1
|
Files R, Santos C, Queiroga FL, Silva F, Delgado L, Pires I, Prada J. Investigating Cox-2 and EGFR as Biomarkers in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:485-497. [PMID: 38248333 PMCID: PMC10814971 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common and highly aggressive dog tumor known for its local invasiveness and metastatic potential. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving the development and progression of OSCC is crucial for improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Additionally, spontaneous oral squamous cell carcinomas in dogs are an excellent model for studying human counterparts. In this study, we aimed to investigate the significance of two key molecular components, Cox-2 and EGFR, in canine OSCC. We examined 34 tumor sections from various dog breeds to assess the immunoexpression of Cox-2 and EGFR. Our findings revealed that Cox-2 was highly expressed in 70.6% of cases, while EGFR overexpression was observed in 44.1%. Cox-2 overexpression showed association with histological grade of malignancy (HGM) (p = 0.006) and EGFR with vascular invasion (p = 0.006). COX-2 and EGFR concurrent expression was associated with HGM (p = 0.002), as well as with the presence of vascular invasion (p = 0.002). These data suggest that Cox-2 and EGFR could be promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, opening avenues for developing novel treatment strategies for dogs affected by OSCC. Further studies are warranted to delve deeper into these findings and translate them into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Files
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.Q.); (F.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Catarina Santos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.Q.); (F.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Felisbina L. Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.Q.); (F.S.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.Q.); (F.S.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Leonor Delgado
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences—CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- Pathology Department, INNO Serviços Especializados em Veterinária, 4710-503 Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.Q.); (F.S.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.Q.); (F.S.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seeger DR, Schofield B, Besch D, Golovko SA, Kotha P, Parmer M, Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Golovko MY. Exogenous oxygen is required for prostanoid induction under brain ischemia as evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100452. [PMID: 37783389 PMCID: PMC10630775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we and others reported a rapid and dramatic increase in brain prostanoids (PG), including prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes, under ischemia that is traditionally explained through the activation of esterified arachidonic acid (20:4n6) release by phospholipases as a substrate for cyclooxygenases (COX). However, the availability of another required COX substrate, oxygen, has not been considered in this mechanism. To address this mechanism for PG upregulation through oxygen availability, we analyzed mouse brain PG, free 20:4n6, and oxygen levels at different time points after ischemic onset using head-focused microwave irradiation (MW) to inactivate enzymes in situ before craniotomy. The oxygen half-life in the ischemic brain was 5.32 ± 0.45 s and dropped to undetectable levels within 12 s of ischemia onset, while there were no significant free 20:4n6 or PG changes at 30 s of ischemia. Furthermore, there was no significant PG increase at 2 and 10 min after ischemia onset compared to basal levels, while free 20:4n6 was increased ∼50 and ∼100 fold, respectively. However, PG increased ∼30-fold when ischemia was followed by craniotomy of nonMW tissue that provided oxygen for active enzymes. Moreover, craniotomy performed under anoxic conditions without MW did not result in PG induction, while exposure of these brains to atmospheric oxygen significantly induced PG. Our results indicate, for the first time, that oxygen availability is another important regulatory factor for PG production under ischemia. Further studies are required to investigate the physiological role of COX/PG regulation through tissue oxygen concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Brennon Schofield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Derek Besch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Peddanna Kotha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Meredith Parmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oktem EK, Aydin B, Gulfidan G, Arga KY. A Transcriptomic and Reverse-Engineering Strategy Reveals Molecular Signatures of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in 12 Cancers. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:127-138. [PMID: 36800175 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and arachidonic acid (AA) have important linkages. For example, AA metabolites regulate several critical biological functions associated with carcinogenesis: angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cancer invasion. However, little is known about the comparative changes in metabolite expression of the arachidonic acid pathway (AAP) in carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined transcriptome data from 12 cancers, such as breast invasive carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma. We also report here a reverse-engineering strategy wherein we estimated metabolic signatures associated with AAP by (1) making deductive inferences through transcriptome-level data extraction, (2) remodeling AA metabolism, and (3) performing a comparative analysis of cancer types to determine the similarities and differences between different cancer types with respect to AA metabolic alterations. We identified 77 AAP gene signatures differentially expressed in cancers and 37 AAP metabolites associated with them. Importantly, the metabolite 15(S)-HETE was identified in almost all cancers, while arachidonate, 5-HETE, PGF2α, 14,15-EET, 8,9-EET, 5,6-EET, and 20-HETE were discovered as other most regulated metabolites. This study shows that the 12 cancers studied herein, although in different branches of the AAP, have altered expression of AAP gene signatures. Going forward, AA related-cancer research generally, and the molecular signatures and their estimated metabolites reported herein specifically, hold broad promise for precision/personalized medicine in oncology as potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kubat Oktem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Aydin
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li B, Wang M, Chen S, Li M, Zeng J, Wu S, Tu Y, Li Y, Zhang R, Huang F, Tong X. Baicalin Mitigates the Neuroinflammation through the TLR4/MyD88/NF- κB and MAPK Pathways in LPS-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3263446. [PMID: 36408278 PMCID: PMC9668451 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3263446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin (BA) is a major flavone from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has showed significant curative effects in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BA on antineuroinflammation and related signaling cascade in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced BV-2 microglial model. The results showed that BA significantly attenuated inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, IL-1β, COX-2, and PGE2) and suppressed the expression of miR-155. More crucially, BA could regulate the expression of related proteins in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway and suppress the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. In addition, molecular docking analysis indicated that BA binds to the amino acids Lie 63 and Tyr 65 of TLR4 by π-σ and π-π T-shaped interaction. Thus, BA suppressed the LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia by blocking the TLR4-mediated signal transduction through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPK pathways and inhibiting the miR-155 expression. Our findings demonstrated that BA could be a valuable therapeutic for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baojing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Manping Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saichun Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Tu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Feng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyun Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effect of Quercetin on Injury to Indomethacin-Treated Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111134. [PMID: 34833010 PMCID: PMC8623736 DOI: 10.3390/life11111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat inflammation and pain and even to prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease. They have become widely used because of their effectiveness, especially among athletes performing high-intensity training. Indomethacin is used for pain management in sports medicine and is highly effective and versatile. However, several clinical studies have reported that indomethacin induces acute renal damage. In the present study, we determined that indomethacin reduced human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner by triggering apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrated the effect of quercetin on indomethacin-treated HEK293 cells by inactivating the caspase-3 and caspase-9 signals. Furthermore, quercetin reduced ROS production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in indomethacin-treated HEK293 cells. Our results indicate that quercetin can interrupt the activated caspase and mitochondrial pathway induced by indomethacin in HEK293 cells and affect apoptotic mRNA expression. Quercetin can protect against indomethacin-induced HEK293 cell apoptosis by regulating abnormal ΔΨm and apoptotic mRNA expression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sheta NM, Boshra SA. Fabrication and Evaluation of Celecoxib Oral Oleogel to Reduce the Inflammation of Ulcerative Colitis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:180. [PMID: 34129135 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleogel consists of hydrophobic solvent and an oleogelator. In this study, attempts were made to study the influence of Celecoxib solubility, concentration and dispersability on its release, absorption, and biological performance. Oleogels were prepared to study the formulation variables on its stability and release. Castor oil was selected as the oil and the oleogelator concentration was 4.5% w/w. F3 revealed the highest release and stability compared to other formulae. The percent permeated across the rat intestine showed a 7.5-fold increase over free Celecoxib, and its lifetime was found to be greater than 18 months. The efficacy of free Celecoxib and oleogel formulae to treat rats with ulcerative colitis was done via the induction of ulcerative colitis (UC) through administration of 5% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Celecoxib besides its formulae significantly reduced the release of Leucine rich 2 glycoprotein (LRG), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), proinflammatory cytokine expression, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ΚB), Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3), Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), and miRNA31. Moreover, F3 significantly increased the colonic cAMP in DSS treated rats and reduced the intestinal inflammation beside healing of mucosa and restitution of the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Zhang Y, Muema FW, Kimutai F, Chen G, Guo M. Phenolic Compounds from Carissa spinarum Are Characterized by Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050652. [PMID: 33922451 PMCID: PMC8145564 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carissa spinarum has been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases due to its different pharmacological activities. However, the active compounds responsible for its potentially specific activities have rarely been explored. To this end, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was screened out and selected for further phytochemical isolation because of its promising activities in preliminary 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and COX-2 inhibition assays. As a result, 10 compounds (1−10), including a new one (5), were isolated, with eight of these being identified as phenolic compounds, as expected. Compound 9 possessed an IC50 value of 16.5 ± 1.2 µM, which was lower than that of positive control (vitamin C, 25.5 ± 0.3 µM) in the DPPH assay, and compounds 2, 6, 7 and 9 showed better total antioxidant capacity than vitamin C in the FRAP assay. Meanwhile, compounds 1−6 and 9 also had IC50 values of less than 1.0 µM, which was even better than the positive control indomethacin in the COX-2 inhibition assay. In this context, compounds 2 and 9 were further evaluated to exhibit clear hepatoprotective activities by improving the L02 cell viability and reducing ROS production using a H2O2-induced L02 cell injury model. This study provides initial evidence revealing the most potent phenolic compounds from the root bark of C. spinarum responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.M.); (F.K.); (G.C.)
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.M.); (F.K.); (G.C.)
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Felix Wambua Muema
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.M.); (F.K.); (G.C.)
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Festus Kimutai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.M.); (F.K.); (G.C.)
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guilin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.M.); (F.K.); (G.C.)
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingquan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.M.); (F.K.); (G.C.)
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-87700850
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yeo J, Parrish CC. Shotgun Lipidomics for the Determination of Phospholipid and Eicosanoid Profiles in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Muscle Tissue Using Electrospray Ionization (ESI)-MS/MS Spectrometric Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2272. [PMID: 33668816 PMCID: PMC7956627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shotgun lipidomics was applied to identify and quantify phospholipids (PLs) in salmon muscle tissue by focusing on the distribution of ω-3 fatty acids (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) in the form of phospholipids, as well as to identify and quantify eicosanoids, which has not yet been attempted in Atlantic salmon muscle. Shotgun lipidomics enabled the identification of 43 PL species belonging to four different classes: phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylserines (PSs), and phosphatidylinositols (PIs). Among others, 16:0-22:6 PtdCho m/z [M + Na]+ at 828.4 was the predominant PL species in salmon muscle tissue. The present study provided the quantification of individual phospholipid species, which has not been performed for salmon muscle tissue so far. In addition, two eicosanoids-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F3α (PGF3α)-were identified for the first time in salmon muscle. Thus, the rapid and high-throughput shotgun lipidomics approach should shed new light on phospholipids and eicosanoids in salmon muscle tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JuDong Yeo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ibrahim AM, Pottoo FH, Dahiya ES, Khan FA, Kumar JBS. Neuron‐glia interactions: Molecular basis of alzheimer’s disease and applications of neuroproteomics. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2931-2943. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
- Fundamentals of Nursing Department College of Nursing Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology College of Clinical Pharmacy Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekta Singh Dahiya
- National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neurosciences (NISAN) Auckland University of Technology Auckland New‐Zealand
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Research Institute for Research and Medical Consultations Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - J. B. Senthil Kumar
- Special centre for Molecular Medicine Jawaharlal Nehru University New‐Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Di Francesco L, Bruno A, Ricciotti E, Tacconelli S, Dovizio M, Guillem-Llobat P, Alisi MA, Garrone B, Coletta I, Mangano G, Milanese C, FitzGerald GA, Patrignani P. Pharmacological Characterization of the Microsomal Prostaglandin E 2 Synthase-1 Inhibitor AF3485 In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32317963 PMCID: PMC7147323 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The development of inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was driven by the promise of attaining antiinflammatory agents with a safe cardiovascular profile because of the possible diversion of the accumulated substrate, PGH2, towards prostacyclin (PGI2). Objectives We studied the effect of the human mPGES-1 inhibitor, AF3485 (a benzamide derivative) on prostanoid biosynthesis in human whole blood in vitro. To characterize possible off-target effects of the compound, we evaluated: i)the impact of its administration on the systemic biosynthesis of prostanoids in a model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritis in rats; ii) the effects on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and the biosynthesis of prostanoids in human monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Methods Prostanoids were assessed in different cellular models by immunoassays. The effect of the administration of AF3485 (30 and 100 mg/kg,i.p.) or celecoxib (20mg/kg, i.p.), for 3 days, on the urinary levels of enzymatic metabolites of prostanoids, PGE-M, PGI-M, and TX-M were assessed by LC-MS. Results In LPS-stimulated whole blood, AF3485 inhibited PGE2 biosynthesis, in a concentration-dependent fashion. At 100μM, PGE2 levels were reduced by 66.06 ± 3.30%, associated with a lower extent of TXB2 inhibition (40.56 ± 5.77%). AF3485 administration to CFA-treated rats significantly reduced PGE-M (P < 0.01) and TX-M (P < 0.05) similar to the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. In contrast, AF3485 induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase of urinary PGI-M while it was reduced by celecoxib. In LPS-stimulated human monocytes, AF3485 inhibited PGE2 biosynthesis with an IC50 value of 3.03 µM (95% CI:0.5–8.75). At 1μM, AF3485 enhanced TXB2 while at higher concentrations, the drug caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of TXB2. At 100 μM, maximal inhibition of the two prostanoids was associated with the downregulation of COX-2 protein by 86%. These effects did not involve AMPK pathway activation, IkB stabilization, or PPARγ activation. In HUVEC, AF3485 at 100 μM caused a significant (P < 0.05) induction of COX-2 protein associated with enhanced PGI2 production. These effects were reversed by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Conclusions The inhibitor of human mPGES-1 AF3485 is a novel antiinflammatory compound which can also modulate COX-2 induction by inflammatory stimuli. The compound also induces endothelial COX-2-dependent PGI2 production via PPARγ activation, both in vitro and in vivo, which might translate into a protective effect for the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Di Francesco
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefania Tacconelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Melania Dovizio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paloma Guillem-Llobat
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rangel-Nava A, Ramírez-Uribe JM, Recillas-Morales S, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Venebra-Muñoz A, Sánchez-Aparicio P. Pharmacological Regulation in the USA and Pharmacokinetics Parameters of Firocoxib, a Highly Selective Cox-2, by Pain Management in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:36-42. [PMID: 31133314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to conduct a review of the pharmacological regulation and pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered orally or intravenously in horses. A search for literature was done in SCOPUS and PubMed for studies that had to evaluate the pharmacological regulation as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered in horses. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretics, and antiendotoxic effects. The newly developed is selective to COX2 characterized by less adverse effects in veterinary patients when administered at the recommended doses and do not exceed the established prescribed time. Firocoxib is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pain in horses, whereas for humans, there is still no approval. Controversy has arisen because the administration of the same pharmaceutical presentation in horses and dogs has pharmacokinetic differences between animal species. However, special attention must be paid to pharmacokinetic differences between species like in horses and dogs. In the case of the horse, the dosage is 0.1 mg/kg in single dose or up to 14 days in oral paste formulation and can keep maintained on the same concentration for a period of 7-14 days in oral tablet formulation. Thorough knowledge of pharmacological regulations and pharmacokinetic parameters, it allows the posology and effective application of firocoxib in pathologies associated with chronic pain, avoiding the indiscriminate use by owners and in some cases veterinarians, thus reducing the negative impacts on horse's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rangel-Nava
- Student of Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - José Manuel Ramírez-Uribe
- Permited Treating Veterinarian and Official Veterinarian, International Equestrian Federation for Eventing, Endurance and Dresagge, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Recillas-Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - José Antonio Ibancovichi-Camarillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Arturo Venebra-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Brain Plasticity and Neurobiology of Adiction, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Pedro Sánchez-Aparicio
- Department of Pharmacology, Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mosallaei M, Simonian M, Ahangari F, Miraghajani M, Mortazavi D, Salehi AR, Khosravi S, Salehi R. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs4648298 in miRNAs hsa-miR21 and hsa-miR590 binding site of COX gene is a strong colorectal cancer determinant. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:448-457. [PMID: 29998010 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.11.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic determinants are considered as driving forces in development colorectal cancer (CRC), a malignancy that ranks as the second cause of cancer death in the world. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are considered as the main genetic factor in cancers susceptibility. MicroRNAs are critical players in posttranslational gene regulation by binding to their specific recognition sequences located at 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. In present study we have elucidated the role of 9,850 A > G (rs4648298), in development of sporadic CRC in Iranian population. Methods A case-control study using 88 CRC patients and 88 noncancerous counterparts was undertaken in order to determine rs4648298 genotypes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Also, a meta-analysis was performed based on 9 articles accessed via the MEDLINE, Cochrane review, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Results AA genotype was determined to be associated with significant decreased risk of CRC in our study population [odds ratio (OR) =0.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.34; P<0.001]. In a meta-analysis on 6 risk estimates for the AG versus AA genotype, we found a significant inverse association between AG SNPs and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, CRC, breast cancer and prostate cancer (OR =0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98; P<0.02). Conclusions Our results suggest significant correlation between rs4648298 polymorphism and CRC risk in Iranian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Mosallaei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Miganoosh Simonian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fateme Ahangari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Miraghajani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deniz Mortazavi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharifeh Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Gerfa Namayesh Azmayesh (GENAZMA) Science & Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang YC, Farn SS, Chou YC, Yeh CN, Chang CW, Chung YH, Chen TW, Huang WS, Yu CS. Synthesis of para
-[ 18
F]Fluorofenbufen Octylamide for PET Imaging of Brain Tumors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Chang Gung University; Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Shiow Farn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences; National Tsinghua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan 32546 Taiwan
| | - Yo-Cheng Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences; National Tsinghua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Chang Gung University; Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Veterans General Hospital at Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Chang Gung University; Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Veterans General Hospital at Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences; National Tsinghua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science; National Tsing-Hua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boehme KA, Schleicher SB, Traub F, Rolauffs B. Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010311. [PMID: 29361725 PMCID: PMC5796255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other malignant bone tumors including osteosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas with a peak incidence in adolescents and young adults, conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas mainly affect people in the 4th to 7th decade of life. To date, the cell type of chondrosarcoma origin is not clearly defined. However, it seems that mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPC) in the bone marrow facing a pro-proliferative as well as predominantly chondrogenic differentiation milieu, as is implicated in early stage osteoarthritis (OA) at that age, are the source of chondrosarcoma genesis. But how can MSPC become malignant? Indeed, only one person in 1,000,000 will develop a chondrosarcoma, whereas the incidence of OA is a thousandfold higher. This means a rare coincidence of factors allowing escape from senescence and apoptosis together with induction of angiogenesis and migration is needed to generate a chondrosarcoma. At early stages, chondrosarcomas are still assumed to be an intermediate type of tumor which rarely metastasizes. Unfortunately, advanced stages show a pronounced resistance both against chemo- and radiation-therapy and frequently metastasize. In this review, we elucidate signaling pathways involved in the genesis and therapeutic resistance of chondrosarcomas with a focus on MSPC compared to signaling in articular cartilage (AC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Boehme
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine B Schleicher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Children's Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Traub
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim D, Kim W, Kwak MS, Chung GE, Yim JY, Ahmed A. Inverse association of marijuana use with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186702. [PMID: 29049354 PMCID: PMC5648282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The impact of marijuana on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely unknown. We studied the association between marijuana and NAFLD utilizing cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005-2014 and NHANES III (1988-1994). METHODS Suspected NAFLD was diagnosed if serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was > 30 IU/L for men and > 19 IU/L for women in the absence of other liver diseases (NHANES 2005-2014). In NHANES III cohort, NAFLD was defined based on ultrasonography. RESULTS Of the 14,080 (NHANES 2005-2014) and 8,286 (NHANES III) participants, prevalence of suspected NAFLD and ultrasonographically-diagnosed NAFLD were inversely associated with marijuana use (p < 0.001). Compared to marijuana-naïve participants, marijuana users were less likely to have suspected NAFLD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.99 for past user; OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.58-0.80 for current user) and ultrasonographically-diagnosed NAFLD (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98 for current user) in the age, gender, ethnicity-adjusted model. On multivariate analysis, the ORs for suspected NAFLD comparing current light or heavy users to non-users were 0.76 (95% CI 0.58-0.98) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.56-0.89), respectively (P for trend = 0.001) with similar trends in ultrasonographically-diagnosed NAFLD (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.59-1.00 for current user; OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51-0.97 for current light user). In insulin resistance-adjusted model, marijuana use remained an independent predictor of lower risk of suspected NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS In this nationally representative sample, active marijuana use provided a protective effect against NAFLD independent of known metabolic risk factors. The pathophysiology is unclear and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Research Institute, Gangnam Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goh Eun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Research Institute, Gangnam Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Research Institute, Gangnam Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Theodoridou A, Gika H, Diza E, Garyfallos A, Settas L. In vivo study of pro-inflammatory cytokine changes in serum and synovial fluid during treatment with celecoxib and etoricoxib and correlation with VAS pain change and synovial membrane penetration index in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2017; 28:33-40. [PMID: 32185252 PMCID: PMC7045925 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.28.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the impact of celecoxib and etoricoxib therapy on serum and synovial fluid levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 and IL-1Ra in patients with inflammatory arthritis. To determine the correlation between cytokine changes and synovial membrane penetration index of the study drugs, and pain VAS change. Methods Fifty-one patients with inflammatory synovial fluid accumulation in a knee joint (33 women), randomized on 3 groups of 17 each: 100 mg b.i.d. celecoxib treated group, 90 mg o.d. etoricoxib treated group, and the control group with no NSAID treatment. Cytokines serum and synovial fluid levels as well as membrane penetration index were assessed prior and after treatment. Results Celecoxib led to decrease of both synovial fluid and serum levels of IL-6 (p=0.017 and p=0.003, respectively). In the etoricoxib treated group synovial fluid IL-6 concentration was significantly decreased after treatment (p=0.019). Correlating the study drugs penetration index with the change of cytokines and their receptors levels, positive correlation was found with the reduction of synovial fluid IL-1β for the celecoxib (p=0.032) and with the increase of synovial fluid sTNFR1 for the etoricoxib group (p=0.028). Pain VAS reduction was positively correlated with decrease of synovial fluid IL-1β (p=0.041) and IL-6 levels (p<0.005) and negative with synovial fluid sTNFR1 changes (p=0.045) in celecoxib group, and negative with serum TNF-α decrease (p=0.044) in the etoricoxib group. Conclusion Our results suggest that celecoxib and etoricoxib inhibit the inflammatory cytokines, mostly in synovial fluid but also in serum, causing through this mechanism, decrease of inflammation, irrespective to COX-2 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Theodoridou
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Rheumatology Division, 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eudoxia Diza
- B' Microbiology Dep, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Garyfallos
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Loucas Settas
- Rheumatology Division, 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Yi X, Lin J, Luo H, Wang C, Liu Y. Genetic variants of PTGS2, TXA2R and TXAS1 are associated with carotid plaque vulnerability, platelet activation and TXA2 levels in ischemic stroke patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180704. [PMID: 28704403 PMCID: PMC5507514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids may play a role in ischemic stroke. However, the associations of variants in cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway genes and interaction among these variants with carotid plaque vulnerability are not fully understood. In present study, twelve variants in COX pathway genes were examined using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry method in 396 patients with ischemic stroke and 291 controls. Platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte aggregates, and urine 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (11-dTxB2) were also measured. According to the results of carotid high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, the patients were stratified into the following groups [i.e., non-carotid plaque and carotid plaque. The carotid plaque was further classified into subgroups of echolucent plaque (ELP) and echogenic plaque (EGP)]. Additionally, gene-gene interactions were analyzed to assess whether there was any interactive role for assessed variants in affecting carotid plaque vulnerability, platelet activation and 11-dTxB2 levels. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of genotypes of the twelve variants between patients and controls. Among 396 patients, 294 cases (74.2%) had carotid plaques (106 had ELP, 188 had EGP). Frequency of PTGS2 rs20417CC, TXAS1 rs2267679TT, TXAS1 rs41708TT, PTGIS rs5602CC, and TXA2R rs1131882TT genotype was significantly higher in patients with plaque compared with patients without plaque, or in patients with ELP compared with patients with EGP. 11-dTxB2 levels, platelet aggregation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates were significantly higher in patients with ELP compared with patients without plaque or with EGP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PTGS2 rs20417CC, TXA2R rs1131882TT, and high-risk interaction among variants in PTGS2 rs20417, TXA2R rs1131882 and TXAS1 rs41708 were independently associated with the risk of ELP after adjusting for confounding variables. The variants in COX pathway genes and the high-risk interactions among variants in PTGS2 rs20417, TXA2R rs1131882 and TXAS1 rs41708 were associated with high 11-dTxB2 and platelet activation, and independently associated with the risk of carotid plaque vulnerability. These variants might be potential markers for plaque instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Yi
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (HL)
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (HL)
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scarpelli R, Sasso O, Piomelli D. A Double Whammy: Targeting Both Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and Cyclooxygenase (COX) To Treat Pain and Inflammation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1242-51. [PMID: 26486424 PMCID: PMC4840092 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pain states that arise from non-resolving inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease or arthritis, pose an unusually difficult challenge for therapy because of the complexity and heterogeneity of their underlying mechanisms. It has been suggested that key nodes linking interactive pathogenic pathways of non-resolving inflammation might offer novel targets for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated production of pain- and inflammation-inducing prostanoids, are a common first-line treatment for this condition, but their use is limited by mechanism-based side effects. The endogenous levels of anandamide, an endocannabinoid mediator with analgesic and tissue-protective functions, are regulated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This review outlines the pharmacological and chemical rationale for the simultaneous inhibition of COX and FAAH activities with designed multitarget agents. Preclinical studies indicate that such agents may combine superior anti-inflammatory efficacy with reduced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Scarpelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Oscar Sasso
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schwartz JI, Musser BJ, Tanaka WK, Taggart WV, Mehta A, Gottesdiener KM, Greenberg HE. Inhibition of prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis in healthy volunteers by single and multiple doses of acetaminophen and indomethacin. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 4:337-45. [PMID: 27137142 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This double-blind, randomized crossover study assessed the effect of acetaminophen (1000 mg every 8 hours) versus indomethacin (50 mg every 8 hours) versus placebo on cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1α, (prostacyclin metabolite, PGI-M; COX-2 inhibition) and 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 (thromboxane metabolite, Tx-M; COX-1 inhibition) were measured after 1 dose and 5 days of dosing. Peak inhibition of urinary metabolite excretion across 8 hours following dosing was the primary end point. Mean PGI-M excretion was 33.7%, 55.9%, and 64.6% on day 1 and 49.4%, 65.1%, and 80.3% on day 5 (placebo, acetaminophen, and indomethacin, respectively). Acetaminophen and indomethacin inhibited PGI-M excretion following single and multiple doses (P = .004 vs placebo). PGI-M excretion inhibition after 1 dose was similar for indomethacin and acetaminophen, but significantly greater with indomethacin after multiple doses (P = .006). Mean Tx-M excretion was 16.2%, 45.2%, and 86.6% on day 1 and 46.2%, 58.4%, and 92.6% on day 5 (placebo, acetaminophen, and indomethacin, respectively). Tx-M excretion inhibition following 1 dose was reduced by acetaminophen (P ≤ .003). Indomethacin reduced Tx-M excretion significantly more than acetaminophen and placebo after single and multiple doses (P ≤ .001). Acetaminophen and indomethacin inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 following a single dose, but acetaminophen was a less potent COX-1 inhibitor than indomethacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anish Mehta
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | | | - Howard E Greenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Animal models are essential to understand the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP) and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Although it has been shown that cerulein-induced AP is associated with pain in experimental animals, most experiments are carried out without any pain-relieving treatment because researchers are apprehensive of an interference of the analgetic agent with AP-associated inflammation. In light of the growing ethical concerns and the legal tightening regarding animal welfare during experiments, this attitude should be changed. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced by cerulein in the C57BL/6J and FVB/N mouse inbred strains. One group received vehicle only, and the other was treated with metamizol as analgetic agent. Pain sensation and parameters of AP were analyzed as well as the effect of metamizol in the pancreas and its actions in the brain. RESULTS We report that oral administration of metamizol protects cerulein-treated mice from abdominal pain without influencing the clinical and histopathological course of the disease. In addition, it could be shown that metamizol reduces the central pain response. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that oral administered metamizol has no influence on the cerulein-induced AP and can be given as an analgesic to increase animal welfare in experiments with induced AP.
Collapse
|
22
|
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an (18)Fluorine-Labeled COX Inhibitor--[(18)F]Fluorooctyl Fenbufen Amide--For Imaging of Brain Tumors. Molecules 2016; 21:387. [PMID: 27007363 PMCID: PMC6273898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of brain tumors remains a great challenge, despite the advances made in imaging technology. An anti-inflammatory compound may be a useful tool for this purpose because there is evidence of inflammatory processes in brain tumor micro-environments. Fluorooctylfenbufen amide (FOFA) was prepared from 8-chlorooctanol via treatment with potassium phthalimide, tosylation with Ts2O, fluorination with KF under phase transfer catalyzed conditions, deprotection using aqueous hydrazine, and coupling with fenbufen. The corresponding radiofluoro product [18F]FOFA, had a final radiochemical yield of 2.81 mCi and was prepared from activated [18F]F− (212 mCi) via HPLC purification and concentration. The radiochemical purity was determined to be 99%, and the specific activity was shown to exceed 22 GBq/μmol (EOS) based on decay-corrected calculations. Ex-vivo analysis of [18F]FOFA in plasma using HPLC showed that the agent had a half-life of 15 min. PET scanning showed significant accumulation of [18F]FOFA over tumor loci with reasonable contrast in C6-glioma bearing rats. These results suggest that this molecule is a promising agent for the visualization of brain tumors. Further investigations should focus on tumor micro-environments.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gonnermann D, Oberg HH, Kellner C, Peipp M, Sebens S, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Resistance of cyclooxygenase-2 expressing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells against γδ T cell cytotoxicity. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e988460. [PMID: 25949900 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.988460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostaglandin (PG) synthetase cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) promotes tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis in a variety of human cancer entities including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we demonstrate that in PDAC cells such as Colo357 cells, enhanced Cox-2 expression and increased release of the Cox-2 metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes resistance against γδ T cell-mediated lysis. Co-culture with activated γδ T cells induced an upregulation of Cox-2 expression in Colo357 cells, and thereby an enhanced PGE2 release, in response to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion from γδ T cells. The PGE2-mediated inhibition of γδ T cell cytotoxicity against Cox-2-expressing PDAC cells can be partially overcome by Cox-2 inhibitors. Our results show that differences between PDAC cells in regards to sensitivity to γδ T-cell cytotoxicity can be due to distinct levels of Cox-2 expression associated with varying amounts of PGE2 release. While γδ T cell cytotoxicity against PDAC cells expressing low levels of Cox-2 can be effectively enhanced by tribody [(Her2)2×Vγ9] with specificity for Vγ9 T cell receptor and HER-2/neu on PDAC cells, a combination of tribody [(Her2)2×Vγ9] and Cox-2 inhibitor is necessary to induce complete lysis of Cox-2 high expressing Colo357. In conclusion, our results suggest that the application of tribody [(Her2)2×Vγ9] that enhances γδ T-cell cytotoxicity and Cox-2 inhibitors that overcome PGE2-mediated resistance of PDAC cells to the cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells might offer a promising combined immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University ; Kiel
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Silva T, Borges F, Edraki N, Alizadeh M, Miri R, Saso L, Firuzi O. Hydroxycinnamic acid as a novel scaffold for the development of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08692b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The most active hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, caffeic acid diethyl ester (CA-DE), demonstrated 88.5/30.5% inhibition at 100/20 μM against COX-2 and negligible COX-1 inhibitory effect. CA-DE showed preferred interactions with COX-2 active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Silva
- CIQ/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - F. Borges
- CIQ/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - N. Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - M. Alizadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - R. Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - L. Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer
- Sapienza University of Rome
- Rome
- Italy
| | - O. Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Diakowska D, Markocka-Mączka K, Nienartowicz M, Lewandowski A, Grabowski K. Increased level of serum prostaglandin-2 in early stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:956-61. [PMID: 25395947 PMCID: PMC4223123 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.34985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin-2 (PGE-2), one of the products of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced catalysis, may play a critical role in the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We investigated the efficacy of using serum PGE-2 concentration as a biomarker for this cancer type. MATERIAL AND METHODS Prostaglandin-2 levels were analyzed in the serum of 65 ESCC patients and in 47 healthy individuals. The concentrations of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured in tumor tissues and normal tissues obtained from 31 surgically treated ESCC patients. RESULTS Serum PGE-2 concentration was significantly higher in ESCC patients than in control patients (p = 0.004), especially in the early stages (I + II) of cancer (p < 0.0001). We observed significant inverse relationships between serum PGE-2 levels and: tumor stage, primary tumor progression, lymph and distant metastasis. The COX-2 concentration was significantly elevated in tumors as compared to normal tissues (p = 0.008). A significant correlation between serum PGE-2 and tumor COX-2 was observed (rho = 0.46, p = 0.009). However, ROC analysis showed that serum PGE-2 may be a weak prognostic factor for ESCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an elevated concentration of serum PGE-2 in the early stages of cancer may possibly be associated with tumor initiation and cancer development in ESCC. The exact role of these findings in early detection of this highly lethal cancer requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Diakowska
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Markocka-Mączka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Nienartowicz
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewandowski
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grabowski
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Barr GA, Hunter DA. Interactions between glia, the immune system and pain processes during early development. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1698-710. [PMID: 24910104 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a serious problem for infants and children and treatment options are limited. Moreover, infants born prematurely or hospitalized for illness likely have concurrent infection that activates the immune system. It is now recognized that the immune system in general and glia in particular influence neurotransmission and that the neural bases of pain are intimately connected to immune function. We know that injuries that induce pain activate immune function and suppressing the immune system alleviates pain. Despite this advance in our understanding, virtually nothing is known of the role that the immune system plays in pain processing in infants and children, even though pain is a serious clinical issue in pediatric medicine. This brief review summarizes the existing data on immune-neural interactions in infants, providing evidence for the immaturity of these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kiefer W, Dannhardt G. COX-2 inhibition and pain management: a review summary. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:431-42. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
28
|
Zhang H, Tian M, Xiu C, Wang Y, Tang G. Enhancement of antitumor activity by combination of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells and celecoxib in a rat glioma model. Oncol Res 2013; 20:447-55. [PMID: 24308155 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13685487925176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines for treatment of gliomas has emerged as a meaningful and feasible treatment approach for inducing long-term survival, but this approach so far has failed to generate significant clinical responses. In the present study, we demonstrated that glioma lysate-pulsed DCs in combination with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, showed more significantly enhanced antitumor activity with increased apoptosis of tumor cells, reduced neovascularization, and developed a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in tumor-bearing rats. Celecoxib may reduce production of prostaglandin E2 and modulate the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines by increasing the pivotal Thl cytokine interleukin-12 and reducing Th2 cytokine interleukin-10. Taken together, our results demonstrated that selective inhibition of COX-2 using celecoxib combined with DC-based immunotherapy could act as an important novel strategy for improving future treatment of malignant gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University School of Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hara Y, Kawasaki N, Hirano KI, Hashimoto Y, Adachi J, Watanabe S, Tomonaga T. Quantitative proteomic analysis of cultured skin fibroblast cells derived from patients with triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:197. [PMID: 24360150 PMCID: PMC3891998 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy (TGCV) is a rare disease, characterized by the massive accumulation of triglyceride (TG) in multiple tissues, especially skeletal muscle, heart muscle and the coronary artery. TGCV is caused by mutation of adipose triglyceride lipase, which is an essential molecule for the hydrolysis of TG. TGCV is at high risk for skeletal myopathy and heart dysfunction, and therefore premature death. Development of therapeutic methods for TGCV is highly desirable. This study aims to discover specific molecules responsible for TGCV pathogenesis. Methods To identify differentially expressed proteins in TGCV patient cells, the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) method coupled with LC-MS/MS was performed using skin fibroblast cells derived from two TGCV patients and three healthy volunteers. Altered protein expression in TGCV cells was confirmed using the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis was simultaneously performed to identify changes in gene expression in TGCV cells. Results Using SILAC proteomics, 4033 proteins were quantified, 53 of which showed significantly altered expression in both TGCV patient cells. Twenty altered proteins were chosen and confirmed using SRM. SRM analysis successfully quantified 14 proteins, 13 of which showed the same trend as SILAC proteomics. The altered protein expression data set was used in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), and significant networks were identified. Several of these proteins have been previously implicated in lipid metabolism, while others represent new therapeutic targets or markers for TGCV. Microarray analysis quantified 20743 transcripts, and 252 genes showed significantly altered expression in both TGCV patient cells. Ten altered genes were chosen, 9 of which were successfully confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. Biological networks of altered genes were analyzed using an IPA search. Conclusions We performed the SILAC- and SRM-based identification-through-confirmation study using skin fibroblast cells derived from TGCV patients, and first identified altered proteins specific for TGCV. Microarray analysis also identified changes in gene expression. The functional networks of the altered proteins and genes are discussed. Our findings will be exploited to elucidate the pathogenesis of TGCV and discover clinically relevant molecules for TGCV in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ying X, Chen X, Cheng S, Zhao Z, Guo X, Chen H, Hong J, Peng L, Xu H. SeMet inhibits IL-1β-induced rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes proliferation and the production of inflammatory mediators. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:437-45. [PMID: 23681674 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that Se has anti-inflammatory activities and that it plays an important role in maintaining normal cartilage metabolism. Nevertheless, little is known about the effects of Se on the production of inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Se on the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced proliferation of FLSs and production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators by FLSs. In this study, the proliferation of FLSs was assessed using the MTT assay after cultured with/without the presence of IL-1β and SeMet. Human FLSs were pretreated with SeMet (0.5 μM) and subsequently stimulated with IL-1β (5 ng/ml) for 24 h. Production of NO and PGE2 were evaluated by the Griess reaction and ELISA. Gene expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, iNOS, and COX-2 was measured by real-time PCR. MMP-3 and MMP-13 proteins in culture medium were determined using cytokine-specific ELISA. Western immunoblotting was used to analyze the iNOS and COX-2 protein production in the culture medium and the activity of phosphorylation of P38 MAPK pathways. We found that SeMet significantly inhibits IL-1β-induced proliferation of FLSs. SeMet also inhibited the production of PGE2 and NO induced by IL-1β. SeMet significantly decreased IL-1β-stimulated gene expression and production of MMP-3, MMP-13, iNOS, and COX-2 in human FLSs. In addition, we found SeMet partly inhibited the IL-1β-induced activation of p38 MAPK pathways. The present report is first to demonstrate that SeMet inhibits IL-1β-induced expression of MMPs and production of inflammatory factors in cultured FLSs, indicating that SeMet may be a potential agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Ying
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, 109 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brose SA, Baker AG, Golovko MY. A fast one-step extraction and UPLC-MS/MS analysis for E2/D 2 series prostaglandins and isoprostanes. Lipids 2013; 48:411-9. [PMID: 23400687 PMCID: PMC3608832 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) and isoprostanes (iso-PG) may be derived through cyclooxygenase or free radical pathways and are important signaling molecules that are also robust biomarkers of oxidative stress. Their quantification is important for understanding many biological processes where PG, iso-PG, or oxidative stress are involved. One of the common methods for PG and iso-PG quantifications is LC-MS/MS that allows a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids without derivatization. However, the currently used LC-MS/MS methods require a multi-step extraction and a long (within an hour) LC separation to achieve simultaneous separation and analysis of the major iso-PG. The developed and validated for brain tissue analysis one-step extraction protocol and UPLC-MS/MS method significantly increases the recovery of the PG extraction up to 95 %, and allows for a much faster (within 4 min) major iso-PGE2 and -PGD2 separation with 5 times narrower chromatographic peaks as compared to previously used methods. In addition, it decreases the time and cost of analysis due to the one-step extraction approach performed in disposable centrifuge tubes. All together, this significantly increases the sensitivity, and the time and cost efficiency of the PG and iso-PG analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Brose
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037
| | | | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil reduces small intestinal inflammation in the absence of clinical improvement in a rat model of indomethacin-induced enteropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:429706. [PMID: 23573127 PMCID: PMC3612469 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug (NSAID) enteropathy is characterized by small intestinal damage and ulceration. Emu Oil (EO) has previously been reported to reduce intestinal inflammation. Aim. We investigated EO for its potential to attenuate NSAID-enteropathy in rats. Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 10/group) were gavaged with Water, Olive Oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL; days 0-12) and with 0.5 mL Water or the NSAID, Indomethacin (8 mg/kg; days 5-12) daily. Disease activity index (DAI), 13C-sucrose breath test (SBT), organ weights, intestinal damage severity (IDS), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. In Indomethacin-treated rats, DAI was elevated (days 10-12) and SBT values (56%) and thymus weight (55%) were decreased, relative to normal controls. Indomethacin increased duodenum (68%), colon (24%), SI (48%), caecum (48%), liver (51%) and spleen (88%) weights, IDS scores, and MPO levels (jejunum: 195%, ileum: 104%) compared to normal controls. Jejunal MPO levels were decreased (64%) by both EO and OO, although only EO decreased ileal MPO (50%), compared to Indomethacin controls. Conclusions. EO reduced acute intestinal inflammation, whereas other parameters of Indomethacin-induced intestinal injury were not affected significantly. Increased EO dose and/or frequency of administration could potentially improve clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cuong D. Tran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zogopoulos P, Vasileiou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. The neuroprotective role of endocannabinoids against chemical-induced injury and other adverse effects. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:246-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Zogopoulos
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| | - Ioanna Vasileiou
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zogopoulos P, Vasileiou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis SE. The role of endocannabinoids in pain modulation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 27:64-80. [PMID: 23278562 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ES) is comprised of cannabinoid (CB) receptors, their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and proteins responsible for their metabolism. Endocannabinoids serve as retrograde signaling messengers in GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses, as well as modulators of postsynaptic transmission, that interact with other neurotransmitters. Physiological stimuli and pathological conditions lead to differential increases in brain endocannabinoids that regulate distinct biological functions. Furthermore, endocannabinoids modulate neuronal, glial, and endothelial cell function and exert neuromodulatory, anti-excitotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects. Analgesia is one of the principal therapeutic targets of cannabinoids. Cannabinoid analgesia is based on the suppression of spinal and thalamic nociceptive neurons, but peripheral sites of action have also been identified. The chronic pain that occasionally follows peripheral nerve injury differs fundamentally from inflammatory pain and is an area of considerable unmet therapeutic need. Over the last years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the role of the ES in the modulation of pain. Endocannabinoids have been shown to behave as analgesics in models of both acute nociception and clinical pain such as inflammation and painful neuropathy. The framework for such analgesic effects exists in the CB receptors, which are found in areas of the nervous system important for pain processing and in immune cells that regulate the neuro-immune interactions that mediate the inflammatory hyperalgesia. The purpose of this review is to present the available research and clinical data, up to date, regarding the ES and its role in pain modulation, as well as its possible therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Zogopoulos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Anti-inflammatory activity of lipophilic epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Food Chem 2012; 134:742-8. [PMID: 23107686 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea and the main bioactive compound responsible for the health benefits of tea consumption, has been proposed as a functional ingredient for food and natural health products. However, EGCG is hydrophilic with poor cellular absorption and thus compromised bioefficiency in vivo. In order to enhance the lipophilicity of EGCG for improved bioefficiency and to take advantage of the health beneficial omega 3 fatty acids, the EGCG molecule was esterified with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), upon which a mixture of ester derivatives with different degrees of substitution was produced. The EGCG-DPA esters were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS (lipopolysaccharides)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. The production of pro-inflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE(2)) was significantly inhibited by treatment of EGCG-DPA esters, and the inhibition was largely due to their down-regulatory effect on iNOS (inducible NO synthase) and COX (cyclooxygenase)-2 gene expression at transcriptional level. The EGCG-DPA esters effectively suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX -2 proteins as well as their mRNA, as observed with western blotting and RT-PCR analyses. Ester derivatives of EGCG with other fatty acids (stearic acid, SA; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) were also prepared in the form of pure tetraesters, which also exhibited anti-inflammatory effect in the macrophages. The results suggest that EGCG ester derivatives with anti-inflammatory potentials may be useful in preventing/treating inflammation-mediated diseases and health conditions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Cycloxygenase-2 is essential for the survival and proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 61:637-41. [PMID: 21830126 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cycloxygenase-2 catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and this enzyme has been implicated in the metastasis of gastric cancer. In order to examine the significance of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in the survival and proliferation of gastric cancer cells, we have stably overexpressed an antisense Cox-2 in two gastric cancer cell lines, SGC7901 and AGS, in order to reduce the expression of this protein. The sense and antisense Cox-2 expression vectors were created by cloning COX-2 cDNA, in pIRES2-EGFP plasmid. Cox-2 gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR and Western blotting and the results indicated that cells with antisense Cox-2 construct had significantly reduced Cox-2 expression in comparison to the cells that received sense-Cox-2 plasmid. Reduction of Cox-2 expression in SGC7901 and AGS gastric cancer cells led to markedly decreased proliferation. The metastatic capability of the two cell lines, as assessed by in vitro colony formation assay, is also significantly compromised by lowered Cox-2 expression. Thus, this study demonstrates that Cox-2 activity is necessary for the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rajavashisth TB, Shaheen M, Norris KC, Pan D, Sinha SK, Ortega J, Friedman TC. Decreased prevalence of diabetes in marijuana users: cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. BMJ Open 2012; 2:e000494. [PMID: 22368296 PMCID: PMC3289985 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and marijuana use. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PARTICIPANTS The study included participants of the NHANES III, a nationally representative sample of the US population. The total analytic sample was 10 896 adults. The study included four groups (n=10 896): non-marijuana users (61.0%), past marijuana users (30.7%), light (one to four times/month) (5.0%) and heavy (more than five times/month) current marijuana users (3.3%). DM was defined based on self-report or abnormal glycaemic parameters. We analysed data related to demographics, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, plasma haemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose level and the serum levels of C reactive protein and four additional inflammatory markers as related to marijuana use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES OR for DM associated with marijuana use adjusted for potential confounding variables (ie, odds of DM in marijuana users compared with non-marijuana users). RESULTS Marijuana users had a lower age-adjusted prevalence of DM compared to non-marijuana users (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.55; p<0.0001). The prevalence of elevated C reactive protein (>0.5 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.0001) among non-marijuana users (18.9%) than among past (12.7%) or current light (15.8%) or heavy (9.2%) users. In a robust multivariate model controlling for socio-demographic factors, laboratory values and comorbidity, the lower odds of DM among marijuana users was significant (adjusted OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.55; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Marijuana use was independently associated with a lower prevalence of DM. Further studies are needed to show a direct effect of marijuana on DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tripathi B Rajavashisth
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Omics Biotechnology, Inc, Lawndale, California, USA
| | - Magda Shaheen
- Office of Research, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keith C Norris
- Office of Research, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deyu Pan
- Office of Research, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Satyesh K Sinha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juan Ortega
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Straiker A, Wager-Miller J, Hu SS, Blankman JL, Cravatt BF, Mackie K. COX-2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase can regulate the time course of depolarization-induced suppression of excitation. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1672-83. [PMID: 21564090 PMCID: PMC3230814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) and excitation (DSE) are two forms of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission, whose durations are regulated by endocannabinoid (eCB) degradation. We have recently shown that in cultured hippocampal neurons monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) controls the duration of DSE, while DSI duration is determined by both MGL and COX-2. This latter result suggests that DSE might be attenuated, and excitatory transmission enhanced, during inflammation and in other settings where COX-2 expression is up-regulated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To investigate whether it is possible to control the duration of eCB-mediated synaptic plasticity by varied expression of eCB-degrading enzymes, we transfected excitatory autaptic hippocampal neurons with putative 2-AG metabolizing enzymes: COX-2, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6), α/β hydrolase domain 12 (ABHD12) or MGL. KEY RESULTS We found that overexpression of either COX-2 or FAAH shortens the duration of DSE while ABHD6 or ABHD12 do not. In contrast, genetic deletion (MGL(-/-)) and overexpression of MGL both radically altered eCB-mediated synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that both FAAH and COX-2 can be trafficked to neuronal sites where they are able to degrade eCBs to modulate DSE duration and, by extension, net endocannabinoid signalling at a given synapse. The results for COX-2, which is often up-regulated under pathological conditions, are of particular note in that they offer a mechanism by which up-regulated COX-2 may promote neuronal excitation by suppressing DSE while enhancing conversion of 2-AG to PGE(2) -glycerol ester under pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Straiker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang JL, Lin YW, Chen HM, Kong X, Xiong H, Shen N, Hong J, Fang JY. Calcium prevents tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22566. [PMID: 21857934 PMCID: PMC3157344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Calcium has been proposed as a mediator of the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the comprehensive mechanism underlying this preventive effect is not yet clear. Hence, we conducted this study to evaluate the possible roles and mechanisms of calcium-mediated prevention of CRC induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in mice. METHODS For gene expression analysis, 6 non-tumor colorectal tissues of mice from the DMH + Calcium group and 3 samples each from the DMH and control groups were hybridized on a 4×44 K Agilent whole genome oligo microarray, and selected genes were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Functional analysis of the microarray data was performed using KEGG and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. Hub genes were identified using Pathway Studio software. RESULTS The tumor incidence rates in the DMH and DMH + Calcium groups were 90% and 40%, respectively. Microarray gene expression analysis showed that S100a9, Defa20, Mmp10, Mmp7, Ptgs2, and Ang2 were among the most downregulated genes, whereas Per3, Tef, Rnf152, and Prdx6 were significantly upregulated in the DMH + Calcium group compared with the DMH group. Functional analysis showed that the Wnt, cell cycle, and arachidonic acid pathways were significantly downregulated in the DMH + Calcium group, and that the GO terms related to cell differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation, cell death, adhesion, and cell migration were significantly affected. Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) were considered as potent hub genes. CONCLUSION In the DMH-induced CRC mouse model, comprehensive mechanisms were involved with complex gene expression alterations encompassing many altered pathways and GO terms. However, how calcium regulates these events remains to be studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lin Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Wei Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pham CTN. Nanotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:607-19. [PMID: 21837725 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease characterized by progressive bone and cartilage destruction, resulting in severe functional limitations, shortened lifespan, and increased mortality rates. Recent advances and new treatment approaches have significantly delayed disease progression and improved the quality of life for many patients. Yet few patients attain or can be maintained in disease remission without continuous immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, a sizable portion of patients also fails to respond or eventually develops tolerance to current therapies. Thus there is a continued need for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of RA. Unlike conventional drugs, nanosystems are designed to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the site of inflammation, therefore avoiding potential systemic and off-target unwanted effects. They allow investigators to consider or reconsider therapeutic agents that were previously deemed too toxic to deliver through a systemic route. This article reviews recent nanotechnology-based strategies that are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hunter DA, Barr GA, Amador N, Shivers KY, Kemen L, Kreiter CM, Jenab S, Inturrisi CE, Quinones-Jenab V. Estradiol-induced antinociceptive responses on formalin-induced nociception are independent of COX and HPA activation. Synapse 2011; 65:643-51. [PMID: 21132813 PMCID: PMC3075311 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen modulates pain perception but how it does so is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine if estradiol reduces nociceptive responses in part via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/COX-2 activity. The first study examined the effects of estradiol (20%) or vehicle with concurrent injection nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on formalin-induced nociceptive responding (flinching) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The drugs were ibuprofen (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor), SC560 (COX-1 inhibitor), or NS398 (COX-2 inhibitor). In a second study, estradiol's effects on formalin-induced nociception were tested in adrenalectomized (ADX), OVX, and ADX+OVX rats. Serum levels of prostaglandins (PG) PGE(2) and corticosterone were measured. Estradiol significantly decreased nociceptive responses in OVX rats with effects during both the first and the second phase of the formalin test. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) did not alter nociception at the doses used here. Adrenalectomy neither altered flinching responses in female rats nor reversed estradiol-induced antinociceptive responses. Estradiol alone had no effect on corticosterone (CORT) or prostaglandin levels after the formalin test, dissociating the effects of estradiol on behavior and these serum markers. Ibuprofen and NS398 significantly reduced PGE2 levels. CORT was not decreased by OVX surgery or by estradiol below that of ADX. Only IBU significantly increased corticosterone levels. Taken together, our results suggest that estradiol-induced antinociception in female rats is independent of COX activity and HPA axis activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirtra A Hunter
- Hunter College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brose SA, Thuen BT, Golovko MY. LC/MS/MS method for analysis of E₂ series prostaglandins and isoprostanes. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:850-9. [PMID: 21317107 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d013441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
15-series prostaglandins (PGE₂s) and isoprostanes (isoPGE₂s) are robust biomarkers of oxidative stress, possess potent biological activity, and may be derived through cyclooxygenase or free radical pathways. Thus, their quantification is critical in understanding many biological processes where PG, isoPG, or oxidative stress are involved. LC/MS/MS methods allow a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids without derivatization. However, the LC/MS/MS methods currently used do not allow for simultaneous separation of the major brain PGE₂/D₂) and isoPGE₂ without derivatization and multiple HPLC separations. The developed LC/MS/MS method allows for the major brain PGE₂/PGD₂/isoPGE₂ such as PGE₂, entPGE₂, 8-isoPGE₂, 11β-PGE₂, PGD₂, and 15(R)-PGD₂ to be separated and quantified without derivatization. The method was validated by analyzing free and esterified isoPGE₂ in mouse brains fixed with head-focused microwave irradiation before or after global ischemia. Using the developed method, we report for the first time the esterified isoPGE₂ levels in brain tissue under basal conditions and upon global ischemia and demonstrate a nonreleasable pool of esterified isoPG upon ischemia. In addition, we demonstrated that PGE₂s found esterified in the sn-2 position in phospholipids are derived from a free radical nonenzymatic pathway under basal conditions. Our method for brain PG analysis provides a high level of selectivity to detect changes in brain PG and isoPG mass under both basal and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Brose
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
L'Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Caniglia S, Testa N, Serra PA, Impagnatiello F, Morale MC, Marchetti B. Combining nitric oxide release with anti-inflammatory activity preserves nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation and prevents motor impairment in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:83. [PMID: 21092260 PMCID: PMC3000390 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence suggests a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of basal ganglia injury. Reportedly, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) mitigate DAergic neurotoxicity in rodent models of PD. Consistent with these findings, epidemiological analysis indicated that certain NSAIDs may prevent or delay the progression of PD. However, a serious impediment of chronic NSAID therapy, particularly in the elderly, is gastric, renal and cardiac toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO)-donating NSAIDs, have a safer profile while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity of parent compounds. We have investigated the oral activity of the NO-donating derivative of flurbiprofen, [2-fluoro-α-methyl (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetic-4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester], HCT1026 (30 mg kg-1 daily in rodent chow) in mice exposed to the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP. Methods Ageing mice were fed with a control, flurbiprofen, or HCT1026 diet starting ten days before MPTP administration and continuing for all the experimental period. Striatal high affinity synaptosomial dopamine up-take, motor coordination assessed with the rotarod, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine transporter (DAT) fiber staining, stereological cell counts, immunoblotting and gene expression analyses were used to assess MPTP-induced nigrostriatal DAergic toxicity and glial activation 1-40 days post-MPTP. Results HCT1026 was well tolerated and did not cause any measurable toxic effect, whereas flurbiprofen fed mice showed severe gastrointestinal side-effects. HCT1026 efficiently counteracted motor impairment and reversed MPTP-induced decreased synaptosomal [3H]dopamine uptake, TH- and DAT-stained fibers in striatum and TH+ neuron loss in subtantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), as opposed to age-matched mice fed with a control diet. These effects were associated to a significant decrease in reactive macrophage antigen-1 (Mac-1)-positive microglial cells within the striatum and ventral midbrain, decreased expression of iNOS, Mac-1 and NADPH oxidase (PHOX), and downregulation of 3-Nitrotyrosine, a peroxynitrite finger print, in SNpc DAergic neurons. Conclusions Oral treatment with HCT1026 has a safe profile and a significant efficacy in counteracting MPTP-induced dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity, motor impairment and microglia activation in ageing mice. HCT1026 provides a novel promising approach towards the development of effective pharmacological neuroprotective strategies against PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L'Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Determinants of Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT scan sensitivity in primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Surg 2010; 199:614-20. [PMID: 20466104 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of patient and adenoma characteristics on (99m)Tc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scan performance in individuals diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). METHODS Records of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHP over 6 years at a single center were reviewed. RESULTS The overall true-positive (TP) rate for (99m)Tc-MIBI scans was 56%. Adenomas sized 1.9 to 3.5 cm were more likely to have TP scans than 0.3-cm to 1.8-cm adenomas (74% vs 40%, P < .001). Preoperative ionized calcium levels between 1.49 and 1.72 mmol/L were more likely to have TPs than levels between 1.27 and 1.48 mmol/L (65% vs 47%, P < .05). No single class of medication was shown to significantly effect TP rates. A decrease in TP rate was observed for larger adenomas in patients on >or=1 medication (74% vs 65%, P = .05). CONCLUSIONS In PHP, (99m)Tc-MIBI scan positivity is most related to adenoma size and preoperative ionized calcium level.
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee HJ, Oh TH, Yoon WJ, Kang GJ, Yang EJ, Park SS, Lee NH, Kang HK, Yoo ES. Eutigoside C inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2, IL-6) by down-regulating NF-κB and MAP kinase activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:917-24. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.7.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Eutigoside C, a compound isolated from the leaves of Eurya emarginata, is thought to be an active anti-inflammatory compound which operates through an unknown mechanism. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms of eutigoside C activity in lipopolysacchardide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with eutigoside C inhibited LPS-stimulated production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). To further elucidate the mechanism of this inhibitory effect of eutigoside C, we studied LPS-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation. Eutigoside C suppressed NF-κB DNA binding activity, interfering with nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Eutigoside C suppressed the phosphorylation of three MAP kinases (ERK1/2, JNK and p38). These results suggest that eutigoside C inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2 and interleukin-6) by suppressing the activation and translocation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of MAP kinases (ERK1/2, JNK and p38) in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Tae-Heon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Weon-Jong Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Gyeoung-Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Sun-Soon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Nam-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Popović NM, Karamarković AR, Blagojević ZB, Terzić BV, Nikolić VT, Gregorić PB, Djoković J, Bajec DD. [Postoperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in orthopedic surgery]. ACTA CHIRURGICA IUGOSLAVICA 2010; 57:85-92. [PMID: 20681207 DOI: 10.2298/aci1001085p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) lead to satisfactory acute and chronic pain relief. Besides that, they exert potent antiinflamatory effect. Their analgesic potency is dose related and limited. Orthopedic patients are often on these medications preoperatively and experience opioid-sparing effect in the postoperative period. Chronic NSAIDs use is related to higher rate of sistemic adverse effects, but even short time exposure in the postoperative period is not risk-free. Although Coxibs reduce GIT bleeding incidence due to prolonged use of NSAIDs, there has to be judicious decision considering their cardiovascular adverse effects. There is evidence that NSAIDs producing moderate, dose-dependent increased bleeding time within normal values. High risk of bleeding have patients with established coagulopathy, alcohol abuse and on anticoagulant treatment. There is no strong evidence on influence of NSAIDs on bone growth. Nevertheless, there is evidence that NSAIDs do prevent heterotropic ossification. Prostaglandins are vital contributors for maintainig tissue homeostasis and NSAIDs use can lead to many unwanted effects. Those adverse effect are more common with prolonged exposure, are dose-related and risks have to be carefully and individually assesed in the postoperative pain management.
Collapse
|
47
|
Smid SD. Role of prostaglandins and specific place in therapy of bimatoprost in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure and ocular hypertension: A closer look at the agonist properties of bimatoprost and the prostamides. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:663-70. [PMID: 20054414 PMCID: PMC2801635 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimatoprost is the only representative of a novel class of prostaglandin ethanolamide (prostamide) compounds used therapeutically as an efficacious treatment for glaucoma. The pathways through which bimatoprost works to improve uveoscleral outflow to relieve elevated intraocular pressure are similar to those of the conventional prostaglandins used in glaucoma therapy, with some evidence of a preferential action at the trabecular meshwork. The pharmacology of bimatoprost is however, unclear. Pharmacological evidence supports a specific and distinct receptor-mediated agonist activity of bimatoprost at ‘prostamide’ receptors, which is selective to the prostamides as a class. However, other studies have reported either activity of bimatoprost at additional prostanoid and nonprostanoid receptors, or a conversion of bimatoprost to metabolites with agonist activity at prostaglandin FP receptors in the human eye. The formation of endogenous prostamides has been demonstrated in vivo, by a novel pathway involving the cyclooxygenase-2-mediated conversion of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) substrates. Irrespective of the pharmacology of bimatoprost and the prostamides in general, further studies are needed to determine the biological role and biochemical pathology of prostamides in the human eye, particularly in glaucoma. Such studies may improve our understanding of uveoscleral flow and may offer new treatments for controlling intraocular pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jiao W, Kiang JG, Cary L, Elliott TB, Pellmar TC, Ledney GD. COX-2 inhibitors are contraindicated for treatment of combined injury. Radiat Res 2009; 172:686-97. [PMID: 19929415 DOI: 10.1667/rr1581.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Casualties of radiation dispersal devices, nuclear detonation or major ionizing radiation accidents, in addition to radiation exposure, may sustain physical and/or thermal trauma. Radiation exposure plus additional tissue trauma is known as combined injury. There are no definitive therapeutic agents. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme expressed in pathological disorders and radiation injury, plays an important role in inflammation and the production of cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and could therefore affect the outcome for victims of combined injury. The COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib and meloxicam were evaluated for their therapeutic value against combined injury in mice. In survival studies, the COX-2 inhibitors had no beneficial effect on 30-day survival, wound healing or body weight gain after radiation injury alone or after combined injury. Meloxicam accelerated death in both wounded and combined injury mice. These drugs also induced severe hepatic toxicity, exaggerated inflammatory processes, and did not enhance hematopoietic cell regeneration. This study points to potential contraindications for use of COX-2 inhibitors in patients undergoing therapy for radiation injury and combined injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Jiao
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5603, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
SummaryThere is a high prevalence of pain in older people. Optimal assessment and management of pain in this population is challenging. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesic medications are affected by ageing and frailty, as well as by intercurrent medical conditions and their treatments. This review describes what is currently understood about the impacts of old age and frailty on the clinical pharmacology of commonly used analgesics, to provide a rational basis for the use of these medicines. In view of the wide age-related inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesic medications, monitoring of clinical response and adverse effects is essential to optimize pain control in older people.
Collapse
|
50
|
Ramalho TC, Rocha MVJ, da Cunha EFF, Freitas MP. The search for new COX-2 inhibitors: a review of 2002 - 2008 patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1193-228. [PMID: 19563267 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903059125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two COX isoenzymes are known, COX-1 and COX-2, for which the main inhibitors are the NSAIDs. The common anti-inflammatory drugs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen) all act by blocking the action of both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The COX-2 inhibitors represent a new class of drugs that do not affect COX-1 but selectively block COX-2. This selective action provides the benefits of reducing inflammation without irritating the stomach and cardiovascular effects. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on patents published in the field during 2002 - 2008, paying particular attention to promising COX-2 inhibitors. CONCLUSION Structural analogues of the COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib and valdecoxib, and novel potential pyridazine, triazole, indole and thione derivatives emerge as promising leads for the treatment of inflammation, pain and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodorico C Ramalho
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Química, Campus universitário- UFLA, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|