1
|
Chen YH, Lin S, Jin SY, Gao TM. Extracellular ATP Is a Homeostatic Messenger That Mediates Cell-Cell Communication in Physiological Processes and Psychiatric Diseases. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01261-7. [PMID: 38679359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is the basis of information encoding and processing in the brain. During neuronal activation, intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated to meet the high-energy demands. Simultaneously, ATP is secreted, increasing the extracellular ATP concentration and acting as a homeostatic messenger that mediates cell-cell communication to prevent aberrant hyperexcitability of the nervous system. In addition to the confined release and fast synaptic signaling of classic neurotransmitters within synaptic clefts, ATP can be released by all brain cells, diffuses widely, and targets different types of purinergic receptors on neurons and glial cells, making it possible to orchestrate brain neuronal activity and participate in various physiological processes, such as sleep and wakefulness, learning and memory, and feeding. Dysregulation of extracellular ATP leads to a destabilizing effect on the neural network, as found in the etiopathology of many psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. In this review, we summarize advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which extracellular ATP serves as an intercellular signaling molecule to regulate neural activity, with a focus on how it maintains the homeostasis of neural networks. In particular, we also focus on neural activity issues that result from dysregulation of extracellular ATP and propose that aberrant levels of extracellular ATP may play a role in the etiopathology of some psychiatric diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of ATP signaling in the treatment of these psychiatric diseases. Finally, we suggest potential avenues to further elucidate the role of extracellular ATP in intercellular communication and psychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Magni G, Riboldi B, Ceruti S. Human Glial Cells as Innovative Targets for the Therapy of Central Nervous System Pathologies. Cells 2024; 13:606. [PMID: 38607045 PMCID: PMC11011741 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro and preclinical in vivo research in the last 35 years has clearly highlighted the crucial physiopathological role of glial cells, namely astrocytes/microglia/oligodendrocytes and satellite glial cells/Schwann cells in the central and peripheral nervous system, respectively. Several possible pharmacological targets to various neurodegenerative disorders and painful conditions have therefore been successfully identified, including receptors and enzymes, and mediators of neuroinflammation. However, the translation of these promising data to a clinical setting is often hampered by both technical and biological difficulties, making it necessary to perform experiments on human cells and models of the various diseases. In this review we will, therefore, summarize the most relevant data on the contribution of glial cells to human pathologies and on their possible pharmacological modulation based on data obtained in post-mortem tissues and in iPSC-derived human brain cells and organoids. The possibility of an in vivo visualization of glia reaction to neuroinflammation in patients will be also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (B.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laketa D, Lavrnja I. Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9. [PMID: 38499905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system comprises a complex network of extracellular purines and purine-metabolizing ectoenzymes, nucleotide and nucleoside receptors, ATP release channels, and nucleoside transporters. Because of its immunomodulatory function, this system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with autoimmune etiology and great heterogeneity, mostly affecting young adults and leading to permanent disability. In MS/EAE, alterations were detected in almost all components of the purinergic signaling system in both peripheral immune cells and central nervous system (CNS) glial cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A decrease in extracellular ATP levels and an increase in its downstream metabolites, particularly adenosine and inosine, were frequently observed at MS, indicating a shift in metabolism toward an anti-inflammatory environment. Accordingly, upregulation of the major ectonucleotidase tandem CD39/CD73 was detected in the blood cells and CNS of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Based on the postulated role of A2A receptors in the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, the association of variants of the adenosine deaminase gene with the severity of MS, and the beneficial effects of inosine treatment in EAE, the adenosinergic system emerged as a promising target in neuroinflammation. More recently, several publications have identified ADP-dependent P2Y12 receptors and the major extracellular ADP producing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) as novel potential targets in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Laketa
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adzic Bukvic M, Laketa D, Dragic M, Lavrnja I, Nedeljkovic N. Expression of functionally distinct ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 glycovariants in reactive astrocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neuroinflammatory conditions in vitro. Glia 2024; 72:19-33. [PMID: 37646205 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 (eN/CD73) is a membrane-bound enzyme involved in extracellular production of adenosine and a cell adhesion molecule involved in cell-cell interactions. In neuroinflammatory conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), reactive astrocytes occupying active demyelination areas significantly upregulate eN/CD73 and express additional eN/CD73 variants. The present study investigated whether the different eN/CD73 variants represent distinct glycoforms and the functional consequences of their expression in neuroinflammatory states. The study was performed in animals at different stages of EAE and in primary astrocyte cultures treated with a range of inflammatory cytokines. Upregulation at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels, as well as the appearance of multiple eN/CD73 glycovariants were detected in the inflamed spinal cord tissue. At the peak of the disease, eN/CD73 exhibited higher AMP turnover and lower enzyme-substrate affinity than the control group, which was attributed to altered glycosylation under neuroinflammatory conditions. A subsequent in vitro study showed that primary astrocytes upregulated eN/CD73 and expressed the multiple glycovariants upon stimulation with TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and ATP, with the effect occurring at least in part via induction of JAK/STAT3 signaling. Experimental removal of glycan moieties from membrane glycoproteins by PNGaseF decreased eN/CD73 activity but had no effect on the enzyme's involvement in astrocyte migration. Our results suggest that neuroinflammatory states are associated with the appearance of functionally distinct eN/CD73 glycovariants, which may play a role in the development of the reactive astrocyte phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Adzic Bukvic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Laketa
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malekian F, Shamsian A, Kodam SP, Ullah M. Exosome engineering for efficient and targeted drug delivery: Current status and future perspective. J Physiol 2023; 601:4853-4872. [PMID: 35570717 DOI: 10.1113/jp282799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that are released by most cells. They carry nucleic acids, cytokines, growth factors, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. They are responsible for inter- and intracellular communications and their role in drug delivery is well defined. Exosomes have great potential for therapeutic applications, but the clinical use is restricted because of limitations in standardized procedures for isolation, purification, and drug delivery. Bioengineering of exosomes could be one approach to achieve standardization and reproducible isolation for clinical use. Exosomes are important transporters for targeted drug delivery because of their small size, stable structure, non-immunogenicity, and non-toxic nature, as well as their ability to carry a wide variety of compounds. These features of exosomes can be enhanced further by bioengineering. In this review, possible exosome bioengineering approaches, their biomedical applications, and targeted drug delivery are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Malekian
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Shamsian
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sai Priyanka Kodam
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kiaie SH, Hatami Z, Nasr MS, Pazooki P, Hemmati S, Baradaran B, Valizadeh H. Pharmacological interaction and immune response of purinergic receptors in therapeutic modulation. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09966-7. [PMID: 37843749 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides and purine nucleotides serve as transmitter and modulator agents that extend their functions beyond the cell. In this context, purinergic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis and modulating metabolic alterations in tumor cells. Therefore, it is essential to consider the pharmacological targeting of purinergic receptors (PUR), which encompass the expression and inhibition of P1 receptors (metabotropic adenosine receptors) as well as P2 receptors (extracellular ATP/ADP) comprising P2X and P2Y receptors. Thus, the pharmacological interaction between inhibitors (such as RNA, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules) and PUR represents a key aspect in facilitating the development of therapeutic interventions. Moreover, this review explores recent advancements in pharmacological inhibitors and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity of PUR, specifically in relation to immunological and inflammatory responses. These responses encompass the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC), the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), the regulation of T cells, and the activation of inflammasomes in all human leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hatami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Nasr
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Multi-Interprofessional Center for Health Informatics (MICHI), The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Pouya Pazooki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Hemmati
- Institute Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chinnathambi S, Das R. Microglia degrade Tau oligomers deposit via purinergic P2Y12-associated podosome and filopodia formation and induce chemotaxis. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:95. [PMID: 37221563 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles and becomes deposited in the brain during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau oligomers are the most reactive species, mediating neurotoxic and inflammatory activity. Microglia are the immune cells in the central nervous system, sense the extracellular Tau via various cell surface receptors. Purinergic P2Y12 receptor can directly interact with Tau oligomers and mediates microglial chemotaxis via actin remodeling. The disease-associated microglia are associated with impaired migration and express a reduced level of P2Y12, but elevate the level of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Here, we studied the formation and organization of various actin microstructures such as-podosome, filopodia and uropod in colocalization with actin nucleator protein Arp2 and scaffold protein TKS5 in Tau-induced microglia by fluorescence microscopy. Further, the relevance of P2Y12 signaling either by activation or blockage was studied in terms of actin structure formations and Tau deposits degradation by N9 microglia. Extracellular Tau oligomers facilitate the microglial migration via Arp2-associated podosome and filopodia formation through the involvement of P2Y12 signaling. Similarly, Tau oligomers induce the TKS5-associated podosome clustering in microglial lamella in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the P2Y12 was evidenced to localize with F-actin-rich podosome and filopodia during Tau-deposit degradation. The blockage of P2Y12 signaling resulted in decreased microglial migration and Tau-deposit degradation. CONCLUSIONS The P2Y12 signaling mediate the formation of migratory actin structures like- podosome and filopodia to exhibit chemotaxis and degrade Tau deposit. These beneficial roles of P2Y12 in microglial chemotaxis, actin network remodeling and Tau clearance can be intervened as a therapeutic target in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin J, Ma Z, Chen X, Shu S. Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: A review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1103416. [PMID: 36959826 PMCID: PMC10027711 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in the development of CNS disorders. In recent years, there have been significant developments in our understanding of microglia, and we now have greater insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of microglia activation in a variety of CNS disorders, as well as the interactions between microglia and neurons. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated. However, to date, all published clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy over placebo. This review summarizes the results of recent important studies and attempts to provide a mechanistic view of microglia activation, inflammation, tissue repair, and CNS disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kutryb-Zajac B, Kawecka A, Caratis F, Urbanowicz K, Braczko A, Furihata T, Karaszewski B, Smolenski RT, Rutkowska A. The impaired distribution of adenosine deaminase isoenzymes in multiple sclerosis plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:998023. [PMID: 36204140 PMCID: PMC9530629 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.998023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenosine deaminase (ADA) via two isoenzymes, ADA1 and ADA2, regulates intra- and extracellular adenosine concentrations by converting it to inosine. In the central nervous system (CNS), adenosine modulates the processes of neuroinflammation and demyelination that together play a critical role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Except for their catalytic activities, ADA isoenzymes display extra-enzymatic properties acting as an adhesion molecule or a growth factor. Aims This study aimed to explore the distribution and activity of ADA1 and ADA2 in the plasma and the CSF of MS patients as well as in the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), human brain vascular pericytes and human astrocytes. Methods and results The enzyme assay following reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to detect the ADA1 and ADA2 activities and revealed an increased ratio of ADA1 to ADA2 in both the plasma and the CSF of MS patients. Plasma ADA1 activity was significantly induced in MS, while ADA2 was decreased in the CSF, but significance was not reached. The brain astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells revealed on their surface the activity of ADA1, with its basal level being five times higher in the endothelial cells than in the astrocytes or the pericytes. In turn, ADA2 activity was only observed in pericytes and endothelial cells. Stimulation of the cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα/IL17 for 18 h decreased intracellular nucleotide levels measured by HPLC only in pericytes. The treatment with TNFα/IL17 did not modulate cell-surface ATP and AMP hydrolysis nor adenosine deamination in pericytes or astrocytes. Whereas in endothelial cells it downregulated AMP hydrolysis and ADA2 activity and upregulated the ADA1, which reflects the ADA isoenzyme pattern observed here in the CSF of MS patients. Conclusion In this study, we determined the impaired distribution of both ADA isoenzymes in the plasma and the CSF of patients with MS. The increased ADA1 to ADA2 ratio in the CSF and plasma may translate to unfavorable phenotype that triggers ADA1-mediated pro-inflammatory mechanisms and decreases ADA2-dependent neuroprotective and growth-promoting effects in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Barbara Kutryb-Zajac,
| | - Ada Kawecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Fionä Caratis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Braczko
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Bartosz Karaszewski
- Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdańsk and University Clinical Center, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Aleksandra Rutkowska,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu ST, Han JR, Yao N, Li YL, Zhang F, Shi Y, Shi FD, Li ZG. Activation of P2X4 receptor exacerbates acute brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1008-1018. [PMID: 35352488 PMCID: PMC9160453 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10%–15% of all strokes and culminates in high mortality and disability. After ICH, brain injury is initiated by the mass effect of hematoma, followed by secondary cytotoxic injury from dying brain cells, hematoma disintegration, and cascading brain immune response. However, the molecular mechanism of secondary cytotoxic brain injury in ICH is not completely understood. The sensitive purinergic receptor, P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), was known to recognize extracellular free ATP released by dying cells during tissue injury. Aims In this study, we aim to understand the role of P2X4R in acute brain injury triggered by ICH. Results In this study, we found that the sensitive purinergic receptor, P2X4R, was upregulated in the brain of patients with ICH as well as in a mouse model of ICH induced by collagenase injection. P2X4R blockage with the specific inhibitor 5‐BDBD attenuated brain injury in ICH mice by significantly reducing brain edema, blood–brain barrier leakage, neural death, and ultimately acute neurodeficits. Further study indicated that the protective effect of P2X4R inhibition is related to decreased pro‐inflammatory activity of microglia and recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the hemorrhagic brain. Conclusions These results suggest that the P2X4 receptor is activated by ICH stimuli which worsen brain injury following ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin-Rui Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Center for Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Simões JLB, de Araújo JB, Bagatini MD. Anti-inflammatory Therapy by Cholinergic and Purinergic Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5090-5111. [PMID: 34247339 PMCID: PMC8272687 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The virus "acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), initially responsible for an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China, which, due to the high level of contagion and dissemination, has become a pandemic. The clinical picture varies from mild to critical cases; however, all of these signs already show neurological problems, from sensory loss to neurological diseases. Thus, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) infected with the new coronavirus are more likely to develop severe conditions; in addition to worsening the disease, this is due to the high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is closely associated with increased mortality both in COVID-19 and MS. This increase is uncontrolled and exaggerated, characterizing the cytokine storm, so a possible therapy for this neuronal inflammation is the modulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, since acetylcholine (ACh) acts to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and acts directly on the brain for being released by cholinergic neurons, as well as acting on other cells such as immune and blood cells. In addition, due to tissue damage, there is an exacerbated release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), potentiating the inflammatory process and activating purinergic receptors which act directly on neuroinflammation and positively modulate the inflammatory cycle. Associated with this, in neurological pathologies, there is greater expression of P2X7 in the cells of the microglia, which positively activates the immune inflammatory response. Thus, the administration of blockers of this receptor can act in conjunction with the action of ACh in the anticholinergic inflammatory pathway. Finally, there will be a reduction in the cytokine storm and triggered hyperinflammation, as well as the level of mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the development of possible neurological damage.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gheibihayat SM, Cabezas R, Nikiforov NG, Jamialahmadi T, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. CD47 in the Brain and Neurodegeneration: An Update on the Role in Neuroinflammatory Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133943. [PMID: 34203368 PMCID: PMC8271744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and broadly expressed on cell membranes. Through interactions with ligands such as SIRPα, TSP-1, integrins, and SH2-domain bearing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1), CD47 regulates numerous functions like cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, homeostasis, and the immune system. In this aspect, previous research has shown that CD47 modulates phagocytosis via macrophages, the transmigration of neutrophils, and the activation of T-cells, dendritic cells, and B-cells. Moreover, several studies have reported the increased expression of the CD47 receptor in a variety of diseases, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), bladder cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Gaucher disease, Multiple Sclerosis and stroke among others. The ubiquitous expression of the CD47 cell receptor on most resident cells of the CNS has previously been established through different methodologies. However, there is little information concerning its precise functions in the development of different neurodegenerative pathologies in the CNS. Consequently, further research pertaining to the specific functions and roles of CD47 and SIRP is required prior to its exploitation as a druggable approach for the targeting of various neurodegenerative diseases that affect the human population. The present review attempts to summarize the role of both CD47 and SIRP and their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8916188635, Iran;
| | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 111511, Colombia;
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan 19395/1495, Iran;
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
| | - Thomas P. Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64131, USA;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6907, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu MX, Liu ZX. The role of the P2X4 receptor in trigeminal neuralgia, a common neurological disorder. Neuroreport 2021; 32:407-413. [PMID: 33661807 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders, which include various types of diseases with complex pathological mechanisms, are more common in the elderly and have shown increased prevalence, morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, current therapies for these diseases are usually suboptimal or have undesirable side effects. This necessitates the development of new potential targets for disease-modifying therapies. P2X4R, a type of purinergic receptor, has multiple roles in neurological disorders. In this review, we briefly introduce a neurological disorder, trigeminal neuralgia and its' symptoms, etiology and pathology. Moreover, we focused on the role of P2X4R in neurological disorders and their related pathophysiologic mechanisms. Further studies of P2X4R are required to determine potential therapeutic effects for these pathophysiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Zeng-Xu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Das R, Chinnathambi S. Microglial remodeling of actin network by Tau oligomers, via G protein-coupled purinergic receptor, P2Y12R-driven chemotaxis. Traffic 2021; 22:153-170. [PMID: 33527700 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with age-related neurodegeneration, synaptic deformation and chronic inflammation mediated by microglia and infiltrated macrophages in the brain. Tau oligomers can be released from damaged neurons via various mechanisms such as exosomes, neurotransmitter, membrane leakage etc. Microglia sense the extracellular Tau through several cell-surface receptors and mediate chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The purinergic receptor P2Y12R recently gained interest in neurodegeneration for neuro-glial communication and microglial chemotaxis towards the site of plaque deposition. To understand the effect of extracellular Tau oligomers in microglial migration, the P2Y12R-mediated actin remodeling, reorientation of tubulin network and rate of migration were studied in the presence of ATP. The extracellular Tau species directly interacted with P2Y12R and also induced this purinoceptor expression in microglia. Microglial P2Y12R colocalized with remodeled membrane-associated actin network as a component of migration in response to Tau oligomers. As an inducer of P2Y12R, ATP facilitated the localization of P2Y12R in lamellipodia and filopodia during accelerated microglial migration. The direct interaction of extracellular Tau oligomers with microglial P2Y12R would facilitate the signal transduction in both way, directional chemotaxis and receptor-mediated phagocytosis. These unprecedented findings emphasize that microglia can modulate the membrane-associated actin structure and incorporate P2Y12R to perceive the axis and rate of chemotaxis in Tauopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma J, Gao J, Niu M, Zhang X, Wang J, Xie A. P2X4R Overexpression Upregulates Interleukin-6 and Exacerbates 6-OHDA-Induced Dopaminergic Degeneration in a Rat Model of PD. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:580068. [PMID: 33328961 PMCID: PMC7671967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.580068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains elusive. Current thinking suggests that the activation of microglia and the subsequent release of inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is a member of the P2X superfamily of ion channels activated by ATP. To study the possible effect of the ATP-P2X4R signal axis on IL-6 in PD, lentivirus carrying the P2X4R-overexpression gene or empty vector was injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of rats, followed by treatment of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or saline 1 week later. The research found the relative expression of P2X4R in the 6-OHDA-induced PD rat models was notably higher than that in the normal. And P2X4R overexpression could upregulate the expression of IL-6, reduce the amount of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the SN of PD rats, suggesting that P2X4R may mediate the production of IL-6 to damage DA neurons in the SN. Our data revealed the important role of P2X4R in modulating IL-6, which leads to neuroinflammation involved in PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinzhao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glial cell activation and altered metabolic profile in the spinal-trigeminal axis in a rat model of multiple sclerosis associated with the development of trigeminal sensitization. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:268-280. [PMID: 32659316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia is often an early symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), and it generally does not correlate with the severity of the disease. Thus, whether it is triggered simply by demyelination in specific central nervous system areas is currently questioned. Our aims were to monitor the development of spontaneous trigeminal pain in an animal model of MS, and to analyze: i) glial cells, namely astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system and satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion, and ii) metabolic changes in the trigeminal system. The subcutaneous injection of recombinant MOG1-125 protein fragment to Dark Agouti male rats led to the development of relapsing-remitting EAE, with a first peak after 13 days, a remission stage from day 16 and a second peak from day 21. Interestingly, orofacial allodynia developed from day 1 post injection, i.e. well before the onset of EAE, and worsened over time, irrespective of the disease phase. Activation of glial cells both in the trigeminal ganglia and in the brainstem, with no signs of demyelination in the latter tissue, was observed along with metabolic alterations in the trigeminal ganglion. Our data show, for the first time, the spontaneous development of trigeminal sensitization before the onset of relapsing-remitting EAE in rats. Additionally, pain is maintained elevated during all stages of the disease, suggesting the existence of parallel mechanisms controlling motor symptoms and orofacial pain, likely involving glial cell activation and metabolic alterations which can contribute to trigger the sensitization of sensory neurons.
Collapse
|
17
|
Das R, Chinnathambi S. Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 448:325-336. [PMID: 32941933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease mainly associated with aging, oxidative stress and genetic mutations. There are two pathological proteins involved in AD; Amyloid-β peptide and microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT). The β- and γ-secretase enzyme cleaves the Amyloid precursor protein, which results in the formation of extracellular plaques in brain. While, Tau undergoes hyperphosphorylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs), which eventually generates Tau oligomers, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in neurons. Moreover, the brain-resident glia and infiltrated macrophages elevate the level of CNS inflammation, which trigger the oxidative damage of neuronal circuits by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitric oxide (NO). Microglia is the primary immune cell in the CNS, which is continuously surveilling the neuronal synapses and pathogen invasion. Microglia in the resting state is called 'Ramified', which possess long surveilling extensions with a small cell body. But, upon activation, microglia retracts the cellular extensions and transform into round migratory cells, called as 'Amoeboid' state. Activated microglia undergoes actin remodeling by forming lamellipodia and filopodia, which directs the migratory axis while podosomes formed are involved in extracellular matrix degradation for invasion. Protein-aggregates in malfunctioning synapses and in CNS milieu can be detected by microglia, which results in its activation and migration. Subsequently, the phagocytosis of synapses leads to the inflammatory burst and memory loss. The extracellular nucleotides released from damaged neurons and the cytokine-chemokine gradients allow the neighboring microglia and macrophages to migrate-infiltrate at the site of neuronal-damage. The ionotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) purinergic receptor recognize extracellular ATP/ADP, which propagates through the intracellular calcium signaling, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and inflammation. The P2Y receptors give 'find me' or 'eat me' signals to microglia to either migrate or phagocytose cellular debris. Further, the actin cytoskeleton helps microglia to mediate directed chemotaxis and neuronal repair during neurodegeneration. Hence, we aim to emphasize the connection between purinergic signaling and actin-driven mechanical movements of microglia for migration and inflammation in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
P2X7 Receptors Amplify CNS Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175996. [PMID: 32825423 PMCID: PMC7504621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a (co)transmitter and signaling molecule in the CNS. It acts at a multitude of ligand-gated cationic channels termed P2X to induce rapid depolarization of the cell membrane. Within this receptor-channel family, the P2X7 receptor (R) allows the transmembrane fluxes of Na+, Ca2+, and K+, but also allows the slow permeation of larger organic molecules. This is supposed to cause necrosis by excessive Ca2+ influx, as well as depletion of intracellular ions and metabolites. Cell death may also occur by apoptosis due to the activation of the caspase enzymatic cascade. Because P2X7Rs are localized in the CNS preferentially on microglia, but also at a lower density on neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) the stimulation of this receptor leads to the release of neurodegeneration-inducing bioactive molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and the excitotoxic glutamate/ATP. Various neurodegenerative reactions of the brain/spinal cord following acute harmful events (mechanical CNS damage, ischemia, status epilepticus) or chronic neurodegenerative diseases (neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) lead to a massive release of ATP via the leaky plasma membrane of neural tissue. This causes cellular damage superimposed on the original consequences of neurodegeneration. Hence, blood-brain-barrier permeable pharmacological antagonists of P2X7Rs with excellent bioavailability are possible therapeutic agents for these diseases. The aim of this review article is to summarize our present state of knowledge on the involvement of P2X7R-mediated events in neurodegenerative illnesses endangering especially the life quality and duration of the aged human population.
Collapse
|
19
|
Santana PT, Luna-Gomes T, Rangel-Ferreira MV, Tamura AS, Da Graça CLAL, Machado MN, Zin WA, Takiya CM, Faffe DS, Coutinho-Silva R. P2Y 12 Receptor Antagonist Clopidogrel Attenuates Lung Inflammation Triggered by Silica Particles. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:301. [PMID: 32256366 PMCID: PMC7093325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of silica particles. It is characterized by intense lung inflammation, with progressive and irreversible fibrosis, leading to impaired lung function. Purinergic signaling modulates silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis through P2X7 receptor. In the present study, we investigate the role of P2Y12, the G-protein-coupled subfamily prototype of P2 receptor class in silicosis. To that end, BALB/c mice received an intratracheal injection of PBS or silica particles (20 mg), without or with P2Y12 receptor blockade by clopidogrel (20 mg/kg body weight by gavage every 48 h) - groups CTRL, SIL, and SIL + Clopi, respectively. After 14 days, lung mechanics were determined by the end-inflation occlusion method. Lung histology was analyzed, and lung parenchyma production of nitric oxide and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β) were determined. Silica injection reduced animal survival and increased all lung mechanical parameters in relation to CTRL, followed by diffuse lung parenchyma inflammation, increased neutrophil infiltration, collagen deposition and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokine secretion, as well as increased nitrite production. Clopidogrel treatment prevented silica-induced changes in lung function, and significantly reduced lung inflammation, fibrosis, as well as cytokine and nitrite production. These data suggest that inhibition of P2Y12 signaling improves silica-induced lung inflammation, preventing lung functional changes and mortality. Our results corroborate previous observations of silica-induced lung changes and expand the understanding of purinergic signaling in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Montilla A, Zabala A, Matute C, Domercq M. Functional and Metabolic Characterization of Microglia Culture in a Defined Medium. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32116565 PMCID: PMC7025516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the endogenous immune cells of the brain and act as sensor of infection and pathologic injury to the brain, leading to a rapid plastic process of activation that culminates in the endocytosis and phagocytosis of damaged tissue. Microglia cells are the most plastic cells in the brain. Microglia isolation from their environment as well as culturing them in the presence of serum alter their function and lead to a rapid loss of their signature gene expression. Previous studies have identified pivotal factors allowing microglia culture in the absence of serum. Here, we have further characterized the function, expression of markers, metabolic status and response to pro and anti-inflammatory stimulus of microglia isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting and cultured in a chemically defined medium. We have compared this new method with previous traditional protocols of culturing microglia that use high concentrations of serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montilla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alazne Zabala
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Domercq
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The role of P2Y 6R in cardiovascular diseases and recent development of P2Y 6R antagonists. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:568-573. [PMID: 31926135 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the P2Y receptor family with a typical 7-transmembrane structure, P2Y6 purinergic receptor (P2Y6R) belongs to the G-protein-coupled nucleotide receptor activating the phospholipase-C signaling pathway. P2Y6R is widely involved in a range of human diseases, including atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, gradually attracting attention owing to its inappropriate or excessive activation. In addition, it was reported that P2Y6R might regulate inflammatory responses by governing the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, several P2Y6R antagonists have been subjected to evaluation as new therapeutic strategies in recent years. This review was aimed at summarizing the role of P2Y6R in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, with an insight into the recent progress on discovery of P2Y6R antagonists.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abd WS, Kareem RMAA. Impact of EBV on multiple sclerosis in some of the Iraqi males: Immunological and molecular study. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2019 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0027964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
23
|
Blanchard C, Boué-Grabot E, Massé K. Comparative Embryonic Spatio-Temporal Expression Profile Map of the Xenopus P2X Receptor Family. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:340. [PMID: 31402854 PMCID: PMC6676501 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are ATP-gated cations channels formed by the homo or hetero-trimeric association from the seven cloned subunits (P2X1-7). P2X receptors are widely distributed in different organs and cell types throughout the body including the nervous system and are involved in a large variety of physiological but also pathological processes in adult mammals. However, their expression and function during embryogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we report the cloning and the comparative expression map establishment of the entire P2X subunit family in the clawed frog Xenopus. Orthologous sequences for 6 mammalian P2X subunits were identified in both X. laevis and X. tropicalis, but not for P2X3 subunit, suggesting a potential loss of this subunit in the Pipidae family. Three of these genes (p2rx1, p2rx2, and p2rx5) exist as homeologs in the pseudoallotetraploid X. laevis, making a total of 9 subunits in this species. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate the high level of conservation of these receptors between amphibian and other vertebrate species. RT-PCR revealed that all subunits are expressed during the development although zygotic p2rx6 and p2rx7 transcripts are mainly detected at late organogenesis stages. Whole mount in situ hybridization shows that each subunit displays a specific spatio-temporal expression profile and that these subunits can therefore be grouped into two groups, based on their expression or not in the developing nervous system. Overlapping expression in the central and peripheral nervous system and in the sensory organs suggests potential heteromerization and/or redundant functions of P2X subunits in Xenopus embryos. The developmental expression of the p2rx subunit family during early phases of embryogenesis indicates that these subunits may have distinct roles during vertebrate development, especially embryonic neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blanchard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Massé
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cao F, Hu LQ, Yao SR, Hu Y, Wang DG, Fan YG, Pan GX, Tao SS, Zhang Q, Pan HF, Wu GC. P2X7 receptor: A potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:767-777. [PMID: 31181327 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a distinct ligand-gated ion channel, is a member of purinergic type 2 receptor family with ubiquitous expression in human body. Previous studies have revealed a pivotal role of P2X7R in innate and adaptive immunity. Once activated, it will meditate some vital cascaded responses including the assembly of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD) like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, non-classical secretion of IL-1β, modulation of cytokine-independent pathways in inflammation such as P2X7R- transglutaminase-2 (TG2) and P2X7R-cathepsin pathway, activation and regulation of T cells, etc. In fact, above responses have been identified to be involved in the development of autoimmunity, specifically, the NLRP3 inflammasome could promote inflammation in massive autoimmune diseases and TG2, as well as cathepsin may contribute to joint destruction and degeneration in inflammatory arthritis. Recently, numerous evidences further suggested the significance of P2X7R in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), etc. In this review, we will succinctly discuss the biological characteristics and summarize the recent progress of the involvement of P2X7R in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, as well as its clinical implications and therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Qin Hu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 15 Feicui Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Ran Yao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 15 Feicui Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - De-Guang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yin-Guang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gui-Xia Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sha-Sha Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Cui Wu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 15 Feicui Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scarpellino G, Genova T, Munaron L. Purinergic P2X7 Receptor: A Cation Channel Sensitive to Tumor Microenvironment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:32-38. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190116122256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Purinergic signalling is involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. P2X7 Receptor (P2X7R) is a calcium-permeable ion channel that is gaining interest as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of different diseases including inflammation, pain, psychiatric disorders and cancer. P2X7R is ubiquitously expressed and sensitive to high ATP levels, usually found in tumor microenvironment. P2X7R regulates several cell functions, from migration to cell death, but its selective contribution to tumor progression remains controversial.Objective:Current review was conducted to check involvement of P2X7R use in cancer treatment.Methods:We review the most recent patents focused on the use of P2X7R in the treatment of cancer.Results:P2X7R is an intriguing purinergic receptor that plays different roles in tumor progression.Conclusion:Powerful strategies able to selectively interfere with its expression and function should reveal helpful in the development of new anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scarpellino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|