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Leng X, Yu X, Chen Y, Wang T, Zhao F, Feng C, Feng W. Temporal dynamics of spatial attentional biases toward weight-related words among females with weight dissatisfaction. Biol Psychol 2024; 190:108807. [PMID: 38703810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Attentional bias toward weight-related stimuli plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of body image disturbances. However, the temporal dynamics of attentional biases responsible for the previously reported behavioral effects caused by the task-irrelevant but spatial-relevant weight-related stimuli presented in the peripheral visual field among females with high weight dissatisfaction (HWD) remain unclear. The present study combined the modified dot-probe task and event-related potentials to explore the temporal dynamics of spatial attentional biases toward weight-related words among females with HWD. The results showed significantly larger N2pc amplitudes were elicited by fat-related and thin-related words than neutral words only in the HWD group. Moreover, only fat-related words elicited a significant PD for the HWD group, and the PD amplitudes were larger in the HWD group than in the control group. These findings revealed that weight-related words initially captured spatial allocation among females with HWD, and then fat-related words were actively suppressed after the initial capturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Leng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 21512, China
| | - Xiaocui Yu
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 21512, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- College of Teacher Education, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 21512, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 21512, China.
| | - Chengzhi Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 21512, China.
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 21512, China; Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Xia R, Liu Y, Liu B, Kou M, Zhao L, Zhang P, Wang Q. Effects of perspective taking on attention bias to body-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104131. [PMID: 38219429 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Using lexical judgment tasks, the present study explored whether perspective taking affected attention bias to body-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. Experiment 1 examined the junior high school students' attention bias to body schema-related words; the results showed the body image disturbance group responded significantly more quickly to negative body schema-related words than positive words, whereas the control group did not show a significant difference between positive and negative words. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the positive or negative body schema-related words were suitable to describe themselves, when adopting their own perspective or that of another person. The results showed that reaction times to negative words were significantly shorter than to positive words when adopting a self-perspective. When taking another's perspective, there was no significant difference of reaction time between positive and negative words. This result demonstrated that perspective taking reduced attention bias to negative body schema-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. The present research suggests that guiding adolescents to view themselves from different perspectives can help them form a more accurate and objective body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xia
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Binghua Liu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; School of Education and Arts, Lanzhou Modern Vocational College, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mingjiao Kou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; Shenzhen Fuhe Psychological Education Consulting Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518105, China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
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3
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Yao J, Leng X, Chen Y, Chen M, Liu A, Feng C, Feng W. Attentional suppression of weight-related distractors among females with weight dissatisfaction. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14408. [PMID: 37548290 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have investigated attentional biases toward weight-related information among individuals with weight dissatisfaction, the mechanisms underlying the processing of task-irrelevant and spatial-irrelevant weight-related information as distractors remain unclear. Participants were assigned to groups according to their levels of weight dissatisfaction to address this question. Participants with high weight dissatisfaction (HWD) were assigned to the experimental group; those with low weight dissatisfaction (LWD) were assigned to a control group. By recording event-related potentials during a visual search task along the median vertical line, fatness-related/thinness-related/neutral words and scrambled strokes were presented horizontally in pairs as task-irrelevant distractors. The results showed that intact words facilitated fast attentional orienting compared to scrambled strokes, as revealed by the significant N2pc for all types of intact words for both the HWD and LWD groups. More importantly, only fatness- and thinness-related words elicited the evident PD in the HWD group, and the PD amplitudes were larger in the HWD group compared to the LWD group. These findings suggest that weight-related distractors were actively suppressed after initial attentional orienting among females with HWD. This reveals the mechanisms of attentional biases toward weight-related information among females with HWD and contributes to the model of the cognitive-behavioral theory of body image disturbance. These results may help enhance prevention and interventions for reducing weight dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuechen Leng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- College of Teacher Education, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Minran Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aixin Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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4
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Kou H, Luo W, Liu X, Ke M, Xie Q, Li X, Bi T. Mindfulness training modifies attentional bias to facial emotion and emotional symptoms. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 167:139-148. [PMID: 37871515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness training has been shown to improve emotional symptoms such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, its cognitive-behavioral mechanism is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness training on attention to emotional faces and its role in the improvement in emotional symptoms. METHODS Eighty participants were recruited and randomly divided into a training group (n = 40) that received eight weeks of mindfulness training and a control group (n = 40) that attended a mindfulness lecture. Before training (T1), immediately after training (T2), and three months after training (T3), all participants were asked to complete the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) to assess their emotional symptoms and a modified dot-probe task to measure their attention to emotional faces. RESULTS Mindfulness training significantly reduced anxiety and depressive symptoms at both T2 and T3. After training, the attentional bias toward happy faces increased, while the attentional bias toward sad faces decreased in the training group compared with the control group. Mediation analysis showed that the improvement in attentional bias toward sad faces partially mediated the effect of mindfulness training on depression at T2. LIMITATIONS Our participants were not a clinical sample (i.e., were not diagnosed with emotional disorders), and the time course of attention components was difficult to examine in the present study. CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness training can stably reduce anxious and depressive symptoms. However, it may have a temporary effect on attentional bias toward facial emotions, which plays a limited role in improving emotional symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kou
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Luo
- The Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinnan Liu
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mingyang Ke
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qinhong Xie
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xue Li
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Taiyong Bi
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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5
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Chen Y, Leng X, Yao J, Chen T, Liao Y, Jiang Y, Feng C, Feng W. Attentional biases toward auditory weight-related information among females with weight dissatisfaction. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14318. [PMID: 37118969 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Although there is substantial evidence of visual attentional biases in processing weight-related information among individuals with weight dissatisfaction, few studies have examined auditory attentional biases in these individuals. The identification of attentional biases may provide an impetus for interventions to reduce distress, negative body image, and pathological eating patterns among weight-dissatisfied individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the attentional biases, as well as the neural consequences, toward auditory weight-related information among weight-dissatisfied young females. In this experiment, young female participants were assigned to an experimental group with high weight dissatisfaction (HWD) and a control group with low weight dissatisfaction (LWD) according to the levels of weight dissatisfaction. Using a spatial cueing paradigm, auditory fatness-related, thinness-related, and neutral household words were presented laterally as cue stimuli, followed by visual stimuli presented at either the cued or uncued location. The results revealed that auditory fatness-related words elicited significantly larger N2ac amplitudes than auditory thinness-related and neutral words in the HWD group. However, for the LWD group, thinness-related words elicited a significantly larger N2ac than fatness-related and neutral words. These results suggest an orienting attentional bias toward auditory fatness-related body words among females with HWD and an orienting attentional bias toward auditory thinness-related words among females with LWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Teacher Education, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Xuechen Leng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingji Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Liao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiyao Jiang
- Research College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Chengzhi Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Kirkpatrick CE, Lee S. Effects of Instagram Body Portrayals on Attention, State Body Dissatisfaction, and Appearance Management Behavioral Intention. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:1430-1441. [PMID: 34881654 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.2010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Research has suggested that Instagram is detrimental to one's body image and health, as a result of its image-driven nature and the social comparisons that are commonly made between users' bodies and the bodies they see portrayed. This study was designed to provide a better understanding of the effects of thin and fat body types portrayed in Instagram posts. This was done by examining how such body type portrayals influence attention to the posts, in addition to influencing outcomes such as body dissatisfaction and appearance management behavioral intentions. A total of 309 college students viewed 30 Instagram posts in an online experiment with a 2 (portrayed body type: thin vs. fat) X 15 (message repetition) within-subjects design. The findings indicate that thin-body portrayals increase audience self-reported attention to the posts and state body dissatisfaction, but female users who self-perceive themselves as fat report a similar level of attention to the posts regardless of portrayed body types. Additionally, Instagram use (defined as the number of photos users personally post) is found to moderate the effects of the body portrayals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciera Elaine Kirkpatrick
- Advertising & Public Relations, College of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Sungkyoung Lee
- Strategic Communication, School of Journalism, University of Missouri
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7
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House T, Graham K, Ellis B, Bould H, Attwood AS, Stephen ID, Brooks KR, Penton-Voak IS. Is body dissatisfaction related to an attentional bias towards low weight bodies in non-clinical samples of women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2023; 44:103-119. [PMID: 36563472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction is defined as the negative subjective evaluation of one's body and is considered a risk factor for, and symptom of, eating disorders. Some studies show women with high body dissatisfaction display an attentional bias towards low weight bodies; however, this finding is not consistent, and results are yet to be systematically synthesised. We conducted a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of cross-sectional studies investigating the relationship between body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to low weight bodies in non-clinical samples of women. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ProQuest, and OpenGrey for studies up until September 2022. We identified 34 eligible studies involving a total of 2857 women. A meta-analysis of 26 studies (75 effects) found some evidence from gaze tracking studies for a positive association between body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to low weight bodies. We found no evidence for an association from studies measuring attention using the dot probe task, electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, or the modified spatial cueing task. The results together provide partial support for the positive association between body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to low weight bodies in women. These findings can be used to inform future attentional bias research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T House
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - K Graham
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - B Ellis
- EPSRC CDT in Digital Health and Care, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - H Bould
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A S Attwood
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - I D Stephen
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - K R Brooks
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - I S Penton-Voak
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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8
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Chen T, Li Y, Feng C, Feng W. Spatial attentional biases toward height-related words in young males with physical stature dissatisfaction. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14163. [PMID: 35965305 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
By recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during a dot-probe task, the present study examined the neural dynamics of attentional bias toward height-related words among height dissatisfied males. Sixty male participants screened by Negative Physical Self Scale-Stature Concerns subscale (NPS-S) were assigned into a high height dissatisfaction (HHD) group and a low height dissatisfaction (LHD) group. The results showed that tall-related versus neutral words elicited larger N2pc for both HHD and LHD groups, whereas short-related versus neutral words elicited larger N2pc only for the HHD group. Additionally, an evident Pd was elicited by tall-related words for the HHD group, but not for the LHD group. Taken together, these findings revealed attentional biases toward height-related information for HHD individuals on a neural level. Specifically, HHD individuals showed an enhanced spatial attention oriented toward both tall-related and short-related words, and then, the allocated attention to the tall-related words was terminated by an active suppression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingji Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yishuang Li
- Wuzhong Changqiao Middle School, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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9
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Fusco G, Ciccarone S, Petrucci M, Cozzani B, Vercelli G, Cotugno A, Bufalari I. Altered processing of conflicting body representations in women with restrictive anorexia nervosa. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s00426-022-01788-3. [PMID: 36592180 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive and affective impairments in processing body image have been observed in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and may induce the hypercontrolled and regulative behaviors observed in this disorder. Here, we aimed to probe the link between activation of body representations and cognitive control by investigating the ability to resolve body-related representational conflicts in women with restrictive AN and matched healthy controls (HC). Participants performed a modified version of the Flanker task in which underweight and overweight body images were presented as targets and distractors; a classic version of the task, with letters, was also administered as a control. The findings indicated that performance was better among the HC group in the task with bodies compared to the task with letters; however, no such facilitation was observed in AN patients, whose overall performance was poorer than that of the HC group in both tasks. In the task with body stimuli, performance among patients with AN was the worst on trials presenting underweight targets with overweight bodies as flankers. These results may reflect a dysfunctional association between the processing of body-related representations and cognitive control mechanisms that may aid clinicians in the development of optimal individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Fusco
- Department of Psychology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, "Sapienza" University of Rome and CLN2S@SAPIENZA, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Ciccarone
- Department of Psychology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, "Sapienza" University of Rome and CLN2S@SAPIENZA, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M Petrucci
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva S.r.l., Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - B Cozzani
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, ASL Roma1, Rome, Italy
| | - G Vercelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Cotugno
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, ASL Roma1, Rome, Italy
| | - I Bufalari
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Zhou A, Xie P, Ahmed MZ, Jobe MC, Ahmed O. Body mass index and attention bias of food cues in women: a mediation model of body weight dissatisfaction. PeerJ 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food attention bias could be used to indicate diet-related diseases in individuals with obesity. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and food attention bias, and the mediating role of body weight dissatisfaction (BWD) on this relationship in women. Seventy-five participants were recruited to complete a visual dot task with eye tracking. The results showed that BMI would positively predict response latency and duration bias on high-calorie foods; the relationship between BMI and response latency of high-calorie food was a complete mediation of BWD; the relationship between BMI and duration bias of high-calorie food was a complete mediation of BWD; and BWD positively predicts response latency and duration bias on high-calorie foods. These findings suggest a positive relationship between BMI and food attention bias, and the effect of a complete mediation of BWD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibao Zhou
- Department of Psychology, The Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pei Xie
- Department of Psychology, The Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Md Zahir Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, The Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mary C. Jobe
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Oli Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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11
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Zhao J, Jia T, Wang X, Xiao Y, Wu X. Risk Factors Associated With Social Media Addiction: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:837766. [PMID: 35496214 PMCID: PMC9046602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.837766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of social media is becoming a necessary daily activity in today’s society. Excessive and compulsive use of social media may lead to social media addiction (SMA). The main aim of this study was to investigate whether demographic factors (including age and gender), impulsivity, self-esteem, emotions, and attentional bias were risk factors associated with SMA. The study was conducted in a non-clinical sample of college students (N = 520), ranging in age from 16 to 23 years, including 277 females (53%) and 243 males (47%). All participants completed a survey measuring impulsivity, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, social anxiety, loneliness, and attentional bias. The final hierarchical regression model indicated significant risk factors for SMA with an accuracy of 38%. The identified set of associated risk factors included female gender (β = −0.21, t = −4.88, p < 0.001), impulsivity (β = 0.34, t = 8.50, p < 0.001), self-esteem (β = −0.20, t = −4.38, p < 0.001), anxiety (β = 0.24, t = 4.43, p < 0.001), social anxiety (β = 0.25, t = 5.79, p < 0.001), and negative attentional biases (β = 0.31, t = 8.01, p < 0.001). Finally, a discussion of the results is presented, followed by corresponding recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, 987th Hospital of PLA, Baoji, China
| | - Xiuming Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, 987th Hospital of PLA, Baoji, China
| | - Yiming Xiao
- School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingqu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, 987th Hospital of PLA, Baoji, China
- *Correspondence: Xingqu Wu,
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12
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Bi T, Xie Q, Gao J, Zhang T, Kou H. The Effect of Empathy on the Attentional Processing of Painful and Emotional Stimuli. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1223-1234. [PMID: 34408507 PMCID: PMC8364384 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s318657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empathy is shown to affect the attentional processing of painful stimuli and emotional stimuli. However, whether the attentional effects on emotional stimuli depend on emotional valence and the nature of the relationship between the attentional effects on different stimuli are still unknown. Methods In the present study, 25 high-empathy (HE) participants and 25 low-empathy (LE) participants were recruited to perform dot-probe tasks on painful stimuli and emotional stimuli. Results The results showed that HE individuals had weak attentional disengagement to painful pictures. More importantly, regarding emotional pictures, HE individuals showed attentional avoidance to negative emotion pictures, while LE individuals showed attentional bias to positive emotion pictures. Correlation analysis showed that the attentional bias score and attentional disengagement score were only associated with each other within the same category of stimuli (painful, positive or negative stimuli). Conclusion These results revealed that HE individuals mainly showed attentional avoidance to negative stimuli, while LE individuals mainly showed attentional bias to positive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyong Bi
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinhong Xie
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China.,School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Gao
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Kou
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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13
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Jackson T, Ye X, Hall BJ, Chen H. "Have You Taken the A4 Challenge?" Correlates and Impact of a Thin Ideal Expression From Chinese Social Media. Front Psychol 2021; 12:669014. [PMID: 34163409 PMCID: PMC8215108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In three studies, we assessed knowledge, correlates, and effects of the A4 challenge, an expression of the thin ideal from Chinese social media. In Study 1, gender differences in familiarity with the A4 challenge were assessed among 225 women and 151 men. Compared to men, women and female peers from participant social networks were more familiar with and likely to have taken the challenge themselves. In Study 2, body image experiences of women who passed the A4 challenge (N = 45) and average weight peers who did not pass the challenge (N = 75) were assessed. The former group reported fewer weight concerns and less social pressure to lose weight but no group differences were observed with respect to binge-eating, dieting, or other compensatory weight loss behaviors. As such, eating disorder symptoms did not account for the experience of passing the A4 challenge. In Study 3, changes in state body dissatisfaction were assessed among 205 women randomly assigned to view images of (1) thin peers successfully passing the challenge vs. (2) thin or (3) average size controls. The absence of condition differences in post-exposure state body dissatisfaction indicated exposure to A4 challenge portrayals per se did not cause increases in negative appearance self-evaluations for women in general. However, among women who were exposed to A4 challenge images, but not control group women exposure to other images, trait body dissatisfaction predicted increased post-exposure state dissatisfaction, independent of pre-exposure state dissatisfaction. Implications are discussed in relation to effects of exposure to the A4 challenge and conceptualizing the task as a "challenge."
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ye
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Brian J. Hall
- School of Global Public Health, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Guo Y, Yang H, Elhai J, McKay D. Anxiety Regarding COVID-19 Is Related to Attentional Control: The Mediating Role of Anxiety Sensitivity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:713279. [PMID: 34456768 PMCID: PMC8385276 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.713279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As an emergent public health event, COVID-19 has had a significant impact on mental health, particularly causing anxiety. Some cognitive-affective related studies have demonstrated that attentional control is related to levels of anxiety. More specifically, recent research has shown that anxiety sensitivity is uniquely associated with mental health responses to COVID-19. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of anxiety sensitivity during COVID-19 outbreak period, especially physical and cognitive concerns, in relation to attentional control and anxiety. Methods: It is a questionnaire study. A total of 464 participants were recruited through online sampling between February and March, 2020. They were surveyed by the Attentional Control Scale (ATTC), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. We also tested the mediating effect. Results: The results showed that attentional control is negatively correlated with physical concern, cognitive concern and anxiety. And results support that physical and cognitive concerns play a mediating role between attentional control and anxiety. Conclusions: Anxiety sensitivity plays a mediating role between attentional control and anxiety. These findings can help effective prevention and intervention of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Guo
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jon Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dean McKay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Jiang MY, Vartanian LR. A review of existing measures of attentional biases in body image and eating disorders research. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y.w. Jiang
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Lenny R. Vartanian
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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16
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Hu Y, Guo J, Jou M, Zhou S, Wang D, Maguire P, Wei J, Qu F. Investigating the attentional bias and information processing mechanism of mobile phone addicts towards emotional information. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Cai W, Wang L, Chen T, Zhao S, Feng C, Feng W. Auditory attentional biases in young males with physical stature dissatisfaction. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13635. [PMID: 32659054 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The attentional biases toward body-related information for individuals with weight concerns and eating disorders have been well documented. However, our knowledge of the attentional biases toward body-related information for subjects with physical stature concerns is only at the beginning. And the research on the auditory attentional biases for individuals with physical stature concerns is rare. The identification of attentional biases may provide an impetus for interventions to reduce distress among height dissatisfied individuals. Therefore, the present study investigated the neural mechanisms of attentional bias toward auditory physical stature-related words among height dissatisfied young males by using event-related potential recordings. Forty-four young male participants screened by Negative Physical Self Scale-Stature Concerns subscale (NPS-S) were assigned into an experimental group with high levels of height dissatisfaction (HHD) and a control group with low levels of height dissatisfaction (LHD). Task irrelevant auditory tall-related words, short-related words and neutral words were presented unilaterally to the participants as the cue in a cue-target paradigm. Participants were required to respond to the visual target preceded by the task-irrelevant auditory cue. The results found that significantly larger N2ac was elicited by tall-related words than short-related words and neutral words only for the HHD group, but not for the LHD group. LPCpc amplitudes did not differ significantly by the functions of word types and experimental groups. These results suggest an attentional orienting bias toward auditory tall-related words for young males with high levels of height dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguan Cai
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Educational Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Tingji Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Examination of the Relationship Between Attentional Biases and Body Dissatisfaction: An Eye-Tracking Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Kapsali F, Zioga I, Papageorgiou P, Smyrnis N, Chrousos GP, Papageorgiou C. Event-related EEG oscillations in body dysmorphic disorder. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13208. [PMID: 31995842 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) exhibit differential attentional mechanisms compared to healthy subjects. The exact nature of this differentiation is unclear. To this end, EEG (electrophysiological) responses to prepulse inhibition (PPI: reflecting attentional modulation) and prepulse facilitation (PPF: indicating orienting activation) were recorded and analysed. The aim of this study was to compare the respective neural oscillations associated with PPI and PPF in BDD vs healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Event-related EEG oscillations elicited by PPI and PPF (26 and 25 trials, respectively, randomly presented) were explored in a sample of patients with BDD (N = 30) vs healthy controls (N = 25). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for BDD (BDD-YBOCS), the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) and the Brown Assessment of Belief Scale (BABS) were also administered. RESULTS Analysis of the power spectrum in response to PPI and PPF revealed that the BDD patient group compared to healthy controls exhibited higher theta-1 oscillations (potentially indicative of disrupted thalamo-cortical activation) and reduced beta-1 oscillations (potentially indicative of reduced top-down-controlled processing during attentional orienting). CONCLUSION These findings offer novel contributions with regards to the neural mechanisms underlying attention processes in BDD patients, and demonstrate the potential of event-related EEG oscillations as a tool to better understand body dysmorphic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioanna Zioga
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Panos Papageorgiou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", (UMHRI), Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athinon, Greece
| | - Charalabos Papageorgiou
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", (UMHRI), Athens, Greece
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20
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Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Vuong H, Linardon J, Krug I, Broadbent J, Rodgers RF. Body image in and out of the lab: Correspondence between lab-based attentional bias data and body shape dissatisfaction experiences in daily life. Body Image 2020; 32:62-69. [PMID: 31778889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating lab-based studies have identified attentional biases in processing of negative appearance-related information among individuals with elevated trait body shape and weight dissatisfaction (BD). How these biases translate into experiences of BD in daily life remains unclear and, hence, was the focus of the present study. Thirty-eight women aged between 18-40 years completed a baseline survey and modified dot-probe task with both fat and thin appearance-related stimuli in a laboratory setting. Participants also downloaded a smartphone app that prompted them 10 times per day for 7 days to rate current body dissatisfaction. Results revealed that heightened BD in daily life tended to be transitory, and followed by a substantially lower rating of BD by the next survey (∼1-2 h later). For individuals with elevated trait BD and facilitated attention towards thin body images, this reduction in state BD was more gradual. Surprisingly, delayed disengagement towards thin body images was associated with greater reduction in state BD. Consistent with the hypothesis, moderating effects were not observed when initial state BD level was low. Susceptibility for immediate, short-term attentional biases towards appearance-related information may be a vulnerability factor for the prolonged persistence of negative body image experiences in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Hao Vuong
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Broadbent
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
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21
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Engel N, Waldorf M, Hartmann A, Voßbeck-Elsebusch A, Vocks S. Is It Possible to Train the Focus on Positive and Negative Parts of One's Own Body? A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study on Attentional Bias Modification Training. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2890. [PMID: 31920898 PMCID: PMC6934133 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional body- and shape-related attentional biases are involved in the etiology and maintenance of eating disorders (ED). Various studies suggest that women, particularly those with ED diagnoses, focus on negatively evaluated parts of their own body, which leads to an increase in body dissatisfaction. The present study aims to empirically test the hypothesis that non-ED women show an attentional bias toward negative body parts and that the focus on positive and negative parts of one’s own body can be modified by attentional bias modification training based on a dot-probe task. Although several studies have measured body-related attentional biases by using pictures of participants’ own bodies, the approach of investigating attentional bias via a dot-probe task while presenting pictures of the participants’ own body parts and modifying the biased attention using such pictures is novel. Women (n = 60) rank-ordered 10 parts of their own body regarding their attractiveness. To examine and modify the attentional focus, pictures of the self-defined positive and negative parts of one’s own body were presented by means of a dot-probe task. A paired-sample t-test revealed no difference between reaction times to negative compared to positive body parts, indicating no attentional bias toward negative parts of one’s own body. A two-way ANOVA revealed a main effect of time for pictures of positive and negative parts of one’s own body, with a decrease in reaction times from pre- to post-training. However, there was no significant interaction between time and training condition concerning reaction times to positive and negative body parts. Our findings replicate previous evidence of a balanced attentional pattern regarding one’s own body in women without ED diagnoses. However, the dot-probe task failed to modify the attentional focus. As the modifiability of state body image increases with more pronounced body dissatisfaction, the next step would be to test this approach in clinical samples of women with ED diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Engel
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anna Voßbeck-Elsebusch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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22
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So MY, Wang X, Gao X. Body Dissatisfaction Enhances Awareness and Facilitates the Consolidation of Body-Related Words During Rapid Serial Visual Presentation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2614. [PMID: 31849747 PMCID: PMC6895214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional biases have received considerable focus in research on cognitive biases and body dissatisfaction (BD). However, most work has focused on spatial allocation of attention. The current two experiments employed a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task to investigate attention bias to body-related words in the temporal domain among young females with high and low BD. During this task, there were two targets presented in the same stimulus stream. The first target was defined as target one (T1) and the second was defined as target 2 (T2). Participants were asked to identify T2 while ignoring T1 in single task mode or identify both targets in the dual task mode. In the current study, Experiment 1 assessed the stimulus-driven attention of body-related stimuli. Participants were required to identify a target of neutral word (T2) as quickly and accurately as possible while ignoring the preceding target (T1) of neutral, fat-, or thin-related words. As expected, we observed spontaneous attentional blink (AB) effects elicited by both fat- and thin-related T1s among participants with high BD, suggesting enhanced awareness of body-related stimuli even when this information does not have to be identified. Such effects did not emerge among participants without BD. Experimental 2 investigated the goal-directed attention of body-related stimuli, during which participants needed to identify both the T1 and neutral T2. Participants with BD showed reduced AB effects after both fat- and thin-related T1, suggesting facilitated consolidation of body-related information in goal-directed attention among participants with BD. These findings have important clinical implications that it provided insight for creating more accurate attention bias modification (ABM) task aiming at reducing and preventing BD among young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yi So
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Ly M, Misener K, Libben M. Validation of the translated Negative Physical Self Scale in a female North American sample: Preliminary examination. Eat Behav 2019; 34:101314. [PMID: 31351359 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In an increasingly multicultural society, there is a need for cross-cultural research on measures of body dissatisfaction, a construct often influenced by sociocultural differences. The current study assessed the psychometric properties of an English translation of the Negative Physical Self Scale (NPSS; Chen, Jackson, & Huang, 2006). A sample of 646 young adult North American women completed an online survey including the NPSS and two widely used measures of body image and eating concerns. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure of the NPSS, three of which (Thinness, Shortness, and Facial Appearance) mirrored those found in Chinese samples. The remaining factor, labeled the Body Concern subscale, was an amalgamation of two factors found in Chinese samples, Fatness and General Appearance, and one item from the Facial Appearance subscale. Extracted factors had high internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha values above 0.89). The NPSS, particularly the Body Concern Subscale, demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The current study provided evidence for the use of a four-factor model of the NPSS among a North American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Ly
- PLAN Laboratory, Department of Psychology, ASC 284, 3187 University Drive, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Kaylee Misener
- PLAN Laboratory, Department of Psychology, ASC 284, 3187 University Drive, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Maya Libben
- PLAN Laboratory, Department of Psychology, ASC 284, 3187 University Drive, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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24
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Wang X, Liu Y, She Y, Gao X. Neural correlates of appearance-based social comparison: The modulating effects of body dissatisfaction and person perspective. Biol Psychol 2019; 144:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Kou H, Mi H, Zhang L, Bi T, Wang T, Chen H. Selective attentional biases towards a self-related facial feature among orthognathic patients. Psych J 2019; 8:411-422. [PMID: 30977305 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine what kind of face and which area of the face (eyes or mouth) rapidly capture attention among patients with dentomaxillofacial deformities (DDs). In the present experiments, faces were categorized as highly or lowly attractive (HA and LA, respectively) and as a face with dentomaxillofacial deformities (DD face). A dot-probe task and a change-detection task were utilized to examine the attentional bias to the faces and facial features, respectively. In Study 1, we found that DD patients showed an attentional bias to DD male faces compared with HA male faces, while controls showed an opposite attentional pattern. In Study 2, we found that patients responded faster to the changes in the mouths of DD male faces than those of HA and LA faces. Moreover, patients paid less attention to the mouths of HA faces than to the region of the eyes, and they paid less attention than did the controls. These results indicated that DD patients selectively directed their attention to DD male faces and the mouths of these faces. These findings were not evident in female faces. Furthermore, patients showed avoidance of the mouths of HA faces regardless of the gender of the faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Huan Mi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taiyong Bi
- School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Allen L, Mulgrew KE, Rune K, Allen A. Attention bias for appearance words can be reduced in women: Results from a single-session attention bias modification task. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 61:97-103. [PMID: 29990684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We tested whether a single-session of attention bias modification (ABM) could change bias towards appearance-related words and improve body satisfaction. METHODS Females (N = 102; Mage = 33 years) completed an ABM session where attention was trained towards positive appearance-related information (n = 31), away from negative appearance-related information (n = 37), or a non-training session (n = 34). Importance of appearance and shape concern were examined as moderators. RESULTS ABM was effective in women high on appearance importance, trained to direct attention away from negative appearance words. LIMITATIONS No long-term follow up of attention biases or body image challenge were conducted. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that certain types of attention biases are amenable to change within a single session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Allen
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Karina Rune
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Allen
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Lyu Z, Zheng P, Wang Z. Time Course of Attentional Biases Toward Body Shapes in Women Who Are Overweight or Obese. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Tobin LN, Sears CR, Zumbusch AS, von Ranson KM. Attention to fat- and thin-related words in body-satisfied and body-dissatisfied women before and after thin model priming. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192914. [PMID: 29447251 PMCID: PMC5813977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cognitive processes underlying body dissatisfaction provides important information on the development and perpetuation of eating pathology. Previous research suggests that body-dissatisfied women process weight-related information differently than body-satisfied women, but the precise nature of these processing differences is not yet understood. In this study, eye-gaze tracking was used to measure attention to weight-related words in body-dissatisfied (n = 40) and body-satisfied (n = 38) women, before and after exposure to images of thin fashion models. Participants viewed 8-second displays containing fat-related, thin-related, and neutral words while their eye fixations were tracked and recorded. Based on previous research and theory, we predicted that body-dissatisfied women would attend to fat-related words more than body-satisfied women and would attend to thin-related words less. It was also predicted that exposure to thin model images would increase self-rated body dissatisfaction and heighten group differences in attention. The results indicated that body-dissatisfied women attended to both fat- and thin-related words more than body-satisfied women and that exposure to thin models did not increase this effect. Implications for cognitive models of eating disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N. Tobin
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alicia S. Zumbusch
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Jin X, Jin Y, Zhou S, Yang SN, Chang S, Li H. Attentional biases toward body images in males at high risk of muscle dysmorphia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4273. [PMID: 29362698 PMCID: PMC5774299 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although research on muscle dysmorphia (MD), a body dysmorphic disorder subtype, has recently increased, the causes and mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. Results from studies examining disorders associated with body image suggest the involvement of self-schema in biasing attention toward specific body information. The present study examined whether individuals at higher risk of MD also display attentional biases toward specific types of body images. Methods The validated Chinese version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale was used to distinguish men at higher and lower risk of MD. Sixty-five adult Chinese men at higher (HRMD, n = 33) and lower risk of MD (LRMD, n = 32) performed a visual probe task. Initially, an image of a bodybuilder with either larger or smaller musculature was presented on one side of a central point, with a neutral image of a car exterior presented on the other side along the horizontal plane for 2,000 ms. The paired images were removed, and a visual target (a dot) was displayed in the location of one of the previously shown images. Participants were asked to indicate the location of the target, and their eye movements were recorded during the entire visual presentation. Participant reaction time and three eye movement measurements (gaze direction, first saccade latency, and first fixation duration) were recorded for use in determining attentional bias. Results The HRMD group revealed biases in orienting and maintaining their attention on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures. Participants in this group consequently had a shorter reaction time in identifying the target that appeared at the location in which an image of a bodybuilder with a larger musculature had been previously displayed. They also directed their initial gaze more frequently, had shorter saccade latency, and had longer first fixation duration on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001). In comparison, the LRMD group had longer reaction times, slower attention orientation toward body images, and shorter fixation duration for images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001), indicating weaker or mixed responses. Discussion Adult Chinese men at higher risk of MD displayed biases in orienting and maintaining their visual attention toward images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures, and these biases facilitated their information processing. These results suggest that development of MD may be due in part to attentional biases associated with established negative self-schema of specific body information. These findings provide insight into understanding and identifying the cognitive characteristics of MD in an Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Jin
- General Sport Administration of China's Key Laboratory of Sports Psychological and Physiological Regulation, School of Education and Psychology, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Sport Psychology, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong Jin
- General Sport Administration of China's Key Laboratory of Sports Psychological and Physiological Regulation, School of Education and Psychology, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Zhou
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Shun-Nan Yang
- Vision Performance Institute, College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USA
| | - Shuzhi Chang
- General Sport Administration of China's Key Laboratory of Sports Psychological and Physiological Regulation, School of Education and Psychology, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- General Sport Administration of China's Key Laboratory of Sports Psychological and Physiological Regulation, School of Education and Psychology, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Chen F, Liu J, Chen S, Chen H, Gao X. Eye Movement Study on Attention Bias to Body Height Stimuli in Height Dissatisfied Males. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2209. [PMID: 29312068 PMCID: PMC5744235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated attention bias in response to height-related words among young men in China. 47 [26 high height dissatisfied (HHD) and 21 low height dissatisfied (LHD)] men performed a dot-probe task. Eye movement (EM) recordings showed that compared to LHD men, HHD men had an avoidance bias in response to height-related words, which was revealed by less frequent first fixations on both tall-related and short-related words, and showed significantly shorter first fixations on short-related words. There was no other significant difference in EM indices (i.e., first fixation latency and gaze duration) between two groups. In addition, HHD participants were significantly slower than LHD participants when responding to probes preceded by short-related words, while there was no difference when probes were preceded by tall-related or neutral words. In sum, the present results indicate that HHD men selectively avoid cues related to short height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuanghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Chen Z, Du J, Xiang M, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Social exclusion leads to attentional bias to emotional social information: Evidence from eye movement. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186313. [PMID: 29040279 PMCID: PMC5645011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion has many effects on individuals, including the increased need to belong and elevated sensitivity to social information. Using a self-reporting method, and an eye-tracking technique, this study explored people’s need to belong and attentional bias towards the socio-emotional information (pictures of positive and negative facial expressions compared to those of emotionally-neutral expressions) after experiencing a brief episode of social exclusion. We found that: (1) socially-excluded individuals reported higher negative emotions, lower positive emotions, and stronger need to belong than those who were not socially excluded; (2) compared to a control condition, social exclusion caused a longer response time to probe dots after viewing positive or negative face images; (3) social exclusion resulted in a higher frequency ratio of first attentional fixation on both positive and negative emotional facial pictures (but not on the neutral pictures) than the control condition; (4) in the social exclusion condition, participants showed shorter first fixation latency and longer first fixation duration to positive pictures than neutral ones but this effect was not observed for negative pictures; (5) participants who experienced social exclusion also showed longer gazing duration on the positive pictures than those who did not; although group differences also existed for the negative pictures, the gaze duration bias from both groups showed no difference from chance. This study demonstrated the emotional response to social exclusion as well as characterising multiple eye-movement indicators of attentional bias after experiencing social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Chen
- School of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous, China
| | - Jinchen Du
- School of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous, China
| | - Min Xiang
- School of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (SYZ)
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- School of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (SYZ)
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32
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Bauer A, Schneider S, Waldorf M, Cordes M, Huber TJ, Braks K, Vocks S. Visual processing of one's own body over the course of time: Evidence for the vigilance-avoidance theory in adolescents with anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:1205-1213. [PMID: 28851058 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vigilance-avoidance theory postulates a specific threat-related pattern of attention deployment, characterized by initial orientation towards fear-evoking stimuli and subsequent directing of attention away from them. The current eye-tracking study was the first to examine the applicability of the theory for patients with eating disorders, who perceive their own body as a highly aversive, threat-evoking stimulus. METHOD N = 56 female adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) and n = 43 healthy controls (HC) aged 13-18 viewed own-body pictures while their eye movements were recorded. Relative fixation times on self-defined unattractive body areas were compared between the groups by sequencing the overall presentation time of 6,000 ms into six intervals à 1,000 ms. RESULTS Participants with AN showed a significantly stronger attentional bias for unattractive body areas than HC within the time intervals 1, 2, and 3. However, for intervals 4, 5, and 6, no significant group differences occurred. Within the AN group, the bias for unattractive body areas was significantly stronger in interval 1 compared to intervals 4, 5, and 6; whereas within the HC group, a stable pattern of attention deployment emerged. In AN, early attention deployment was positively correlated with the negative affect reported after photo presentation. DISCUSSION The early vigilance in AN and the subsequent decrease in attention to unattractive body parts is in line with our assumptions. However, no indication of attentional avoidance was found. The current findings partially support the vigilance-avoidance theory for the exposure to one's own body in adolescents with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bauer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Martin Cordes
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | | | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Domaradzka E, Bielecki M. Deadly Attraction - Attentional Bias toward Preferred Cigarette Brand in Smokers. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1365. [PMID: 28848479 PMCID: PMC5554524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that biases in visual attention might be evoked by affective and personally relevant stimuli, for example addiction-related objects. Despite the fact that addiction is often linked to specific products and systematic purchase behaviors, no studies focused directly on the existence of bias evoked by brands. Smokers are characterized by high levels of brand loyalty and everyday contact with cigarette packaging. Using the incentive-salience mechanism as a theoretical framework, we hypothesized that this group might exhibit a bias toward the preferred cigarette brand. In our study, a group of smokers (N = 40) performed a dot probe task while their eye movements were recorded. In every trial a pair of pictures was presented - each of them showed a single cigarette pack. The visual properties of stimuli were carefully controlled, so branding information was the key factor affecting subjects' reactions. For each participant, we compared gaze behavior related to the preferred vs. other brands. The analyses revealed no attentional bias in the early, orienting phase of the stimulus processing and strong differences in maintenance and disengagement. Participants spent more time looking at the preferred cigarettes and saccades starting at the preferred brand location had longer latencies. In sum, our data shows that attentional bias toward brands might be found in situations not involving choice or decision making. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of attentional biases to stimuli of personal relevance and might serve as a first step toward developing new attitude measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Domaradzka
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland
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34
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The reliability of eyetracking to assess attentional bias to threatening words in healthy individuals. Behav Res Methods 2017; 50:1778-1792. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-017-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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35
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Lane BR, Mulgrew KE, Mahar D, White MJ, Loughnan SA. The effects of priming in a cued dot-probe task on appearance-related attentional biases in women. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:817-825. [PMID: 28252801 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dot-probe task (DPT) is a reaction time measure of attentional bias. Research using this task has found inconsistent patterns of appearance-related attentional biases in women. This study examined the effects of a novel priming variation of the DPT, which incorporated additional cues into each trial of the task, on measurement of such biases. The study also examined associations between these biases and body image, a component of eating disorder symptomatology. A convenience sample of women from the general community (N = 103) completed body image measures online and attended a laboratory session to complete one of four DPTs: (1) an appearance-cued DPT containing images of thin-ideal models between each trial; (2) neutral-cued DPT containing images of forests; (3) time-delayed DPT controlling for time in place of an image; or (4) typical DPT containing only word stimuli. Women who completed the appearance-cued DPT demonstrated a stronger attentional bias for positive, but not negative, appearance words than women who completed the other DPT versions. Furthermore, for the appearance-cued and time-delayed DPTs, this bias correlated with poorer body image across several indicators (appearance evaluation, body dissatisfaction, self-evaluative salience of appearance, and state body satisfaction). Although it was unexpected that no attentional bias for negative-appearance words was found, the attentional bias for positive-appearance words may suggest that effects were driven by the ego-threat of positive-appearance words. Further research is warranted to determine whether such biases contribute to and maintain body image disturbance and disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben R Lane
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Doug Mahar
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Melanie J White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 170 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Siobhan A Loughnan
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
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36
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Adverse effects of consuming high fat–sugar diets on cognition: implications for understanding obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:455-465. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for important roles of key cognitive processes, including attention, memory and learning, in the short-term decision making about eating. There is parallel evidence that people who are overweight or obese tend to perform worse on a variety of cognitive tasks. In this review, the evidence for these two ideas is summarised and then the idea that overconsumption of Western-style high-fat (HF)–high-sugar diets may underlie the association between obesity and poorer cognitive performance is explored. In particular, evidence in animals and human subjects that repeated consumption of HF or HF and sugar (HFS) diets leads to specific impairments in the functioning of the hippocampus, which underpin the consequent changes in cognition is summarised. These findings lead into the vicious cycle model (VCM), which suggests that these cognitive changes have knock-on negative effects for future appetite control, and evidence that altered hippocampal function is also associated with impaired appetite control is explored. The review concludes that there is consistent evidence in the animal literature and emerging evidence from human studies that supports this VCM. It is also noted, however, that to date studies lack the nutritional specificity needed to be able to translate these basic research findings into clear nutritional effects, and concludes that there is an urgent need for additional research to clarify the precise nature of the apparent effects of consuming HFS diets on cognition.
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37
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Moussally JM, Brosch T, Van der Linden M. Time course of attentional biases toward body shapes: The impact of body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2016; 19:159-168. [PMID: 27750205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a dot-probe discrimination task and a between-subjects design, we examined the time course of attentional biases (facilitated attention, delayed disengagement, and avoidance) toward thin versus fat bodies and explored the influence of body dissatisfaction (BD) on attention allocation among a sample of 163 women from the general population. Three stimulus presentation times were used: 100ms, 500ms, and 1500ms. We also used neutral body-shape-related stimuli as neutral stimuli related to the concept of interest to overcome the limitations of previous studies. At 500ms, the results highlighted delayed disengagement from very thin and negatively assessed bodies among women with high BD. This mechanism, which leads to attentional focalization on bodies that are difficult to achieve, might be considered dysfunctional because it may maintain or reinforce BD. Results at 100ms and 1500ms, as well as results for fat bodies, were not conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Myriam Moussally
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, Psychology Department, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, CISA, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Brosch
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, CISA, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Consumer Decision and Sustainable Behavior Lab, Psychology Department, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Martial Van der Linden
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, Psychology Department, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, CISA, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, Cognitive Sciences Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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38
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Teng F, You J, Poon KT, Yang Y, You J, Jiang Y. Materialism Predicts Young Chinese Women’s Self-Objectification and Body Surveillance. SEX ROLES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Situational cuing of materialism triggers self-objectification among women (but not men): The moderating role of self-concept clarity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Sharpe E, Wallis DJ, Ridout N. The influence of variations in eating disorder-related symptoms on processing of emotional faces in a non-clinical female sample: An eye-tracking study. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:321-327. [PMID: 27138825 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to: (i) determine if the attention bias towards angry faces reported in eating disorders generalises to a non-clinical sample varying in eating disorder-related symptoms; (ii) examine if the bias occurs during initial orientation or later strategic processing; and (iii) confirm previous findings of impaired facial emotion recognition in non-clinical disordered eating. Fifty-two females viewed a series of face-pairs (happy or angry paired with neutral) whilst their attentional deployment was continuously monitored using an eye-tracker. They subsequently identified the emotion portrayed in a separate series of faces. The highest (n=18) and lowest scorers (n=17) on the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) were compared on the attention and facial emotion recognition tasks. Those with relatively high scores exhibited impaired facial emotion recognition, confirming previous findings in similar non-clinical samples. They also displayed biased attention away from emotional faces during later strategic processing, which is consistent with previously observed impairments in clinical samples. These differences were related to drive-for-thinness. Although we found no evidence of a bias towards angry faces, it is plausible that the observed impairments in emotion recognition and avoidance of emotional faces could disrupt social functioning and act as a risk factor for the development of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sharpe
- Loughborough University Centre for Eating Disorders, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Deborah J Wallis
- Loughborough University Centre for Eating Disorders, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Nathan Ridout
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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41
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Kou H, Su Y, Bi T, Gao X, Chen H. Attentional Biases toward Face-Related Stimuli among Face Dissatisfied Women: Orienting and Maintenance of Attention Revealed by Eye-Movement. Front Psychol 2016; 7:919. [PMID: 27445892 PMCID: PMC4921455 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to examine attentional biases toward attractive and unattractive faces among face dissatisfied women. Twenty-seven women with high face dissatisfaction (HFD) and 27 women with low face dissatisfaction (LFD) completed a visual dot-probe task while their eye-movements were tracking. Under the condition of faces-neutral stimuli (vases) pairs, compared to LFD women, HFD women directed their first fixations more often toward faces, directed their first fixations toward unattractive faces more quickly, and had longer first fixation duration on such faces. All participants had longer overall gaze duration on attractive faces than on unattractive ones. Our behavioral data revealed that HFD women had difficulty in disengaging their attention from faces. However, there are no group differences in stimulus pairs containing an attractive and an unattractive face. In sum, when faces were paired with neutral stimuli (vases) HFD women showed an attention pattern characterized by orienting and maintenance, at least initially, toward unattractive faces but showed overall attention maintenance to attractive ones, but any attention bias wasn’t found in attractive - unattractive face pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhua Su
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; School of Management, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi, China
| | - Taiyong Bi
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
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42
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Rodgers RF, DuBois RH. Cognitive biases to appearance-related stimuli in body dissatisfaction: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 46:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Sun ZK, Wang JY, Luo F. Experimental pain induces attentional bias that is modified by enhanced motivation: An eye tracking study. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1266-77. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z.-K. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J.-Y. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - F. Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Loughnan SA, Mulgrew KE, Lane BR. Attention bias modification produces no changes to appearance-related bias, state or trait body dissatisfaction in nonclinical women. Health Psychol Open 2015; 2:2055102915614310. [PMID: 28070375 PMCID: PMC5193289 DOI: 10.1177/2055102915614310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of attention bias modification to reduce appearance-related attentional biases and female body dissatisfaction has not been investigated. Immediate and short-term effects were therefore examined across attentional biases, state and trait body dissatisfaction in a randomised controlled trial consisting of 62 female participants aged 18–35 years. The results show no changes to attentional bias across either the experimental or control condition and no significant changes in body dissatisfaction immediately post-training or at 1–2 weeks follow-up. Single-session attention bias modification protocols may therefore not be sufficient in modifying appearance-based biases and associated disordered body schemas within a nonclinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben R Lane
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
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45
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Cordes M, Bauer A, Waldorf M, Vocks S. Körperbezogene Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen bei Frauen und Männern. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-015-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Reduced Inhibition of Return to Food Images in Obese Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137821. [PMID: 26376082 PMCID: PMC4574472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that obese individuals may be biased towards attending to food over non-food information, and this bias may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of obesity. The present study sought to extend our understanding of maladaptive attentional processing in this population by investigating whether obese individuals have difficulty in disengaging attention from food compared with non-food images, relative to normal-weight controls. To address this question, we measured inhibition of return (IOR) in an attentional cueing task. The participants were 29 obese and 35 normal-weight satiated females without eating disorders. The obese group displayed less IOR to food images than the normal-weight group, while there was no difference in IOR between the groups for non-food images. This suggests that obese females have greater difficulty disengaging attention from food than normal-weight females. Our findings provide a new focus for studies investigating maintenance factors in obesity and are discussed in relation to a theory of incentive-sensitisation.
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Gao X, Deng X, Yang J, Liang S, Liu J, Chen H. Eyes on the bodies: an eye tracking study on deployment of visual attention among females with body dissatisfaction. Eat Behav 2014; 15:540-9. [PMID: 25173688 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual attentional bias has important functions during the appearance social comparisons. However, for the limitations of experimental paradigms or analysis methods in previous studies, the time course of attentional bias to thin and fat body images among women with body dissatisfaction (BD) has still been unclear. In using free reviewing task combined with eye movement tracking, and based on event-related analyses of the critical first eye movement events, as well as epoch-related analyses of gaze durations, the current study investigated different attentional bias components to body shape/part images during 15s presentation time among 34 high BD and 34 non-BD young women. In comparison to the controls, women with BD showed sustained maintenance biases on thin and fat body images during both early automatic and late strategic processing stages. This study highlights a clear need for research on the dynamics of attentional biases related to body image and eating disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Faculty of Educational Science and Management, Yunnan Normal University, Kunmin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liu J, Chen H, Gao X, Meng R, Jackson T. Attention and recognition biases associated with stature dissatisfaction among young men in China. Body Image 2014; 11:562-9. [PMID: 25241032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluated information-processing biases related to height dissatisfaction among young Chinese men. In Study 1, 32 highly stature dissatisfied (HSD) men and 36 less stature dissatisfied (LSD) men performed a dot probe task featuring height-related words and neutral words. HSD men were significantly slower than LSD men were in responding to probes that followed short stature words, but the groups did not differ in response speeds to probes that followed tall stature or neutral words. In Study 2, 33 HSD men and 34 LSD men completed an implicit learning task followed by a word recognition task. HSD men recognized significantly more short stature words from the initial task, but recognition accuracy for other word types did not differ between groups. Together, these findings suggest that HSD men are more inclined than LSD men to selectively avoid cues that reflect shortness in stature and to selectively recognize such cues later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Gao
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd., China
| | - Todd Jackson
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Jordan K, Fromberger P, Laubinger H, Dechent P, Müller JL. Changed processing of visual sexual stimuli under GnRH-therapy--a single case study in pedophilia using eye tracking and fMRI. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:142. [PMID: 24885644 PMCID: PMC4036749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiandrogen therapy (ADT) has been used for 30 years to treat pedophilic patients. The aim of the treatment is a reduction in sexual drive and, in consequence, a reduced risk of recidivism. Yet the therapeutic success of antiandrogens is uncertain especially regarding recidivism. Meta-analyses and reviews report only moderate and often mutually inconsistent effects. CASE PRESENTATION Based on the case of a 47 year old exclusively pedophilic forensic inpatient, we examined the effectiveness of a new eye tracking method and a new functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-design in regard to the evaluation of ADT in pedophiles. We analyzed the potential of these methods in exploring the impact of ADT on automatic and controlled attentional processes in pedophiles. Eye tracking and fMRI measures were conducted before the initial ADT as well as four months after the onset of ADT. The patient simultaneously viewed an image of a child and an image of an adult while eye movements were measured. During the fMRI-measure the same stimuli were presented subliminally. Eye movements demonstrated that controlled attentional processes change under ADT, whereas automatic processes remained mostly unchanged. We assume that these results reflect either the increased ability of the patient to control his eye movements while viewing prepubertal stimuli or his better ability to manipulate his answer in a socially desirable manner. Unchanged automatic attentional processes could reflect the stable pedophilic preference of the patient. Using fMRI, the subliminal presentation of sexually relevant stimuli led to changed activation patterns under the influence of ADT in occipital and parietal brain regions, the hippocampus, and also in the orbitofrontal cortex. We suggest that even at an unconscious level ADT can lead to changed processing of sexually relevant stimuli, reflecting changes of cognitive and perceptive automatic processes. CONCLUSION We are convinced that our experimental designs using eye tracking and fMRI could prospectively add additional and valuable information in the evaluation of ADT in paraphilic patients and sex offenders. But with respect to the limited significance of this single case study, these first results are preliminary and further studies have to be conducted with healthy subjects and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jordan
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Rosdorfer Weg 70, Göttingen 37081, Germany
| | - Peter Fromberger
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Rosdorfer Weg 70, Göttingen 37081, Germany
| | - Helge Laubinger
- Asklepios Forensic Psychiatric Hospital of Göttingen, Rosdorfer Weg 70, Göttingen 37081, Germany
| | - Peter Dechent
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-St. 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jürgen L Müller
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Rosdorfer Weg 70, Göttingen 37081, Germany
- Asklepios Forensic Psychiatric Hospital of Göttingen, Rosdorfer Weg 70, Göttingen 37081, Germany
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Yang Z, Jackson T, Chen H. Effects of Chronic Pain and Pain-Related Fear on Orienting and Maintenance of Attention: An Eye Movement Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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