Trends in mortality and mean age at death from lung cancer in Austria (1975-2007)

Lung cancer mortality and associated predictors: systematic review using 32 scientific research findings

Background

Cancer is a chronic disease brought on by mutations to the genes that control our cells' functions and become the most common cause of mortality and comorbidities. Thus, this study aimed to assess the comprehensive and common mortality-related risk factors of lung cancer using more than thirty scientific research papers.

Methods

Possible risk factors contributing to lung cancer mortality were assessed across 201 studies sourced from electronic databases, including Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science (WOS), EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, the Lung Cancer Open Research Dataset Challenge, and Scopus. Out of these, 32 studies meeting the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis were included. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the studies, a random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled effects of covariates.

Results

The overall prevalence of mortality rate was 10% with a 95% confidence interval of 6 and 16%. Twenty studies (62.50%) studies included in this study considered the ages of lung cancer patients as the risk factors for mortality. Whereas, eighteen (56.25%) and thirteen (40.63%) studies incorporated the gender and smoking status of patients respectively. The comorbidities of lung cancer mortality such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and pneumonia were also involved in 7 (21.90%), 6 (18.75%), 5 (15.63%), and 2 (6.25%) studies, respectively. Patients of older age are more likely to die as compared to patients of younger age. Similarly, lung patients who had smoking practice were more likely to die as compared to patients who hadn't practiced smoking.

Conclusion

The mortality rate of lung cancer patients is considerably high. Older age, gender, stage, and comorbidities such as cardiovascular, hypertension, and diabetes have a significant positive effect on lung cancer mortality. The study results will contribute to future research, management, and prevention strategies for lung cancer.

Gender differences in lung cancer epidemiology - do Austrian male lung cancer patients still die earlier in life?

Objective

Previous analyses reported an unexpected decline of mean age of death of Austrian male lung cancer patients until 1996 and a subsequent turnaround of this epidemiological trend after the mid-1990s until 2007. In light of ongoing changes in smoking behavior of men and women, this study aims to investigate the development of mean age of death from lung cancer in Austria during the past three decades.

Materials and methods

This study used data about the annual mean age of death from lung cancer, including malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus and lung, between 1992 and 2021 obtained from Statistics Austria, Federal Institution under Public Law. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent samples t-tests were applied to explore any significant differences of mean values in the course of time as well as between men and women.

Results

Overall, mean age of death of male lung cancer patients increased consistently throughout the observed time periods, whereas women did not show any statistically significant change in the last decades.

Conclusion

Possible reasons for the reported epidemiological development are discussed in this article. Research and Public Health measures should increasingly focus on smoking behaviors of female adolescents.

Gender and Regional Differences in Lung Cancer Mortality in Brazil

Background and Objective:

This was a population-based ecological with data of deaths from the Mortality Information System. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trends of mortality induced by bronchi and lung cancer in Brazil and its geographical regions between 2001 and 2015 and secondly to calculate predictions for 2016-2030.

Material and Methods:

The mortality trends were analyzed by the Joinpoint regression and calculation of predictions was used the Nordpred software.

Results:

There was a reduction trend in lung cancer mortality among Brazilian men living in South and Southeast regions of Brazil. However, there was an increasing trend in lung cancer mortality among Brazilian women living in Northeast, Southeast, and South regions of Brazil. When comparing the last observed period and the last foreseen period for males, it is expected an increase of 12.86% in the number of deaths, justified mainly by the change in population structure, with a reduction in the risk of death by the disease. For women, the expected increase is 26.22%, justified both by population structure, and the increased risk of deaths from the disease. The higher rates will be observed in the southern region of the country, for both sexes.

Conclusion:

The mortality induced by lung and bronchial cancer in Brazil was unevenly distributed. However lung cancer incidence had a reducing trend, the mortality caused following it was increased among men. For women, the rates are rising, and until 2030, the mortality load will continue to rise for both.

A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Regression Analysis on Early-Life Energy Restriction and Cancer Risk in Humans

Background

In animal models, long-term moderate energy restriction (ER) is reported to decelerate carcinogenesis, whereas the effect of severe ER is inconsistent. The impact of early-life ER on cancer risk has never been reviewed systematically and quantitatively based on observational studies in humans.

Objective

We conducted a systematic review of observational studies and a meta-(regression) analysis on cohort studies to clarify the association between early-life ER and organ site-specific cancer risk.

Methods

PubMed and EMBASE (1982 –August 2015) were searched for observational studies. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a random effects model when available ≥3 studies.

Results

Twenty-four studies were included. Eleven publications, emanating from seven prospective cohort studies and some reporting on multiple cancer endpoints, met the inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis. Women exposed to early-life ER (ranging from 220–1660 kcal/day) had a higher breast cancer risk than those not exposed (RR_{RE all ages} = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05–1.56; RR_{RE for 10–20 years of age} = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34). Men exposed to early-life ER (ranging from 220–800kcal/day) had a higher prostate cancer risk than those not exposed (RR_RE = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03–1.30). Summary relative risks were not computed for colorectal cancer, because of heterogeneity, and for stomach-, pancreas-, ovarian-, and respiratory cancer because there were <3 available studies. Longer duration of exposure to ER, after adjustment for severity, was positively associated with overall cancer risk in women (p = 0.02). Ecological studies suggest that less severe ER is generally associated with a reduced risk of cancer.

Conclusions

Early-life transient severe ER seems to be associated with increased cancer risk in the breast (particularly ER exposure at adolescent age) and prostate. The duration, rather than severity of exposure to ER, seems to positively influence relative risk estimates. This result should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies and difficulty in disentangling duration, severity, and geographical setting of exposure.

Lung cancer burden has increased during the last 40 years in Hebei Province, China

Background

In 2011, Hebei Province, located in North China with a population of 71 794 239, accounted for approximately 6% of the national population. It is well known as a heavily air polluted area. This study reports the lung cancer burden and mortality trend in Hebei Province from 1973 to 2011.

Methods

Eight cancer registries in Hebei Province submitted data to the Hebei Provincial Cancer Registry Center. Pooled data were stratified by area (urban/rural), gender, and age group. The proportions, cumulative incidence/mortality rates, and median age at death of lung cancer were calculated. Lung cancer mortality data of 1973–1975, 1990–1992, and 2004–2005 were extracted from national death surveys. Data of lung cancer from Cixian and Shexian were obtained from population‐based cancer registries in each county.

Results

The estimated numbers of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases and deaths in 2011 in Hebei Province were 32 623 and 27 612, respectively. The crude incidence rate of lung cancer was 45.44/100 000. The age‐standardized incidence rate by world standard population was 39.01/100 000, ranking second among all cancers. The lung cancer mortality rate was 38.46/100 000, ranking first among all cancer deaths, with a significantly increasing trend in Hebei Province from 1973–1975 to 2010–2011, with an increased rate of 189.15%.

Conclusion

Hebei Province suffers a heavy disease burden of lung cancer and an obvious increasing trend has been observed over the past 40 years. Preventive and control strategies should be encouraged.