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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wei R, Li X, Luo B, Zhang J, Zhang K, Fang S, Liu X, Chen G. Mitochondrial antioxidant elamipretide improves learning and memory impairment induced by chronic sleep deprivation in mice. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3508. [PMID: 38688894 PMCID: PMC11061203 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammation and synaptic dysfunction induced by mitochondrial dysfunction play essential roles in the learning and memory impairment associated with sleep dysfunction. Elamipretide (SS-31), a novel mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant, was proven to improve mitochondrial dysfunction, the inflammatory response, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment in models of cerebral ischemia, sepsis, and type 2 diabetes. However, the potential for SS-31 to improve the cognitive impairment induced by chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) and its underlying mechanisms is unknown. METHODS Adult c57BL/6J mice were subjected to CSD for 21 days using an activity wheel accompanied by daily intraperitoneal injection of SS-31 (5 mg/kg). The novel object recognition and Morris water maze test were used to evaluate hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine the effects of CSD and SS-31 on markers of mitochondria, inflammation response, and synaptic function. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to examine the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS SS-31 could improve the cognitive impairment induced by CSD. In particular, SS-31 treatment restored the CSD-induced decrease in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator alpha levels and the increase in levels nuclear factor kappa-B and inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, SS-31 significantly increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, postsynaptic density protein-95, and synaptophysin in CSD mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that SS-31 could improve CSD-induced mitochondrial biogenesis dysfunction, inflammatory response, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment by increasing SIRT1 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Ya‐Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Ru‐Meng Wei
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Xue‐Yan Li
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Bao‐Ling Luo
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Jing‐Ya Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Kai‐Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Shi‐Kun Fang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Xue‐Chun Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe Second People's Hospital of Hefei and Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Gui‐Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
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Bali ZK, Nagy LV, Bruszt N, Bodó K, Engelmann P, Hernádi Z, Göntér K, Tadepalli SA, Hernádi I. Increased brain cytokine level associated impairment of vigilance and memory in aged rats can be alleviated by alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist treatment. GeroScience 2024; 46:645-664. [PMID: 37994990 PMCID: PMC10828177 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurocognitive disorders are common problems in developed societies. Aging not only affects memory processes, but may also disturb attention, vigilance, and other executive functions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate age-related cognitive deficits in rats and associated molecular alterations in the brain. We also aimed to test the effects of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist PHA-543613 on memory as well as on the sustained attention and vigilance of aged rats. Short- and long-term spatial memories of the rats were tested using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. To measure attention and vigilance, we designed a rat version of the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) that is frequently used in human clinical examinations. At the end of the behavioral experiments, mRNA and protein expression of alpha7 nAChRs, cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were quantitatively measured in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum. Aged rats showed marked cognitive deficits in both the MWM and the PVT. The deficit was accompanied by increased IL-1beta and TNFalpha mRNA expression and decreased BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus. PHA-543613 significantly improved the reaction time of aged rats in the PVT, especially for unexpectedly appearing stimuli, while only slightly (non-significantly) alleviating spatial memory deficits in the MWM. These results indicate that targeting alpha7 nAChRs may be an effective strategy for the amelioration of attention and vigilance deficits in age-related neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kristóf Bali
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lili Veronika Nagy
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Bruszt
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hernádi
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Göntér
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sai Ambika Tadepalli
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Boiangiu RS, Brinza I, Honceriu I, Mihasan M, Hritcu L. Insights into Pharmacological Activities of Nicotine and 6-Hydroxy-L-nicotine, a Bacterial Nicotine Derivative: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38254623 PMCID: PMC10813004 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The purported cognitive benefits associated with nicotine and its metabolites in the brain are a matter of debate. In this review, the impact of the pharmacologically active metabolite of a nicotine derivative produced by bacteria named 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine (6HLN) on memory, oxidative stress, and the activity of the cholinergic system in the brain was examined. A search in the PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, limiting entries to those published between 1992 and 2023, was conducted. The search focused specifically on articles about nicotine metabolites, memory, oxidative stress, and cholinergic system activity, as well as enzymes or pathways related to nicotine degradation in bacteria. The preliminary search resulted in 696 articles, and following the application of exclusion criteria, 212 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion. This review focuses on experimental studies supporting nicotine catabolism in bacteria, and the chemical and pharmacological activities of nicotine and its metabolite 6HLN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marius Mihasan
- BioActive Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.S.B.); (I.B.); (I.H.)
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- BioActive Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.S.B.); (I.B.); (I.H.)
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Echeverria V, Mendoza C, Iarkov A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and learning and memory deficits in Neuroinflammatory diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1179611. [PMID: 37255751 PMCID: PMC10225599 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1179611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal survival depends on cognitive abilities such as learning and memory to adapt to environmental changes. Memory functions require an enhanced activity and connectivity of a particular arrangement of engram neurons, supported by the concerted action of neurons, glia, and vascular cells. The deterioration of the cholinergic system is a common occurrence in neurological conditions exacerbated by aging such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cotinine is a cholinergic modulator with neuroprotective, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and memory-enhancing effects. Current evidence suggests Cotinine's beneficial effects on cognition results from the positive modulation of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and the inhibition of the toll-like receptors (TLRs). The α7nAChR affects brain functions by modulating the function of neurons, glia, endothelial, immune, and dendritic cells and regulates inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission throughout the GABA interneurons. In addition, Cotinine acting on the α7 nAChRs and TLR reduces neuroinflammation by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the immune cells. Also, α7nAChRs stimulate signaling pathways supporting structural, biochemical, electrochemical, and cellular changes in the Central nervous system during the cognitive processes, including Neurogenesis. Here, the mechanisms of memory formation as well as potential mechanisms of action of Cotinine on memory preservation in aging and neurological diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Echeverria
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
- Research and Development Department, Bay Pines VAHCS, Bay Pines, FL, United States
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Facultad de Odontologia y Ciencias de la Rehabilitacion, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Iarkov
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
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In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity and Phytochemicals Screening of Extracts of the Freshwater Microalgae, Chlorochromonas danica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:534-555. [PMID: 36103038 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the screening of phytochemicals, their quantitative estimation and analysis by LC-MS profile, and antiproliferative efficacy of the aqueous-ethanolic extracts of the microalgae, Chlorochromonas danica isolated from the freshwater body Tavanampalli. The aqueous-ethanol extract of Chlorochromonas danica showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, and proteins. The total flavonoid content, total phenol content, and total protein content were determined to be 158.65 mg of quercetin equivalent, 15.75 mg of gallic acid equivalent, and 134.65 mg/g dry weight of the extract, respectively. The LC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of several major bioactive molecules including L-Histidine, D-glutamine, L-aspartic acid, adenine, adenosine, cotinine, guanine hypoxanthine, L-glutamic acid, nicotinamide, 4-Hydroxycoumarin, and Stearamide. The aqueous-ethanol extract of Chlorochromonas danica exhibited an IC50 values of 63.34 µg, 279.29 µg, 125.42 µg, 90.56 µg, and 95.58 µg against A375, A549, HeLa, HepG2, and HT29 cell lines respectively, compared to the positive control cisplatin with IC50 values of 3.56 µg, 4.65 µg, 3.88 µg, 4.87 µg, and 7.23 µg respectively. These data suggest that Chlorochromonas danica remains a promising drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, particularly melanoma (A375 cell line) that can be considered for purification of antiproliferative compound and further clinical trials for the discovery of novel antiproliferative drugs from cost-effective sources.
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Coenzyme Q10 ameliorates aging-induced memory deficits via modulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitophagy in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111950. [PMID: 36089173 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral effects and molecular signaling mechanisms of Coenzyme Q10 (Q10) in age-related memory impairment are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Q10 on memory impairment, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitophagy in aged rats. 40 aged (24 months old) and 10 young (3 months old) male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups (n = 10/group): young + vehicle, aged + vehicle, and aged + Q10 (at 100, 200, 300 mg/kg/day doses). Treatments were administrated orally by gavage for 2 weeks. The novel object recognition test was used to assess episodic memory. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitophagy-related protein expressions were measured in the hippocampus. We found that Q10 reversed aging-induced memory impairment at the dose of 300 mg/kg. Moreover, aging was associated with a reduction in ATP production, decrease in mitophagy-related proteins (PINK, Parkin, and P62 levels and LC3II/I ratio), excessive generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in the hippocampus, which were partially reversed following oral administration of Q10. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of Q10 in aging-induced memory decline.
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Pretreatment with combined low-level laser therapy and methylene blue improves learning and memory in sleep-deprived mice. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2403-2412. [PMID: 35059872 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and methylene blue (MB) were proved to have neuroprotective effects. In this study, we evaluated the preventive effects of LLLT and MB alone and in combination to examine their efficacy against sleep deprivation (SD)-induced cognitive impairment. Sixty Balb/c male mice were randomly divided into five groups as follows: wide platform (WP), SD, LLLT, MB, LMB (treatment with both LLLT and MB). Daily MB (0.5 mg/kg) was injected for ten consecutive days. An 810-nm, 10-Hz pulsed laser was used in LLLT every other day. We used the T-maze test, social interaction test (SIT), and shuttle box to assess learning and memory and PSD-95, GAP-43, and synaptophysin (SYN) markers to examine synaptic proteins levels in the hippocampus. Our results showed that SD decreased alternation rate in the T-maze test, sociability and social novelty in SIT, and memory index in the shuttle box. Single treatments were not able to reverse these in most of the behavioral parameters. However, behavioral tests showed a significant difference between combined therapy and the SD group. The levels of synaptic plasticity markers were also significantly reduced after SD. There was a significant difference between the MB group and SD animals in GAP-43 and SYN biomarkers. Combination treatment with LLLT and MB also increased GAP-43, PSD-95, and SYN compared to the SD group. We found that the combined use of LLLT and MB pretreatment is more effective in protecting SD-induced cognitive impairment, which may be imparted via modulation of synaptic proteins.
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Tan X, Vrana K, Ding ZM. Cotinine: Pharmacologically Active Metabolite of Nicotine and Neural Mechanisms for Its Actions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:758252. [PMID: 34744656 PMCID: PMC8568040 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.758252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use disorder continues to be a leading public health issue and cause of premature death in the United States. Nicotine is considered as the major tobacco alkaloid causing addiction through its actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Current pharmacotherapies targeting nicotine's effects produce only modest effectiveness in promoting cessation, highlighting the critical need for a better understanding of mechanisms of nicotine addiction to inform future treatments. There is growing interest in identifying potential contributions of non-nicotine components to tobacco reinforcement. Cotinine is a minor alkaloid, but the major metabolite of nicotine that can act as a weak agonist of nAChRs. Accumulating evidence indicates that cotinine produces diverse effects and may contribute to effects of nicotine. In this review, we summarize findings implicating cotinine as a neuroactive metabolite of nicotine and discuss available evidence regarding potential mechanisms underlying its effects. Preclinical findings reveal that cotinine crosses the blood brain barrier and interacts with both nAChRs and non-nAChRs in the nervous system, and produces neuropharmacological and behavioral effects. Clinical studies suggest that cotinine is psychoactive in humans. However, reviewing evidence regarding mechanisms underlying effects of cotinine provides a mixed picture with a lack of consensus. Therefore, more research is warranted in order to provide better insight into the actions of cotinine and its contribution to tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Kent Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zheng-Ming Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Wu M, Liu CZ, Barrall EA, Rissman RA, Joiner WJ. Unbalanced Regulation of α7 nAChRs by Ly6h and NACHO Contributes to Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8461-8474. [PMID: 34446574 PMCID: PMC8513707 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0494-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely expressed in the brain where they promote fast cholinergic synaptic transmission and serve important neuromodulatory functions. However, their high permeability to Ca2+ also predisposes them to contribute to disease states. Here, using transfected HEK-tsa cells and primary cultured hippocampal neurons from male and female rats, we demonstrate that two proteins called Ly6h and NACHO compete for access to α7 subunits, operating together but in opposition to maintain α7 assembly and activity within a narrow range that is optimal for neuronal function and viability. Using mixed gender human temporal cortex and cultured hippocampal neurons from rats we further show that this balance is perturbed during Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of amyloid β (Aβ)-driven reduction in Ly6h, with severe reduction leading to increased phosphorylated tau and α7-mediated neurotoxicity. Ly6h release into human CSF is also correlated with AD severity. Thus, Ly6h links cholinergic signaling, Aβ and phosphorylated tau and may serve as a novel marker for AD progression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT One of the earliest and most persistent hypotheses regarding Alzheimer's disease (AD) attributes cognitive impairment to loss of cholinergic signaling. More recently, interest has focused on crucial roles for amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that these elements are linked by Ly6h and its counterpart, NACHO, functioning in opposition to maintain assembly of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) within the physiological range. Our data suggests that Aβ shifts the balance away from Ly6h and toward NACHO, resulting in increased assembly of Ca2+-permeable nAChRs and thus a conversion of basal cholinergic to neurotoxic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Clifford Z Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Erika A Barrall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - William J Joiner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Iarkov A, Mendoza C, Echeverria V. Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665820. [PMID: 34616271 PMCID: PMC8488354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain resulting in progressive impairment in cognitive and motor abilities. The physiological and molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic neuronal loss are not entirely defined. PD occurrence is associated with various genetic and environmental factors causing inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, leading to oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and reduced viability of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress affects the conformation and function of ions, proteins, and lipids, provoking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and dysfunction. The disruption of protein homeostasis induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and parkin and a deficit in proteasome degradation. Also, oxidative stress affects dopamine release by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The cholinergic system is essential in modulating the striatal cells regulating cognitive and motor functions. Several muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in the striatum. The nAChRs signaling reduces neuroinflammation and facilitates neuronal survival, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. Since there is a deficit in the nAChRs in PD, inhibiting nAChRs loss in the striatum may help prevent dopaminergic neurons loss in the striatum and its pathological consequences. The nAChRs can also stimulate other brain cells supporting cognitive and motor functions. This review discusses the cholinergic system as a therapeutic target of cotinine to prevent cognitive symptoms and transition to dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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Fan W, Zhang Y, Li X, Xu C. S-oxiracetam Facilitates Cognitive Restoration after Ischemic Stroke by Activating α7nAChR and the PI3K-Mediated Pathway. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:888-904. [PMID: 33481205 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
S-oxiracetam (S-ORC), a nootropic drug, was used to protect against ischemic stroke by lessening the blood brain barrier dysfunction and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. However, the potential effects of S-ORC in the recovery of cognitive functions after ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) in rats was used as the animal model. By using Y-maze test, Morris water maze, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (dUTp) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical staining and western blot to evaluate the protective effect of S-ORC on cognitive recovery, we were able to confirm that S-ORC ameliorated spatial learning impairment, tissue loss, and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and injury induced by MCAO/R in rats. These cognitive effects were achieved by restoring the normal function of synaptophysin and increasing PSD95 expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that methyllycaconitine, the antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), and LY294002, the inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), were able to block the cognitive effects of S-ORC after MCAO/R in rats. In conclusion, α7nAChR and PI3K are key molecules that mediated the signaling pathway leading to S-ORC-induced cognitive restoration after MCAO/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Boiangiu RS, Mihasan M, Gorgan DL, Stache BA, Hritcu L. Anxiolytic, Promnesic, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant Effects of Cotinine and 6-Hydroxy-L-Nicotine in Scopolamine-Induced Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:212. [PMID: 33535660 PMCID: PMC7912787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotinine (COT) and 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine (6HLN) are two nicotinic derivatives that possess cognitive-improving abilities and antioxidant properties in different rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), eluding the side-effects of nicotine (NIC), the parent molecule. In the current study, we evaluated the impact of COT and 6HLN on memory deterioration, anxiety, and oxidative stress in the scopolamine (SCOP)-induced zebrafish model of AD. For this, COT and 6HLN were acutely administered by immersion to zebrafish that were treated with SCOP before testing. The memory performances were assessed in Y-maze and object discrimination (NOR) tasks, while the anxiety-like behavior was evaluated in the novel tank diving test (NTT). The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress were measured from brain samples. The RT-qPCR analysis was used to evaluate the npy, egr1, bdnf, and nrf2a gene expression. Our data indicated that both COT and 6HLN attenuated the SCOP-induced anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment and reduced the oxidative stress and AChE activity in the brain of zebrafish. Finally, RT-qPCR analysis indicated that COT and 6HLN increased the npy, egr1, bdnf, and nrf2a gene expression. Therefore, COT and 6HLN could be used as tools for improving AD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Stefan Boiangiu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (B.A.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (B.A.S.)
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