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Silva AL, Oliveira JL, do Nascimento RP, Santos LO, de Araújo FM, Dos Santos BL, Santana RC, Moreira ELT, Batatinha MJM, Alves IM, Velozo ES, Victor MM, Assis AM, Almeida RF, de Souza DOG, Silva VDA, Costa SL. Monocrotaline induces acutely cerebrovascular lesions, astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration associated with behavior changes in rats: A model of vascular damage in perspective. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:59-70. [PMID: 36336098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites playing an important role as phytotoxins in the plant defense mechanisms and can be present as contaminant in the food of humans and animals. The PA monocrotaline (MCT), one of the major plant derived toxin that affect humans and animals, is present in a high concentration in Crotalaria spp. (Leguminosae) seeds and can induce toxicity after consumption, characterized mainly by hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity. However, the effects of the ingestion of MCT in the central nervous system (CNS) are still poorly elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of MCT oral acute administration on the behavior and CNS toxicity in rats. Male adult Wistar were treated with MCT (109 mg/Kg, oral gavage) and three days later the Elevated Pluz Maze test demonstrated that MCT induced an anxiolytic-like effect, without changes in novelty habituation and in operational and spatial memory profiles. Histopathology revealed that the brain of MCT-intoxicated animals presented hyperemic vascular structures in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex and neocortex, mild perivascular edema in the neocortex, hemorrhagic focal area in the brain stem, hemorrhage and edema in the thalamus. MCT also induced neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus, as revealed by Fluoro Jade-B and Cresyl Violet staining, as well astrocyte reactivity, revealed by immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Additionally, it was demonstrated by RT-qPCR that MCT induced up-regulation on mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory mediator, especially IL1β and CCL2 in the hippocampus and cortex, and down-regulation on mRNA expression of neurotrophins HGDF and BDNF in the cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that the ingestion of MCT induces cerebrovascular lesions and toxicity to neurons that are associated to astroglial cell response and neuroinflammation in the cortex and hippocampus of rats, highlighting CNS damages after acute intoxication, also putting in perspective it uses as a model for cerebrovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joana L Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ravena P do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Balbino L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - Rejane C Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Federal University of Bahia, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz T Moreira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria José M Batatinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Iura M Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eudes S Velozo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Victor
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Assis
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Diogo O G de Souza
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil
| | - Victor Diógenes A Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
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2
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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3
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The chemical structure impairs the intensity of genotoxic effects promoted by 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113049. [PMID: 35500694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) represent a large group of secondary plant metabolites exhibiting hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties upon bioactivation. To examine how the degree of esterification affects the genotoxic profile of PA we investigated cytotoxicity, histone H2AX phosphorylation, DNA strand break induction, cell cycle perturbation, micronuclei formation, and aneugenic effects in different cell models. Analysis of cytotoxicity and phosphorylation of histone H2AX was structure- and concentration-dependent: diester-type PAs (except monocrotaline) showed more pronounced effects than monoester-type PAs. Cell cycle analysis identified that diester-type PAs induced a S-phase arrest and a decrease in the occurrence of cells in the G1-phase. The same structure-dependency was observed by flow-cytometric analysis of PA-induced micronuclei in CYP3A4-overexpressing V79 cells. Analysis of centromeres induced by lasiocarpine in the micronuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated an aneugenic effect in V79h3A4 cells. Comet assays revealed no significant induction of DNA strand breaks for all investigated PAs. Overall, diester-type PAs induced more pronounced effects than monoester-type PAs. Furthermore, our results indicate aneugenic effects upon exposure towards lasiocarpine in vitro. These data improve our understanding how structural features of PA influence the genotoxic profile. Especially, the monoester-type PAs seem to induce less severe effects than other PAs.
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4
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Kupffer cells play a crucial role in monocrotaline-induced liver injury by producing TNF-α. Toxicology 2022; 468:153101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Lin F, Pan A, Ye Y, Liu J. Simultaneous determination of monocrotaline and its N-oxide metabolite in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5207. [PMID: 34184288 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotaline (MCT) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that can induce hepatic sinusoidal damage, pulmonary hypertension, renal toxicity, and heart disease. Monocrotaline N-oxide (MNO), the primary metabolite of MCT, is less toxic; however, it can convert back to MCT to exhibit its toxicity. This study developed and validated a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of MCT and monocrotaline N-oxide in rat plasma. The method has a linearity over the concentration range of 1-2000 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r) >0.997 for each analyte. The results of selectivity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision, and recovery were all within the acceptance criteria. The validated method has been successfully applied to study pharmacokinetic behaviors and bioavailability of MCT in rats. MCT was rapidly absorbed (Tmax : 0.400 ± 0.149 h) after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability of MCT was 78.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anni Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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6
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Prediction of in vivo genotoxicity of lasiocarpine and riddelliine in rat liver using a combined in vitro-physiologically based kinetic modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry approach. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2385-2395. [PMID: 31289892 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring genotoxic compounds, and PA-containing plants can pose a risk to humans through contaminated food sources and herbal products. Upon metabolic activation, PAs can form DNA adducts, DNA and protein cross links, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and DNA double-strand breaks. These genotoxic effects may induce gene mutations and play a role in the carcinogenesis of PAs. This study aims to predict in vivo genotoxicity for two well-studied PAs, lasiocarpine and riddelliine, in rat using in vitro genotoxicity data and physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry. The phosphorylation of histone protein H2AX was used as a quantitative surrogate endpoint for in vitro genotoxicity of lasiocarpine and riddelliine in primary rat hepatocytes and human HepaRG cells. The in vitro concentration-response curves obtained from primary rat hepatocytes were subsequently converted to in vivo dose-response curves from which points of departure (PoDs) were derived that were compared to available in vivo genotoxicity data. The results showed that the predicted PoDs for lasiocarpine and riddelliine were comparable to in vivo genotoxicity data. It is concluded that this quantitative in vitro-in silico approach provides a method to predict in vivo genotoxicity for the large number of PAs for which in vivo genotoxicity data are lacking by integrating in vitro genotoxicity assays with PBK modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry.
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7
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Dai M, Xiao R, Cai L, Ge T, Zhu L, Hu Q. HMGB1 is mechanistically essential in the development of experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C175-C185. [PMID: 30517029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00148.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a mortal disease featuring pulmonary vascular constriction and remodeling, right heart failure, and eventual death. Several reports showed that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) appears to be critical for the development of PH; the underlying mechanism, however, has not been revealed. Experiments in the present study demonstrated that HMGB1 levels were elevated in the lung tissue and blood plasma of rats after chronic hypoxia exposure and monocrotaline treatment. HMGB1 was originally located within the nucleus and translocated to the cytoplasm of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) upon hypoxia exposure, a process that appeared to be mediated by endogenous H2O2. Exposure to HMGB1 mobilized calcium signaling in PASMCs, a response that was attenuated by extracellular Ca2+ removal, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibition by TAK-242, or transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) suppression with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and SKF-96365. The sustained phosphorylation of the Akt pathway modulated HMGB1-induced migration of PASMCs. The blockage of HMGB1 with glycyrrhizin or anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody attenuated lung inflammation and PH establishment in rats after hypoxia exposure and monocrotaline treatment. The above findings reveal the mechanistic importance of HMGB1 in PH through TLR4- and TRPC-associated Ca2+ influx and Akt phosphorylation-driven PASMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Dai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Luyao Cai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Tong Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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8
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Chen L, Zhang B, Liu J, Fan Z, Weng Z, Geng P, Wang X, Lin G. Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability Study of Monocrotaline in Mouse Blood by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1578643. [PMID: 30186850 PMCID: PMC6110008 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1578643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The present study aimed to develop a simple and sensitive method for quantitative determination of monocrotaline (MCT) in mouse blood employing ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS/MS) using rhynchophylline as an internal standard. METHODS Proteins present in the blood samples were precipitated using acetonitrile. MCT was separated using a 1.7-μm ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm) with a gradient elution program and a constant flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The LC mobile phase consisted of 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile. The total elution time was 4.0 min. The analytes were detected on a UPLC-ESI mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and quantified. RESULTS The new method for the determination of MCT has a satisfactory linear detection range of 1-2000 ng/mL and excellent linearity (r = 0.9971). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of MCT is 1.0 ng/mL. Intra- and interassay precisions of MCT were ≤13% with an accuracy from 96.2% to 106.6%. The average recovery of the new method was >75.0%, and matrix effects were between 89.0% and 94.3%. Based on the pharmacokinetics data, the bioavailability of MCT in mice was 88.3% after oral administration. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the newly standardized method for quantitative determination of MCT in whole blood is fast, reliable, specific, sensitive, and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of MCT after intravenous or intragastric administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianguo Chen
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated with Wenzhou Medical University & Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinlai Liu
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated with Wenzhou Medical University & Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhehua Fan
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ziwei Weng
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guanyang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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9
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10
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Kolrep F, Numata J, Kneuer C, Preiss-Weigert A, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schrenk D, These A. In vitro biotransformation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in different species. Part I: Microsomal degradation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1089-1097. [PMID: 29143854 PMCID: PMC5866832 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary metabolites of certain flowering plants. The ingestion of PAs may result in acute and chronic effects in man and livestock with hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity being identified as predominant effects. Several hundred PAs sharing the diol pyrrolizidine as a core structure are formed by plants. Although many congeners may cause adverse effects, differences in the toxic potency have been detected in animal tests. It is generally accepted that PAs themselves are biologically and toxicologically inactive and require metabolic activation. Consequently, a strong relationship between activating metabolism and toxicity can be expected. Concerning PA susceptibility, marked differences between species were reported with a comparatively high susceptibility in horses, while goat and sheep seem to be almost resistant. Therefore, we investigated the in vitro degradation rate of four frequently occurring PAs by liver enzymes present in S9 fractions from human, pig, cow, horse, rat, rabbit, goat, and sheep liver. Unexpectedly, almost no metabolic degradation of any PA was observed for susceptible species such as human, pig, horse, or cow. If the formation of toxic metabolites represents a crucial bioactivation step, the found inverse conversion rates of PAs compared to the known susceptibility require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kolrep
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kneuer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Dieter Schrenk
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Nascimento RP, Oliveira JL, Carvalho JLC, Santos WA, Pires TRC, Batatinha MJM, El-Bachá RS, Silva VDA, Costa SL. Involvement of astrocytic CYP1A1 isoform in the metabolism and toxicity of the alkaloid pyrrolizidine monocrotaline. Toxicon 2017; 134:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Sobenina LN, Tomilin DN, Sagitova EF, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Transition-Metal-Free, Atom- and Step-Economic Synthesis of Aminoketopyrrolizines from Benzylamine, Acylethynylpyrroles, and Acylacetylenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:1586-1589. [PMID: 28322568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise, atom-economic strategy for the synthesis of pyrrolizines with amino and keto substituents has been developed. It includes the following key steps: (i) the base-catalyzed (K3PO4/DMSO) addition of a benzylamine to 2-acylethynylpyrroles and (ii) noncatalyzed addition of enaminones obtained to the triple bond of acylacetylenes followed by intramolecular cyclization of the intermediate pentadiendiones thus formed to the target 1-(benzylamino)-2-acyl-3-methylenoacylpyrrolizines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov' N Sobenina
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Denis N Tomilin
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena F Sagitova
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Igor' A Ushakov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky Str, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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13
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He X, Xia Q, Fu PP. 7-Glutathione-pyrrole and 7-cysteine-pyrrole are potential carcinogenic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:69-83. [PMID: 28418776 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1298358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic phytochemicals. Metabolism of PAs in vivo generates four (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-DNA adducts that have been proposed to be responsible for PA-induced liver tumor formation in rats. In this present study, we determined that the same set of DHP-DNA adducts was formed upon the incubation of 7-glutathione-DHP and 7-cysteine-DHP with cultured human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. These results suggest that 7-glutathione-DHP and 7-cysteine-DHP are reactive metabolites of PAs that can bind to cellular DNA to form DHP-DNA adducts in HepG2 cells, and can potentially initiate liver tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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14
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Cuce G, Canbaz HT, Sozen ME, Yerlikaya FH, Kalkan S. Vitamin E and selenium treatment of monocrotaline induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:59-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1267798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Cuce
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
| | - HT Canbaz
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
| | - ME Sozen
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
| | - FH Yerlikaya
- Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - S Kalkan
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
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15
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Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Metabolic Activation Pathways Leading to Liver Tumor Initiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:81-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological
Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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16
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7-N-Acetylcysteine-pyrrole conjugate-A potent DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:682-694. [PMID: 28911605 PMCID: PMC9337289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread throughout the world and are the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. PAs require metabolic activation to form reactive dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (dehydro-PAs) that are capable of alkylating cellular DNA and proteins, form (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-DNA and DHP-protein adducts, and lead to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. In this study, we determined that the metabolism of riddelliine and monocrotaline by human and rat liver microsomes in the presence of N-acetylcysteine both produced 7-N-acetylcysteine-DHP (7-NAC-DHP) and DHP. Reactions of 7-NAC-DHP with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA), and calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution followed by enzymatic hydrolysis yielded DHP-dG and/or DHP-dA adducts. These results indicate that 7-NAC-DHP is a reactive metabolite that can lead to DNA adduct formation.
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The long persistence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived DNA adducts in vivo: kinetic study following single and multiple exposures in male ICR mice. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:949-965. [PMID: 27125825 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-containing plants are widespread in the world and the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Our previous studies demonstrated that PA-derived DNA adducts can potentially be a common biological biomarker of PA-induced liver tumor formation. In order to validate the use of these PA-derived DNA adducts as a biomarker, it is necessary to understand the basic kinetics of the PA-derived DNA adducts formed in vivo. In this study, we studied the dose-dependent response and kinetics of PA-derived DNA adduct formation and removal in male ICR mice orally administered with a single dose (40 mg/kg) or multiple doses (10 mg/kg/day) of retrorsine, a representative carcinogenic PA. In the single-dose exposure, the PA-derived DNA adducts exhibited dose-dependent linearity and persisted for up to 4 weeks. The removal of the adducts following a single-dose exposure to retrorsine was biphasic with half-lives of 9 h (t 1/2α) and 301 h (~12.5 days, t 1/2β). In the 8-week multiple exposure study, a marked accumulation of PA-derived DNA adducts without attaining a steady state was observed. The removal of adducts after the multiple exposure also demonstrated a biphasic pattern but with much extended half-lives of 176 h (~7.33 days, t 1/2α) and 1736 h (~72.3 days, t 1/2β). The lifetime of PA-derived DNA adducts was more than 8 weeks following the multiple-dose treatment. The significant persistence of PA-derived DNA adducts in vivo supports their role in serving as a biomarker of PA exposure.
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Aho J, Helenius M, Vattulainen-Collanus S, Alastalo TP, Koskenvuo J. Extracellular ATP protects endothelial cells against DNA damage. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:575-81. [PMID: 27030122 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell damage can lead to rapid release of ATP to extracellular space resulting in dramatic change in local ATP concentration. Evolutionary, this has been considered as a danger signal leading to adaptive responses in adjacent cells. Our aim was to demonstrate that elevated extracellular ATP or inhibition of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1/CD39) activity could be used to increase tolerance against DNA-damaging conditions. Human endothelial cells, with increased extracellular ATP concentration in cell proximity, were more resistant to irradiation or chemically induced DNA damage evaluated with the DNA damage markers γH2AX and phosphorylated p53. In our rat models of DNA damage, inhibiting CD39-driven ATP hydrolysis with POM-1 protected the heart and lung tissues against chemically induced DNA damage. Interestingly, the phenomenon could not be replicated in cancer cells. Our results show that transient increase in extracellular ATP can promote resistance to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Aho
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Helenius
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Vattulainen-Collanus
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero-Pekka Alastalo
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Juha Koskenvuo
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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He X, Xia Q, Ma L, Fu PP. 7-cysteine-pyrrole conjugate: A new potential DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:57-76. [PMID: 26761716 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1135593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) require metabolic activation to exert cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. We previously reported that (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts are responsible for PA-induced liver tumor formation in rats. In this study, we determined that metabolism of riddelliine and monocrotaline by human or rat liver microsomes produced 7-cysteine-DHP and DHP. The metabolism of 7-glutathionyl-DHP by human and rat liver microsomes also generated 7-cysteine-DHP. Further, reaction of 7-cysteine-DHP with calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution yielded the described DHP-derived DNA adducts. This study represents the first report that 7-cysteine-DHP is a new PA metabolite that can lead to DNA adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Liang Ma
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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Jahouh F, Marongiu F, Serra MP, Laconi E, Banoub J. Gas-phase fragmentation of the N-oxide and N-hydroxylated derivatives of retrorsine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1733-1748. [PMID: 26331923 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We report the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) analysis of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid extract containing both retrorsine [C18H25NO6] and its N-oxide [C18H25NO7] and N-hydroxyl [C18H26NO7] derivatives measured with a QqTOFMS hybrid instrument. METHODS A solution of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid extract containing retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives was directly infused into an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight (ESI-QTOF) mass spectrometer and product ion scans of the protonated molecules of each species were acquired. Labile protons of each compound were deuterated and computational energy calculations of the proposed structures of the product ions were used to determine the fragmentation pathways of retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives. RESULTS ESI-MS of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid extract containing retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives afforded the protonated retrorsine [M1 + H](+) at m/z 352.1760 and the protonated retrorsine N-oxide [M2 + H](+) at m/z 368.1631 in addition to the formation of the unexpected protonated N-hydroxyl radical [M3 + H](+•) at m/z 369.1686. CID-MS/MS of this series of protonated molecules allowed the evaluation of their gas-phase fragmentations and the establishment of their fragmentation pathways. It was also found that several product ions could be assigned to different structures. Deuterium exchange and computational energy calculations allowed us to determine the most probable structures for the characterized product ions. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the identification of the protonated retrorsine N-hydroxyl radical [M3 + H](+•) is reported for the first time. In addition, the MS/MS results can be used for the identification of retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives in different complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Jahouh
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
- Special Projects, Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joseph Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
- Special Projects, Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Saint John's, Canada
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Abstract
Substances historically thought to cause direct vascular injury in laboratory animals are a heterogeneous group of toxic agents with varied mechanisms of action. Morphologically, the reviewed agents can be broadly categorized into those targeting endothelial cell (ECs) and those targeting smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Anticancer drugs, immunosuppressants, and heavy metals are targeting primarily ECs while allylamine, β-aminopropionitrile, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors affect mainly SMCs. It is now recognized that the pathogenicity of some of these agents is often mediated through intermediary events, particularly vasoconstriction. There are clear similarities in the clinical and microscopic findings associated with many of these agents in animals and man, allowing the use of animal models to investigate mechanisms and pathogenesis. The molecular pathogenic mechanisms and comparative morphology in animals and humans will be reviewed.
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Micronucleus induction in rat liver and bone marrow by acute vs. repeat doses of the genotoxic hepatocarcinogen monocrotaline. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang XK, Zhao Y, Liu T, Yi Y, Li CY, Wang HJ, Wang CH, Wang ZT, Ye ZG, Liang AH. Ninety-Day Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Senecio scandens Extract in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Kun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yong Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Chun-Ying Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hong-Jie Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Chang-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zu-Guang Ye
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ai-Hua Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Petrova OV, Sagitova EF, Ushakov IA, Sobenina LN, Mikhaleva AI, Trofimov BA. Reaction of 2-(2,2-dicyano-1-ethylsulfanylethenyl)pyrroles with aniline: a route to 1-anilino-3-iminopyrrolizine-2-carbonitriles and 2-(1-anilino-2,2-dicyanoethenyl)pyrroles. J Sulphur Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2014.987277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ji L, Ma Y, Wang Z, Cai Z, Pang C, Wang Z. Quercetin prevents pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine-induced liver injury in mice by elevating body defense capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98970. [PMID: 24905073 PMCID: PMC4048295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid that is widely distributed in nature. The present study is designed to analyze the underlying mechanism in the protection of quercetin against pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine-induced acute liver injury in vivo. Serum transaminases, total bilirubin analysis, and liver histological evaluation demonstrated the protection of quercetin against clivorine-induced liver injury. Terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay demonstrated that quercetin reduced the increased amount of liver apoptotic cells induced by clivorine. Western-blot analysis of caspase-3 showed that quercetin inhibited the cleaved activation of caspase-3 induced by clivorine. Results also showed that quercetin reduced the increase in liver glutathione and lipid peroxidative product malondialdehyde induced by clivorine. Quercetin reduced the enhanced liver immunohistochemical staining for 4-hydroxynonenal induced by clivorine. Results of the Mouse Stress and Toxicity PathwayFinder RT2 Profiler PCR Array demonstrated that the expression of genes related with oxidative or metabolic stress and heat shock was obviously altered after quercetin treatment. Some of the alterations were confirmed by real-time PCR. Our results demonstrated that quercetin prevents clivorine-induced acute liver injury in vivo by inhibiting apoptotic cell death and ameliorating oxidative stress injury. This protection may be caused by the elevation of the body defense capacity induced by quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yibo Ma
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaiyong Wang
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhunxiu Cai
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Pang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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Orantes-Bermejo FJ, Serra Bonvehí J, Gómez-Pajuelo A, Megías M, Torres C. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: their occurrence in Spanish honey collected from purple viper's bugloss (Echium spp.). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1799-806. [PMID: 23886433 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.817686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from Echium spp. plant have been defined in 103 Spanish honey samples. Each sample was examined to determine total pollen content, the percentage of Echium spp. pollen, and simultaneous measurements of PAs and their N-oxides concentrations by the HPLC-ESI/MS method to identify the potential origin of PAs in honey. PAs were found in 94.2% of the raw honey samples analysed, in the range of 1-237 µg kg(-1) (average concentration = 48 µg kg(-1)). The PA pattern was clearly dominated by echimidine, lycopsamine and their N-oxides, representing the 97.8% of total ∑PAs, and only echimidine and echimidine-N-oxide surpassed the 87% of total ∑PA content. Others PAs, seneciphylline and heliotrine-N-oxide, appear to be reported in a lower incidence and concentration (average of 3 and 1 µg kg(-1), respectively). The Pearson Chi-squared test (p ≤ 0.01) confirms the non-correspondence between pollen plants and PA content. This study was also realised to generate a dataset in order to evaluate the potential risk of Spanish honeys containing PA plants belonging to the genera Echium.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Orantes-Bermejo
- a Analytical Laboratory of Bee Products , Barrancos, s/n , E-18420 Lanjarón , Granada , Spain
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Tu M, Sun S, Wang K, Peng X, Wang R, Li L, Zeng S, Zhou H, Jiang H. Organic cation transporter 1 mediates the uptake of monocrotaline and plays an important role in its hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2013; 311:225-30. [PMID: 23831208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotaline (MCT) is a kind of toxic retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from plants of Crotalaria, which can be bio-activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in liver and then induce hepatotoxicity. Since CYPs are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, the influx of MCT to the liver is the key step for its hepatotoxicity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), a transporter mainly expressed in liver, in the uptake of MCT and in hepatotoxicity induced by MCT. The results revealed that MCT markedly inhibited the uptake of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), an OCT1 substrate, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing human OCT1 (MDCK-hOCT1) with the IC50 of 5.52±0.56μM. The uptake of MCT was significantly higher in MDCK-hOCT1 cells than in MDCK-mock cells, and MCT uptake in MDCK-hOCT1 cells followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with the Km and Vmax values of 25.0±6.7μM and 266±64pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Moreover, the OCT1 inhibitors, such as quinidine, d-tetrahydropalmatine (d-THP), obviously inhibited the uptake of MCT in MDCK-hOCT1 cells and isolated rat primary hepatocytes, and attenuated the viability reduction and LDH release of the primary cultured rat hepatocytes caused by MCT. In conclusion, OCT1 mediates the hepatic uptake of MCT and may play an important role in MCT induced-hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Paffett ML, Channell MM, Naik JS, Lucas SN, Campen MJ. Cardiac and vascular atrogin-1 mRNA expression is not associated with dexamethasone efficacy in the monocrotaline model of pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013; 12:226-34. [PMID: 22311109 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-012-9158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atrophic signaling elements of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are involved in skeletal muscle wasting as well as pressure overload models of heart failure. In our prior experiments, we demonstrated a transcriptional downregulation of atrophy-inducing vascular E3 ubiquitin ligases in a toxic model of pulmonary hypertension where pulmonary artery and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy are evident. Given the numerous reports of glucocorticoid activation of the UPS and the negative regulator of muscle mass, myostatin, we investigated the efficacy of dexamethasone to reverse monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension and augment atrogin-1 expression in both pulmonary arteries and myocardium. Dexamethasone caused significant reductions in body weight in combination with MCT. As predicted, MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension was evident by increases in RV systolic pressure, right ventricle to left ventricle plus septal weight ratios (RV/LVS) and arterial remodeling. MCT treatment significantly reduced both RV and PA atrogin-1 expression. Dexamethasone treatment reversed the MCT-induced pathological indices and restored RV atrogin-1 expression, but did not impact atrogin-1 expression in pulmonary arteries. Myostatin was poorly expressed in pulmonary arteries compared to the RV, and dexamethasone treatment increase RV myostatin in controls but not MCT-treated rats. These findings suggest that mechanisms independent of myostatin/atrogin-1 are responsible for glucocorticoid efficacy in this model of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Paffett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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Nakamura K, Hatano E, Narita M, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Koyama Y, Nagata H, Iwaisako K, Taura K, Uemoto S. Sorafenib attenuates monocrotaline-induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in rats through suppression of JNK and MMP-9. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1037-43. [PMID: 22796153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a drug-induced liver injury that occurs with oxaliplatin treatment and is associated with postoperative morbidity after hepatectomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sorafenib in a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced model of SOS in rats. METHODS Rats were divided into groups treated with sorafenib (2mg/kg) or vehicle, 36 h and 12h before MCT (90 mg/kg) administration by gavage. Liver tissues and blood were sampled 48 h after MCT administration to evaluate SOS. Survival after hepatectomy was examined and immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed to assess sinusoidal injury. RESULTS In the vehicle group, liver histology showed sinusoidal dilatation, coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes, endothelial damage of the central vein, and sinusoidal hemorrhage. In the sorafenib group, these changes were significantly suppressed, total SOS scores were significantly decreased, and the elevation of serum transaminase levels observed in the vehicle group was significantly reduced. Survival after hepatectomy was significantly higher in the sorafenib group compared to the vehicle group (45% vs. 20%, p=0.0137). Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a protective effect of sorafenib on sinusoidal endothelial cells at 6h after MCT treatment. Sorafenib also attenuated the activity of metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib reduced the severity of MCT-induced SOS in rats through suppression of MMP-9 and JNK activity, resulting in improvement of survival after hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhao Y, Xia Q, Gamboa da Costa G, Yu H, Cai L, Fu PP. Full Structure Assignments of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid DNA Adducts and Mechanism of Tumor Initiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1985-96. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079,
United States
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079,
United States
| | | | - Hongtao Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Jackson State University,
Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth
Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079,
United States
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Pitanga BPS, Nascimento RP, Silva VDA, Costa SL. The Role of Astrocytes in Metabolism and Neurotoxicity of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Monocrotaline, the Main Toxin of Crotalaria retusa. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:144. [PMID: 22876233 PMCID: PMC3411086 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic interactions and signaling between neurons and glial cells are necessary for the development and maintenance of brain functions and structures and for neuroprotection, which includes protection from chemical attack. Astrocytes are essential for cerebral detoxification and present an efficient and specific cytochrome P450 enzymatic system. Whilst Crotalaria (Fabaceae, Leguminosae) plants are used in popular medicine, they are considered toxic and can cause damage to livestock and human health problems. Studies in animals have shown cases of poisoning by plants from the genus Crotalaria, which induced damage to the central nervous system. This finding has been attributed to the toxic effects of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) monocrotaline (MCT). The involvement of P450 enzymatic systems in MCT hepatic and pulmonary metabolism and toxicity has been elucidated, but little is known about the pathways implicated in the bioactivation of these systems and the direct contribution of these systems to brain toxicity. This review will present the main toxicological aspects of the Crotalaria genus that are established in the literature and recent findings describing the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of MCT, which was extracted from Crotalaria retusa, and its interaction with neurons in isolated astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Penas Seara Pitanga
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Brazil
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Gomez-Arroyo JG, Farkas L, Alhussaini AA, Farkas D, Kraskauskas D, Voelkel NF, Bogaard HJ. The monocrotaline model of pulmonary hypertension in perspective. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L363-9. [PMID: 21964406 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00212.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are characterized by various degrees of remodeling of the pulmonary arterial vessels, which increases the pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular afterload, thus contributing to the development of right ventricle dysfunction and failure. Recent years have seen advances in the understanding of the pathobiology of PAH; however, many important questions remain unanswered. Elucidating the pathobiology of PAH continues to be critical to design new effective therapeutic strategies, and appropriate animal models of PAH are necessary to achieve the task. Although the monocrotaline rat model of PAH has contributed to a better understanding of vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension, we question the validity of this model as a preclinically relevant model of severe plexogenic PAH. Here we review pertinent publications that either have been forgotten or ignored, and we reexamine the monocrotaline model in the context of human forms of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose G Gomez-Arroyo
- Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Disease Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23298, USA
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Pitanga BPS, Silva VDA, Souza CS, Junqueira HA, Fragomeni BON, Nascimento RP, Silva AR, Costa MDFD, El-Bachá RS, Costa SL. Assessment of neurotoxicity of monocrotaline, an alkaloid extracted from Crotalaria retusa in astrocyte/neuron co-culture system. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:776-84. [PMID: 21781985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown cases of poisoning with plants from the genus Crotalaria (Leguminosae) mainly in animals. They induce damages in the central nervous system (CNS), which has been attributed to toxic effects of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) monocrotaline (MCT). Previously we demonstrated that both MCT and dehydromonocrotaline (DHMC), its main active metabolite, induce changes in the levels and patterns of expression of the main protein from astrocyte cytoskeleton, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In this study we investigated the effect of MCT on rat cortical astrocyte/neuron primary co-cultures. Primary cultures were exposed to 10 or 100 μM MCT. The MTT test and the measurement of LDH activity on the culture medium revealed that after 24h exposure MCT was not cytotoxic to neuron/astrocyte cells. However, the cell viability after 72 h treatment decreased in 10-20%, and the LDH levels in the culture medium increased at a rate of 12% and 23%, in cultures exposed to 10 or 100 μM MCT. Rosenfeld staining showed vacuolization and increase in cell body in astrocytes after MCT exposure. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses revealed changes on pattern of GFAP and βIII-tubulin expression and steady state levels after MCT treatment, with a dose and time dependent intense down regulation and depolarization of neuronal βIII-tubulin. Moreover, treatment with 100 μM MCT for 12h induced GSH depletion, which was not seen when cytochrome P450 enzyme system was inhibited indicating that it is involved in MCT induced cytotoxicity in CNS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P S Pitanga
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biofunção/Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, BA, 40.110-902, Brazil
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Wiedenfeld H. Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:282-92. [PMID: 21360374 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.541288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are toxic for human and livestock. They undergo a metabolic toxication process in the liver which is the first target organ for PA poisoning. Worldwide many episodes of human PA intoxications are well reported. In many cases the reason for these intoxications has been PA contamination in food. The main tools for analysing food and fodder on PA content are based on GC and HPLC separation, followed by MS(-MS) detection. Actual incidents with toxic PA are the 'Jacobaea vulgaris (syn. Senecio jacobaea) problem' in Europe and the 'Ageratum conyzoides problem' in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wiedenfeld
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common constituents of many plant species around the world. PA-containing plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock and wildlife. They can inflict harm to humans through contaminated food sources, herbal medicines and dietary supplements. Half of the identified PAs are genotoxic and many of them are tumorigenic. The mutagenicity of PAs has been extensively studied in different biological systems. Upon metabolic activation, PAs produce DNA adducts, DNA cross-linking, DNA breaks, sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and chromosome mutations in vivo and in vitro. PAs induced mutations in the cII gene of rat liver and in the p53 and K-ras genes of mouse liver tumors. It has been suggested that all PAs produce a set of (+/-)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine-derived DNA adducts and similar types of gene mutations. The signature types of mutations are G : C --> T : A transversion and tandem base substitutions. Overall, PAs are mutagenic in vivo and in vitro and their mutagenicity appears to be responsible for the carcinogenesis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Abbas SE, Awadallah FM, Ibrahim NA, Gouda AM. Novel substituted and fused pyrrolizine derivatives: Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenecity studies. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:482-91. [PMID: 19913956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safinaz E Abbas
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Eini street 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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Dai J, Zhang F, Zheng J. Retrorsine, but not monocrotaline, is a mechanism-based inactivator of P450 3A4. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:49-56. [PMID: 19818743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retrorsine (RTS) and monocrotaline (MCT) cause severe toxicities via P450-mediated metabolic activation. The screening of mechanism-based inhibitors showed RTS inactivated 3A4 in the presence of NADPH. Unlike RTS, MCT failed to inhibit P450 3A4 and other enzymes tested. Further studies showed the loss of P450 3A4 activity occurred in a time- and concentration-dependent way, which was not recovered after dialysis. Dextromethorphan, a P450 3A4 substrate, protected the enzyme from the inactivation. Exogenous nucleophile glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species scavengers catalase and superoxide dismutase did not protect P450 3A4 from the inactivation. GSH trapping experiments showed both P450 3A4 and 2C19 converted RTS and MCT to the corresponding electrophilic metabolites which could be trapped by GSH to form 7-GSH-DHP conjugate. We conclude that RTS and MCT are metabolically activated by P450 3A4 and 2C19, and that RTS, but not MCT, is a mechanism-based inactivator of P450 3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Dai
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1900 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Fu PP, Chou MW, Churchwell M, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Xia Q, Gamboa da Costa G, Marques MM, Beland FA, Doerge DR. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Detection and Quantitation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Derived DNA Adducts in Vitro and in Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:637-52. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900402x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ming W. Chou
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mona Churchwell
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yuping Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Matilde Marques
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Silva-Neto J, Barreto R, Pitanga B, Souza C, Silva V, Silva A, Velozo E, Cunha S, Batatinha M, Tardy M, Ribeiro C, Costa M, El-Bachá R, Costa S. Genotoxicity and morphological changes induced by the alkaloid monocrotaline, extracted from Crotalaria retusa, in a model of glial cells. Toxicon 2010; 55:105-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fu PP, Chiang HM, Xia Q, Chen T, Chen BH, Yin JJ, Wen KC, Lin G, Yu H. Quality assurance and safety of herbal dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2009; 27:91-119. [PMID: 19412857 DOI: 10.1080/10590500902885676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the U.S. Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in 1994, use of herbal products has been growing rapidly worldwide. To ensure consumer health protection, the quality and safety of herbal plants, particularly those used for dietary supplement preparations, must be determined. To date, toxicological data on the identification of genotoxic and tumorigenic ingredients in many raw herbs and their mechanisms of action are lacking. Thus, identification of carcinogenic components in herbal plants is timely and important. In this review, the issues of quality control and safety evaluation of raw herbs and herbal dietary supplements are discussed. Two examples of tumorigenicity and mechanism of tumor induction are discussed: aristolochic acid and riddelliine, both of which have been detected in Chinese herbal plants. It is proposed that an organized effort with international participation on cancer risk assessment should be actively pursued so that the safety of commercial herbal plants and herbal dietary supplements can be ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
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41
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Hueza IM, Benassi JC, Raspantini PCF, Raspantini LER, Sa´ LRM, Górniak SL, Haraguchi M. Low doses of monocrotaline in rats cause diminished bone marrow cellularity and compromised nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:11-8. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910802604259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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42
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Monocrotaline pyrrol is cytotoxic and alters the patterns of GFAP expression on astrocyte primary cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Yan J, Xia Q, Chou MW, Fu PP. Metabolic activation of retronecine and retronecine N-oxide – formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts. Toxicol Ind Health 2008; 24:181-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708093727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that metabolism of a series of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in vitro and in vivo generated a set of (+/−)6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts. It has also been shown that the levels of the DHP-derived DNA adduct formation correlated closely with the tumorigenic potencies of the mice fed with different doses of riddelliine. Retronecine is the necine base and the structurally smallest chemical of the retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Although it has been reported that microsomal metabolism of retronecine generated DHP as a metabolite, it was yet not known whether metabolism of retronecine in vivo could generate DHP-derived DNA adducts and if formed, whether or not the levels of DNA adducts were comparable with those formed from the other tumorigenic retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids, such as riddelliine, retrorsine, and monocrotaline. In this investigation, the in-vitro and in-vivo metabolic activation of retronecine was studied. Rat liver microsomal metabolism of retronecine in the presence of calf thymus DNA resulted in the formation of a set of DHP–DNA adducts. The metabolism of retronecine N-oxide under similar conditions also formed the similar set of DHP–DNA adducts. The level of DNA adducts from retronecine was enhanced when metabolism by liver microsomes from phenobarbital (PB)-induced rats were used. The DHP–DNA adducts were also found in the liver DNA of female F344 rats treated with retronecine or retronecine N-oxide. The highest level of the total DHP–DNA adducts was found in liver DNA from the rats treated with dehydroretronecine (DHR). The order of the levels of DNA adducts in the liver DNA samples from rats treated with various pyrrolizidine alkaloids was: DHR > riddelliine > riddelliine N-oxide >> retronecine > retronecine N-oxide. The results indicate that 1) retronecine can be metabolized to form DHP by rat liver microsomal enzymes and interacts with DNA to produce DHP–DNA adducts and 2) retronecine N-oxide undergoes the biotransformation to the parent compound, retronecine. The results from this and our previous findings strongly suggest that formation of DHP–DNA adducts may be a potential biomarker for pyrrolizidine alkaloid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yan
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Q Xia
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - MW Chou
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - PP Fu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Xia Q, Yan J, Chou MW, Fu PP. Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, heliotrine. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:77-82. [PMID: 18395999 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widespread in the world and may be the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids require metabolism to exert their genotoxicity and tumorigenicity. Our mechanistic studies have determined that metabolism of the retronecine-type (riddelliine, retrorsine, and monocrotaline), heliotridine-type (lasiocarpine), and otonecine-type (clivorine) tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in vivo and/or in vitro all generates a common set of 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts responsible for tumor induction. All the pyrrolizidine alkaloids studied previously are diesters with an ester linkage at the C7 and C9 positions of the necine base. In this study, we report that F344 rat liver microsomal metabolism of heliotrine, a tumorigenic monoester bearing a hydroxyl group at the C7 of the necine base, resulted in the formation of the dehydroheliotridine (DHH) metabolite. When incubations of heliotrine were carried out in the presence of calf thymus DNA, the same set of DHP-derived DNA adducts was formed. These results support that DHP-derived DNA adducts are potential common biomarkers of pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure and tumorigenicity. For comparison, the dehydroretronecine (DHR)-derived DNA adducts formed from metabolism of riddleiine, retrorsine, monocrotaline, riddelleiine N-oxide, and retrorsine N-oxide were measured in parallel; the levels of DHP-derived DNA adduct formation were in the order: riddelliine approximately retrorsine>monocrotaline>retrorsine N-oxide>or=riddelliine N-oxide>heliotrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
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45
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Wu YM, Joseph B, Berishvili E, Kumaran V, Gupta S. Hepatocyte transplantation and drug-induced perturbations in liver cell compartments. Hepatology 2008; 47:279-87. [PMID: 17935178 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The potential for organ damage after using drugs or chemicals is a critical issue in medicine. To delineate mechanisms of drug-induced hepatic injury, we used transplanted cells as reporters in dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient mice. These mice were given phenytoin and rifampicin for 3 days, after which monocrotaline was given followed 1 day later by intrasplenic transplantation of healthy C57BL/6 mouse hepatocytes. We examined endothelial and hepatic damage by serologic or tissue studies and assessed changes in transplanted cell engraftment and liver repopulation by histochemical staining for dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Monocrotaline caused denudation of the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium and increased serum hyaluronic acid levels, along with superior transplanted cell engraftment. Together, phenytoin, rifampicin, and monocrotaline caused further endothelial damage, reflected by greater improvement in cell engraftment. Phenytoin, rifampicin, and monocrotaline produced injury in hepatocytes that was not apparent after conventional tissue studies. This led to transplanted cell proliferation and extensive liver repopulation over several weeks, which was more efficient in males compared with females, including greater induction by phenytoin and rifampicin of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform that converts monocrotaline to toxic intermediates. Through this and other possible mechanisms, monocrotaline-induced injury in the endothelial compartment was retargeted to simultaneously involve hepatocytes over the long term. Moreover, after this hepatic injury, native liver cells were more susceptible to additional pro-oxidant injury through thyroid hormone, which accelerated the kinetics of liver repopulation. CONCLUSION Transplanted reporter cells will be useful for obtaining insights into homeostatic mechanisms involving liver cell compartments, whereas targeted injury in hepatic endothelial and parenchymal cells with suitable drugs will also help advance liver cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ming Wu
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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46
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Mei N, Guo L, Liu R, Fuscoe JC, Chen T. Gene expression changes induced by the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine in liver of Big Blue rats. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8 Suppl 7:S4. [PMID: 18047727 PMCID: PMC2099496 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-s7-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are probably the most common plant constituents that poison livestock, wildlife, and humans worldwide. Riddelliine is isolated from plants grown in the western United States and is a prototype of genotoxic PAs. Riddelliine was used to investigate the genotoxic effects of PAs via analysis of gene expression in the target tissue of rats in this study. Previously we observed that the mutant frequency in the liver of rats gavaged with riddelliine was 3-fold higher than that in the control group. Molecular analysis of the mutants indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the mutational spectra from riddelliine-treated and control rats. Results Riddelliine-induced gene expression profiles in livers of Big Blue transgenic rats were determined. The female rats were gavaged with riddelliine at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight 5 days a week for 12 weeks. Rat whole genome microarray was used to perform genome-wide gene expression studies. When a cutoff value of a two-fold change and a P-value less than 0.01 were used as gene selection criteria, 919 genes were identified as differentially expressed in riddelliine-treated rats compared to the control animals. By analysis with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Network, we found that these significantly changed genes were mainly involved in cancer, cell death, tissue development, cellular movement, tissue morphology, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, and cellular growth and proliferation. We further analyzed the genes involved in metabolism, injury of endothelial cells, liver abnormalities, and cancer development in detail. Conclusion The alterations in gene expression were directly related to the pathological outcomes reported previously. These results provided further insight into the mechanisms involved in toxicity and carcinogenesis after exposure to riddelliine, and permitted us to investigate the interaction of gene products inside the signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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47
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Opinion of the Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Joseph B, Kumaran V, Berishvili E, Bhargava KK, Palestro CJ, Gupta S. Monocrotaline promotes transplanted cell engraftment and advances liver repopulation in rats via liver conditioning. Hepatology 2006; 44:1411-20. [PMID: 17133480 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the hepatic endothelial barrier or Kupffer cell function facilitates transplanted cell engraftment in the liver. To determine whether these mechanisms could be activated simultaneously, we studied the effects of monocrotaline, a pyrollizidine alkaloid, with reported toxicity in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. The effects of monocrotaline in Fischer 344 rats were examined by tissue morphology, serum hyaluronic acid levels, and liver tests (endothelial and hepatocyte injury) or incorporation of carbon and (99m)Tc-sulfur colloid (Kupffer cell damage). To study changes in cell engraftment and liver repopulation, Fischer 344 rat hepatocytes were transplanted into syngeneic dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient rats followed by histological assays. We observed extensive endothelial injury without Kupffer cell or hepatocyte damage in monocrotaline-treated rats. Monocrotaline enhanced transplanted cell engraftment without changes in transplanted cell numbers or induction of proliferation in native hepatocytes over 3 months. In monocrotaline-treated rats, transplanted cells integrated into the liver parenchyma and survived in vascular spaces. To determine whether native hepatocytes suffered inapparent damage after monocrotaline, we introduced further liver injury with carbon tetrachloride subsequent to cell transplantation. Monocrotaline sensitized the liver to carbon tetrachloride-induced necrosis, which advanced transplanted cell proliferation, leading to significant liver repopulation. During this process, we observed proliferation of bile duct cells and small epithelial cells, although transplanted hepatocytes did not appear to reconstitute bile ducts. The studies showed that perturbation of multiple liver cell compartments by monocrotaline promoted transplanted cell engraftment and proliferation. In conclusion, development of drugs with monocrotaline-like effects will help advance liver cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Joseph
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Xia Q, Chou MW, Edgar JA, Doerge DR, Fu PP. Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine. Cancer Lett 2006; 231:138-45. [PMID: 16356839 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. The PAs that have been found to be tumorigenic in experimental animals belong to the retronecine-, heliotridine-, and otonecine-type PAs. Our recent mechanistic studies indicated that riddelliine, a tumorigenic retronecine-type PA, induced tumors via a genotoxic mechanism mediated by the formation of 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts. The same adducts were formed from clivorine, a tumorigenic otonecine-type PA from metabolism of clivorine by rat liver microsomes in the presence of calf thymus DNA. In this study, we report that metabolism of lasiocarpine, the prototype heliotridine PA, by F344 rat liver microsomes resulted in the formation of DHP. When incubated in the presence of calf thymus DNA, the same DHP-derived DNA adducts were formed. These results suggest that these DHP-derived DNA adducts are potential biomarkers of exposure and tumorigenicity for all types of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3,900 NCTR Road, HFT0-110, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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