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Deng F, Taylor N, Owen AM, Cusack R, Naci L. Responsiveness variability during anaesthesia relates to inherent differences in brain structure and function of the frontoparietal networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2142-2157. [PMID: 36617994 PMCID: PMC10028637 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaesthesia combined with functional neuroimaging provides a powerful approach for understanding the brain mechanisms of consciousness. Although propofol is used ubiquitously in clinical interventions that reversibly suppress consciousness, it shows large inter-individual variability, and the brain bases of this variability remain poorly understood. We asked whether three networks key to conscious cognition-the dorsal attention (DAN), executive control (ECN), and default mode (DMN)-underlie responsiveness variability under anaesthesia. Healthy participants (N = 17) were moderately anaesthetized during narrative understanding and resting-state conditions inside the Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. A target detection task measured behavioural responsiveness. An independent behavioural study (N = 25) qualified the attention demands of narrative understanding. Then, 30% of participants were unaffected in their response times, thus thwarting a key aim of anaesthesia-the suppression of behavioural responsiveness. Individuals with stronger functional connectivity within the DAN and ECN, between them, and to the DMN, and with larger grey matter volume in frontal regions were more resilient to anaesthesia. For the first time, we show that responsiveness variability during propofol anaesthesia relates to inherent differences in brain structure and function of the frontoparietal networks, which can be predicted prior to sedation. Results highlight novel markers for improving awareness monitoring during clinical anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Deng
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola Taylor
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Rhodri Cusack
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorina Naci
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Tisserand A, Philippi N, Botzung A, Blanc F. Me, Myself and My Insula: An Oasis in the Forefront of Self-Consciousness. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040599. [PMID: 37106799 PMCID: PMC10135849 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The insula is a multiconnected brain region that centralizes a wide range of information, from the most internal bodily states, such as interoception, to high-order processes, such as knowledge about oneself. Therefore, the insula would be a core region involved in the self networks. Over the past decades, the question of the self has been extensively explored, highlighting differences in the descriptions of the various components but also similarities in the global structure of the self. Indeed, most of the researchers consider that the self comprises a phenomenological part and a conceptual part, in the present moment or extending over time. However, the anatomical substrates of the self, and more specifically the link between the insula and the self, remain unclear. We conducted a narrative review to better understand the relationship between the insula and the self and how anatomical and functional damages to the insular cortex can impact the self in various conditions. Our work revealed that the insula is involved in the most primitive levels of the present self and could consequently impact the self extended in time, namely autobiographical memory. Across different pathologies, we propose that insular damage could engender a global collapse of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tisserand
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Philippi
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Botzung
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Leonards CA, Harrison BJ, Jamieson AJ, Steward T, Lux S, Philipsen A, Davey CG. A distinct intra-individual suppression subnetwork in the brain's default mode network across cognitive tasks. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4553-4561. [PMID: 36130087 PMCID: PMC10110429 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of the brain's default mode network (DMN) during external goal-directed cognitive tasks has been consistently observed in neuroimaging studies. However, emerging insights suggest the DMN is not a monolithic "task-negative" network but is comprised of subsystems that show functional heterogeneity. Despite considerable research interest, no study has investigated the consistency of DMN activity suppression across multiple cognitive tasks within the same individuals. In this study, 85 healthy 15- to 25-year-olds completed three functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that were designed to reliably map DMN suppression from a resting baseline. Our findings revealed a distinct suppression subnetwork across the three tasks that comprised traditional DMN and adjacent regions. Specifically, common suppression was observed in the medial prefrontal cortex, the dorsal-to-mid posterior cingulate cortex extending to the precuneus, and the posterior insular cortex and parietal operculum. Further, we found the magnitude of suppression of these regions were significantly correlated within participants across tasks. Overall, our findings indicate that externally oriented cognitive tasks elicit common suppression of a distinct subnetwork of the broader DMN. The consistency to which the DMN is suppressed within individuals suggests a domain-general mechanism that may reflect a stable feature of cognitive function that optimizes external goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Leonards
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alec J Jamieson
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Silke Lux
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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4
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A systematic review on the potential use of machine learning to classify major depressive disorder from healthy controls using resting state fMRI measures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104972. [PMID: 36436736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by functional brain deficits, as documented by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies. AIMS In recent years, some studies used machine learning (ML) approaches, based on rs-fMRI features, for classifying MDD from healthy controls (HC). In this context, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the results of these studies. DESIGN The studies research was performed on 3 online databases, examining English-written articles published before August 5, 2022, that performed a two-class ML classification using rs-fMRI features. The search resulted in 20 eligible studies. RESULTS The reviewed studies showed good performance metrics, with better performance achieved when the dataset was restricted to a more homogeneous group in terms of disease severity. Regions within the default mode network, salience network, and central executive network were reported as the most important features in the classification algorithms. LIMITATIONS The small sample size together with the methodological and clinical heterogeneity limited the generalizability of the findings. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ML applied to rs-fMRI features can be a valid approach to classify MDD and HC subjects and to discover features that can be used for additional investigation of the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Oliveira-Silva P, Maia L, Coutinho J, Moreno AF, Penalba L, Frank B, Soares JM, Sampaio A, Gonçalves ÓF. Nodes of the default mode network implicated in the quality of empathic responses: A clinical perspective of the empathic response. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100319. [PMID: 36168601 PMCID: PMC9485908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Oliveira-Silva
- HNL - Human Neurobehavioral Laboratory, CEDH – Research Centre for Human Development, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Liliana Maia
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Coutinho
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Moreno
- HNL - Human Neurobehavioral Laboratory, CEDH – Research Centre for Human Development, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucia Penalba
- HNL - Human Neurobehavioral Laboratory, CEDH – Research Centre for Human Development, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - José Miguel Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, ICVS, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Óscar F. Gonçalves
- Proaction Lab, CINEICC – Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Self-Referential Processing and Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity of Cortical Midline Structures in Glioma Patients. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111463. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacognition has only scarcely been investigated in brain tumor patients. It is unclear if and how the tumor-lesioned brain might be able to maintain an adequate sense-of-self. As cortical midline structures (CMS) are regarded as essential for self-referential mental activity, we investigated resting-state fMRI connectivity (FC) of CMS to the default-mode network (DMN) and to the whole brain, comparing glioma patients and matched controls. Subjects furthermore performed a trait judgement (TJ), a trait recall task (TR), and neuropsychological testing. In the TJ, adjectives had to be ascribed as self- or non-self-describing, assessing the self-serving effect (SSE), a normally observed bias for positive traits. In the TR, the mnemic neglect effect (MNE), a memory advantage for positive traits, was tested. The groups were compared and partial correlations between FC and test metrics were analyzed. Although patients were significantly impaired in terms of verbal memory, groups did not differ in the SSE or the MNE results, showing preserved metacognitive abilities in patients. FC of CMS to the DMN was maintained, but was significantly decreased to whole brain in the patients. FC of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) to whole brain was correlated with the MNE in patients. Preserving the DMPFC in therapeutic interventions might be relevant for maintaining self-related verbal information processing in the memory domain in glioma patients.
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7
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Marshall NA, Kaplan J, Stoycos SA, Goldenberg D, Khoddam H, Cárdenas SI, Sellery P, Saxbe D. Stronger Mentalizing Network Connectivity in Expectant Fathers Predicts Postpartum Father-Infant Bonding and Parenting Behavior. Soc Neurosci 2022; 17:21-36. [PMID: 35034575 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2029559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fathers play a critical role in parenting and in shaping child outcomes. However, the neurobiological underpinnings of successful adjustment to fatherhood have not been well-specified. Empathy and mentalizing abilities may characterize more effective fathering. These abilities may be supported by the functional connectivity (FC) of brain regions associated with social cognition and executive control. We used a seed-region-based approach to assess resting-state FC (rsFC) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in 40 expectant fathers. We tested associations between mPFC whole-brain rsFC and fathers' self-report measures of empathy during pregnancy, as well as their ratings of father-infant bonding and fathering behaviors at six months postpartum. Stronger prenatal rsFC between the mPFC and precuneus, frontal pole, planum polare, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was negatively associated with self-reported empathic concern and perspective-taking, whereas mPFC rsFC with the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) was positively associated with self-reported perspective-taking. Additionally, stronger prenatal connectivity between the mPFC rsFC and the superior parietal lobule and LOC regions predicted father reports of postpartum bonding with infants, and stronger prenatal mPFC rsFC with the LOC predicted more effective postpartum parenting. This study is the first to measure rsFC in expectant fathers as a predictor of subsequent adjustment to fathering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology
| | | | | | - Hannah Khoddam
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology
| | | | - Pia Sellery
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology
| | - Darby Saxbe
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology
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8
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Hu H, Cusack R, Naci L. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac071. [PMID: 35425900 PMCID: PMC9006044 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the great frontiers of consciousness science is understanding how early consciousness arises in the development of the human infant. The reciprocal relationship between the default mode network and fronto-parietal networks—the dorsal attention and executive control network—is thought to facilitate integration of information across the brain and its availability for a wide set of conscious mental operations. It remains unknown whether the brain mechanism of conscious awareness is instantiated in infants from birth. To address this gap, we investigated the development of the default mode and fronto-parietal networks and of their reciprocal relationship in neonates. To understand the effect of early neonate age on these networks, we also assessed neonates born prematurely or before term-equivalent age. We used the Developing Human Connectome Project, a unique Open Science dataset which provides a large sample of neonatal functional MRI data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Resting state functional MRI data for full-term neonates (n = 282, age 41.2 weeks ± 12 days) and preterm neonates scanned at term-equivalent age (n = 73, 40.9 weeks ± 14.5 days), or before term-equivalent age (n = 73, 34.6 weeks ± 13.4 days), were obtained from the Developing Human Connectome Project, and for a reference adult group (n = 176, 22–36 years), from the Human Connectome Project. For the first time, we show that the reciprocal relationship between the default mode and dorsal attention network was present at full-term birth or term-equivalent age. Although different from the adult networks, the default mode, dorsal attention and executive control networks were present as distinct networks at full-term birth or term-equivalent age, but premature birth was associated with network disruption. By contrast, neonates before term-equivalent age showed dramatic underdevelopment of high-order networks. Only the dorsal attention network was present as a distinct network and the reciprocal network relationship was not yet formed. Our results suggest that, at full-term birth or by term-equivalent age, infants possess key features of the neural circuitry that enables integration of information across diverse sensory and high-order functional modules, giving rise to conscious awareness. Conversely, they suggest that this brain infrastructure is not present before infants reach term-equivalent age. These findings improve understanding of the ontogeny of high-order network dynamics that support conscious awareness and of their disruption by premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Hu
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rhodri Cusack
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorina Naci
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence to: Lorina Naci School of Psychology Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Global Brain Health Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland E-mail:
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9
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Lerman I, Klaming R, Spadoni A, Baker DG, Simmons AN. Non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation effects on reaction time and valence image anticipation response. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:946-956. [PMID: 35738468 PMCID: PMC9721369 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norepinephrine (NE) driven noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS), which improves attention and reduces reaction time, augments learning. Equally important, endogenous NE mediated arousal is highly dependent on the valence (positive or negative) of the exogenous stimulus. But to date, no study has measured valence specific effects of nVNS on both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) anticipation task response and reaction time in healthy individuals. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to assess whether nVNS vs sham modulates valence cortical anticipation task response and reaction time in a normative sample. METHODS Participants received right sided transcutaneous cervical nVNS (N = 12) or sham (N = 12) stimulation during a 3T fMRI scan. Subjects first performed a continuous performance task (CPT) and then a cued anticipation task to images of positively and negatively valenced events during fMRI. Reaction times to cues and Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response were examined over phase to identify effects of nVNS/sham over time. RESULTS nVNS reduced reaction time for all valenced image anticipation trials. With the fMRI anticipation task, we observed a valence-specific effect; nVNS increased responsivity to images with negative valence and decreased responsivity to images with positive valence, whereas sham showed an inverse valence response. CONCLUSIONS nVNS was linked to reduced reaction time during the anticipation task. In tandem, nVNS consistently enhanced responsivity to negatively valenced images and diminished responsivity to positively valenced images, suggesting specific nVNS driven endogenous neurotransmitter signaling may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanuel Lerman
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Ruth Klaming
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Spadoni
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alan N Simmons
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Huang C, Zhang H, Huang J, Duan C, Kim JJ, Ferrari M, Hu CS. Stronger resting-state neural oscillations associated with wiser advising from the 2nd- but not the 3rd-person perspective. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12677. [PMID: 32728108 PMCID: PMC7391636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first electroencephalogram study exploring the personal perspective effect on wise advising. Participants advised hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas from both the 2nd- and 3rd-person perspective. Their advice for each dilemma was rated by two independent raters on wisdom criteria, i.e., metacognitive humility, metacognitive flexibility, and perspective taking. The results revealed that participants felt a significantly shorter psychological distance from protagonists when advising from the 2nd- (vs. the 3rd-) person perspective, p < 0.001. However, there was no significant effect of perspective condition on the wisdom score. Nevertheless, stronger resting-state absolute EEG powers in the frontal lobe were associated with wiser advising from the 2nd-, but not the 3rd-person perspective. Moreover, Z tests revealed that the correlations between the resting-state absolute EEG powers and wisdom scores were significantly stronger during advising from the 2nd- than the 3rd-person perspective. These results suggest that advising from the 2nd-person perspective was more self-related, and mental activities during rest contributed to advising from the 2nd- but not the 3rd-person perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Huang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiwen Duan
- Centre for Education Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Juensung J Kim
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S Hu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Shappell H, Tripodis Y, Killiany RJ, Kolaczyk ED. A Paradigm for Longitudinal Complex Network Analysis over Patient Cohorts in Neuroscience. NETWORK SCIENCE (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS) 2019; 7:196-214. [PMID: 33312566 PMCID: PMC7731975 DOI: 10.1017/nws.2019.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study of complex brain networks, where structural or functional connections are evaluated to create an interconnected representation of the brain, has grown tremendously over the past decade. Much of the statistical network science tools for analyzing brain networks have been developed for cross-sectional studies and for the analysis of static networks. However, with both an increase in longitudinal study designs, as well as an increased interest in the neurological network changes that occur during the progression of a disease, sophisticated methods for longitudinal brain network analysis are needed. We propose a paradigm for longitudinal brain network analysis over patient cohorts, with the key challenge being the adaptation of Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models (SAOMs) to the neuroscience setting. SAOMs are designed to capture network dynamics representing a variety of influences on network change in a continuous-time Markov chain framework. Network dynamics are characterized through both endogenous (i.e., network related) and exogenous effects, where the latter include mechanisms conjectured in the literature. We outline an application to the resting-state fMRI setting with data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. We draw illustrative conclusions at the subject level and make a comparison between elderly controls and individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Shappell
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Eric D. Kolaczyk
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University,
Boston, MA
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12
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Barba-Müller E, Craddock S, Carmona S, Hoekzema E. Brain plasticity in pregnancy and the postpartum period: links to maternal caregiving and mental health. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22:289-299. [PMID: 30008085 PMCID: PMC6440938 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and the postpartum period involve numerous physiological adaptations that enable the development and survival of the offspring. A distinct neural plasticity characterizes the female brain during this period, and dynamic structural and functional changes take place that accompany fundamental behavioral adaptations, stimulating the female to progress from an individual with self-directed needs to being responsible for the care of another life. While many animal studies detail these modifications, an emerging body of research reveals the existence of reproduction-related brain plasticity in human mothers too. Additionally, associations with aspects of maternal caregiving point to adaptive changes that benefit a woman's transition to motherhood. However, the dynamic changes that affect a woman's brain are not merely adaptive, and they likely confer a vulnerability for the development of mental disorders. Here, we review the changes in brain structure and function that a woman undergoes during the peripartum period, outlining associations between these neural alterations and different aspects of maternal care. We additionally discuss peripartum mood disorders and postpartum psychosis, and review the neuroimaging studies that investigate the neural bases of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Barba-Müller
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands ,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands ,University Institute of Mental Health Vidal i Barraquer, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sinéad Craddock
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands ,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elseline Hoekzema
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands. .,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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13
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Scalabrini A, Mucci C, Northoff G. Is Our Self Related to Personality? A Neuropsychodynamic Model. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:346. [PMID: 30337862 PMCID: PMC6180150 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept and the assessment of personality have been extensively discussed in psychoanalysis and in clinical psychology over the years. Nowadays there is large consensus in considering the constructs of the self and relatedness as central criterions to assess the personality and its disturbances. However, the relation between the psychological organization of personality, the construct of the self, and its neuronal correlates remain unclear. Based on the recent empirical data on the neural correlates of the self (and others), on the importance of early relational and attachment experiences, and on the relation with the brain's spontaneous/resting state activity (rest-self overlap/containment), we propose here a multilayered model of the self with: (i) relational alignment; (ii) self-constitution; (iii) self-manifestation; and (iv) self-expansion. Importantly, these different layers of the self can be characterized by different neuronal correlates-this results in different neuronally grounded configurations or organizations of personality. These layers correspond to different levels of personality organization, such as psychotic (as related to the layer of self-constitution), borderline (as related to the layer of self-manifestation) and neurotic (as related to the layer of self-expansion). Taken together, we provide here for the first time a neurobiologically and clinically grounded model of personality organization, which carries major psychodynamic and neuroscientific implications. The study of the spontaneous activity of the brain, intrinsically related to the self (rest-self overlap/containment) and the interaction with stimuli (rest-stimulus interaction) may represent a further advance in understanding how our default state plays a crucial role in navigating through the internal world and the external reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research and University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- TMU Research Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Boeker H, Kraehenmann R. Neuropsychodynamic Approach to Depression: Integrating Resting State Dysfunctions of the Brain and Disturbed Self-Related Processes. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:247. [PMID: 29997487 PMCID: PMC6030717 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanism-based approach was developed focusing on the psychodynamic, psychological and neuronal mechanisms in healthy and depressed persons. In this integrative concept of depression, the self is a core dimension in depression. It is attributed to negative emotions (e.g., failure, guilt). The increased inward focus in depression is connected with a decreased environmental focus. The development of neuropsychodynamic hypotheses of the altered self-reference is based on the investigation of the emotional-cognitive interaction in depressed patients. It may be hypothesized that the increased negative self-attributions—as typical characteristics of an increased self-focus in depression—may result from altered neuronal activity in subcortical-cortical midline structures in the brain, especially from hyperactivity in the cortical-subcortical midline regions and hypoactivity in the lateral regions. The increased resting state activity in depression is especially associated with an increased resting state activity in the default mode network (DMN) and a dysbalance between DMN and executive network (EN) activity. Possible therapeutic consequences of the neuropsychodynamic approach to depression involve the necessary emotional attunement in psychotherapy of depressed patients and the adequate timing of therapeutic interventions. The hypotheses which have been developed in the context of the neuropsychodynamic model of depression may be used for more specific psychotherapeutic interventions, aiming at specific mechanisms of compensation and defence, which are related to the increased resting state activity and the disturbed resting state-stimulus-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Boeker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychoanalysis, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kraehenmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Haugg A, Cusack R, Gonzalez-Lara LE, Sorger B, Owen AM, Naci L. Do Patients Thought to Lack Consciousness Retain the Capacity for Internal as Well as External Awareness? Front Neurol 2018; 9:492. [PMID: 29997565 PMCID: PMC6030833 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that some patients, who are deemed to have disorders of consciousness, remain entirely behaviorally non-responsive and are diagnosed as being in a vegetative state, yet can nevertheless demonstrate covert awareness of their external environment by modulating their brain activity, a phenomenon known as cognitive-motor dissociation. However, the extent to which these patients retain internal awareness remains unknown. To investigate the potential for internal and external awareness in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (DoC), we asked whether the pattern of juxtaposition between the functional time-courses of the default mode (DMN) and fronto-parietal networks, shown in healthy individuals to mediate the naturally occurring dominance switching between internal and external aspects of consciousness, was present in these patients. We used a highly engaging movie by Alfred Hitchcock to drive the recruitment of the fronto-parietal networks, including the dorsal attention (DAN) and executive control (ECN) networks, and their maximal juxtaposition to the DMN in response to the complex stimulus, relative to rest and a scrambled, meaningless movie baseline condition. We tested a control group of healthy participants (N = 13/12) and two groups of patients with disorders of consciousness, one comprised of patients who demonstrated independent, neuroimaging-based evidence of covert external awareness (N = 8), and the other of those who did not (N = 8). Similarly to the healthy controls, only the group of patients with overt and, critically, covert external awareness showed significantly heightened differentiation between the DMN and the DAN in response to movie viewing relative to their resting state time-courses, which was driven by the movie's narrative. This result suggested the presence of functional integrity in the DMN and fronto-parietal networks and their relationship to one another in patients with covert external awareness. Similar to the effect in healthy controls, these networks became more strongly juxtaposed to one another in response to movie viewing relative to the baseline conditions, suggesting the potential for internal and external awareness during complex stimulus processing. Furthermore, our results suggest that naturalistic paradigms can dissociate between groups of DoC patients with and without covert awareness based on the functional integrity of brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Haugg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rhodri Cusack
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Bettina Sorger
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Adrian M Owen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lorina Naci
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Hall SA, Brodar KE, LaBar KS, Berntsen D, Rubin DC. Neural responses to emotional involuntary memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: Differences in timing and activity. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:793-804. [PMID: 30013923 PMCID: PMC6024199 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Involuntary memories are a hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but studies of the neural basis of involuntary memory retrieval in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are sparse. The study of the neural correlates of involuntary memories of stressful events in PTSD focuses on the voluntary retrieval of memories that are sometimes recalled as intrusive involuntary memories, not on involuntary retrieval while being scanned. Involuntary memory retrieval in controls has been shown to elicit activity in the parahippocampal gyrus, precuneus, inferior parietal cortex, and posterior midline regions. However, it is unknown whether involuntary memories are supported by the same mechanisms in PTSD. Because previous work has shown that both behavioral and neural responsivity is slowed in PTSD, we examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of the neural activity underlying negative and neutral involuntary memory retrieval. Methods Twenty-one individuals with PTSD and 21 non-PTSD, trauma-exposed controls performed an involuntary memory task, while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Environmental sounds served as cues for well-associated pictures of negative and neutral scenes. We used a finite impulse response model to analyze temporal differences between groups in neural responses. Results Compared with controls, participants with PTSD reported more involuntary memories, which were more emotional and more vivid, but which activated a similar network of regions. However, compared to controls, individuals with PTSD showed delayed neural responsivity in this network and increased vmPFC/ACC activity for negative > neutral stimuli. Conclusions The similarity between PTSD and controls in neural substrates underlying involuntary memories suggests that, unlike voluntary memories, involuntary memories elicit similar activity in regions critical for memory retrieval. Further, the delayed neural responsivity for involuntary memories in PTSD suggests that factors affecting cognition in PTSD, like increased fatigue, or avoidance behaviors could do so by delaying activity in regions necessary for cognitive processing. Finally, compared to neutral memories, negative involuntary memories elicit hyperactivity in the vmPFC, whereas the vmPFC is typically shown to be hypoactive in PTSD during voluntary memory retrieval. These patterns suggest that considering both the temporal dynamics of cognitive processes as well as involuntary cognitive processes would improve existing neurobiological models of PTSD.
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Key Words
- ACC, anterior cingulate cortex
- FDR, false detection rate
- FIR, finite impulse response
- FWE, family-wise error
- Finite impulse response (FIR)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- IAPS, International Affective Picture System
- IPC, inferior parietal cortex
- Involuntary memory
- MTL, medial temporal lobes
- Memory network
- PCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- SPGR, spoiled gradient recalled
- SPM, Statistical Parametric Mapping
- TE, echo time
- TI, inverse recovery time
- TR, repetition time
- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana A Hall
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States.
| | - Kaitlyn E Brodar
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, United States; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | - Kevin S LaBar
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - David C Rubin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States; Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
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17
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Li Y, Yao H, Lin P, Zheng L, Li C, Zhou B, Wang P, Zhang Z, Wang L, An N, Wang J, Zhang X. Frequency-Dependent Altered Functional Connections of Default Mode Network in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:259. [PMID: 28824420 PMCID: PMC5540901 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the progressive dysfunction of cognitive ability. Previous research has indicated that the default mode network (DMN) is closely related to cognition and is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. Because recent studies have shown that different frequency bands represent specific physiological functions, DMN functional connectivity studies of the different frequency bands based on resting state fMRI (RS-fMRI) data may provide new insight into AD pathophysiology. In this study, we explored the functional connectivity based on well-defined DMN regions of interest (ROIs) from the five frequency bands: slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), slow-3 (0.073–0.198 Hz), slow-2 (0.198–0.25 Hzs) and standard low-frequency oscillations (LFO) (0.01–0.08 Hz). We found that the altered functional connectivity patterns are mainly in the frequency band of slow-5 and slow-4 and that the decreased connections are long distance, but some relatively short connections are increased. In addition, the altered functional connections of the DMN in AD are frequency dependent and differ between the slow-5 and slow-4 bands. Mini-Mental State Examination scores were significantly correlated with the altered functional connectivity patterns in the slow-5 and slow-4 bands. These results indicate that frequency-dependent functional connectivity changes might provide potential biomarkers for AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University BranchXi'an, China
| | - Hongxiang Yao
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Pan Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University BranchXi'an, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University BranchXi'an, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University BranchXi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu HospitalTianjin, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China.,Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General HospitalSanya, China
| | - Luning Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Ningyu An
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University BranchXi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
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18
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Abstract
The field of mindfulness and the emerging science of heroism have a common interest in the causes and conditions of selfless altruism though up to this point there has been little cross-pollination. However, there is increasing evidence that mindfulness training delivers heroically relevant qualities such as increased attentional functioning, enhanced primary sensory awareness, greater conflict monitoring, increased cognitive control, reduced fear response, and an increase in loving kindness and self-sacrificing behaviors. Predicated on the notion of a “no self,” traditional mindfulness and its focus on enlightenment and selfless service may in fact be ideally suited to the development of the elusive “trait” (predictable) versus “state” (intermittent) heroic character. Interweaving observations and questions drawn from the science of heroism, the article explores the relevant theory, practices, and scientific outcomes of mindfulness. It finds that there is evidence that heroically relevant qualities are trainable with the suite of mindfulness techniques and that an enduring experience of selflessness and service of others (the enlightened hero) may well be within the grasp of the serious practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jones
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA. Three-dimensional components of selfhood in treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder: A resting-state qEEG imaging study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Cha J, Jo HJ, Gibson WS, Lee JM. Functional organization of the human posterior cingulate cortex, revealed by multiple connectivity-based parcellation methods. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2808-2818. [PMID: 28294456 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on cytoarchitecture, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is thought to be comprised of two distinct functional subregions: the dorsal and ventral PCC (dPCC and vPCC). However, functional subregions do not completely match anatomical boundaries in the human brain. To understand the relationship between the functional organization of regions and anatomical features, it is necessary to apply parcellation algorithms based on functional properties. We therefore defined functionally informed subregions in the human PCC by parcellation of regions with similar patterns of functional connectivity in the resting brain. We used various patterns of functional connectivity, namely local, whole-brain and diffuse functional connections of the PCC, and various clustering methods, namely hierarchical, spectral, and k-means clustering to investigate the subregions of the PCC. Overall, the approximate anatomical boundaries and predicted functional regions were highly overlapped to each other. Using hierarchical clustering, the PCC could be clearly separated into two anatomical subregions, namely the dPCC and vPCC, and further divided into four subregions segregated by local functional connectivity patterns. We show that the PCC could be separated into two (dPCC and vPCC) or four subregions based on local functional connections and hierarchical clustering, and that subregions of PCC display differential global functional connectivity, particularly along the dorsal-ventral axis. These results suggest that differences in functional connectivity between dPCC and vPCC may be due to differences in local connectivity between these functionally hierarchical subregions of the PCC. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2808-2818, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hang Joon Jo
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William S Gibson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Göttlich M, Ye Z, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Münte TF, Krämer UM. Viewing socio-affective stimuli increases connectivity within an extended default mode network. Neuroimage 2017; 148:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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22
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Resting-state brain networks revealed by granger causal connectivity in frogs. Neuroscience 2016; 334:332-340. [PMID: 27530699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state networks (RSNs) refer to the spontaneous brain activity generated under resting conditions, which maintain the dynamic connectivity of functional brain networks for automatic perception or higher order cognitive functions. Here, Granger causal connectivity analysis (GCCA) was used to explore brain RSNs in the music frog (Babina daunchina) during different behavioral activity phases. The results reveal that a causal network in the frog brain can be identified during the resting state which reflects both brain lateralization and sexual dimorphism. Specifically (1) ascending causal connections from the left mesencephalon to both sides of the telencephalon are significantly higher than those from the right mesencephalon, while the right telencephalon gives rise to the strongest efferent projections among all brain regions; (2) causal connections from the left mesencephalon in females are significantly higher than those in males and (3) these connections are similar during both the high and low behavioral activity phases in this species although almost all electroencephalograph (EEG) spectral bands showed higher power in the high activity phase for all nodes. The functional features of this network match important characteristics of auditory perception in this species. Thus we propose that this causal network maintains auditory perception during the resting state for unexpected auditory inputs as resting-state networks do in other species. These results are also consistent with the idea that females are more sensitive to auditory stimuli than males during the reproductive season. In addition, these results imply that even when not behaviorally active, the frogs remain vigilant for detecting external stimuli.
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23
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Self, cortical midline structures and the resting state: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:245-255. [PMID: 27235083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different aspects of the self have been reported to be affected in many neurological or psychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), including mainly higher-level cognitive self-unawareness. This higher sense of self-awareness is most likely related to and dependent on episodic memory, due to the proper integration of ourselves in time, with a permanent conservation of ourselves (i.e., sense of continuity across time). Reviewing studies in this field, our objective is thus to raise possible explanations, especially with the help of neuroimaging studies, for where such self-awareness deficits originate in AD patients. We describe not only episodic (and autobiographical memory) impairment in patients, but also the important role of cortical midline structures, the Default Mode Network, and the resting state (intrinsic brain activity) for the processing of self-related information.
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Bagnato S, Boccagni C, Galardi G. The Chief Role of Frontal Operational Module of the Brain Default Mode Network in the Potential Recovery of Consciousness from the Vegetative State: A Preliminary Comparison of Three Case Reports. Open Neuroimag J 2016; 10:41-51. [PMID: 27347264 PMCID: PMC4894863 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001610010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been argued that complex subjective sense of self is linked to the brain default-mode network (DMN). Recent discovery of heterogeneity between distinct subnets (or operational modules - OMs) of the DMN leads to a reconceptualization of its role for the experiential sense of self. Considering the recent proposition that the frontal DMN OM is responsible for the first-person perspective and the sense of agency, while the posterior DMN OMs are linked to the continuity of 'I' experience (including autobiographical memories) through embodiment and localization within bodily space, we have tested in this study the hypothesis that heterogeneity in the operational synchrony strength within the frontal DMN OM among patients who are in a vegetative state (VS) could inform about a stable self-consciousness recovery later in the course of disease (up to six years post-injury). Using EEG operational synchrony analysis we have demonstrated that among the three OMs of the DMN only the frontal OM showed important heterogeneity in VS patients as a function of later stable clinical outcome. We also found that the frontal DMN OM was characterized by the process of active uncoupling (stronger in persistent VS) of operations performed by the involved neuronal assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Bagnato
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Department, Fondazione Istituto "San Raffaele - G. Giglio", Cefalù (PA), Italy; Neurophysiology Unit, Rehabilitation Department, Fondazione Istituto "San Raffaele - G. Giglio", Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Cristina Boccagni
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Department, Fondazione Istituto "San Raffaele - G. Giglio", Cefalù (PA), Italy; Neurophysiology Unit, Rehabilitation Department, Fondazione Istituto "San Raffaele - G. Giglio", Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galardi
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Department, Fondazione Istituto "San Raffaele - G. Giglio", Cefalù (PA), Italy; Neurophysiology Unit, Rehabilitation Department, Fondazione Istituto "San Raffaele - G. Giglio", Cefalù (PA), Italy
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25
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Thompson GJ, Riedl V, Grimmer T, Drzezga A, Herman P, Hyder F. The Whole-Brain "Global" Signal from Resting State fMRI as a Potential Biomarker of Quantitative State Changes in Glucose Metabolism. Brain Connect 2016; 6:435-47. [PMID: 27029438 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging to resting state (R-fMRI) allows measurement of changes in brain networks attributed to state changes, such as in neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls. Since these networks are observed by comparing normalized R-fMRI signals, it is difficult to determine the metabolic basis of such group differences. To investigate the metabolic basis of R-fMRI network differences within a normal range, eyes open versus eyes closed in healthy human subjects was used. R-fMRI was recorded simultaneously with fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Higher baseline FDG was observed in the eyes open state. Variance-based metrics calculated from R-fMRI did not match the baseline shift in FDG. Functional connectivity density (FCD)-based metrics showed a shift similar to the baseline shift of FDG, however, this was lost if R-fMRI "nuisance signals" were regressed before FCD calculation. Average correlation with the mean R-fMRI signal across the whole brain, generally regarded as a "nuisance signal," also showed a shift similar to the baseline of FDG. Thus, despite lacking a baseline itself, changes in whole-brain correlation may reflect changes in baseline brain metabolism. Conversely, variance-based metrics may remain similar between states due to inherent region-to-region differences overwhelming the differences between normal physiological states. As most previous studies have excluded the spatial means of R-fMRI metrics from their analysis, this work presents the first evidence of a potential R-fMRI biomarker for baseline shifts in quantifiable metabolism between brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth J Thompson
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Valentin Riedl
- 3 Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München , München, Germany .,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München , München, Germany .,5 Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München , München, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- 5 Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München , München, Germany .,6 Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität München , München, Germany
| | | | - Peter Herman
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,8 Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,8 Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,9 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
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Leveque Y, Fauvel B, Groussard M, Caclin A, Albouy P, Platel H, Tillmann B. Altered intrinsic connectivity of the auditory cortex in congenital amusia. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:88-97. [PMID: 27009161 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00663.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital amusia, a neurodevelopmental disorder of music perception and production, has been associated with abnormal anatomical and functional connectivity in a right frontotemporal pathway. To investigate whether spontaneous connectivity in brain networks involving the auditory cortex is altered in the amusic brain, we ran a seed-based connectivity analysis, contrasting at-rest functional MRI data of amusic and matched control participants. Our results reveal reduced frontotemporal connectivity in amusia during resting state, as well as an overconnectivity between the auditory cortex and the default mode network (DMN). The findings suggest that the auditory cortex is intrinsically more engaged toward internal processes and less available to external stimuli in amusics compared with controls. Beyond amusia, our findings provide new evidence for the link between cognitive deficits in pathology and abnormalities in the connectivity between sensory areas and the DMN at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohana Leveque
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, France;
| | - Baptiste Fauvel
- INSERM U1077, Caen, France; and Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR-S1077, Caen, France
| | - Mathilde Groussard
- INSERM U1077, Caen, France; and Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR-S1077, Caen, France
| | - Anne Caclin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Albouy
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Platel
- INSERM U1077, Caen, France; and Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR-S1077, Caen, France
| | - Barbara Tillmann
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kallio-Tamminen T. Trait lasting alteration of the brain default mode network in experienced meditators and the experiential selfhood. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1136351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Huang Z, Obara N, Davis HH, Pokorny J, Northoff G. The temporal structure of resting-state brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex predicts self-consciousness. Neuropsychologia 2016; 82:161-170. [PMID: 26805557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an overlap between the neural substrate of resting-state activity and self-related processing in the cortical midline structures (CMS). However, the neural and psychological mechanisms mediating this so-called "rest-self overlap" remain unclear. To investigate the neural mechanisms, we estimated the temporal structure of spontaneous/resting-state activity, e.g. its long-range temporal correlations or self-affinity across time as indexed by the power-law exponent (PLE). The PLE was obtained in resting-state activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in 47 healthy subjects by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We performed correlation analyses of the PLE and Revised Self-Consciousness Scale (SCSR) scores, which enabled us to access different dimensions of self-consciousness and specified rest-self overlap in a psychological regard. The PLE in the MPFC's resting-state activity correlated with private self-consciousness scores from the SCSR. Conversely, we found no correlation between the PLE and the other subscales of the SCSR (public, social) or between other resting-state measures, including functional connectivity, and the SCSR subscales. This is the first evidence for the association between the scale-free dynamics of resting-state activity in the CMS and the private dimension of self-consciousness. This finding implies the relationship of especially the private dimension of self with the temporal structure of resting-state activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Huang
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Z 7K4.
| | - Natsuho Obara
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Z 7K4; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | | | - Johanna Pokorny
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 2S2
| | - Georg Northoff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Z 7K4; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China; Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Howard-Jones PA, Jay T, Mason A, Jones H. Gamification of Learning Deactivates the Default Mode Network. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1891. [PMID: 26779054 PMCID: PMC4705349 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that embedding educational learning in a game would improve learning outcomes, with increased engagement and recruitment of cognitive resources evidenced by increased activation of working memory network (WMN) and deactivation of default mode network (DMN) regions. In an fMRI study, we compared activity during periods of learning in three conditions that were increasingly game-like: Study-only (when periods of learning were followed by an exemplar question together with its correct answer), Self-quizzing (when periods of learning were followed by a multiple choice question in return for a fixed number of points) and Game-based (when, following each period of learning, participants competed with a peer to answer the question for escalating, uncertain rewards). DMN hubs deactivated as conditions became more game-like, alongside greater self-reported engagement and, in the Game-based condition, higher learning scores. These changes did not occur with any detectable increase in WMN activity. Additionally, ventral striatal activation was associated with responding to questions and receiving positive question feedback. Results support the significance of DMN deactivation for educational learning, and are aligned with recent evidence suggesting DMN and WMN activity may not always be anti-correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Jay
- Sheffield Institute of Education, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffield, UK
| | - Alice Mason
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Harvey Jones
- Graduate School of Education, University of BristolBristol, UK
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30
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kallio-Tamminen T. Long-term meditation training induced changes in the operational synchrony of default mode network modules during a resting state. Cogn Process 2015; 17:27-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Hurlburt RT, Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C, Kühn S. What goes on in the resting-state? A qualitative glimpse into resting-state experience in the scanner. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1535. [PMID: 26500590 PMCID: PMC4597037 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain's resting-state has attracted considerable interest in recent years, but currently little is known either about typical experience during the resting-state or about whether there are inter-individual differences in resting-state phenomenology. We used descriptive experience sampling (DES) in an attempt to apprehend high fidelity glimpses of the inner experience of five participants in an extended fMRI study. Results showed that the inner experiences and the neural activation patterns (as quantified by amplitude of low frequency fluctuations analysis) of the five participants were largely consistent across time, suggesting that our extended-duration scanner sessions were broadly similar to typical resting-state sessions. However, there were very large individual differences in inner phenomena, suggesting that the resting-state itself may differ substantially from one participant to the next. We describe these individual differences in experiential characteristics and display some typical moments of resting-state experience. We also show that retrospective characterizations of phenomena can often be very different from moment-by-moment reports. We discuss implications for the assessment of inner experience in neuroimaging studies more generally, concluding that it may be possible to use fMRI to investigate neural correlates of phenomena apprehended in high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simone Kühn
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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Chen Y, Wang C, Zhu X, Tan Y, Zhong Y. Aberrant connectivity within the default mode network in first-episode, treatment-naïve major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 183:49-56. [PMID: 26001663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convergent studies have highlighted the dysfunction of default mode network (DMN) in major depressive disorder (MDD). The altered connectivity in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was especially found to be of interest in the resting state functional connectivity analysis. Recently, more attention has turned to the internal functional connectivity within the DMN. However, the internal connection patterns within the DMN remain unclear at the initial onset of MDD. METHODS Resting-state fMRI was performed on 38 first-episode, treatment-naïve MDD patients along with 38 matched healthy controls. Seed-based analysis was used to define the DMN and then a region-to-region connectivity analysis was performed to inspect the functional connectivity within the DMN. Spearman׳s rank correlation analysis was performed between significantly abnormal connectivities in MDD patients and clinical measurements. RESULTS Decreased region-to-region connectivities within DMN were found between the PCC and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), between PCC and the right inferior parietal gyrus/angular, as well as between the left thalamus and cerebellar tonsil. No significant increase in connectivity was found. Moreover, functional connectivity between the left thalamus and cerebellar tonsil revealed a marginal significant negative correlation with clinical Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores. LIMITATIONS Noteworthiness in morbidity, a high risk of mortality, and a high rate of medical service utilization of MDD make the current results uncertain to apply to the more complicated situations. CONCLUSIONS Each region within DMN may have a specific, individual functional role. The reason to identify the pathological mechanism of MDD may not lie in the abnormal DMN functional connectivity, but rather in the abnormal functional connectivity within DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Mood Disorders Department, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xueling Zhu
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yarong Tan
- Mood Disorders Department, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China.
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33
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Perrin F, Castro M, Tillmann B, Luauté J. Promoting the use of personally relevant stimuli for investigating patients with disorders of consciousness. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1102. [PMID: 26284020 PMCID: PMC4519656 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory stimuli are used to evaluate and to restore cognitive functions and consciousness in patients with a disorder of consciousness (DOC) following a severe brain injury. Although sophisticated protocols can help assessing higher order cognitive functions and awareness, one major drawback is their lack of sensitivity. The aim of the present review is to show that stimulus selection is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the state of patients with disorders of consciousness as it determines the levels of processing that the patient can have with stimulation from his/her environment. The probability to observe a behavioral response or a cerebral response is increased when her/his personal history and/or her/his personal preferences are taken into account. We show that personally relevant stimuli (i.e., with emotional, autobiographical, or self-related characteristics) are associated with clearer signs of perception than are irrelevant stimuli in patients with DOC. Among personally relevant stimuli, music appears to be a promising clinical tool as it boosts perception and cognition in patients with DOC and could also serve as a prognostic tool. We suggest that the effect of music on cerebral processes in patients might reflect the music's capacity to act both on the external and internal neural networks supporting consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Perrin
- Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (UCBL, CNRS UMR5292, Inserm U1028)Lyon, France
| | - Maïté Castro
- Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (UCBL, CNRS UMR5292, Inserm U1028)Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Tillmann
- Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (UCBL, CNRS UMR5292, Inserm U1028)Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Luauté
- Henry Gabrielle Hospital, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
- Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
- IMPACT, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (UCBL, CNRS UMR5292, Inserm U1028)Lyon, France
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34
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Howlett JR, Paulus MP. The neural basis of testable and non-testable beliefs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124596. [PMID: 25942019 PMCID: PMC4420500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beliefs about the state of the world are an important influence on both normal behavior and psychopathology. However, understanding of the neural basis of belief processing remains incomplete, and several aspects of belief processing have only recently been explored. Specifically, different types of beliefs may involve fundamentally different inferential processes and thus recruit distinct brain regions. Additionally, neural processing of truth and falsity may differ from processing of certainty and uncertainty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neural underpinnings of assessment of testable and non-testable propositions in terms of truth or falsity and the level of certainty in a belief. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study 14 adults while they rated propositions as true or false and also rated the level of certainty in their judgments. Each proposition was classified as testable or non-testable. Testable propositions activated the DLPFC and posterior cingulate cortex, while non-testable statements activated areas including inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and an anterior region of the superior frontal gyrus. No areas were more active when a proposition was accepted, while the dorsal anterior cingulate was activated when a proposition was rejected. Regardless of whether a proposition was testable or not, certainty that the proposition was true or false activated a common network of regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, caudate, posterior cingulate, and a region of middle temporal gyrus near the temporo-parietal junction. Certainty in the truth or falsity of a non-testable proposition (a strong belief without empirical evidence) activated the insula. The results suggest that different brain regions contribute to the assessment of propositions based on the type of content, while a common network may mediate the influence of beliefs on motivation and behavior based on the level of certainty in the belief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R. Howlett
- Laboratory of Biological Dynamics and Theoretical Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laboratory of Biological Dynamics and Theoretical Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
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35
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Keller JB, Hedden T, Thompson TW, Anteraper SA, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Resting-state anticorrelations between medial and lateral prefrontal cortex: association with working memory, aging, and individual differences. Cortex 2014; 64:271-80. [PMID: 25562175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined how variation in working memory (WM) capacity due to aging or individual differences among young adults is associated with intrinsic or resting-state anticorrelations, particularly between (1) the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), a component of the default-mode network (DMN) that typically decreases in activation during external, attention-demanding tasks, and (2) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a component of the fronto-parietal control network that supports executive functions and WM and typically increases in activation during attention-demanding tasks. We compared the magnitudes of MPFC-DLPFC anticorrelations between healthy younger and older participants (Experiment 1) and related the magnitudes of these anticorrelations to individual differences on two behavioral measures of WM capacity in two independent groups of young adults (Experiments 1 and 2). Relative to younger adults, older adults exhibited reductions in WM capacity and in MPFC-DLPFC anticorrelations. Within younger adults, greater MPFC-DLPFC anticorrelation at rest correlated with greater WM capacity. These findings show that variation in MPFC-DLPFC anticorrelations, whether related to aging or to individual differences, may reflect an intrinsic functional brain architecture supportive of WM capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Keller
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Trey Hedden
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd W Thompson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheeba A Anteraper
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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36
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Nasr S, Stemmann H, Vanduffel W, Tootell RBH. Increased Visual Stimulation Systematically Decreases Activity in Lateral Intermediate Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:4009-28. [PMID: 25480358 PMCID: PMC4585529 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have attributed multiple diverse roles to the posterior superior temporal cortex (STC), both visually driven and cognitive, including part of the default mode network (DMN). Here, we demonstrate a unifying property across this multimodal region. Specifically, the lateral intermediate (LIM) portion of STC showed an unexpected feature: a progressively decreasing fMRI response to increases in visual stimulus size (or number). Such responses are reversed in sign, relative to well-known responses in classic occipital temporal visual cortex. In LIM, this "reversed" size function was present across multiple object categories and retinotopic eccentricities. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between the LIM size function and the distribution of subjects' attention. These findings suggest that LIM serves as a part of the DMN. Further analysis of functional connectivity, plus a meta-analysis of previous fMRI results, suggests that LIM is a heterogeneous area including different subdivisions. Surprisingly, analogous fMRI tests in macaque monkeys did not reveal a clear homolog of LIM. This interspecies discrepancy supports the idea that self-referential thinking and theory of mind are more prominent in humans, compared with monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Nasr
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Heiko Stemmann
- Laboratory of Neuro and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Laboratory of Neuro and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger B H Tootell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Kimhy D, Jobson-Ahmed L, Ben-David S, Ramadhar L, Malaspina D, Corcoran CM. Cognitive insight in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2014; 8:130-7. [PMID: 23343417 PMCID: PMC3640765 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Reduced cognitive insight has been associated with psychotic symptoms, in particular with the presence of delusions; however, there is little information about whether such reductions are present in at-risk individuals prior to the onset of threshold psychotic symptoms. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional comparison of cognitive insight (as indexed by the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale) in 62 help-seeking individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, Fifty-nine individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 37 healthy controls (HC). In patients, we evaluated associations of insight with positive symptoms, including later transition to psychosis in high-risk patients. RESULTS Individuals with schizophrenia reported significantly higher self-certainty scores than the at-risk patients and HCs, with the at-risk patients scoring intermediate to the individuals with schizophrenia and controls. Similarly, individuals with schizophrenia scored significantly higher on self-reflectiveness, with no differences between the at-risk patients and controls. In individuals with schizophrenia, delusions were significantly correlated with self-certainty. In at-risk patients, cognitive insight was not associated with positive symptom severity and did not differentiate those at-risk patients who later developed psychosis from those who did not. However, post hoc analyses suggested that at-risk patients with marked unusual thought content (approaching threshold psychosis) had lower self-reflectiveness; whereas those with high suspiciousness had significantly higher self-certainty. CONCLUSIONS The findings are discussed in the context of normal developmental processes occurring during adolescence, their putative links to neurobiological functioning, and their implications for treatment and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Center of Prevention and Evaluation, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
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Wagner S, Sebastian A, Lieb K, Tüscher O, Tadić A. A coordinate-based ALE functional MRI meta-analysis of brain activation during verbal fluency tasks in healthy control subjects. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:19. [PMID: 24456150 PMCID: PMC3903437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processing of verbal fluency tasks relies on the coordinated activity of a number of brain areas, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere. Recent studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the neural networks subserving verbal fluency functions have yielded divergent results especially with respect to a parcellation of the inferior frontal gyrus for phonemic and semantic verbal fluency. We conducted a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on brain activation during the processing of phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks involving 28 individual studies with 490 healthy volunteers. RESULTS For phonemic as well as for semantic verbal fluency, the most prominent clusters of brain activation were found in the left inferior/middle frontal gyrus (LIFG/MIFG) and the anterior cingulate gyrus. BA 44 was only involved in the processing of phonemic verbal fluency tasks, BA 45 and 47 in the processing of phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. CONCLUSIONS Our comparison of brain activation during the execution of either phonemic or semantic verbal fluency tasks revealed evidence for spatially different activation in BA 44, but not other regions of the LIFG/LMFG (BA 9, 45, 47) during phonemic and semantic verbal fluency processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str, 8, Mainz, Germany.
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Molnar-Szakacs I, Uddin LQ. Self-processing and the default mode network: interactions with the mirror neuron system. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:571. [PMID: 24062671 PMCID: PMC3769892 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence for the fractionation of the default mode network (DMN) into functionally distinguishable subdivisions with unique patterns of connectivity calls for a reconceptualization of the relationship between this network and self-referential processing. Advances in resting-state functional connectivity analyses are beginning to reveal increasingly complex patterns of organization within the key nodes of the DMN - medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex - as well as between these nodes and other brain systems. Here we review recent examinations of the relationships between the DMN and various aspects of self-relevant and social-cognitive processing in light of emerging evidence for heterogeneity within this network. Drawing from a rapidly evolving social-cognitive neuroscience literature, we propose that embodied simulation and mentalizing are processes which allow us to gain insight into another's physical and mental state by providing privileged access to our own physical and mental states. Embodiment implies that the same neural systems are engaged for self- and other-understanding through a simulation mechanism, while mentalizing refers to the use of high-level conceptual information to make inferences about the mental states of self and others. These mechanisms work together to provide a coherent representation of the self and by extension, of others. Nodes of the DMN selectively interact with brain systems for embodiment and mentalizing, including the mirror neuron system, to produce appropriate mappings in the service of social-cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Molnar-Szakacs
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Tennenbaum Center for the Biology of Creativity, University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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40
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Musholt K. A Philosophical Perspective on the Relation between Cortical Midline Structures and the Self. Front Hum Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 24032013 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00536.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing evidence that an area in the brain called the cortical midline structures (CMSs) is implicated in what has been termed self-related processing. This article will discuss recent evidence for the relation between CMS and self-consciousness in light of several important philosophical distinctions. First, we should distinguish between being a self (i.e., being a subject of conscious experience) and being aware of being a self (i.e., being able to think about oneself as such). While the former consists in having a first-person perspective on the world, the latter requires the ability to explicitly represent one's own perspective as such. Further, we should distinguish between being aware of oneself "as subject" and being aware of oneself "as object." The focus of existing studies investigating the relation between CMS and self has been predominantly on the ability to think about oneself (and in particular thinking of oneself "as object"), while the more basic aspects involved in being a self have been neglected. However, it is important to widen the scope of the cognitive neuroscience to include the latter, not least because this might have important implications for a better understanding of disorders of the self, such as those involved in schizophrenia. In order to do so, cognitive neuroscience should work together with philosophy, including phenomenology. Second, we need to distinguish between personal and subpersonal level explanations. It will be argued that although it is important to respect this distinction, in principle, some subpersonal facts can enter into constitutive conditions of personal-level phenomena. However, in order for this to be possible, one needs both careful conceptual analysis and knowledge about relevant cognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Musholt
- Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and Political Science , London , UK
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Musholt K. A Philosophical Perspective on the Relation between Cortical Midline Structures and the Self. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:536. [PMID: 24032013 PMCID: PMC3759283 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing evidence that an area in the brain called the cortical midline structures (CMSs) is implicated in what has been termed self-related processing. This article will discuss recent evidence for the relation between CMS and self-consciousness in light of several important philosophical distinctions. First, we should distinguish between being a self (i.e., being a subject of conscious experience) and being aware of being a self (i.e., being able to think about oneself as such). While the former consists in having a first-person perspective on the world, the latter requires the ability to explicitly represent one's own perspective as such. Further, we should distinguish between being aware of oneself "as subject" and being aware of oneself "as object." The focus of existing studies investigating the relation between CMS and self has been predominantly on the ability to think about oneself (and in particular thinking of oneself "as object"), while the more basic aspects involved in being a self have been neglected. However, it is important to widen the scope of the cognitive neuroscience to include the latter, not least because this might have important implications for a better understanding of disorders of the self, such as those involved in schizophrenia. In order to do so, cognitive neuroscience should work together with philosophy, including phenomenology. Second, we need to distinguish between personal and subpersonal level explanations. It will be argued that although it is important to respect this distinction, in principle, some subpersonal facts can enter into constitutive conditions of personal-level phenomena. However, in order for this to be possible, one needs both careful conceptual analysis and knowledge about relevant cognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Musholt
- Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Jedidi H, Feyers D, Collette F, Bahri MA, Jaspar M, d'Argembeau A, Salmon E, Bastin C. Dorsomedial prefrontal metabolism and unawareness of current characteristics of personality traits in Alzheimer's disease. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1458-63. [PMID: 23946004 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosognosia is a complex symptom corresponding to a lack of awareness of one's current clinical status. Anosognosia for cognitive deficits has frequently been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), while unawareness of current characteristics of personality traits has rarely been considered. We used a well-established questionnaire-based method in a group of 37 AD patients and in healthy controls to probe self- and hetero-evaluation of patients' personality and we calculated differential scores between each participant's and his/her relative's judgments. A brain-behavior correlation was performed using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) images. The behavioral data showed that AD patients presented with anosognosia for current characteristics of their personality and their anosognosia was primarily explained by impaired third perspective taking. The brain-behavior correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between anosognosia for current characteristics of personality and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) activity. Behavioral and neuroimaging data are consistent with the view that impairment of different functions subserved by the dMPFC (self-evaluation, inferences regarding complex enduring dispositions of self and others, confrontation of perspectives in interpersonal scripts) plays a role in anosognosia for current characteristics of personality in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Jedidi
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorothée Feyers
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Jaspar
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud d'Argembeau
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Bastin
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium, National Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Belgium, and Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Moran JM, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF. What Can the Organization of the Brain's Default Mode Network Tell us About Self-Knowledge? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:391. [PMID: 23882210 PMCID: PMC3713343 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding ourselves has been a fundamental topic for psychologists and philosophers alike. In this paper we review the evidence linking specific brain structures to self-reflection. The brain regions most associated with self-reflection are the posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortices, together known as the cortical midline structures (CMSs). We review evidence arguing that self-reflection is special in memory, while noting that these brain regions are often engaged when we think about others in our social worlds. Based on the CMSs’ patterns of connectivity and activity, we speculate about three possible interpretations of their role in supporting self-reflection that are somewhat overlapping, and not intended to be mutually exclusive. First, self may be a powerful, but ordinary case for a cognitive system specialized for thinking about people. Second, mPFC may serve as a processing “hub,” binding together information from all sensory modalities with internally generated information. Third, mPFC may serve as a cortical director of thought, helping to guide moment-by-moment conscious processing. Suggestions are made for future research avenues aimed at testing such possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Moran
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center , Natick, MA , USA ; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA , USA
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Genon S, Bahri MA, Collette F, Angel L, d'Argembeau A, Clarys D, Kalenzaga S, Salmon E, Bastin C. Cognitive and neuroimaging evidence of impaired interaction between self and memory in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2013; 51:11-24. [PMID: 23993283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In human cognition, self and memory processes strongly interact, as evidenced by the memory advantage for self-referential materials [Self-Reference Effect (SRE) and Self-Reference Recollection Effect (SRRE)]. The current study examined this interaction at the behavioural level and its neural correlates in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Healthy older controls (HC) and AD patients performed trait-adjectives judgements either for self-relevance or for other-relevance (encoding phase). In a first experiment, the encoding and subsequent yes-no recognition phases were administrated in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner. Brain activation as measured by functional MRI (fMRI) was examined during self-relevance judgements and anatomical images were used to search for correlation between the memory advantage for self-related items and grey matter density (GMD). In a second experiment, participants described the retrieval experience that had driven their recognition decisions (familiarity vs recollective experience). The behavioural results revealed that the SRE and SRRE were impaired in AD patients compared to HC participants. Furthermore, verbal reports revealed that the retrieval of self-related information was preferentially associated with the retrieval of contextual details, such as source memory in the HC participants, but less so in the AD patients. Our imaging findings revealed that both groups activated the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) at encoding during self-relevance judgements. However, the variable and limited memory advantage for self-related information was associated with GMD in the lateral prefrontal cortex in the AD patients, a region supporting high-order processes linking self and memory. These findings suggest that even if AD patients engage MPFC during self-referential judgements, the retrieval of self-related memories is qualitatively and quantitatively impaired in relation with altered high-order processes in the lateral PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Genon
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Lucie Angel
- University François-Rabelais of Tours, UMR CNRS 7295 CeRCA, Tours, France
| | - Arnaud d'Argembeau
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - David Clarys
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 CeRCA, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Eric Salmon
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Belgium; Memory Centre, CHU Liège, Belgium
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You Y, Bai L, Dai R, Cheng H, Liu Z, Wei W, Tian J. Altered hub configurations within default mode network following acupuncture at ST36: a multimodal investigation combining fMRI and MEG. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64509. [PMID: 23691237 PMCID: PMC3656906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture, an externally somatosensory stimulation in the Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been proposed about its modulations on the brain's default mode network (DMN). However, it is still unknown on how the internal brain resting networks are modulated and what inferences can be made about the physiological processes underlying these changes. Combining high spatial resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG), in the current multimodal study, we sought to explore spatiotemporally whether or not band-specific DMN hub configurations would be induced by verum acupuncture, compared with sham control. Spatial independent component analysis was applied to fMRI data, followed by the discrete regional sources seeded into MEG data. Partial correlation analysis was further adopted to estimate the intrinsic functional connectivity and network hub configurations. One of the most striking findings is that the posterior cingulate cortex is not only validated as a robust DMN hub, but served as a hub only within the delta and gamma bands following the verum acupuncture, compared with its consistently being a DMN hub in sham control group. Our preliminary results may provide a new perspective to lend support for the specificity of neural mechanism underlying acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo You
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JT); (LB)
| | - Ruwei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Ditan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Life Science Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (JT); (LB)
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Knyazev GG. Comparison of spatial and temporal independent component analyses of electroencephalographic data: a simulation study. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1557-69. [PMID: 23535453 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some discrepancies between EEG and fMRI results may arise due to different data analysis strategies. Here a bunch of analytical approaches derived from fMRI domain are applied to simulated EEG data and results are compared with results of traditional EEG analysis. METHODS Simulations were performed using SPM8 capabilities. Traditional EEG approach was implemented using EEGlab toolbox; fMRI approach was applied to sLORETA-transformed EEG data using GIFT toolbox. It was tested how well the two approaches are able to distinguish two simulated EEG sources that vary in their localization, frequency, and within- and between-subject variation. RESULTS With two widely spaced sources oscillating at different frequencies, both approaches were similarly effective. With two closely spaced sources oscillating at different frequencies, the EEGlab method performed somewhat better. However, it failed to distinguish two widely spaced sources if they oscillated at the same frequency and had the same temporal dynamics. CONCLUSION The proposed approach is feasible to apply to EEG data, particularly in a study of temporally correlated processes occurring within the same frequency band. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed approach is straightforward for comparison of EEG results with the existing fMRI framework and for investigation of neural networks in normal and pathological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Knyazev
- Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Kühn S, Gallinat J. Resting-state brain activity in schizophrenia and major depression: a quantitative meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:358-65. [PMID: 22080493 PMCID: PMC3576173 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic activity of the brain during resting-state is not random and is currently discussed as a neural reflection of self-referential processing. Self-reference is typically reduced in schizophrenia as a disorder of the self while extensive self-attribution of, eg, negative thoughts is characteristic for major depression. However, a quantitative meta-analysis targeting the resting-state brain activity in both disorders is lacking. Here, we predict primarily abnormal resting-state activity in brain regions related to self-referential processing. By means of activation likelihood estimation (ALE) on functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies, we investigated concurrence of hyperactivation and hypoactivation in resting-state measurements of schizophrenic and depressed patients compared with healthy controls. We found hypoactivation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), left hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, lower precueus and the precuneus, and hyperactivation in bilateral lingual gyrus of schizophrenic patients. In major depression, we found hyperactivation in vmPFC, left ventral striatum, and left thalamus and hypoactivation in left postcentral gyrus, left fusiform gyrus, and left insula. An overall ALE analysis confirmed the proximity of hypoactivation in schizophrenia and hyperactivation in major depression in the vmPFC.The opposing resting-state activity in vmPFC for the 2 disorders is in line with the different expression of dysfunctional self-reference as core characteristics of schizophrenia and major depression. The vmPFC has previously been identified as a crucial area for self-referential processing and may represent a target to increase the diagnostic validity of resting-state activity for disorders with dysfunctions of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Volf NV, Liou M, Bocharov AV. EEG correlates of spontaneous self-referential thoughts: A cross-cultural study. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 86:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liemburg EJ, van der Meer L, Swart M, Curcic-Blake B, Bruggeman R, Knegtering H, Aleman A. Reduced connectivity in the self-processing network of schizophrenia patients with poor insight. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42707. [PMID: 22912723 PMCID: PMC3415395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of insight (unawareness of illness) is a common and clinically relevant feature of schizophrenia. Reduced levels of self-referential processing have been proposed as a mechanism underlying poor insight. The default mode network (DMN) has been implicated as a key node in the circuit for self-referential processing. We hypothesized that during resting state the DMN network would show decreased connectivity in schizophrenia patients with poor insight compared to patients with good insight. Patients with schizophrenia were recruited from mental health care centers in the north of the Netherlands and categorized in groups having good insight (n= 25) or poor insight (n = 19). All subjects underwent a resting state fMRI scan. A healthy control group (n = 30) was used as a reference. Functional connectivity of the anterior and posterior part of the DMN, identified using Independent Component Analysis, was compared between groups. Patients with poor insight showed lower connectivity of the ACC within the anterior DMN component and precuneus within the posterior DMN component compared to patients with good insight. Connectivity between the anterior and posterior part of the DMN was lower in patients than controls, and qualitatively different between the good and poor insight patient groups. As predicted, subjects with poor insight in psychosis showed decreased connectivity in DMN regions implicated in self-referential processing, although this concerned only part of the network. This finding is compatible with theories implying a role of reduced self-referential processing as a mechanism contributing to poor insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Liemburg
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen and BCN NeuroImaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Bagnato S, Boccagni C, Galardi G. DMN Operational Synchrony Relates to Self-Consciousness: Evidence from Patients in Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States. Open Neuroimag J 2012; 6:55-68. [PMID: 22905075 PMCID: PMC3419863 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001206010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) has been consistently activated across a wide variety of self-related tasks, leading to a proposal of the DMN’s role in self-related processing. Indeed, there is limited fMRI evidence that the functional connectivity within the DMN may underlie a phenomenon referred to as self-awareness. At the same time, none of the known studies have explicitly investigated neuronal functional interactions among brain areas that comprise the DMN as a function of self-consciousness loss. To fill this gap, EEG operational synchrony analysis [1, 2] was performed in patients with severe brain injuries in vegetative and minimally conscious states to study the strength of DMN operational synchrony as a function of self-consciousness expression. We demonstrated that the strength of DMN EEG operational synchrony was smallest or even absent in patients in vegetative state, intermediate in patients in minimally conscious state and highest in healthy fully self-conscious subjects. At the same time the process of ecoupling of operations performed by neuronal assemblies that comprise the DMN was highest in patients in vegetative state, intermediate in patients in minimally conscious state and minimal in healthy fully self-conscious subjects. The DMN’s frontal EEG operational module had the strongest decrease in operational synchrony strength as a function of selfconsciousness loss, when compared with the DMN’s posterior modules. Based on these results it is suggested that the strength of DMN functional connectivity could mediate the strength of self-consciousness expression. The observed alterations similarly occurred across EEG alpha, beta1 and beta2 frequency oscillations. Presented results suggest that the EEG operational synchrony within DMN may provide an objective and accurate measure for the assessment of signs of self-(un)consciousness in these challenging patient populations. This method therefore, may complement the current diagnostic procedures for patients with severe brain injuries and, hence, the planning of a rational rehabilitation intervention.
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