Increased risk of cervical cancer associated with cyclin D1 gene A870G polymorphism

High-quality gene/disease embedding in a multi-relational heterogeneous graph after a joint matrix/tensor decomposition

MOTIVATION

Node embedding of biological entity network has been widely investigated for the downstream application scenarios. To embed full semantics of gene and disease, a multi-relational heterogeneous graph is considered in a scenario where uni-relation between gene/disease and other heterogeneous entities are abundant while multi-relation between gene and disease is relatively sparse. After introducing this novel graph format, it is illuminative to design a specific data integration algorithm to fully capture the graph information and bring embeddings with high quality.

RESULTS

First, a typical multi-relational triple dataset was introduced, which carried significant association between gene and disease. Second, we curated all human genes and diseases in seven mainstream datasets and constructed a large-scale gene-disease network, which compromising 163,024 nodes and 25,265,607 edges, and relates to 27,165 genes, 2,665 diseases, 15,067 chemicals, 108,023 mutations, 2,363 pathways, and 7.732 phenotypes. Third, we proposed a Joint Decomposition of Heterogeneous Matrix and Tensor (JDHMT) model, which integrated all heterogeneous data resources and obtained embedding for each gene or disease. Forth, a visualized intrinsic evaluation was performed, which investigated the embeddings in terms of interpretable data clustering. Furthermore, an extrinsic evaluation was performed in the form of linking prediction. Both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation results showed that JDHMT model outperformed other eleven state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods which are under relation-learning, proximity-preserving or message-passing paradigms. Finally, the constructed gene-disease network, embedding results and codes were made available.

DATA AND CODES AVAILABILITY

The constructed massive gene-disease network is available at: https://hzaubionlp.com/heterogeneous-biological-network/. The codes are available at: https://github.com/bionlp-hzau/JDHMT.

Genome-wide somatic copy number alteration analysis and database construction for cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a common gynecological malignancy with high incidence and mortality. Somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) play an important role in identifying tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes and are a useful diagnostic indicator for many cancer types. However, the genomic landscape of CNAs in cervical cancer has not yet been comprehensively characterized. In the present study, we collected 974 cervical cancer samples from different data sources. All samples were analyzed by genomic arrays to obtain high-resolution CNAs. Focal genomic regions with CNA events and potential cancer driver genes were identified by GISTIC2.0. Meanwhile, we constructed a comprehensive cervical cancer database by PHP and self-written Perl and R scripts. In total, 54 recurrent regions of amplification and deletion were detected. Frequently altered tumor suppressor genes were found in these regions, including PIK3CA, ERBB2, EP300 and FBXW7. CNA hotspots and related enriched functional categories were also identified. The incidence of chromothripsis in cervical cancer was estimated to be 6.06%, and the chromosome pulverization hotspot regions were detected. Based on the curated data, we developed CNAdbCC (http://cailab.labshare.cn/CNAdbCC/), a comprehensive database for copy number alterations in cervical cancer. We provide a user-friendly Web interface for data mining and visualization. It is the most comprehensive public database devoted exclusively to genomic alterations in cervical cancer. These results extend our molecular understanding of cervical cancer. The database will enable researchers to explore specific CNA patterns in this lethal cancer and facilitate the discovery of therapeutic candidates.

Bioinformatics prediction and analysis of hub genes and pathways of three types of gynecological cancer

Cervical, endometrial and vulvar cancer are three common types of gynecological tumor that threaten the health of females worldwide. Since their underlying mechanisms and associations remain unclear, a comprehensive and systematic bioinformatics analysis is required. The present study downloaded GSE63678 from the GEO database and then performed functional enrichment analyses, including gene ontology and pathway analysis. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the three types of gynecological cancer, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed. A biological network was generated with the guidance of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database and was presented in Cytoscape. A total of 1,219 DEGs were identified for the three types of cancer, and 25 hub genes were revealed. Pathway analysis and the PPI network indicated that four main types of pathway participate in the mechanism of gynecological cancer, including viral infections and cancer formation, tumorigenesis and development, signal transduction, and endocrinology and metabolism. A preliminary gynecological cancer biological network was constructed. Notably, following all analysis, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was identified as a potential biomarker pathway. Seven pivotal hub genes (CCNA2, CDK1, CCND1, FGF2, IGF1, BCL2 and VEGFA) of the three gynecological cancer types were proposed. The seven hub genes may serve as targets in gynecological cancer for prevention and early intervention. The PI3K/Akt pathway was identified as a critical biomarker of the three types of gynecological cancer, which may serve a role in the pathogenesis. In summary, the present study provided evidence that could support the treatment of gynecologic tumors in the future.

AA genotype of cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism increases breast cancer risk: Findings of a case-control study and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) polymorphisms, a regulator of the cell cycle progress from G1 to the S phase, may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and lack of apoptosis. G870A, a common single-nucleotide polymorphism in CCND1 influences breast cancer risk. However, the association between G870A polymorphism and breast cancer risk is ambiguous so far.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this case-control study, we analyzed the role of G870A polymorphism with breast cancer risk in Indian women. A meta-analysis of 18 studies was also performed to elucidate this association by increasing statistical power.

RESULTS

In our case-control study, significant risk association of the CCND1 G870A AA genotype with breast cancer in total cohort (odds ratio [OR], 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-5.42; P value, 4.96e-04) and premenopausal women (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.54-7.08; P value, .003) was found. The results of the meta-analysis showed that AA genotype of the CCND1 G870A polymorphism significantly increases breast cancer risk in total pooled data (AA vs GG+GA: OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.39; P value, 0.016*) and Caucasian (AA vs GG+GA: OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.51; P value, .056*) but not in Asian population. Further, a significant protective association with breast cancer was also found in the GA vs AA comparison model in pooled data (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.92; P value, .007*) as well as in Caucasian subgroup (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.94; P value, .022*).

CONCLUSION

CCND1 G870A AA genotype was found associated with breast cancer risk. Future association studies considering the environmental impact on gene expression are required to validate/explore this association.

Association between Cyclin D1 G870A (rs9344) polymorphism and cancer risk in Indian population: meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Introduction: Association between Cyclin D1 (CCND1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9344 and cancer risk is paradoxical. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between CCND1 variant and overall cancer risk in Indian population. Methods: Data from 12 published studies including 3739 subjects were collected using Pubmed and Embase. RevMan (Review Manager) 5.3 was used to perform the meta-analysis. OR with 95%CI were calculated to establish the association. Results: Overall, the cumulative findings demonstrated that CCND1 polymorphism (rs9344) was not significantly associated with cancer risk in all the genetic models studied (dominant model: GG vs GA+AA: OR (95%CI) = 0.81 (0.60-1.09), P=0.17; recessive model: GG+GA vs AA: OR (95%CI) = 1.23 (0.96-1.59), P=0.11; co-dominant model: GG vs AA: OR (95%CI) = 1.35 (0.93-1.97), P=0.12; co-dominant model: (GG vs GA: OR (95%CI) = 1.16 (0.85-1.59), P=0.34; allelic model: A vs G: OR (95%CI) = 1.20 (1.14-2.85), P=0.23; allelic model: G vs A: OR (95%CI) = 0.83 (0.62-1.12), P=0.23). Subgroup analysis according to cancer types presented significant association of CCND1 polymorphism and increased breast cancer risk in dominant model (GG vs GA+AA: OR = 2.75, 95%CI = 1.54-4.90, P=0.0006) and allelic model (G vs A: OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.22-2.19, P=0.001). An increased esophageal cancer risk in recessive model (GG+GA vs AA: OR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.05-2.16, P=0.03) and co-dominant model (GG vs AA: OR = 2.51, 95%CI = 1.10-5.71, P=0.03) was detected. A higher risk for colorectal cancer was detected under both the co-dominant models (GG vs AA: OR = 2.46, 95%CI = 1.34-4.51, P=0.004 and GG vs GA: OR = 1.74, 95%CI = 1.14-2.67, P=0.01). However, in case of cervical cancer risk a non-significant association was reported under the recessive model (GG+GA vs AA: OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 0.60-3.90, P=0.38) with reference to CCND1 polymorphism (rs9344). The trial sequential analysis (TSA) showed that the cumulative Z-curve neither crossed the trial sequential monitoring boundary nor reached the required information size (RIS). Thus, present meta-analysis remained inconclusive due to insufficient evidence. Conclusion:CCND1 polymorphism rs9344 may not have a role in overall cancer susceptibility in Indian population. However, this polymorphism acts as a crucial risk factor for breast, esophageal, and colorectal cancer but not for cervical cancer. Future studies with larger sample size are required to draw a reliable conclusion.

Base excision repair pathway: PARP1 genotypes as modulators of therapy response in cervical cancer patients

CONTEXT

Genetic polymorphisms in genes of the base excision repair (BER) pathway appear to modulate the therapy response of cancer patients. PARP1 protein recognizes the DNA strand damage and facilitates the subsequent recruitment of BER proteins. Few studies have reported an association between PARP1 Val762Ala polymorphism (rs1136410) and cancer therapy response.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of our study was to determine whether PARP1 Val762Ala polymorphism have prognostic value in patients with cervical cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two hundred and sixty adult patients, with histologically confirmed cervical cancer, at FIGO-stages IB2-IVA, primarily treated with concurrent chemotherapy (cisplatin) and radiotherapy. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were the primary end points of the analysis. The PARP1 Val762Ala genetic variants were analyzed by allelic discrimination by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

We observed that peri- and postmenopausal women carrying the C-allele present a statistically significant lower OS and DFS (log-rank test, p = 0.008 and p = 0.006, respectively) among those with early stage cervical cancer. Cox regression analysis confirmed these results, after adjustment for other prognostic factors (for OS: HR, 3.70; 95%CI, 1.32-10.38; p = 0.013 and for DFS: HR, 3.97; 95%CI, 1.59-9.93; p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study evaluating the effect of PARP1 Val762Ala polymorphism in treatment response in cervical cancer patients. PARP1 genotypes may contribute as an independent prognostic factor in cervical cancer, being useful in predicting the clinical outcome.

A cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to papillary thyroid cancer in the Turkish population

Cyclin D1 is an important positive regulator of the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. We investigated the association between the CCND1 G870A polymorphism and susceptibility to papillary thyroid cancer in Turkish people. This study covered 102 patients with papillary thyroid cancer and 174 healthy controls. CCND1 genotyping was determined by the PCR-RFLP method. We found that the A allele frequency was higher in the cases than in the controls (p=0.042). On stratification analysis, papillary thyroid cancer risk was significantly elevated in individuals older than 45 years with the A allele (OR=1.91, 95% CI, 1.09-3.35, p=0.024) and in females with the A allele (OR=1.73, 95% CI, 1.06-2.84, p=0.029), compared to the G allele. According to the subject age, there was an increased papillary thyroid cancer risk for the individuals older than 45 years with the AA genotype (OR=2.28, 95% CI, 1.02-5.13, p=0.046) compared to the AG+GG combined genotypes. In conclusion, it is suggested that the CCND1 G870A polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility to papillary thyroid cancer, especially in those who were older subjects (45 ≤ years old) and female, in the Turkish population.

Association between cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk: a cumulative meta-analysis involving 2,864 patients and 3,898 controls

Background

Association between Cyclin D1 (CCND1) polymorphism and cervical cancer risk are conflicting with published articles. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk.

Methods

PubMed, Embase and CNKI data were researched to conduct a meta-analysis on the associations between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk. Ten published case–control studies including 2,864 patients with cervical cancer and 3,898 controls were collected in this meta-analysis. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the relationship; meta-regression, sensitivity analysis and cumulative analysis were also conducted to guarantee the strength of results.

Results

Overall, no significant association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk were found in allele contrast (A vs. G: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.88-1.19, P = 0.76 I² = 74.5%), codominant model (GA vs. GG: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.77-1.26, P = 0.90 I² = 69.1%; AA vs GG: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.75-1.41, P = 0.85 I² = 75.9%), dominant model (GA + AA vs. GG: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.78-1.28, P = 0.99 I² = 72.3%) and recessive model (AA vs GG + GA: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.85-1.23, P = 0.62, I² = 70.1%). Similarly, in the stratified analysis by ethnicity, study design and genotyping type, no significant association detected in all genetic models either.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis indicated that CCND1 G870A might be not the crucial risk factor for the development of cervical cancer.

Virtual Slides

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_168

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphisms and cervical cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on ten case-control studies

Many studies have evaluated the association between cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and cervical cancer susceptibility. However, these studies showed inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to derive a more precise estimation of this association. We searched PubMed and Embase for related studies that had been published in English, and ten case-control studies with a total of 2,864 cases and 3,898 controls were finally identified to be eligible studies in the meta-analysis. The association was assessed by summarizing the odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, there was no significant association between cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and cervical cancer risk (for the allele model A vs. G: OR = 1.02, 95 % CI 0.88-1.19, p = 0.76; for the co-dominant model AA vs. GG: OR = 1.03, 95 % CI 0.75-1.41, p = 0.85; for the dominant model AA + GA vs. GG: OR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.78-1.28, p = 0.99; for the recessive comparison AA vs. GA + GG: OR = 1.06, 95 % CI 0.85-1.32, p = 0.62). In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no significant difference was found in both Asians and Caucasians. In summary, the present meta-analysis provides evidence that genotypes for the cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism may be not associated with genetic susceptibility of cervical cancer.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer: a case control study

The present study aimed to analyse the role of cyclin D1 A870G polymorphism in modulating the susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Kashmiri population. The genotype distribution of the cyclin D1 gene in 130 CRC cases in comparison with 160 healthy controls was investigated. No direct significant association between cyclin D1 genotypes and CRC was observed; however, the AG and AA genotypes were found to be associated with an increased risk of CRC compared to the GG genotype, with an almost 2-fold increase in OR. This study suggests that the cyclin D1 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of CRC in the Kashmiri population.

IL-1RN VNTR polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer in Portugal

Human Papillomavirus infection is considered as the main etiological factor of cervical cancer (ICC), although, the role of host genetic factors in ICC susceptibility has been increasing. Immunological response is crucial for the prevention of viral associated diseases. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) is considered to be an important regulator of host immunity and several studies have shown a potential role of a 86 bp VNTR polymorphism within intron 2 of the IL-1RN gene in host immune response variability. We investigated the role of this polymorphism in cervical cancer development in Portugal with a case-control study developed with peripheral blood samples from 196 healthy women and 340 women with cervical lesions from the Northern Region of Portugal. We observed that IL-1RN Allele 2 homozygosis was significantly higher in cases than in controls. In fact, IL-1RN A2*A2 homozygous revealed to be associated with an increased risk of HSIL + ICC (OR = 1.90; 95 % IC 1.13-3.21; p = 0.015). Furthermore, we also observed that median age of onset of HSIL + ICC was significantly different (46.0 vs 52.0) in IL-1RN A2*A2 homozygous comparing to non-A2*A2 (p = 0.028). Our results indicated that IL-1RN A2 allele is associated with an increased susceptibility to cervical cancer development, probably by increasing predisposition to shorter immune responses.

CCND1 rs9344 polymorphisms are associated with the genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer in Chinese population

Cyclin D1, with a common G/A polymorphism in rs9344, is an essential regulator of the G1 phase in cell cycles and plays an important role in several tumor types, and the homology of cyclin D1 with human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E7 brought our attention to CCND1 gene in cervical cancer. A total of 738 native Chinese subjects consist of 327 cases and 411 controls were enrolled in this study. CCND1 genotyping was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and partially verified by sequencing of genomic DNA and cDNA. The transcription of cyclin D1 mRNA isoforms was analyzed by quantitative PCR; expression of protein isoforms by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. We observed that the AA genotype had decreased risk of developing cervical cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.332; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.113-0.978; P = 0.045). The two mRNA isoforms were both transcripted from A and G allele. Transcript b decreased in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SCCUC) group (P = 0.004), especially poorly differentiated group (P = 0.004), and in G allele group of normal subjects (P = 0.001). In immunohistochemistry analysis, cyclins D1, D1a, and D1b failed to correlate with cervical cancer (P = 0.808, 0.445, and 0.095). However, cyclin D1b was downregulated in SCCUC group analyzed by Western blotting (P = 0.039). This study indicates that CCND1 rs9344 polymorphisms confer host susceptibility to cervical cancer. A allele possesses a relative protective effect probably through the cyclin D1b's inhibition on HPV carcinogenesis.

Study on the association of p53 codon 72 polymorphisms with risk of gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China

To investigate the possible association of P53 codon 72 Arg/Pro polymorphisms with risk of gastric cancer in the high incidence Hexi area of Gansu province in China. Blood samples from 140 patients with gastric carcinoma and 125 healthy controls were collected in Hexi area of Gansu province. Polymorphism of P53Arg72Pro was genotyped by PCR-TaqMan. For detection Helicobacter pylori infection, Warhin-Starry staining was used. Three kinds of polymorphisms of P53Arg72Pro were Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, Pro/Pro. The frequencies in gastric cancer group were 15.7, 60.0, 24.3%, and the frequencies in healthy controls were 25.6, 54.4, 20.0%, respectively. P53 codon 72 Pro carrier genotype (Arg/Pro+Pro/Pro) increased risk of gastric carcinoma with an odds ratio 1.840 (95% CI: 1.006-3.387). Helicobacter pylori infection rate was 68.6% in patients group and 50.4% in healthy controls. Helicobacter pylori infection rate in gastric cancer patients was remarkably higher than that in the controls (OR: 2.147, 95% CI: 1.302-3.541, P=0.003). Stratification analysis showed that P53 codon 72 Pro carrier genotype with Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly higher in cases than that in the controls (OR: 4.182, 95% CI: 1.850-9.454). P53Arg72Pro polymorphisms could be a risk factor for gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China. P53 codon 72 Pro carrier genotype and Helicobacter pylori positive infection may have a synergistic effect on gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China.

Association of cyclin D1 gene polymorphisms with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir Valley: a high risk area

Investigation of potential association of SNPs (G870A, rs9344; G1722C, rs678653) of cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) with susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Kashmir valley (India). The study included 302 subjects comprising 151 ESCC cases and 151 controls. PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing were employed for genotyping. The G870A polymorphism, the individuals carrying GA + AA genotype was having 2.80-fold increased risk for development of ESCC (OR 2.8, 95% CI = 1.77-4.4; P = 0.0001) compared to GG genotype. Further a significantly higher risk was observed in individuals who consume >3 cups per day of salted tea (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.6-16.7; P = 0.0016) and had smoking habits (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.9-13.9; P = 0.0005). We also demonstrate for the first time in CCND1 1722 locus, the CC genotype was strongly associated with increased risk of developing ESCC (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.61-4.15; P = 0.0001). In addition, the frequency of polymorphic C allele was also found to be higher in cases (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.37-2.69; P = 0.0002). There appears to be an influence of CCND1 G870A/G1772C genotypes on genetic susceptibility to ESCC.

Distribution of CCND1 A870G polymorphism in patients with advanced uterine cervical carcinoma

We examined the distribution of the CCND1 A870G (rs9344) polymorphic variant in patients with cervical cancer (n = 129) and healthy individuals (n = 288) in a sample of a Polish cohort. We showed that patients with advanced cervical cancer bearing the CCND1 A/A and A/G genotypes displayed a 1.811-fold increased risk of cervical cancer (95% CI = 1.150-2.852, p = 0.0098). We also found a significantly higher frequency of the CCND1 870A allele in patients with cancer than in controls, p = 0.0116. Our investigation confirmed that the CCND1 870A gene variant may be a genetic risk factor in the incidence of advanced cervical cancer.

Study on the association of COX-2 genetic polymorphisms with risk of gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu province in China

To investigate the possible association of polymorphisms, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter region -899G>C, COX-2 codon 587G>A, with risk of gastric cancer in the high incidence Hexi area of Gansu province in China. Blood samples from 140 patients with gastric carcinoma and 125 normal persons were collected in Hexi area of Gansu province in China. Polymorphisms of COX-2 -899G>A and COX-2 587G>A were genotyped by PCR-TaqMan. For detection Helicobacter pylori infection, Warhin-Starry staining was used. Three kinds of polymorphisms of COX-2 -899G>C were GG, GC and CC. The frequencies in gastric cancer patients were 72.9, 21.4 and 5.7%, and the frequencies in controls were 84.0, 12.8 and 3.2%, respectively. COX-2 -899C carrier (GC + CC) increased risk of gastric carcinoma with an odds ratio 1.950 (95% CI: 1.067-3.586, P=0.029). The genotype of COX-2 587G>A polymorphism were GG, GA and AA. The frequencies in patients group were 86.4, 11.4 and 2.2%, and the frequencies in controls were 89.6, 9.6 and 0.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference between cases and controls in each genotype. Helicobacter pylori infection rate was 68.6% in patients group and 50.4% in healthy controls. Helicobacter pylori infection rate in gastric cancer patients was remarkably higher than that in normal people (OR: 2.147, 95% CI: 1.302-3.541, P=0.003). Stratification analysis was showed that COX-2 -899C carrier genotype with Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly higher in cases than that in healthy controls (OR: 4.000, 95% CI: 1.638-9.770). The polymorphism of COX-2 -899G>C could be a risk factor for gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China. COX-2 -899C carrier genotype and Helicobacter pylori positive infection may have a synergistic effect on gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China. However, the polymorphisms of COX-2 587G>A is no association with gastric cancer in the high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China.

Association of HLA-DRB1, interleukin-6 and cyclin D1 polymorphisms with cervical cancer in the Swedish population--a candidate gene approach

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is the major risk factor for cervical cancer (CxCa). The role of genetic susceptibility in the disease has been suggested, but the existing data lack consistency. We conducted a nested case-control study on 973 CxCa cases and 1,763 matched controls, from two Swedish population-based cohorts to examine the association of common genetic variants with CxCa risk. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and 24 other polymorphisms in 14 genes were selected on the basis of reported association or mechanistic plausibility with an HPV infection or cervical cancer development. Genotyping was conducted using multiplex PCR and Luminex technology. A significant association of CxCa with various polymorphisms was observed: rs1800797 in the IL-6 gene (odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.79-0.99); rs1041981 in the LTA gene (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.98), and rs9344 in the CCND1 gene (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.27), for those individuals carrying the rare allele. Additionally, the alleles 0401 and 1501 of the HLA class II DRB1 locus were associated with an increased risk (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04-1.45 and OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.11-1.50, respectively), and allele 1301 was associated with decreased risk (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47-0.73). The effects of CCND1 and the HLA*DRB1 alleles were independent of the effect of smoking. We did not find any association of risk with polymorphisms in genes related to the innate immune system. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for genetic susceptibility to CxCa due to variations in genes involved in the immune system and in cell cycle.

Role of BCL2 (ala43thr), CCND1 (G870A) and FAS (A-670G) polymorphisms in modulating the risk of developing esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

Perturbations in the cell cycle and apoptotic genes have been implicated in human malignancies. A study of BCL2 ala43thr, CCND1 G870A and FAS A-670G gene polymorphisms was undertaken to explore their role in influencing the susceptibility for development of esophageal cancer.

METHODS

A total of 151 patients and age and gender matched 201 controls were investigated for BCL2 ala43thr, CCND1 G870A and FAS A-670G polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

RESULTS

The ala43ala genotype of BCL2 anti-apoptotic gene was significantly associated with risk of developing esophageal cancer (OR 2.1, 95%CI=1.0-4.4, P=0.03), more so in males (OR 2.6, 95%CI=P=0.03). In CCND1 G870A polymorphism, the AA genotype was marginally associated with higher risk of esophageal cancer (OR 1.5, 95%CI=0.98-2.4, P=0.05). No significant differences in genotype frequencies of FAS A-670G polymorphism were seen between esophageal cancer patients and controls (P=0.32). Interaction of BCL2 ala43ala, CCND1 870AA and FAS -670AA genotypes did not increase the risk multiplicatively. Association with clinical characteristics showed BCL2 ala43ala genotype to be at increased risk for developing tumors in the middle third location (OR 2.3, 95%CI=1.0-5.3, P=0.03), while patients with CCND1 870AA genotypes were at higher risk for the development of cancer in the upper third location (OR 3.8, 95%CI=1.6-9, P=0.002). BCL2 ala43ala genotype did not modulate the cancer risk in tobacco users. However, patients with CCND1 870AA and FAS -670AA genotypes were associated with a significantly lower number of smoking and chewing pack-years, suggesting a dose-dependent interaction in the risk for esophageal cancer (P=0.005).

CONCLUSION

There appears to be an influence of BCL2 ala43ala and CCND1 870AA genotypes on esophageal cancer phenotype, particularly with regard to tumor location, which supports the theory of prevalence of site-specific genetic alterations. FAS A-670G was not associated with the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Gene-environment interaction analysis showed cancer susceptibility in CCND1 870AA and FAS -670AA genotype to be influenced by quantity of tobacco.

Polymorphisms in XRCC1, XRCC3, and CCND1 and Survival After Treatment for Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair and cell cycle control genes may alter protein function and therefore the efficacy of DNA damaging chemotherapy. We retrospectively evaluated the association of SNPs in DNA repair genes, XRCC1-01 (Arg399Gln) and XRCC3-01 (Thr241Met), and a cell cycle control gene, CCND1-02 (A870G), with progression-free survival (PFS) and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

Patients and Methods

SNPs in 95 patients with MBC enrolled onto one of five prospective clinical trials of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation were evaluated using genotyping assays.

Results

For XRCC1-01, the hazard ratio (HR) for BCSS was 2.8 (95% CI, 1.60 to 5.00) and the HR for PFS was 2.0 (95%CI, 1.12 to 3.43). For XRCC3-01, the HR for BCSS was 2.0 (95%CI, 1.12 to 3.70) and the HR for PFS was 2.0 (95%CI, 1.09 to 3.59). For CCND1-02, the HR for BCSS was 1.8 (95%CI, 1.12 to 2.78) and the HR for PFS was 1.8 (95%CI, 1.15 to 2.85). Patients carrying one variant genotype (HR, 1.7; 95%CI, 1.07 to 2.82) or combinations of any two variant genotypes (HR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.41 to 8.94) had significantly poorer BCSS compared with patients carrying zero variants. In multivariable analysis, XRCC1-01, presence of liver metastases, and bone metastases independently predicted BCSS. Combinations of any two variant genotypes were stronger independent predictors of BCSS and PFS than the presence of liver or bone metastases.

Conclusion

XRCC1-01, XRCC3-01, and CCND1-01 may be predictive of survival outcome in patients with MBC treated with DNA damaging chemotherapy.

Effects of cyclin D1 (CCND1) polymorphism on susceptibility to lung cancer in a North Indian population

Cyclin D1 is involved in normal regulation of the cell cycle and plays an important role in the transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. The CCND1 gene has a G-->A polymorphism in exon 4 that increases the frequency of alternate splicing. We analyzed the potential role of CCND1 gene polymorphisms in lung cancer patients (n = 151) and in a matched control population (n = 151). DNA was isolated from blood samples, and exon 4 of CCND1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. After digestion with MspI, common CCND1 polymorphic alleles were analyzed by means of agarose gel electrophoresis. The data obtained were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. After adjustment for age, sex, and smoking status, the AG genotype was associated with an increased risk for overall lung cancer (odds ratio OR = 1.7, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.92-3.14). No association was found between AA genotype and risk of lung cancer. In smokers, the combined AG+AA genotypes of CCND1 were found to be significant (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.03-3.71, P = 0.03). No positive association was found between CCND1 genotypes in nonsmokers. The results suggest that the CCND1 A870G gene polymorphisms may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers from north India.

Association of the A870G cyclin D1 gene polymorphism with genetic susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is multifactorial, and the genetic background may be a crucial etiologic factor. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a key regulator of the cell cycle, and its altered activity is associated with the development of cancer.

METHODS

We analyzed the A870G CCND1 polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 281 individuals, including 94 patients with NPC and 187 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

Our results indicate that individuals carrying two G alleles have a 2.17-fold increase in the risk for the development of NPC (odds ratio [OR], 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-3.98; p = .016). Age-adjusted logistic regression analysis confirmed this association (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.14-4.04; p = .018). Multivariate analysis demonstrates an independent association between GG CCND1 genotype (aOR, 2.06), male sex (aOR, 2.66), and age at diagnosis (aOR, 2.02) regarding the development of undifferentiated NPC. The proportion of NPC cases attributable to the GG CCND1 genotype was 14.76%.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results may be important in the definition of a biologic predictive profile for the development of NPC within our population.

-765G > C COX-2 polymorphism may be a susceptibility marker for gastric adenocarcinoma in patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the -765G > C COX-2 polymorphism and the development of different gastric lesions: atrophy or intestinal metaplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 320 Portuguese individuals (210 without evidence of neoplastic disease, 73 patients with gastric adenocarcinomas and 37 with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia) using a PCR-RFLP method.

RESULTS: -765C allele was overrepresented in the patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (51%) when compared either with the control group (38%) or patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia (27%). Callele was found to be very common in our population (0.22), and a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed nearly 3-fold increased risk for the progression to gastric adenocarcinoma in patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia carrying the -765C allele (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.03-6.93; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION: -765C carrier status should be considered as another susceptibility marker for gastric adenocarcinoma development in patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia.

Gastric cancer in a Caucasian population: Role of pepsinogen C genetic variants

AIM: To study the role of an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the pepsinogen C (PGC) gene, an effective marker for terminal differentiation of the stomach mucosa, in the susceptibility to the development of gastric lesions.

METHODS: The study was performed with 99 samples of known gastric lesions and 127 samples without evidence of neoplastic disease. PCR was employed and the 6 polymorphic alleles were amplified: Allele 1 (510 bp), Allele 2 (480 bp), Allele 3/4 (450/460 bp), Allele 5 (400 bp) and Allele 6 (310 bp).

RESULTS: Our results revealed that Allele 6 carriers seemed to have protection against the development of any gastric lesion (OR = 0.34; P < 0.001), non-dysplastic lesions associated with gastric adenocarcinoma such as atrophy or intestinal metaplasia (OR = 0.28; P < 0.001) or invasive GC (OR = 0.39; P = 0.004).

CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that the Allele 6 carrier status has a protective role in the development of gastric lesions, probably due to its association with higher expression of PGC. Moreover, the frequency of Allele 6 carriers in the control group is far higher than that obtained in Asian populations, which might represent a genetic gap between Caucasian and Asian populations.

Cyclin D1: polymorphism, aberrant splicing and cancer risk

The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene exercises powerful control over the mechanisms that regulate the mitotic cell cycle, and excessive cyclin D1 expression and/or activity is common in human cancers. Although somatic mutations of the cyclin D1 locus are rarely observed, mounting evidence demonstrates that a specific polymorphism of cyclin D1 (G/A870) and a protein product of a potentially related alternate splicing event (cyclin D1b) may influence cancer risk and outcome. Herein, we review the epidemiological and functional literatures that link these alterations of cyclin D1 to human tumor development and progression.

Cervical cancer and CYP2E1 polymorphisms: implications for molecular epidemiology

INTRODUCTION

Besides human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, several cofactors are considered important for the development of cervical cancer (CC). Among these, tobacco smoke, other sexually transmitted diseases, inflammation and nutritional factors have been intensively described. CYP2E1 polymorphisms have been associated with the metabolization of several carcinogens, some of them considered risk factors for CC development, such as tobacco smoke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CYP2E1 polymorphisms in the susceptibility to cervical cancer in a Portuguese population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The genotypic analysis was performed with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology, using peripheral blood samples of 454 individuals: 122 presented invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ICC), 59 presented squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), and the control population was composed of 274 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

Concerning the DraI polymorphism, we observed a decreased risk for the development of squamous cervical lesions in the presence of the C allele [odds ratio (OR)=0.600; 0.378<OR<0.952; p=0.029]. In the stratification of the analysis according to the mean age, we observed an increased risk for the development of SIL, for women older than 39 years of age, in the presence of the D allele (OR=0.087; 0.012<OR<0.651; p=0.003). Regarding the RsaI polymorphism, we did not find any significant differences.

CONCLUSION

The decreased risk observed for the development of SIL and not ICC in the presence of the D allele may indicate that CYP2E1 interferes with the initial steps of the carcinogenic process, probably due to its involvement in the action of immunological mediators, expressed during cervical inflammation. These aspects may help to define new therapeutic strategies for chemoprevention.

The influence of HER2 genotypes as molecular markers in ovarian cancer outcome

A relevant clinical problem in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC) is the development of resistance to chemotherapy, frequently due to genetic variations in enzymes and receptors. Changes in the HER2 receptor have been associated with breast and ovarian cancers. The role of a polymorphism in the HER2 gene in the clinical outcome of OC patients was investigated in this study. We characterized DNA samples from 111 patients with OC treated with cisplatin and paclitaxel, using PCR-RFLP. Our results indicate that patients carrying the valine homozygotic genotype present a lower overall survival mean, suggesting a role for this polymorphism in the outcome of ovarian cancer patients. The G allele has been implicated in the formation of active HER2 receptors, with a more aggressive phenotype. We hypothesize that HER2 genotypes can be predictive biomarkers in ovarian cancer, contributing to a genetic individual profile of great interest in clinical oncology.