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Vogeley C, Rolfes KM, Krutmann J, Haarmann-Stemmann T. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Environmentally-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841721. [PMID: 35311158 PMCID: PMC8927079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and academia as well as public authorities expect a further increase of its incidence in the next years. The major risk factor for the development of SCC of the general population is the repeated and unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Another important risk factor, in particular with regards to occupational settings, is the chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are formed during incomplete combustion of organic material and thus can be found in coal tar, creosote, bitumen and related working materials. Importantly, both exposomal factors unleash their carcinogenic potential, at least to some extent, by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and key regulator in xenobiotic metabolism and immunity. The AHR is expressed in all cutaneous cell-types investigated so far and maintains skin integrity. We and others have reported that in response to a chronic exposure to environmental stressors, in particular UV radiation and PAHs, an activation of AHR and downstream signaling pathways critically contributes to the development of SCC. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about AHR's role in skin carcinogenesis and focus on its impact on defense mechanisms, such as DNA repair, apoptosis and anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the possible consequences of a simultaneous exposure to different AHR-stimulating environmental factors for the development of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vogeley
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina M Rolfes
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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da Silva Junior FC, Felipe MBMC, Castro DEFD, Araújo SCDS, Sisenando HCN, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. A look beyond the priority: A systematic review of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of non-priority PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116838. [PMID: 33714059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the toxic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has increased over time. Much of this knowledge is about the 16 United States - Environmental Protection Agency (US - EPA) priority PAHs; however, there are other US - EPA non-priority PAHs in the environment, whose toxic potential is underestimated. We conducted a systematic review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies to assess the genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of 13 US - EPA non-priority parental PAHs present in the environment. Electronic databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, were used to search for research with selected terms without time restrictions. After analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, 249 articles, published between 1946 and 2020, were selected and the quality assessment of these studies was performed. The results showed that 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-DMBA), cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP), and dibenzo[al]pyrene (Db[al]P) were the most studied PAHs. Moreover, 5-MC, 7,12-DMBA, benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A), CPP, anthanthrene (ANT), dibenzo[ae]pyrene (Db[ae]P), and Db[al]P have been reported to cause mutagenic effects and have been being associated with a risk of carcinogenicity. Retene (RET) and benzo[c]fluorene (B[c]F), the least studied compounds, showed evidence of a strong influence on the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity endpoints. Overall, this systematic review provided evidence of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of US - EPA non-priority PAHs. However, further studies are needed to improve the future protocols of environmental analysis and risk assessment in severely exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Carlos da Silva Junior
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Denis Elvis Farias de Castro
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Sinara Carla da Silva Araújo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Herbert Costa Nóbrega Sisenando
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Batistuzzo de Medeiros
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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3
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Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Environmentally Induced Skin Aging and Skin Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236005. [PMID: 31795255 PMCID: PMC6928879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is constantly exposed to a variety of environmental threats, including solar electromagnetic radiation, microbes, airborne particulate matter, and chemicals. Acute exposure to these environmental factors results in the activation of different signaling pathways that orchestrate adaptive stress responses to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis. Chronic exposure of skin to these factors, however, may lead to the accumulation of damaged macromolecules and loss of cell and tissue integrity, which, over time, may facilitate aging processes and the development of aging-related malignancies. One transcription factor that is expressed in all cutaneous cells and activated by various environmental stressors, including dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and ultraviolet radiation, is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). By regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, epidermal barrier function, melanogenesis, and immunity, a certain degree of AHR activity is critical to maintain skin integrity and to adapt to acute stress situations. In contrast, a chronic activation of cutaneous AHR signaling critically contributes to premature aging and the development of neoplasms by affecting metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, pigmentation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This article provides an overview of the detrimental effects associated with sustained AHR activity in chronically stressed skin and pinpoints AHR as a promising target for chemoprevention.
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Hidaka T, Fujimura T, Aiba S. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates Carcinogenesis and Maintenance of Skin Cancers. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:194. [PMID: 31552251 PMCID: PMC6736988 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that responds to a wide range of chemicals, including chemical carcinogens such as dioxins and carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and induces a battery of genes associated with detoxification, proliferation, and immune regulation. Recent reports suggest that AHR plays an important role in carcinogenesis and maintenance of various types of skin cancers. Indeed, AHR is a susceptibility gene for squamous cell carcinoma and a prognostic factor for melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. In addition, the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet (UV) and chemical carcinogens, both of which are major environmental carcinogenetic factors of skin, are at least partly mediated by AHR, which regulates UV-induced inflammation and apoptosis, the DNA repair system, and metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens. Furthermore, AHR modulates the efficacy of key therapeutic agents in melanoma. AHR activation induces the expression of resistance genes against the inhibitors of V600E mutated B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) in melanoma and upregulation of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in tumor-infiltrating T cells surrounding melanoma. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of AHR in the biology of skin cancers. Development of therapeutic agents that modulate AHR activity is a promising strategy to advance chemoprevention and chemotherapy for skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Hidaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Mescher M, Haarmann-Stemmann T. Modulation of CYP1A1 metabolism: From adverse health effects to chemoprevention and therapeutic options. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:71-87. [PMID: 29458109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 gene encodes a monooxygenase that metabolizes multiple exogenous and endogenous substrates. CYP1A1 has become infamous for its oxidative metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, converting these chemicals into very potent human carcinogens. CYP1A1 expression is mainly controlled by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a transcription factor whose activation is induced by binding of persistent organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins. Accordingly, induction of CYP1A1 expression and activity serves as a biomarker of AHR activation and associated xenobiotic metabolism as well as toxicity in diverse animal species and humans. Determination of CYP1A1 activity is integrated into modern toxicological concepts and testing guidelines, emphasizing the tremendous importance of this enzyme for risk assessment and regulation of chemicals. Further, CYP1A1 serves as a molecular target for chemoprevention of chemical carcinogenesis, although present literature is controversial on whether its inhibition or induction exerts beneficial effects. Regarding therapeutic applications, first anti-cancer prodrugs are available, which require a metabolic activation by CYP1A1, and thus enable a specific elimination of CYP1A1-positive tumors. However, the application range of these drugs may be limited due to the frequently observed downregulation of CYP1A1 in various human cancers, probably leading to a reduced metabolism of endogenous AHR ligands and a sustained activation of AHR and associated tumor-promoting responses. We here summarize the current knowledge on CYP1A1 as a key player in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substrates and as a promising target molecule for prevention and treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mescher
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dysfunction of the circadian transcriptional factor CLOCK in mice resists chemical carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9995. [PMID: 28855649 PMCID: PMC5577256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic disruption of circadian rhythms has been implicated in the risk of cancer development in humans and laboratory animals. The gene product CLOCK is a core molecular component of the circadian oscillator, so that mice with a mutated Clock gene (Clk/Clk) exhibit abnormal rhythms in various physiological processes. However, we demonstrated here that Clk/Clk mice resisted chemical carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis by suppressing epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-mediated proliferation signals. The repetitive application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA) to skin on the back resulted in the significant development of tumors in wild-type mice, whereas chemically-induced tumorigenesis was alleviated in Clk/Clk mice. Although the degree of DMBA-induced DNA damage was not significantly different between wild-type and Clk/Clk mice, EGF receptor-mediated Ras activation was not detected in DMBA-treated Clk/Clk mice. Genetic and biochemical experiments revealed that the suppression of EGF receptor-mediated signal transduction in DMBA-treated Clk/Clk mice was associated with the expression of the cellular senescence factor p16INK4a. These results suggest an uncovered role for CLOCK in the development of chemical carcinogen-induced primary tumors and offers new preventive strategies.
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Safe S, Cheng Y, Jin UH. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) as a Drug Target for Cancer Chemotherapy. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 2:24-29. [PMID: 28459113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is overexpressed in some patients with different tumor types, and the receptor can be a negative or positive prognostic factor. There is also evidence from both in vivo and in vitro cell culture models that the AhR can exhibit tumor-specific pro-oncogenic and tumor suppressor-like functions and therefore can be treated with AhR antagonists or agonists, respectively. Successful clinical applications of AhR ligands will require the synthesis and development of selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) with tumor-specific AhR agonist or antagonist activity, and some currently available compounds such as indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane-(DIM) and synthetic AhR antagonists are potential drug candidates. There is also evidence that some AhR-active pharmaceuticals, including tranilast, flutamide, hydroxytamoxifen and omeprazole or their derivatives, may be effective AhR-dependent anticancer agents for single or combination cancer chemotherapies for treatment of breast and pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Yating Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that have the ability to disrupt the production and actions of hormones through direct or indirect interaction with hormone receptors, thus acting as agonists or antagonists. Human health is affected after either individual occupation or dietary and environmental exposure to EDCs. On the other hand, skin is one of the largest organs of the body and its main function is protection from noxious substances. EDCs perturb the endocrine system, and they are also carcinogenic, immunotoxic, and hepatotoxic to human skin. In addition, their effects on keratinocytes, melanocytes, sebocytes, inflammatory and immunological cells, and skin stem cells produce inflammatory and allergic skin diseases, chloracne, disorders of skin pigmentation, skin cancer, and skin aging. Mechanisms, which EDCs use to induce these skin disorders are complicated, and involve the interference of endogenous hormones and most importantly the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signal pathway. Further studies on EDCs and skin diseases are necessary to elucidate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ju
- Department of Dermatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
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9
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Bagulkar BB, Gawande M, Chaudhary M, Gadbail AR, Patil S, Bagulkar S. XIAP and Ki-67: A Correlation Between Antiapoptotic and Proliferative Marker Expression in Benign and Malignant Tumours of Salivary Gland: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:EC01-4. [PMID: 25859460 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11690.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis is crucial to the development of malignant neoplasm. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the expression of X-Linked inhibitor of apoptotic protein (XIAP) (antiapoptotic marker) and Ki-67 (proliferative marker) expression in benign and malignant salivary gland (SG) tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of 40 cases of benign SG tumours and 50 cases of malignant SG tumours. The immunohistochemistry was carried out by using Ki-67 antibody (clone MIB-1) and XIAP antibody in all the groups. RESULTS XIAP expression was significantly higher in malignant SG tumours than benign SG tumours (p = 0.016). Ki-67 LI was significantly higher in malignant SG tumours than benign SG tumours (p = 0.0002). Statistically significant positive correlation between Ki-67 count and XIAP expression was noted in benign and malignant SG tumours (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION As the expression of an antiapoptotic marker (XIAP) increases, the expression of a proliferative marker (Ki-67) also increases from benign to malignant SG tumours. Thus, targeted therapy of XIAP may play a future role in the management of SG malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Bhayyaji Bagulkar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry , Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Madhuri Gawande
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minal Chaudhary
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol Ramchandra Gadbail
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swati Patil
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (M) , Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita Bagulkar
- Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry , Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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10
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Borland MG, Krishnan P, Lee C, Albrecht PP, Shan W, Bility MT, Marcus CB, Lin JM, Amin S, Gonzalez FJ, Perdew GH, Peters JM. Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent signaling by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1602-12. [PMID: 24639079 PMCID: PMC4076811 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) reduces skin tumorigenesis by altering aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent activities was examined. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) increased expression of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), CYP1B1 and phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in wild-type skin and keratinocytes. Surprisingly, this effect was not found in Pparβ/δ-null skin and keratinocytes. Pparβ/δ-null keratinocytes exhibited decreased AHR occupancy and histone acetylation on the Cyp1a1 promoter in response to a PAH compared with wild-type keratinocytes. Bisulfite sequencing of the Cyp1a1 promoter and studies using a DNA methylation inhibitor suggest that PPARβ/δ promotes demethylation of the Cyp1a1 promoter. Experiments with human HaCaT keratinocytes stably expressing shRNA against PPARβ/δ also support this conclusion. Consistent with the lower AHR-dependent activities in Pparβ/δ-null mice compared with wild-type mice, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin tumorigenesis was inhibited in Pparβ/δ-null mice compared with wild-type. Results from these studies demonstrate that PPARβ/δ is required to mediate complete carcinogenesis by DMBA. The mechanisms underlying this PPARβ/δ-dependent reduction of AHR signaling by PAH are not due to alterations in the expression of AHR auxiliary proteins, ligand binding or AHR nuclear translocation between genotypes, but are likely influenced by PPARβ/δ-dependent demethylation of AHR target gene promoters including Cyp1a1 that reduces AHR accessibility as shown by reduced promoter occupancy. This PPARβ/δ/AHR crosstalk is unique to keratinocytes and conserved between mice and humans.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dermis/cytology
- Dermis/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- PPAR delta/physiology
- PPAR-beta/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Borland
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Prasad Krishnan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and
| | - Christina Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and
| | - Prajakta P Albrecht
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and
| | - Weiwei Shan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and
| | - Craig B Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jyh M Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA and
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA and
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,
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11
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Vrzal R, Frauenstein K, Proksch P, Abel J, Dvorak Z, Haarmann-Stemmann T. Khellin and visnagin differentially modulate AHR signaling and downstream CYP1A activity in human liver cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74917. [PMID: 24069365 PMCID: PMC3777991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Khellin and visnagin are two furanochromones that can be frequently found in ethnomedical formulations in Asia and the Middle East. Both compounds possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, therefore modern medicine uses these compounds or structurally related derivatives for treatment of vitiligo, bronchial asthma and renal colics. Despite their frequent usage, the potential toxic properties of visnagin and khellin are not well characterized up-to-now. Many natural compounds modulate the expression and activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), which is well-known to bioactivate pro-carcinogens. The expression of this enzyme is controlled by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor and regulator of drug metabolism. Here, we investigated the influence of both furanochromones on AHR signaling in human HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells and primary human hepatocytes. Both compounds transactivated xenobiotic response element (XRE)-driven reporter gene activity in a dose-dependent manner and induced CYP1A1 transcription in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes. The latter was abolished in presence of a specific AHR antagonist. CYP1A enzyme activity assays done in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes revealed an inhibition of enzyme activity by both furanochromones, which may become relevant regarding the metabolism of xenobiotics and co-administered therapeutic drugs. The observed induction of several other members of the AHR gene battery, whose gene products are involved in regulation of cell growth, differentiation and migration, indicates that a further toxicological characterization of visnagin and khelllin is urgently required in order to minimize potential drug-drug interactions and other toxic side-effects that may occur during therapeutic usage of these furanochromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Frauenstein
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Josef Abel
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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12
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Esser C, Bargen I, Weighardt H, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Krutmann J. Functions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the skin. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:677-91. [PMID: 23949496 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among other functions, the skin serves as the barrier against the environment and provides vital protection from physical or chemical harm and from infection. Skin cells express the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor and sensor of environmental chemicals; at the same time, AHR ligands are abundant in skin from exogenous or endogenous sources. For example, solar radiation, in particular ultraviolet (UV) B, generates AHR ligands from tryptophan in the skin. Recent evidence has shown that AHR is involved in the (patho)physiology of skin including the regulation of skin pigmentation, photocarcinogenesis, and skin inflammation. We here provide a state-of-the-art summary of work which relates to the role of the AHR in (1) adaptive responses against environmental challenges such as UVB or topical chemicals and (2) intrinsic developmental roles for homeostasis of skin cells and (3) skin immunity. We also discuss the existing evidence that AHR antagonists or AHR ligands may be used for the prevention and/or treatment of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany,
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13
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Kirsanov KI, Lesovaya EA, Sidorov RA, Belitsky GA, Yakubovskaya MG. Analysis of blastomogenic activity of mammal carcinogens in Drosophila using the wts P4 allele and RNA interference-induced P53 silencing. RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795411040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Brunotto M, Zarate AM, Barra JL, Malberti A. Graph models for phenotype and genotype association between oral mucosa and submandibular gland tumorigenesis in rat. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:463-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sanyal MK, Li YL. Deleterious effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon on blood vascular system of the rat fetus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 80:367-73. [PMID: 17615575 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzo[alpha]pyrene (B[alpha]P) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) are toxic environmental agents distributed widely. The relative deleterious effects of these agents on growth and blood vasculature of fetus and placental tissues of the rat were studied. METHODS Pregnant rats (Day 1 sperm positive) with implantation sites confirmed by laparotomy were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) on Pregnancy Days 10, 12, and 14 with these agents dissolved in corn oil at cumulated total doses 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/rat, and control with corn oil only (3-20 dams/group). Fetal growth, tissue hemorrhage, and placental pathology were evaluated by different parameters on Pregnancy Day (PD) 20 in treated and control rats. RESULTS DMBA was relatively more deleterious compared to B[alpha]P indicated by increased lethality and progressive reduction of body weight of the mother with increasing doses. At 200 mg/kg/rat doses of these agents, maternal survival was 45% and 100% and body weight reduced 24% and 52% of controls, respectively. The fetal survival rates in live mothers were similar to that of controls. They induced marked fetal growth retardation and necrosis of placental tissues. B[alpha]P and DMBA produced significant toxicity to differentiating fetal blood vascular system as exhibited by rupture of blood vessels and hemorrhage, especially in the skin, cranial, and brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS Maternal PAH exposure induced placental toxicity and associated adverse fetal development and hemorrhage in different parts of the fetal body, in particular, marked intradermal and cranial hemorrhage, showing that developing fetal blood vasculature is a target of PAH toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Sanyal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Bolotina NA, Gasparian AV, Dubovaja TK, Evteev VA, Kobliakov VA. Benzo[a]pyrene-dependent activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 related to tumor promotion in hepatoma cell cultures. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:552-7. [PMID: 17573710 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation by the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (BP) of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in hepatoma 27 and HepG2 cell cultures was studied. In contrast to the hepatoma HepG2 cells, cytochrome P450 isoforms and Ah-receptor are not expressed in the hepatoma 27 cells. The transcription factor NF-kappaB was activated only in the hepatoma 27 cells by BP treatment but not by its noncarcinogenic isomer benzo[e]pyrene (BeP). Conversely to NF-kappaB activation the transcription factor AP-1 was activated in the hepatoma HepG2 cells by cell treatment with BP but not in the hepatoma 27 cells. It is concluded that the NF-kappaB activation is caused by nonmetabolized BP molecule and not related to activation of the Ah-receptor. The transcription factor AP-1 seems to be activated as a result of the interaction of BP with the Ah-receptor. The realization of tumor promotion stage by carcinogenic PAHs treatment in dependence on the cytochrome P450 and Ah-receptor levels in the initiated cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Bolotina
- Blokhin Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 115478, Russia
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Raimondi AR, Vitale-Cross L, Amornphimoltham P, Gutkind JS, Molinolo A. Rapid development of salivary gland carcinomas upon conditional expression of K-ras driven by the cytokeratin 5 promoter. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1654-65. [PMID: 16651631 PMCID: PMC1606594 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have used a recently described model in which a ras oncogene is expressed in cytokeratin 5 (K5)-expressing cells on doxycycline administration to explore the effects of this oncogene in salivary glands of adult mice. Inducible expression of a mutated K-ras gene under the control of the K5 promoter led to the development of hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelial lesions and carcinomas, with an incidence of 100% and a minimum latency of a week. All major salivary glands were affected, as well as a set of previously undescribed buccal accessory salivary glands located on the apex of the masseter muscle, close to the oral angle. The tumors appear to arise from the cytokeratin 5-positive basal cell compartment. Myoepithelial cells participated in the hyperplasias but not in carcinomas, because the tumors are negative for smooth muscle actin. Carcinomas did not accumulate immunoreactive p53 but are positive for p63, as assayed by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against the N terminus of DeltaN p63, a splice variant of p63 that can inhibit p53 transcriptional activity. In this study, we provide evidence that the ras oncogene, targeted to a specifically sensitive cell compartment within the salivary glands, can trigger a series of event that are sufficient for full carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Raimondi
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
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Sharovskaya J, Kobliakova I, Solomatina N, Kobliakov V. Effect of some carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on gap junction intercellular communication in hepatoma cell cultures. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:387-97. [PMID: 16412531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems that regulate tissue homeostasis is gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). It is accepted that the down-regulation of GJIC is linked to the tumor-promoting properties of carcinogens. In this study, the effect of some carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on GJIC was investigated. It was found that in hepatoma cell culture (Hep G2) carcinogenic PAH inhibited GJIC after 24 h exposure by 75-100% depending on the PAH structure. The inhibition effect on GJIC is reversible because removing the PAH by changing of culture medium restores the GJIC. The non-carcinogenic PAH do not significantly influence GJIC. alpha-Naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of PAH metabolism, has no effect on inhibition of GJIC by carcinogenic PAH. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin, an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor ligand, inhibits GJIC by about 50% only after 48 h exposure. To clarify the role of formation of PAH metabolites and interaction with Ah receptor on inhibition of GJIC, we determined the effect of benzo/a/pyrene on hepatoma G27 cells in which neither mRNA of CYP1A1 nor Ah receptor was determined. As in Hep G2 cells, benzo/a/pyrene, unlike non-carcinogenic benzo/e/pyrene, inhibits GJIC. We conclude that in the studied hepatoma cells carcinogenic PAH inhibit GJIC directly (that is, not via their metabolites) and this effect is not associated with Ah receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sharovskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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