Zhang HL, Wang XC, Xie JZ, An DD, Wan L, Wang JZ, Zeng Y, Shu XJ, Westermarck J, Lu YM, Ohlmeyer M, Liu R. Direct Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by Tricyclic Sulfonamides Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis in Cell and Animal Models. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1087-1103. [PMID: 32096091 PMCID: PMC7609734 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease for which there are limited therapeutic strategies. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity is decreased in AD brains, which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and APP, thus participate in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and β-amyloid (Aβ) overproduction. In this study, the effect of synthetic tricyclic sulfonamide PP2A activators (aka SMAPs) on reducing AD-like pathogenesis was evaluated in AD cell models and AD-like hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) rat models. SMAPs effectively increased PP2A activity, and decreased tau phosphorylation and Aβ40/42 levels in AD cell models. In HHcy-AD rat models, cognitive impairments induced by HHcy were rescued by SMAP administration. HHcy-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ overproduction were ameliorated through increasing PP2A activity on compound treatment. Importantly, SMAP therapy also prevented neuronal cell spine loss and neuronal synapse impairment in the hippocampus of HHcy-AD rats. In summary, our data reveal that pharmacological PP2A reactivation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD treatment, and that the tricyclic sulfonamides constitute a novel candidate class of AD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan An
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Ji Shu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - You-Ming Lu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, NJ, USA.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Upregulation of Cathepsins in Olfactory Bulbs Is Associated with Transient Olfactory Dysfunction in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3412-3423. [PMID: 32529488 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are a family of lysosomal/endosomal proteolytic enzymes that include serine, aspartate, and cysteine proteases. The role of cathepsin in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, remains elusive. We evaluated the expression level and localization of different cathepsins in the olfactory bulbs of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Quantitative real-time PCR results and Western blotting analyses revealed that serine, aspartate, and cysteine cathepsins are expressed at significantly higher levels in the olfactory bulbs of mice with EAE in the paralytic stage compared with those of control mice. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that cathepsin A, D, and S were expressed in the glomerulus layer, external plexiform layer, and mitral cell layer. Furthermore, cathepsins were detected in astrocytes, microglia, inflammatory cells, and vascular cells in the olfactory bulb of EAE mice at the paralytic stage. Collectively, these results suggest that the upregulation of cathepsins in the olfactory bulb of mice with EAE is associated with transient olfactory dysfunction in autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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27
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Nakanishi H. Cathepsin regulation on microglial function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140465. [PMID: 32526473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident mononuclear phagocyte population in the brain, have long been implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative age-associated disorders. However, activated microglia have now been identified as homeostatic keepers in the brain, because they are involved in the initiation and resolution of neuropathology. The complex roles of activated microglia appear to be linked to change from inflammatory and neurotoxic to anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotypes. Increased expression and secretion of various cathepsins support roles of activated microglia in chronic neuroinflammation, the neurotoxic M1-like polarization and neuronal death. Moreover, changes in expression and localization of microglial cathepsin B play a critical role in the acceleration of the brain aging. Beyond the role as brain-resident macrophages, many lines of evidence have shown that microglia have essential roles in the maturation and maintenance of neuronal circuits in the developing and adult brain. Cathepsin S secreted from microglia induces the diurnal variation of spine density of cortical neurons though proteolytic modification of peri-synaptic extracellular matrix molecules. In this review, I highlight the emerging roles of cathepsins that support the roles of microglia in both normal healthy and pathological brains. In addition, I discuss cathepsin inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan.
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28
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De Pasquale V, Moles A, Pavone LM. Cathepsins in the Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses: New Perspectives for Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040979. [PMID: 32326609 PMCID: PMC7227001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are ubiquitously expressed proteases normally found in the endolysosomal compartment where they mediate protein degradation and turnover. However, CTSs are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular matrix where they actively participate in cell signaling, protein processing, and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membranes and between intracellular organelles. Dysregulation in CTS expression and/or activity disrupts cellular homeostasis, thus contributing to many human diseases, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, cancer, kidney dysfunction, and others. This review aimed to highlight the involvement of CTSs in inherited lysosomal storage disorders, with a primary focus to the emerging evidence on the role of CTSs in the pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). These latter diseases are characterized by severe neurological, skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, and no effective cure exists to date. The advance in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of CTSs in MPSs may open a new challenge for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the cure of such intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
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29
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Abstract
Interleukin-1β is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the brain aging and diverse range of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and persistent pain. Activated microglia are the main cellular source of interleukin-1β in the brain. Cathepsin B is associated with the production and secretion of interleukin-1β through pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome-independent processing of procaspase-3 in the phagolysosomes. The leakage of cathepsin B from the endosomal-lysosomal system during aging is associated with the proteolytic degradation of mitochondrial transcription factor A, which can stabilize mitochondrial DNA. Therefore, microglial cathepsin B could function as a major driver for inflammatory brain diseases and brain aging. Orally active and blood-brain barrier-permeable specific inhibitors for cathepsin B can be potentially effective new pharmaceutical interventions against inflammatory brain diseases and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
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30
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Lin HH, Chen SJ, Shen MR, Huang YT, Hsieh HP, Lin SY, Lin CC, Chang WSW, Chang JY. Lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S is involved in cancer cell motility by regulating store-operated Ca2+ entry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases - including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease - this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France.
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
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32
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Knez D, Sosič I, Pišlar A, Mitrović A, Jukič M, Kos J, Gobec S. Biological Evaluation of 8-Hydroxyquinolines as Multi-Target Directed Ligands for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:801-814. [PMID: 31660830 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191010130351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that multi-target directed ligands have great potential for the treatment of complex diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate novel chimeric 8-hydroxyquinoline ligands with merged pharmacophores as potential multifunctional ligands for AD. METHODS Nitroxoline, PBT2 and compounds 2-4 were evaluated in-vitro for their inhibitory potencies on cathepsin B, cholinesterases, and monoamine oxidases. Furthermore, chelation, antioxidative properties and the permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) were evaluated by spectroscopy-based assays and the inhibition of Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation was determined in immunoassay. Cell-based assays were performed to determine cytotoxicity, neuroprotection against toxic Aβ species, and the effects of compound 2 on apoptotic cascade. RESULTS Compounds 2-4 competitively inhibited cathepsin B β-secretase activity, chelated metal ions and were weak antioxidants. All of the compounds inhibited Aβ aggregation, whereas only compound 2 had a good BBB permeability according to the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Tested ligands 2 and 3 were not cytotoxic to SH-SY5Y and HepG2 cells at 10 μM. Compound 2 exerted neuroprotective effects towards Aβ toxicity, reduced the activation of caspase-3/7 and diminished the apoptosis of cells treated with Aβ1-42. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data suggest that compound 2 holds a promise to be used as a multifunctional ligand for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damijan Knez
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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33
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Høglund RA, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Bogen B, Homan EJ, Bremel R, Holmøy T. Human Cysteine Cathepsins Degrade Immunoglobulin G In Vitro in a Predictable Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194843. [PMID: 31569504 PMCID: PMC6801702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are critical components of the adaptive immune system involved in the generation of epitopes for presentation on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and have been implicated in degradation of autoantigens. Immunoglobulin variable regions with somatic mutations and random complementarity region 3 amino acid composition are inherently immunogenic. T cell reactivity towards immunoglobulin variable regions has been investigated in relation to specific diseases, as well as reactivity to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Yet, how the immunoglobulins, or the B cell receptors, are processed in endolysosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells has not been described in detail. Here we present in silico and in vitro experimental evidence suggesting that cysteine cathepsins S, L and B may have important roles in generating peptides fitting HLA class II molecules, capable of being presented to T cells, from monoclonal antibodies as well as from central nervous system proteins including a well described autoantigen. By combining neural net models with in vitro proteomics experiments, we further suggest how such degradation can be predicted, how it fits with available cellular models, and that it is immunoglobulin heavy chain variable family dependent. These findings are relevant for biotherapeutic drug design as well as to understand disease development. We also suggest how these tools can be improved, including improved machine learning methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Alexander Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by rapidly progressive dementia. Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most prevalent. We report that, specific gene-expression alterations utilizing a reliable in vivo mouse model (tg340-PRNP129MM) with sCJD MM1 subtype, correlate with human disease manifestations in the brain cortex related to disease progression. RNA-editing functions mediated by the APOBEC and ADAR deaminases possibly affecting protein expression necessary for normal brain function, are altered in disease stages. Our data provide powerful evidence, derived from a humanized sCJD mouse model and human autopsy material, discerning the critical role of gene expression and RNA-editing signatures, introducing disease-associated targets that can be extrapolated in other neurodegenerative disorders with common clinical and molecular features. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolding of the normal prion protein into an infectious cellular pathogen. Clinically characterized by rapidly progressive dementia and accounting for 85% of human prion disease cases, sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) is the prevalent human prion disease. Although sCJD neuropathological hallmarks are well-known, associated molecular alterations are elusive due to rapid progression and absence of preclinical stages. To investigate transcriptome alterations during disease progression, we utilized tg340-PRNP129MM mice infected with postmortem material from sCJD patients of the most susceptible genotype (MM1 subtype), a sCJD model that faithfully recapitulates the molecular and pathological alterations of the human disease. Here we report that transcriptomic analyses from brain cortex in the context of disease progression, reveal epitranscriptomic alterations (specifically altered RNA edited pathway profiles, eg., ER stress, lysosome) that are characteristic and possibly protective mainly for preclinical and clinical disease stages. Our results implicate regulatory epitranscriptomic mechanisms in prion disease neuropathogenesis, whereby RNA-editing targets in a humanized sCJD mouse model were confirmed in pathological human autopsy material.
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35
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Kim J, Choi Y, Ahn M, Ekanayake P, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Shin T. Microglial and astroglial reaction in the olfactory bulb of mice after Triton X-100 application. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:546-552. [PMID: 31054775 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gliosis including microgliosis and astrogliosis is a response to central nervous system inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether olfactory bulbs are influenced by intranasal exposure to the detergent Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant. In this experiment, we measured olfactory function in mice based on the time needed to identify hidden pellets. Our results found that more time was needed to find the buried pellets by mice exposed to Triton X-100 compared with mice without Triton X-100 exposure, up to day 7. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory cells in the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulbs in mice treated with Triton X-100. Western blot analysis revealed significant downregulation of olfactory marker proteins in the olfactory mucosa and bulbs of mice after intranasal exposure to Triton X-100. In the olfactory bulbs of mice exposed to Triton X-100, microgliosis and astrogliosis were evident using immunohistochemistry. Cathepsin D was also upregulated in Iba-1-positive microglia/macrophages and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the olfactory bulbs of mice exposed to Triton X-100. In mice, Triton X-100 induced olfactory sensory neuron death in the nasal cavity and gliosis in olfactory bulbs with concurrent downregulation of olfactory marker protein expression, resulting in transient olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Poornima Ekanayake
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Biguanide is a modifiable pharmacophore for recruitment of endogenous Zn 2+ to inhibit cysteinyl cathepsins: review and implications. Biometals 2019; 32:575-593. [PMID: 31044334 PMCID: PMC6647370 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Excessive activities of cysteinyl cathepsins (CysCts) contribute to the progress of many diseases; however, therapeutic inhibition has been problematic. Zn2+ is a natural inhibitor of proteases with CysHis dyads or CysHis(Xaa) triads. Biguanide forms bidentate metal complexes through the two imino nitrogens. Here, it is discussed that phenformin (phenylethyl biguanide) is a model for recruitment of endogenous Zn2+ to inhibit CysHis/CysHis(X) peptidolysis. Phenformin is a Zn2+-interactive, anti-proteolytic agent in bioassay of living tissue. Benzoyl-L-arginine amide (BAA) is a classical substrate of papain-like proteases; the amide bond is scissile. In this review, the structures of BAA and the phenformin-Zn2+ complex were compared in silico. Their chemistry and dimensions are discussed in light of the active sites of papain-like proteases. The phenyl moieties of both structures bind to the "S2" substrate-binding site that is typical of many proteases. When the phenyl moiety of BAA binds to S2, then the scissile amide bond is directed to the position of the thiolate-imidazolium ion pair, and is then hydrolyzed. However, when the phenyl moiety of phenformin binds to S2, then the coordinated Zn2+ is directed to the identical position; and catalysis is inhibited. Phenformin stabilizes a "Zn2+ sandwich" between the drug and protease active site. Hundreds of biguanide derivatives have been synthesized at the 1 and 5 nitrogen positions; many more are conceivable. Various substituent moieties can register with various arrays of substrate-binding sites so as to align coordinated Zn2+ with catalytic partners of diverse proteases. Biguanide is identified here as a modifiable pharmacophore for synthesis of therapeutic CysCt inhibitors with a wide range of potencies and specificities. Phenformin-Zn2+ Complex.
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Salazar-Coria L, Rocha-Gómez MA, Matadamas-Martínez F, Yépez-Mulia L, Vega-López A. Proteomic analysis of oxidized proteins in the brain and liver of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a water-accommodated fraction of Maya crude oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:609-620. [PMID: 30658296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil (CO) is a super mixture of chemical compounds whose toxic effects are reported in fish species according to international guidelines. In the current study a proteomic analysis of oxidized proteins (ox) was performed on the brain and liver of Nile tilapia exposed to WAF obtained from relevant environmental loads (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 g/L) of Maya CO. Results have shown that oxidation of specific proteins was a newly discovered organ-dependent process able to disrupt key functions in Nile tilapia. In control fish, enzymes involved on aerobic metabolism (liver aldehyde dehydrogenase and brain dihydrofolate reductase) and liver tryptophan--tRNA ligase were oxidized. In WAF-treated liver specimens, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), β-galactosidase (β-GAL) and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP-9) were detected in oxidized form. oxDPP-9 could be favorable by reducing the risk associated with altered glucose metabolism, the opposite effects elicited by oxFBA and oxβ-GAL. oxTrypsin showed a clear adverse effect by reducing probably the hepatocyte capacity to achieve proteolysis of oxidized proteins as well as for performing the proper digestive function. Additionally, enzyme implicated in purine metabolism adenosine (deaminase) was oxidized. Cerebral enzymes of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (COX IV, COX5B), of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (β-N-acetylhexosaminidase), involved in catecholamines degradation (catechol O-methyltransferase), and microtubule cytoskeleton (stathmin) were oxidized in WAF-treated specimens. This response suggests, in the brain, an adverse scenario for the mitochondrial respiration process and for ATP provision as for ischemia/reoxygenation challenges. Proteomic analysis of oxidized proteins is a promising tool for monitoring environmental quality influenced by hydrocarbons dissolved in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Salazar-Coria
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, 07738 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Alejandra Rocha-Gómez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, 07738 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, 07738 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Yang X, Liu G, Shimizu T, Ikenaka K, Fan K, Ma J. Cathepsin C promotes microglia M1 polarization and aggravates neuroinflammation via activation of Ca 2+-dependent PKC/p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 30651105 PMCID: PMC6335804 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia-derived lysosomal cathepsins are important inflammatory mediators to trigger signaling pathways in inflammation-related cascades. Our previous study showed that the expression of cathepsin C (CatC) in the brain is induced predominantly in activated microglia in neuroinflammation. Moreover, CatC can induce chemokine production in brain inflammatory processes. In vitro studies further confirmed that CatC is secreted extracellularly from LPS-treated microglia. However, the mechanisms of CatC affecting neuroinflammatory responses are not known yet. Methods CatC over-expression (CatCOE) and knock-down (CatCKD) mice were treated with intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular LPS injection. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess the ability of learning and memory. Cytokine expression in vivo was detected by in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR, and ELISA. In vitro, microglia M1 polarization was determined by quantitative PCR. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of NR2B, PKC, p38, IkBα, and p65 was determined by western blotting. Results The LPS-treated CatCOE mice exhibited significantly increased escape latency compared with similarly treated wild-type or CatCKD mice. The highest levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and other M1 markers (IL-6, CD86, CD16, and CD32) were found in the brain or serum of LPS-treated CatCOE mice, and the lowest levels were detected in CatCKD mice. Similar results were found in LPS-treated microglia derived from CatC differentially expressing mice or in CatC-treated microglia from wild-type mice. Furthermore, the expression of NR2B mRNA, phosphorylation of NR2B, Ca2+ concentration, phosphorylation of PKC, p38, IκBα, and p65 were all increased in CatC-treated microglia, while addition of E-64 and MK-801 reversed the phosphorylation of above molecules. Conclusion The data suggest that CatC promotes microglia M1 polarization and aggravates neuroinflammation via activation of Ca2+-dependent PKC/p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway. CatC may be one of key molecular targets for alleviating and controlling neuroinflammation in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, West Section No.9, South Road, Lvshun, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, West Section No.9, South Road, Lvshun, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, West Section No.9, South Road, Lvshun, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, West Section No.9, South Road, Lvshun, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Basic Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, West Section No.9, South Road, Lvshun, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jianmei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, West Section No.9, South Road, Lvshun, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China. .,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
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Protective Effects of 1-Methylnicotinamide on Aβ1–42-Induced Cognitive Deficits, Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:401-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-09830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Patel S, Homaei A, El-Seedi HR, Akhtar N. Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:526-532. [PMID: 29885636 PMCID: PMC7172164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden,Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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