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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Li K, Xie G, Feng Y, Wang Z, Li N, Liu R, Ding Y, Wang J, Yang J, Jia Z. TrkA promotes MDM2-mediated AGPS ubiquitination and degradation to trigger prostate cancer progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:16. [PMID: 38200609 PMCID: PMC10782585 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a novel necrosis manner, ferroptosis has been increasingly reported to play a role in tumor progression and treatment, however, the specific mechanisms underlying its development in prostate cancer remain unclear. Growing evidence showed that peroxisome plays a key role in ferroptosis. Herein, we identified a novel mechanism for the involvement of ferroptosis in prostate cancer progression, which may provide a new strategy for clinical treatment of prostate cancer. METHODS Label-Free Mass spectrometry was used to screen and identify candidate proteins after ferroptosis inducer-ML210 treatment. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken to explore the protein expression of AGPS in prostate cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down were used to identify the directly binding of AGPS to MDM2 in vivo and in vitro. CCK8 assay and colony formation assay were used to illustrate the key role of AGPS in the progression of prostate cancer in vitro. The xenograft model was established to verify the key role of AGPS in the progression of prostate cancer in vivo. RESULTS AGPS protein expression was downregulated in prostate cancer tissues compared with normal tissues from the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University dataset. Lower expression was correlated with poorer overall survival of patients compared to those with high expression of AGPS. In addition, AGPS can promote ferroptosis by modulating the function of peroxisome-resulting in the lower survival of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, it was shown that AGPS can be ubiquitinated and degraded by the E3 ligase-MDM2 through the proteasomal pathway. Meanwhile, kinase TrkA can promote the combination of AGPS and MDM2 by phosphorylating AGPS at Y451 site. It was verified that kinase TrkA inhibitor-Larotrectinib can increase the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to ferroptosis, which leads to the inhibition of prostate cancer proliferation to a great extent in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we proposed the combination of ferroptosis inducer and TrkA inhibitor to synergistically exert anti-tumor effects, which may provide a new strategy for the clinical treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Keqiang Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Guoqing Xie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yuankang Feng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ningyang Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruoyang Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yinghui Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Li Z, Lu J, Ruan X, Wu Y, Zhao J, Jiao X, Sun J, Sun K. Exposure to volatile organic compounds induces cardiovascular toxicity that may involve DNA methylation. Toxicology 2024; 501:153705. [PMID: 38070821 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common air pollutants and water contaminants. We previously found maternal exposure to VOCs was associated with offspring congenital heart disease (CHD). However, little information is available about the effects of VOCs on cardiovascular development at embryonic stage and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a mixture of six VOCs on cardiovascular development in zebrafish embryos. Embryos were exposed to different concentrations of VOCs mixture (32 mg/L, 64 mg/L and 128 mg/L) for 96 h, cardiovascular abnormalities including elongated heart shape, increased distance between sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus, slowed circulation and altered heart rate were observed in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, VOCs exposure increased global DNA methylation levels in embryos. Analysis identified hundreds of differentially methylated sites and the enrichment of differentially methylated sites on cardiovascular development. Two differentially methylated-associated genes involved in MAPK pathway, hgfa and ntrk1, were identified to be the potential genes mediating the effects of VOCs. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, altered human serum hgf and ntrk1 levels were detected in abnormal pregnancies exposed to higher VOCs levels with fetal CHD. For the first time, our study revealed exposure to VOCs induced severe cardiovascular abnormalities in zebrafish embryos. The toxicity might result from alterations in DNA methylation and corresponding expression levels of genes involved in MAPK pathway. Our study provides important information for the risk of VOCs exposure on embryonic cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyan Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieru Lu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Children's Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Ruan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Wu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Jiao
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Kciuk M, Alam M, Ali N, Rashid S, Głowacka P, Sundaraj R, Celik I, Yahya EB, Dubey A, Zerroug E, Kontek R. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Therapeutic Potential in Cancer: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:5246. [PMID: 37446908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis have emerged as rational targets that can be exploited in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant phenolic compound found in green tea. It has been shown to regulate multiple crucial cellular signaling pathways, including those mediated by EGFR, JAK-STAT, MAPKs, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and others. Deregulation of the abovementioned pathways is involved in the pathophysiology of cancer. It has been demonstrated that EGCG may exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects or induce epigenetic changes. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that EGCG may be used in the treatment of numerous disorders, including cancer. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the biological properties of EGCG, especially in the context of cancer treatment and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pola Głowacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1 Square, 90-700 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rajamanikandan Sundaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Drug Discovery, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Esam Bashir Yahya
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida 201310, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Enfale Zerroug
- LMCE Laboratory, Group of Computational and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Shen Y, Cai J. The Importance of Using Exosome-Loaded miRNA for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:447-459. [PMID: 36279099 PMCID: PMC9849169 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major traumatic disease of the central nervous system characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Many studies have shown that SCI can be divided into the two stages of primary and secondary injury. Primary injury leads to pathophysiological changes, while consequential injury is even more fatal, including a series of harmful reactions that expand the scope and degree of SCI. Because the pathological process of SCI is highly complex, there is still no clear and effective clinical treatment strategy. Exosomes, membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of 30-200 nm, have emerged as an ideal vector to deliver therapeutic molecules. At the same time, increasing numbers of studies have shown that miRNAs play a momentous role in the process of SCI. In recent studies, researchers have adopted exosomes as carriers of miRNAs with potential therapeutic effects in SCI. In this review, we summarize relevant articles describing exosomes as miRNA carriers for SCI, after which we discuss further implications and perspectives of this novel treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Junying Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
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5
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Kalman ZE, Dudola D, Mészáros B, Gáspári Z, Dobson L. PSINDB: the postsynaptic protein-protein interaction database. Database (Oxford) 2022; 2022:baac007. [PMID: 35234850 PMCID: PMC9216581 DOI: 10.1093/database/baac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The postsynaptic region is the receiving part of the synapse comprising thousands of proteins forming an elaborate and dynamically changing network indispensable for the molecular mechanisms behind fundamental phenomena such as learning and memory. Despite the growing amount of information about individual protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in this network, these data are mostly scattered in the literature or stored in generic databases that are not designed to display aspects that are fundamental to the understanding of postsynaptic functions. To overcome these limitations, we collected postsynaptic PPIs complemented by a high amount of detailed structural and biological information and launched a freely available resource, the Postsynaptic Interaction Database (PSINDB), to make these data and annotations accessible. PSINDB includes tens of thousands of binding regions together with structural features, mediating and regulating the formation of PPIs, annotated with detailed experimental information about each interaction. PSINDB is expected to be useful for various aspects of molecular neurobiology research, from experimental design to network and systems biology-based modeling and analysis of changes in the protein network upon various stimuli. Database URL https://psindb.itk.ppke.hu/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia E Kalman
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Dudola
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Bálint Mészáros
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Zoltán Gáspári
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Dobson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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6
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Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes facilitate spinal cord functional recovery through the miR-199a-3p/145-5p-mediated NGF/TrkA signaling pathway in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:117. [PMID: 33579361 PMCID: PMC7879635 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although exosomes, as byproducts of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs), have been demonstrated to be an effective therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), their mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods We designed and performed this study to determine whether exosomes attenuate the lesion size of SCI by ameliorating neuronal injury induced by a secondary inflammatory storm and promoting neurite outgrowth. We determined the absolute levels of all exosomal miRNAs and investigated the potential mechanisms of action of miR-199a-3p/145-5p in inducing neurite outgrowth in vivo and in vitro. Results miR-199a-3p/145-5p, which are relatively highly expressed miRNAs in exosomes, promoted PC12 cell differentiation suppressed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro through modulation of the NGF/TrkA pathway. We also demonstrated that Cblb was a direct target of miR-199a-3p and that Cbl was a direct target of miR-145-5p. Cblb and Cbl gene knockdown resulted in significantly decreased TrkA ubiquitination levels, subsequently activating the NGF/TrkA downstream pathways Akt and Erk. Conversely, overexpression of Cblb and Cbl was associated with significantly increased TrkA ubiquitination level, subsequently inactivating the NGF/TrkA downstream pathways Akt and Erk. Western blot and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed the direct interaction between TrkA and Cblb and TrkA and Cbl. In an in vivo experiment, exosomal miR-199a-3p/145-5p was found to upregulate TrkA expression at the lesion site and also promote locomotor function in SCI rats. Conclusions In summary, our study showed that exosomes transferring miR-199a-3p/145-5p into neurons in SCI rats affected TrkA ubiquitination and promoted the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway, indicating that hUC-MSC-derived exosomes may be a promising treatment strategy for SCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02148-5.
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7
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The Nuclear Pore Complex and mRNA Export in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010042. [PMID: 33375634 PMCID: PMC7796397 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a key regulatory step in the expression of proteins. mRNAs are transported through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Export of mRNAs responds to a variety of cellular stimuli and stresses. Revelations of the specific effects elicited by NPC components and associated co-factors provides a molecular basis for the export of selected RNAs, independent of bulk mRNA export. Aberrant RNA export has been observed in primary human cancer specimens. These cargo RNAs encode factors involved in nearly all facets of malignancy. Indeed, the NPC components involved in RNA export as well as the RNA export machinery can be found to be dysregulated, mutated, or impacted by chromosomal translocations in cancer. The basic mechanisms associated with RNA export with relation to export machinery and relevant NPC components are described. Therapeutic strategies targeting this machinery in clinical trials is also discussed. These findings firmly position RNA export as a targetable feature of cancer along with transcription and translation.
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Croce S, Hostein I, McCluggage WG. NTRK and other recently described kinase fusion positive uterine sarcomas: A review of a group of rare neoplasms. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 60:147-159. [PMID: 33099837 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The landscape of uterine sarcomas has greatly expanded in recent years to include neoplasms with recurrent gene fusions, such as BCOR and YWHAE translocated high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. Sophisticated molecular techniques have also resulted in the description of "new" entities associated with recurrent kinase fusions involving NTRK and RET as well as COL1A1-PDGFB rearranged uterine sarcomas. These rare neoplasms will be discussed in this review, highlighting that some of the underlying molecular events are clinically actionable and potentially susceptible to targeted therapy. While relatively few of these neoplasms have been described to date, likely being previously lumped under the spectrum of undifferentiated uterine sarcoma, the number of cases will expand in the future given their recognition and the increasing availability of molecular testing. These neoplasms have overlapping morphology (often with a "fibrosarcoma-like" appearance) and immunohistochemical features, and are characterized by variable clinical outcomes. Although immunohistochemistry may assist in some cases, a definitive subclassification requires confirmatory molecular studies. As these molecular assays may not be routinely available in most laboratories, referral to reference centers may be needed. In order to assist the pathologist, we suggest a diagnostic algorithm for routine practice when dealing with a malignant or potentially malignant uterine spindle cell neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Croce
- Department of Biopathology, Institut Bergonié, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Hostein
- Department of Biopathology, Institut Bergonié, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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9
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Shirahashi H, Toriihara E, Suenaga Y, Yoshida H, Akaogi K, Endou Y, Wakabayashi M, Takashima M. The discovery of novel 3-aryl-indazole derivatives as peripherally restricted pan-Trk inhibitors for the treatment of pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2320-2326. [PMID: 31235262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 3-aryl-indazole derivatives as peripherally selective pan-Trk inhibitors are described. Three strategies were used to obtain a potent compound exhibiting low central nervous system (CNS) penetration and high plasma exposure: 1) a structure-based drug design (SBDD) approach was used to improve potency; 2) a substrate for an efflux transporter for lowering brain penetration was explored; and 3) the most basic pKa (pKa-MB) value was used as an indicator to identify compounds with good membrane permeability. This enabled the identification of the peripherally targeted 17c with the potency, kinase-selectivity, and plasma exposure required to demonstrate in vivo efficacy in a Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced thermal hypersensitivity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Shirahashi
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Toriihara
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suenaga
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshida
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Kensuke Akaogi
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Yukiko Endou
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Makoto Wakabayashi
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Misato Takashima
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan.
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10
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Singh R, Karri D, Shen H, Shao J, Dasgupta S, Huang S, Edwards DP, Ittmann MM, O'Malley BW, Yi P. TRAF4-mediated ubiquitination of NGF receptor TrkA regulates prostate cancer metastasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3129-3143. [PMID: 29715200 DOI: 10.1172/jci96060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important drivers of cancers. In addition to genomic alterations, aberrant activation of WT RTKs plays an important role in driving cancer progression. However, the mechanisms underlying how RTKs drive prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we show that non-proteolytic ubiquitination of RTK regulates its kinase activity and contributes to RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. TRAF4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. We demonstrated here that it is a key player in regulating RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. We further identified TrkA, a neurotrophin RTK, as a TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination substrate that promotes cancer cell invasion and found that inhibition of TrkA activity abolished TRAF4-dependent cell invasion. TRAF4 promoted K27- and K29-linked ubiquitination at the TrkA kinase domain and increased its kinase activity. Mutation of TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination sites abolished TrkA tyrosine autophosphorylation and its interaction with downstream proteins. TRAF4 knockdown also suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulated TrkA downstream p38 MAPK activation and invasion-associated gene expression. Furthermore, elevated TRAF4 levels significantly correlated with increased NGF-stimulated invasion-associated gene expression in prostate cancer patients, indicating that this signaling axis is significantly activated during oncogenesis. Our results revealed a posttranslational modification mechanism contributing to aberrant non-mutated RTK activation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dileep Karri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiangyong Shao
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Davis JL, Lockwood CM, Albert CM, Tsuchiya K, Hawkins DS, Rudzinski ER. Infantile NTRK-associated Mesenchymal Tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018; 21:68-78. [PMID: 28683589 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617712639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric fibroblastic/myofibroblastic lesions are a relatively common group of tumors with varying morphologies, for which the molecular mechanisms are becoming increasingly well characterized. Congenital infantile fibrosarcoma (CIFS), perhaps the most well studied of these lesions is characterized by a recurrent ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. However, a notable subset of locally aggressive congenital/infantile soft tissue lesions with similar morphologic features to CIFS, have not to-date, shown evidence of any canonical molecular aberration. We describe 6 patients with mesenchymal tumors composed of infiltrative fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumor cells and showing a morphologic spectrum of features much analogous to that previously described in CIFS but without ETV6 fusion transcripts. These tumors lacked a uniform immunoprofile, but showed variable expression of CD34, S100, smooth muscle actin, and CD30. All patients first developed a mass in infancy (≤2 months of age). Using next-generation DNA sequencing, TMP3-NTRK1 fusions were identified in 4 cases, an LMNA-NTRK1 fusion in one case, and a variant EML4-NTRK3 fusion in one case. Similar to infantile fibrosarcoma, these tumors were locally aggressive (with local recurrences if incompletely excised) and rarely metastasized (lung metastases in one patient). Proper identification of these tumors including investigation for NTRK family gene rearrangements is essential for diagnostic accuracy, as well as for clinical management decisions. Given the morbidity associated with radical resection of large soft tissue tumors, children with unresectable, recurrent, and/or metastatic disease may benefit from treatment with NTRK targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Davis
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,2 Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christina M Lockwood
- 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine M Albert
- 4 Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen Tsuchiya
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- 4 Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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12
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Gao L, Hong X, Guo X, Cao D, Gao X, DeLaney TF, Gong X, Chen R, Ni J, Yao Y, Wang R, Chen X, Tian P, Xing B. Targeted next-generation sequencing of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in the skull base reveals combined TP53 and PTEN mutations with increased proliferation index, an implication for pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43557-43569. [PMID: 27248819 PMCID: PMC5190044 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis. DDCS consists of two morphologically distinct components: the cartilaginous and noncartilaginous components. Whether the two components originate from the same progenitor cells has been controversial. Recurrent DDCS commonly displays increased proliferation compared with the primary tumor. However, there is no conclusive explanation for this mechanism. In this paper, we present two DDCSs in the sellar region. Patient 1 exclusively exhibited a noncartilaginous component with a TP53 frameshift mutation in the pathological specimens from the first surgery. The tumor recurred after radiation therapy with an exceedingly increased proliferation index. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed the presence of both a TP53 mutation and a PTEN deletion in the cartilaginous and the noncartilaginous components of the recurrent tumor. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining confirmed reduced DNA copy number and protein levels of the PTEN gene as a result of the PTEN deletion. Patient 2 exhibited both cartilaginous and noncartilaginous components in the surgical specimens. Targeted NGS of cells from both components showed neither TP53 nor PTEN mutations, making Patient 2 a naïve TP53 and PTEN control for comparison. In conclusion, additional PTEN loss in the background of the TP53 mutation could be the cause of increased proliferation capacity in the recurrent tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiafei Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gao
- Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Translational Genomics Center, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cancer Research, Jingke Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas F DeLaney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xinqi Gong
- Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjiao Ni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Translational Genomics Center, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Pangzehuan Tian
- Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Translational Genomics Center, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Alsina J, Alsina R, Gulec S. A Concise Atlas of Thyroid Cancer Next-Generation Sequencing Panel ThyroSeq v.2. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2017; 26:102-117. [PMID: 28117295 PMCID: PMC5283709 DOI: 10.4274/2017.26.suppl.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The next-generation sequencing technology allows high out-put genomic analysis. An innovative assay in thyroid cancer, ThyroSeq® was developed for targeted mutation detection by next generation sequencing technology in fine needle aspiration and tissue samples. ThyroSeq v.2 next generation sequencing panel offers simultaneous sequencing and detection in >1000 hotspots of 14 thyroid cancer-related genes and for 42 types of gene fusions known to occur in thyroid cancer. ThyroSeq is being increasingly used to further narrow the indeterminate category defined by cytology for thyroid nodules. From a surgical perspective, genomic profiling also provides prognostic and predictive information and closely relates to determination of surgical strategy. Both the genomic analysis technology and the informatics for the cancer genome data base are rapidly developing. In this paper, we have gathered existing information on the thyroid cancer-related genes involved in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. Our goal is to assemble a glossary for the current ThyroSeq genomic panel that can help elucidate the role genomics play in thyroid cancer oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seza Gulec
- Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Departments of Surgery and Nuclear Medicine, Miami, USA, E-mail:
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14
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Sami N, Kumar V, Islam A, Ali S, Ahmad F, Hassan I. Exploring Missense Mutations in Tyrosine Kinases Implicated with Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5085-5106. [PMID: 27544236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the largest families of evolutionarily related proteins and the third most common protein class of human genome. All the protein kinases share the same structural organization. They are made up of an extracellular domain, transmembrane domain and an intra cellular kinase domain. Missense mutations in these kinases have been studied extensively and correlated with various neurological disorders. Individual mutations in the kinase domain affect the functions of protein. The enhanced or reduced expression of protein leads to hyperactivation or inactivation of the signalling pathways, resulting in neurodegeneration. Here, we present extensive analyses of missense mutations in the tyrosine kinase focussing on the neurodegenerative diseases encompassing structure function relationship. This is envisaged to enhance our understanding about the neurodegeneration and possible therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sami
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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15
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Pasini L, Re A, Tebaldi T, Ricci G, Boi S, Adami V, Barbareschi M, Quattrone A. TrkA is amplified in malignant melanoma patients and induces an anti-proliferative response in cell lines. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:777. [PMID: 26496938 PMCID: PMC4619539 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor tyrosine-kinase TrkA is a well-known determinant of the melanocytic lineage, through modulation of the MAPK and AKT cascades. While TrkA gene is frequently rearranged in cancers, its involvement in malignant melanoma (MM) development is still unclear. METHODS We analyzed a dataset of primary cutaneous MM (n = 31) by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), to identify genomic amplifications associated with tumor progression. The analysis was validated by genomic quantitative PCR (qPCR) on an extended set of cases (n = 64) and the results were correlated with the clinical outcome. To investigate TrkA molecular pathways and cellular function, we generated inducible activation of the NGF-TrkA signaling in human MM cell lines. RESULTS We identified amplification of 1q23.1, where the TrkA locus resides, as a candidate hotspot implicated in the progression of MM. Across 40 amplicons detected, segmental amplification of 1q23.1 showed the strongest association with tumor thickness. By validation of the analysis, TrkA gene amplification emerged as a frequent event in primary melanomas (50 % of patients), and correlated with worse clinical outcome. However, experiments in cell lines revealed that induction of the NGF-TrkA signaling produced a phenotype of dramatic suppression of cell proliferation through inhibition of cell division and pronounced intracellular vacuolization, in a way straightly dependent on NGF activation of TrkA. These events were triggered via MAPK activity but not via AKT, and involved p21(cip1) protein increase, compatibly with a mechanism of oncogene-induced growth arrest. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings point to TrkA as a candidate oncogene in MM and support a model in which the NGF-TrkA-MAPK pathway may mediate a trade-off between neoplastic transformation and adaptive anti-proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pasini
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Angela Re
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ricci
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Sebastiana Boi
- Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy.
| | - Valentina Adami
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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16
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Créancier L, Vandenberghe I, Gomes B, Dejean C, Blanchet JC, Meilleroux J, Guimbaud R, Selves J, Kruczynski A. Chromosomal rearrangements involving the NTRK1 gene in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:107-11. [PMID: 26001971 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements of the NTRK1 gene, which encodes the high affinity nerve growth factor receptor (tropomyosin related kinase, TRKA), have been observed in several epithelial cancers, such as colon cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma or non small cell lung cancer. The various NTRK1 fusions described so far lead to constitutive activation of TRKA kinase activity and are oncogenic. We further investigated here the existence and the frequency of NTRK1 gene rearrangements in colorectal cancer. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, we analyzed a series of human colorectal cancers. We identified two TRKA positive cases over 408, with NTRK1 chromosomal rearrangements. One of these rearrangements is a TPM3-NTRK1 fusion already observed in colon cancer, while the second one is a TPR-NTRK1 fusion never described in this type of cancer. These findings further confirm that translocations in the NTRK1 gene are recurring events in colorectal cancer, although occurring at a low frequency (around 0.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Créancier
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien BP13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Isabelle Vandenberghe
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien BP13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien BP13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Caroline Dejean
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien BP13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien BP13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Rosine Guimbaud
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31300 France; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037 INSERM - Université Toulouse III, France
| | - Janick Selves
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31300 France; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037 INSERM - Université Toulouse III, France
| | - Anna Kruczynski
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien BP13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 1, France.
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17
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Choi HS, Rucker PV, Wang Z, Fan Y, Albaugh P, Chopiuk G, Gessier F, Sun F, Adrian F, Liu G, Hood T, Li N, Jia Y, Che J, McCormack S, Li A, Li J, Steffy A, Culazzo A, Tompkins C, Phung V, Kreusch A, Lu M, Hu B, Chaudhary A, Prashad M, Tuntland T, Liu B, Harris J, Seidel HM, Loren J, Molteni V. (R)-2-Phenylpyrrolidine Substituted Imidazopyridazines: A New Class of Potent and Selective Pan-TRK Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:562-7. [PMID: 26005534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated kinase activities of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) family members have been shown to be associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in a variety of cancer types. In particular, several chromosomal rearrangements involving TRKA have been reported in colorectal, papillary thyroid, glioblastoma, melanoma, and lung tissue that are believed to be the key oncogenic driver in these tumors. By screening the Novartis compound collection, a novel imidazopyridazine TRK inhibitor was identified that served as a launching point for drug optimization. Structure guided drug design led to the identification of (R)-2-phenylpyrrolidine substituted imidazopyridazines as a series of potent, selective, orally bioavailable pan-TRK inhibitors achieving tumor regression in rats bearing KM12 xenografts. From this work the (R)-2-phenylpyrrolidine has emerged as an ideal moiety to incorporate in bicyclic TRK inhibitors by virtue of its shape complementarity to the hydrophobic pocket of TRKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Soon Choi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul V. Rucker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yi Fan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pamela Albaugh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Greg Chopiuk
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Francois Gessier
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fangxian Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Francisco Adrian
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guoxun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tami Hood
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nanxin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jianwei Che
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Susan McCormack
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Allen Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Auzon Steffy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - AnneMarie Culazzo
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Celine Tompkins
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Van Phung
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andreas Kreusch
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Min Lu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Apurva Chaudhary
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mahavir Prashad
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Harris
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Abstract
Context
The analysis of molecular biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma (ACA) is now a central component of pathologic diagnosis and oncologic care. The identification of an EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement in advanced-stage lung ACA will dictate a change in first-line treatment from standard chemotherapy to targeted inhibition of these oncogenic alterations. Viable approaches to therapeutic targeting of KRAS-mutated ACA are now under investigation, raising the possibility that this too will become an important predictive marker in this tumor type. The recognized array of less common oncogenic alterations in lung ACA, including in the ROS1, RET, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes, is growing rapidly. The therapeutic implications of these findings are, in many cases, still under investigation.
Objective
To focus on the major molecular biomarkers in lung ACA, recommended testing strategies, the implications for targeted therapies, and the mechanisms that drive development of resistance.
Data Sources
Our current understanding of predictive and prognostic markers in lung ACA is derived from a decade of technical advances, clinical trials, and epidemiologic studies. Many of the newest discoveries have emerged from application of high-throughput next-generation sequencing and gene expression analyses in clinically and pathologically defined cohorts of human lung tumors.
Conclusions
Best practices require a solid understanding of relevant biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung ACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M. Sholl
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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McCarthy C, Walker E. Tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors: a patent update 2009 - 2013. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:731-44. [PMID: 24809946 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.910195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks) are a family of three similar tyrosine kinases activated by peptide hormones of the neurotrophin family. The nerve growth factor antibody tanezumab has provided clinical proof of concept for inhibition of the TrkA pathway in pain. As an alternative modality, small-molecule inhibitors of the Trks have been pursued in recent years to probe the role of these neurotrophin pathways in pain, cancer and other indications. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the patent literature between mid-2009 and 2013, claiming inhibitors of Trk family members as the primary biological targets. Additional patents have been reviewed where Trk is not the main kinase of interest but in which high Trk potency is observed and the chemical matter is particularly noteworthy. Patents pre-dating this period have been reviewed previously. Scifinder and Google were used to find relevant patents and clinical information using Trk or Tropomyosin as the search term. EXPERT OPINION Considerable recent progress has been made in the identification of selective pan Trk inhibitors with pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for clinical evaluation. Inhibitors of both active and inactive conformations of the Trks as well as peripherally restricted molecules have been identified. Furthermore, TrkA-selective allosteric inhibitors have recently been disclosed, which enables the biology of this isoform to be probed. The recent identification of a TrkA gene fusion in a subset of lung cancer patients will increase further the attraction of Trk inhibition to the pharmaceutical industry.
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20
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Frattini V, Trifonov V, Chan JM, Castano A, Lia M, Abate F, Keir ST, Ji AX, Zoppoli P, Niola F, Danussi C, Dolgalev I, Porrati P, Pellegatta S, Heguy A, Gupta G, Pisapia DJ, Canoll P, Bruce JN, McLendon RE, Yan H, Aldape K, Finocchiaro G, Mikkelsen T, Privé GG, Bigner DD, Lasorella A, Rabadan R, Iavarone A. The integrated landscape of driver genomic alterations in glioblastoma. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1141-9. [PMID: 23917401 PMCID: PMC3799953 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most challenging forms of cancer to treat. Here we describe a computational platform that integrates the analysis of copy number variations and somatic mutations and unravels the landscape of in-frame gene fusions in glioblastoma. We found mutations with loss of heterozygosity in LZTR1, encoding an adaptor of CUL3-containing E3 ligase complexes. Mutations and deletions disrupt LZTR1 function, which restrains the self renewal and growth of glioma spheres that retain stem cell features. Loss-of-function mutations in CTNND2 target a neural-specific gene and are associated with the transformation of glioma cells along the very aggressive mesenchymal phenotype. We also report recurrent translocations that fuse the coding sequence of EGFR to several partners, with EGFR-SEPT14 being the most frequent functional gene fusion in human glioblastoma. EGFR-SEPT14 fusions activate STAT3 signaling and confer mitogen independence and sensitivity to EGFR inhibition. These results provide insights into the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and highlight new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Frattini
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2]
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21
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Ferraro A, Schepis F, Leone V, Federico A, Borbone E, Pallante P, Berlingieri MT, Chiappetta G, Monaco M, Palmieri D, Chiariotti L, Santoro M, Fusco A. Tumor suppressor role of the CL2/DRO1/CCDC80 gene in thyroid carcinogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2834-43. [PMID: 23666966 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies of the endocrine system, and, despite the high frequency of oncogene activation in thyroid neoplastic lesions, the tumor suppressor genes involved in thyroid carcinogenesis remain unidentified. Our previous data implicated a link between the CL2/CCDC80 gene and thyroid cancer. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the expression of the CL2/CCDC80 gene in human thyroid carcinomas in the attempt to determine whether it plays a role in thyroid carcinogenesis. DESIGN We evaluated the expression of CL2/CCDC80 in a large number of thyroid neoplastic tissue samples differing in degree of malignancy. We also investigated the effects of its restoration in 2 human thyroid carcinoma cell lines characterized by very low levels of CL2/CCDC80 expression. RESULTS CL2/CCDC80 expression was much lower in almost all the thyroid carcinomas analyzed than in normal thyroid tissues and was lowest in follicular variants of papillary carcinomas. Loss of heterozygosity partially accounted for CL2/CCDC80 down-regulation in thyroid carcinoma samples. Restoration of CL2/CCDC80 expression in the 2 human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cell lines resulted in a higher susceptibility to apoptosis and suppression of the malignant phenotype. CL2/CCDC80 expression positively regulated the expression of E-cadherin, thereby halting cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CL2/CCDC80 is a putative tumor suppressor gene in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Ferraro
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale G Salvatore, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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22
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Culjkovic-Kraljacic B, Borden KLB. Aiding and abetting cancer: mRNA export and the nuclear pore. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:328-35. [PMID: 23582887 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
mRNA export is a critical step in gene expression. Export of transcripts can be modulated in response to cellular signaling or stress. Consistently, mRNA export is dysregulated in primary human specimens derived from many different forms of cancer. Aberrant expression of export factors can alter the export of specific transcripts encoding proteins involved in proliferation, survival, and oncogenesis. These specific factors, which are not used for bulk mRNA export, are obvious therapeutic targets. Indeed, given the emerging role of mRNA export in cancer, it is not surprising that efforts to target different aspects of this pathway have reached the clinical trial stage. Thus, like transcription and translation, mRNA export may also play a critical role in cancer genesis and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Culjkovic-Kraljacic
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Pavillion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Sonu IS, Blonski W, Lin MV, Lewis J, Aberra F, Lichtenstein GR. Papillary thyroid cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: Is there a relationship? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1079-84. [PMID: 23467027 PMCID: PMC3581995 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To formally study age of diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and evaluate the prevalence of PTC in IBD patients compared to a control population.
METHODS: We were interested in testing the hypothesis that patients with IBD are more likely to be diagnosed with PTC than a control population. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the University of Pennsylvania Health System’s electronic database. Outpatients from 1998-2009 were included in the search, and patients in the cohort were selected based on ICD-9 codes. Inclusion criteria included the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and the concurrent diagnosis of thyroid cancer in comparison to a control population. Using these methods 912 patients with CD and 1774 with UC were compared to 1638 diverticulitis and 19 447 asthma controls. Statistics were performed using corrected chi-square analysis. The primary outcome for this study was the diagnosis of PTC. Approval to conduct this study was obtained by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pennsylvania.
RESULTS: The mean age was 47.5 years (range: 18-102 years) and 66% patients were female. An analysis of variance model was used to compare the age of PTC diagnosis between the CD, UC, asthma and diverticulitis groups, and a statistically significant difference in age at PTC diagnosis was noted across all groups (F = 6.35, df = 3, P = 0.0006). The age of PTC diagnosis in CD patients was statistically significantly lower than UC, asthma, and diverticulitis patients (average PTC diagnosis age for CD 25, UC 49, asthma 45, diverticulitis 63). After covarying for sex and age in 2009, the difference in age at PTC diagnosis remained statistically significant (F = 4.13, df = 3, P = 0.0089). A total of 86 patients were diagnosed with PTC. Nine patients (0.5%) with UC were diagnosed with PTC. Patients with UC were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC [odds ratio (OR): 1.544, 95%CI 0.767-3.108] compared to asthma controls. Four patients (0.4%) with CD were diagnosed with PTC. Patients with CD were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC (OR: 1.334, 95%CI 0.485-3.672) compared to a control population with asthma. Nine patients (0.5%) with a history of diverticulitis were diagnosed with PTC. Patients with diverticulitis were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC (OR: 1.673, 95%CI 0.831-3.368) compared to asthma controls. Patients with CD or UC were not less likely to develop PTC compared to those with diverticulitis (CD OR: 0.80, 95%CI 0.25-2.60; UC OR: 0.92, 95%CI 0.37-2.33). None of the patients used immunosuppressant medications prior to the diagnosis of PTC (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate).
CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in age of diagnosis of PTC in patients with CD compared to patients with UC and the control populations studied.
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Cohen SM, Mukerji R, Timmermann BN, Samadi AK, Cohen MS. A novel combination of withaferin A and sorafenib shows synergistic efficacy against both papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancers. Am J Surg 2013; 204:895-900; discussion 900-1. [PMID: 23231932 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib (SO), a multikinase-targeted inhibitor in clinical trials for papillary and anaplastic cancers, shows limited efficacy with moderate toxicity. Withaferin A (WA), a natural withanolide, shows potent preclinical anticancer activity in thyroid cancers through multiple cytotoxic mechanisms including heat-shock protein inhibition. We hypothesized that combination therapy (WA + SO) would have a synergistic effect against anaplastic and papillary carcinoma cells at lower sorafenib doses. METHODS Human papillary (BCPAP) and anaplastic (SW1736) thyroid cancer cell lines were evaluated after treatment with SO, WA, or their combination at different doses. Proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium and trypan blue exclusion; apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest was measured by flow cytometry. Western analysis confirmed apoptosis (Poly ADP ribose polymerase [PARP] and caspase-3 cleavage) and Raf inhibition. Experiments were repeated in triplicate and were evaluated statistically with significance set at a P value of less than .05. RESULTS The concentration of drug at which 50% of the cells are inhibited (IC(50)) in BCPAP were 6.3 μmol/L (SO), .155 μmol/L (WA), and .055 μmol/L (IC(50)WA + 50% IC(50)SO), whereas in SW1736 cells the concentration was 7.6 μmol/L (SO), 2.5 μmol/L (WA), and 1.4 μmol/L (IC(50)WA + 50% IC(50)SO). Combination (WA + SO) at IC(50) decreased cell viability to 19% (from 50% individually). Apoptosis levels on flow cytometry in anaplastic cells increased significantly from 0% to 2% (SO or WA alone) to 89% (combo at IC(50), P < .001). Combination therapy apoptosis (PARP cleavage and caspase-3 inactivation) and BRAF/Raf-1 down-regulation were dose-dependent starting at 50% IC(50) levels. Cell-cycle modulation was significant with combination treatment (35% increase in G2 arrest at 50% IC(50)SO + WA and 70% increase at 75% IC(50)SO + WA; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with sorafenib + withaferin showed synergistic efficacy in papillary and anaplastic cancers in vitro with significant induction of apoptosis. This combination achieved potent anticancer activity with lower overall doses of sorafenib, indicating a potential strategy to decrease sorafenib toxicity in future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., MS 2005, Murphy Building, Room 4008, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Chen J, Qin J, Su Q, Liu Z, Yang J. Treadmill rehabilitation treatment enhanced BDNF-TrkB but not NGF-TrkA signaling in a mouse intracerebral hemorrhage model. Neurosci Lett 2012; 529:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Iyer R, Varela CR, Minturn JE, Ho R, Simpson AM, Light JE, Evans AE, Zhao H, Thress K, Brown JL, Brodeur GM. AZ64 inhibits TrkB and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy and local radiation in neuroblastoma xenografts. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:477-86. [PMID: 22623209 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a common pediatric tumor characterized by clinical heterogeneity. Because it is derived from sympathetic neuroblasts, the NTRK family of neurotrophin receptors plays an integral role in neuroblastoma cell survival, growth, and differentiation. Indeed, high expression of NTRK1 is associated with favorable clinical features and outcome, whereas expression of NTRK2 and its ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are associated with unfavorable features and outcome. AZ64 (Astra Zeneca) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the NTRK tyrosine kinases that blocks phosphorylation at nanomolar concentrations. To determine the preclinical activity of AZ64, we performed intervention trials in a xenograft model with NTRK2-overexpressing neuroblastomas. AZ64 alone significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to vehicle-treated animals (p = 0.0006 for tumor size). Furthermore, the combination of AZ64 with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, irinotecan and temozolomide (irino-temo), showed significantly enhanced anti-tumor efficacy compared to irino-temo alone [(p < 0.0001 for tumor size, p < 0.0005 for event-free survival (EFS)]. We also assessed the combination of AZ64 and local radiation therapy (RT) on a neuroblastoma hindlimb xenograft model, and the efficacy of local RT was significantly increased when animals were treated simultaneously with AZ64 (p < 0.0001 for tumor size, p = 0.0006 for EFS). We conclude that AZ64 can inhibit growth of NTRK-expressing neuroblastomas both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, it can significantly enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy as well as local RT, presumably by inhibition of the NTRK2/BDNF autocrine survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Iyer
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104-4302, USA
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Sreenivasan S, Thirumalai K, Krishnakumar S. Expression profile of genes regulated by curcumin in Y79 retinoblastoma cells. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:607-16. [PMID: 22489823 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.669875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a well-known chemopreventive agent from turmeric, inhibits the expression of several oncogenes and cell proliferation genes in tumor cells. This study aims to understand the precise molecular mechanism by which curcumin exerts its effects on retinoblastoma cells, by performing whole genome microarray analysis to determine the gene expression profiles altered by curcumin treatment. Curcumin suppressed cell viability and altered the cell cycle of retinoblastoma cells. We identified 903 downregulated genes and 1,319 upregulated genes when compared with the control cells after treatment with 20 μM curcumin concentration for 48 h. These genes were grouped into respective functional categories according to their biological function. We found that curcumin regulated the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of apoptosis, tumor suppressor, cell-cycle arrest, transcription factor, and angiogenesis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to validate the results of genome array, and the results were consistent with the obtained data. In conclusion, treatment of curcumin affects the expression of genes involved in various cellular functions and plays an important role in tumor metastasis and apoptosis. Thus, curcumin might be an effective chemopreventive agent for retinoblastoma cancer.
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Significance of Loss of Heterozygosity in Predicting Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 20:116-23. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31822afce2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Albaugh P, Fan Y, Mi Y, Sun F, Adrian F, Li N, Jia Y, Sarkisova Y, Kreusch A, Hood T, Lu M, Liu G, Huang S, Liu Z, Loren J, Tuntland T, Karanewsky DS, Seidel HM, Molteni V. Discovery of GNF-5837, a Selective TRK Inhibitor with Efficacy in Rodent Cancer Tumor Models. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:140-5. [PMID: 24900443 DOI: 10.1021/ml200261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins and their receptors (TRKs) play key roles in the development of the nervous system and the maintenance of the neural network. Accumulating evidence points to their role in malignant transformations, chemotaxis, metastasis, and survival signaling and may contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors of both neural and non-neural origin. By screening the GNF kinase collection, a series of novel oxindole inhibitors of TRKs were identified. Optimization led to the identification of GNF-5837 (22), a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable pan-TRK inhibitor that inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model derived from RIE cells expressing both TRKA and NGF. The properties of 22 make it a good tool for the elucidation of TRK biology in cancer and other nononcology indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam Albaugh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yi Fan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yuan Mi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Fangxian Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Francisco Adrian
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Nanxin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yelena Sarkisova
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Andreas Kreusch
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Tami Hood
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Min Lu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Guoxun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Zuosheng Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Donald S. Karanewsky
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
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Weiss GJ, Hidalgo M, Borad MJ, Laheru D, Tibes R, Ramanathan RK, Blaydorn L, Jameson G, Jimeno A, Isaacs JD, Scaburri A, Pacciarini MA, Fiorentini F, Ciomei M, Von Hoff DD. Phase I study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PHA-848125AC, a dual tropomyosin receptor kinase A and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:2334-43. [PMID: 22160853 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I trial assessed the safety, maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics of TRKA/CDK inhibitor PHA-848125AC in adult patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors, for which no standard therapy existed, were eligible. PHA-848125AC was administered orally in two schedules: daily for 7 consecutive days in 2-week cycles (i.e. 7 days on/7 days off q2wks; S1) or daily for 4 consecutive days a week for 3 weeks in 4-week cycles (i.e. 4 days on/3 days off x 3wks q4wks; S2). RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were treated in this study, 22 in S1 and 15 in S2. The recommended phase II dose (RP2D) was 150 mg/day for either schedule. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in S1 included ataxia (Grade 2-4) and tremors (Grade 2-3). In S2, DLTs included tremors (Grade 2-3), elevated lipase (Grade 3), increased creatinine (Grade 2), and nausea and vomiting (Grade 3). These events were all reversible. In S2, out of 14 patients evaluable for efficacy, 2 patients with thymic carcinoma, showed partial response and stable disease was observed in 3 patients. Stable disease was observed in 6 out 14 patients evaluable for efficacy on S1. Drug pharmacokinetics demonstrated a half-life of approximately 33 h, and dose-proportionality with accumulation by a factor of 3 after repeated administrations. CONCLUSION The RP2D of PHA-848125AC was 150 mg/day on both schedules. Based on the responses noted in thymic carcinoma, a phase II study for patients with that disease is currently enrolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen J Weiss
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare (VGPCC), Scottsdale, AZ 85258, USA.
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Lidocaine treatment during synapse reformation periods permanently inhibits NGF-induced excitation in an identified reconstructed synapse of Lymnaea stagnalis. J Anesth 2011; 26:45-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-011-1257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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TRK-A, HER-2/neu, and KIT Expression/Activation Profiles in Salivary Gland Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2011; 1:121-8. [PMID: 18795122 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary duct carcinomas (SDCs) and adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) are the most aggressive and the most frequent carcinomas of the salivary glands, respectively. Little is known about them in terms of molecular/biochemical characterization and conventional treatments are ineffective. On cryopreserved material, we analyzed the expression/activation status of TRK-A, HER-2/neu, and KIT receptors by means of immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis experiments, and the presence of their cognate ligands by means of Western blot analysis and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 9 SDCs, 12 ACCs, and 8 normal glands. The amplification status of HER-2/neu was also investigated by means of fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis on fixed material. The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-deregulated profile of the SDCs was characterized by the overexpression of activated TRK-A in the presence of its ligand, and the overexpression of HER-2/neu sustained by gene amplification. The RTK signature of the ACCs was represented by the overexpression of activated KIT and TRK-A and their cognate ligands, and the overexpression of activated HER-2/neu, in the absence of gene amplification, possibly sustained by epidermal growth factor receptor heterodimerization. In conclusion, SDCs and ACCs, although sharing TRK-A autocrine loop activation, have different pathologically activated RTK-deregulated profiles that may be potential targets for pharmacological RTK inhibitors.
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Takahashi Y, Shimokawa N, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Morita A, Masuda H, Iwasaki T, Tamura J, Haglund K, Koibuchi N. Ligand-induced downregulation of TrkA is partly regulated through ubiquitination by Cbl. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1741-7. [PMID: 21570973 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor TrkA, which belongs to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), is known to induce its internalization, endosomal trafficking and subsequent lysosomal degradation. The Cbl family of ubiquitin ligases plays a major role in mediating ubiquitination and degradation of RTKs. However, it is not known whether Cbl participates in mediating ubiquitination of TrkA. Here we report that c-Cbl mediates ligand-induced ubiquitination and degradation of TrkA. TrkA ubiquitination and degradation required direct interactions between c-Cbl and phosphorylated TrkA. c-Cbl and ubiquitinated TrkA are found in a complex after NGF stimulation and are degraded in lysosomes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that c-Cbl can induce downregulation of NGF-TrkA complexes through ubiquitination and degradation of TrkA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuga Takahashi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Abel F, Dalevi D, Nethander M, Jörnsten R, De Preter K, Vermeulen J, Stallings R, Kogner P, Maris J, Nilsson S. A 6-gene signature identifies four molecular subgroups of neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:9. [PMID: 21492432 PMCID: PMC3095533 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are currently three postulated genomic subtypes of the childhood tumour neuroblastoma (NB); Type 1, Type 2A, and Type 2B. The most aggressive forms of NB are characterized by amplification of the oncogene MYCN (MNA) and low expression of the favourable marker NTRK1. Recently, mutations or high expression of the familial predisposition gene Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) was associated to unfavourable biology of sporadic NB. Also, various other genes have been linked to NB pathogenesis. Results The present study explores subgroup discrimination by gene expression profiling using three published microarray studies on NB (47 samples). Four distinct clusters were identified by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in two separate data sets, which could be verified by an unsupervised hierarchical clustering in a third independent data set (101 NB samples) using a set of 74 discriminative genes. The expression signature of six NB-associated genes ALK, BIRC5, CCND1, MYCN, NTRK1, and PHOX2B, significantly discriminated the four clusters (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA test). PCA clusters p1, p2, and p3 were found to correspond well to the postulated subtypes 1, 2A, and 2B, respectively. Remarkably, a fourth novel cluster was detected in all three independent data sets. This cluster comprised mainly 11q-deleted MNA-negative tumours with low expression of ALK, BIRC5, and PHOX2B, and was significantly associated with higher tumour stage, poor outcome and poor survival compared to the Type 1-corresponding favourable group (INSS stage 4 and/or dead of disease, p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Conclusions Based on expression profiling we have identified four molecular subgroups of neuroblastoma, which can be distinguished by a 6-gene signature. The fourth subgroup has not been described elsewhere, and efforts are currently made to further investigate this group's specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Abel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Jin W, Kim GM, Kim MS, Lim MH, Yun C, Jeong J, Nam JS, Kim SJ. TrkC plays an essential role in breast tumor growth and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1939-47. [PMID: 20802235 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) C, a member of the Trk family of neurotrophin receptors, has been implicated in the growth and survival of human cancer tissues. Here, we report that TrkC is frequently overexpressed in human breast cancers and plays an essential role in tumor growth and metastasis. Ectopic expression of TrkC in non-malignant mammary epithelial cells suppressed anoikis, which correlated with activation of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways, and reduced expression of the metastatic regulator Twist. Furthermore, suppression of TrkC expression in highly metastatic mammary carcinoma cells inhibited their growth in vitro, as well as their ability to metastasize from the mammary gland to the lung in vivo. These results have identified TrkC as a critical regulator of breast cancer cell growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Disease and Cell Regulation, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea.
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Albanese C, Alzani R, Amboldi N, Avanzi N, Ballinari D, Brasca MG, Festuccia C, Fiorentini F, Locatelli G, Pastori W, Patton V, Roletto F, Colotta F, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Moll J, Pesenti E, Mercurio C, Ciomei M. Dual targeting of CDK and tropomyosin receptor kinase families by the oral inhibitor PHA-848125, an agent with broad-spectrum antitumor efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2243-54. [PMID: 20682657 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) families are observed in a wide variety of tumors. In those malignancies with aberrant CDK activation, the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway is deregulated, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Constitutive activation of TRKs is instead linked to cancer cell survival and dissemination. Here, we show that the novel small-molecule PHA-848125, a potent dual inhibitor of CDKs and TRKs, possesses significant antitumor activity. The compound inhibits cell proliferation of a wide panel of tumoral cell lines with submicromolar IC(50). PHA-848125-treated cells show cell cycle arrest in G(1) and reduced DNA synthesis, accompanied by inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and modulation of other CDK-dependent markers. The compound additionally inhibits phosphorylation of TRKA and its substrates in cells, which functionally express this receptor. Following oral administration, PHA-848125 has significant antitumor activity in various human xenografts and carcinogen-induced tumors as well as in disseminated primary leukemia models, with plasma concentrations in rodents in the same range as those found active in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Mechanism of action was also confirmed in vivo as assessed in tumor biopsies from treated mice. These results show that the dual CDK-TRK inhibitor PHA-848125 has the potential for being a novel and efficacious targeted drug for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Albanese
- Cell Biology Department, BU Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences, v.le Pasteur 10, Nerviano, Milan 20014, Italy.
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Genetic Predisposition to Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer: An Update of Molecular Findings and State-of-the-Art Studies. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:385206. [PMID: 20628519 PMCID: PMC2902056 DOI: 10.1155/2010/385206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial thyroid cancer has become a well-recognized entity in patients with thyroid cancer
originating from follicular cells, that is, nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. The diagnosis of
familial thyroid cancer provides an opportunity for early detection and possible prevention in
family members. Understanding the syndromes associated with familial thyroid cancer allows
clinicians to evaluate and treat patients for coexisting pathologic conditions. About five
percents of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma have a familial disease.
Patients with familial non-medullalry thyroid cancer have more aggressive tumors with
increased rates of extrathyroid extension, lymph node metastases, and frequently show the
phenomenon of “anticipation” (earlier age at disease onset and increased severity in
successive generations). So far, four predisposition loci have been identified in relatively rare
extended pedigrees, and association studies have identified multiple predisposing variants for
differentiated thyroid cancer. This suggests that there is a high degree of genetic
heterogeneity and that the development of this type of tumor is a multifactorial and complex
process in which predisposing genetic variants interact with a number of incompletely
understood environmental risk factors. Thus, the search for the causative variants is still open
and will surely benefit from the new technological approaches that have been developed in
recent years.
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Gene regulation by nucleoporins and links to cancer. Mol Cell 2010; 38:6-15. [PMID: 20385085 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) composed of approximately 30 individual nucleoporins form huge macromolecular assemblies in the nuclear envelope, through which bidirectional cargo movement between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs. Beyond their transport function, NPCs can serve as docking sites for chromatin and thereby contribute to the organization of the overall topology of chromosomes in conjunction with other factors of the nuclear envelope. Recent studies suggest that gene-NPC interactions may promote both transcription and the definition of heterochromatin-euchromatin boundaries. Intriguingly, several nucleoporins were linked to cancer, mostly in the context of chromosomal translocations, which encode nucleoporin chimeras. An emerging concept is that tumor cells exploit specific properties of nucleoporins to deregulate transcription, chromatin boundaries, and essential transport-dependent regulatory circuits. This review outlines new mechanistic links between nucleoporin function and cancer pathogenesis.
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A novel HSP90 modulator with selective activity against thyroid cancers in vitro. Surgery 2009; 146:1196-207. [PMID: 19958949 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a chaperone protein regulating several client proteins involved in thyroid cancer development. The purpose of this study was to mechanistically evaluate a novel, natural product drug with anticancer activity in thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro for future translational applications. METHODS A total of 285 natural plant extracts and compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity by MTS assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were characterized by annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry. HSP90 and client protein modulation, as well as apoptosis confirmation, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Of the 285 compounds and products tested, 45 demonstrated antiproliferative activity in thyroid cancers by MTS assay. BTIMNP_D004 demonstrated the greatest inhibition (IC(50) = 155-2,890 nM in thyroid cancers). Activity was cancer-cell selective compared to fibroblasts, with increased potency over 17-AAG in BCPAP, FTC133, and DRO81-1 cells. D004 modulated cell cycle arrest after 18 hours (G(1)/G(0) --> S and G(2)/M) with 30% FTC133 cells shifted, 22% BCPAP cells shifted, and 15% SW1736 cells shifted versus controls (P < .01, P < .01, and P < .05, respectively). A total of 1 muM D004 induced significant apoptosis, with 76% BCPAP cells gated after 18 hours (annexin V-PI staining vs <3% in controls, P < .01; and 80% FTC133 cells vs 4% controls; P < .01). Western blot analysis demonstrated modulation of HSP90 expression levels, with inhibition of HSF-1, AKT, and caspase-3 expression, and cleavage of PARP in both BCPAP and FTC133 cells. CONCLUSION BTIMNP_D004 is a novel natural product drug with anticancer activity against thyroid cancers in vitro, and may act through induction of apoptosis, modulation of cell cycle arrest, and modulation of heat shock chaperone proteins including HSP90. These preliminary in vitro data support future preclinical studies for translational applications.
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Molecular rearrangements in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:301-8. [PMID: 19958753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer is unusual among epithelial malignancies in that it is associated with a number of chromosomal rearrangements. The most common of these is the Ret oncogene, normally silent in the follicular cell, but which has been shown to be rearranged to the promoter region of a variety of different genes, all of which are constituently expressed in the thyroid follicular cell. It has been suggested that chromosomes in the thyroid cell are arranged within the nucleus in such a way as to predispose the cell to inappropriate fusion in the advent of DNA double-strand breakage. The presence of tumour specific fusion genes, and their transcribed proteins, presents a possible therapeutic target for thyroid cancer, but the relative contribution of the gene rearrangement in the growth and development of the tumour will need careful evaluation before clinical studies could take place.
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Pita JM, Banito A, Cavaco BM, Leite V. Gene expression profiling associated with the progression to poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1782-91. [PMID: 19809427 PMCID: PMC2778548 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTC) represent a heterogeneous, aggressive entity, presenting features that suggest a progression from well-differentiated carcinomas. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying such progression and identify novel therapeutic targets, we assessed the genome-wide expression in normal and tumour thyroid tissues. METHODS Microarray analyses of 24 thyroid carcinomas - 7 classic papillary, 8 follicular variants of papillary (fvPTC), 4 follicular (FTC) and 5 PDTC - were performed and correlated with RAS, BRAF, RET/PTC and PAX8-PPARG alterations. Selected genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR in an independent set of 28 thyroid tumours. RESULTS Unsupervised analyses showed that gene expression similarity was higher between PDTC and fvPTC, particularly for tumours harbouring RAS mutations. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas presented molecular signatures related to cell proliferation, poor prognosis, spindle assembly checkpoint and cell adhesion. Compared with normal tissues, PTC had 307 out of 494 (60%) genes over-expressed, FTC had 137 out of 171 (80%) genes under-expressed, whereas PDTC had 92 out of 107 (86%) genes under-expressed, suggesting that gene downregulation is involved in tumour dedifferentiation. Significant UHRF1 and ITIH5 deregulated gene expression in PDTC, relatively to normal tissues, was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that fvPTC are possible precursors of PDTC. Furthermore, UHRF1 and ITIH5 have a potential therapeutic/prognostic value for aggressive thyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pita
- Centro de Investigação de Patobiologia Molecular (CIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
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Wilson KHS. The genome sequence of the protostome Daphnia pulex encodes respective orthologues of a neurotrophin, a Trk and a p75NTR: evolution of neurotrophin signaling components and related proteins in the bilateria. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:243. [PMID: 19807921 PMCID: PMC2772990 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotrophins and their Trk and p75NTR receptors play an important role in the nervous system. To date, neurotrophins, Trk and p75NTR have only been found concomitantly in deuterostomes. In protostomes, homologues to either neurotrophin, Trk or p75NTR are reported but their phylogenetic relationship to deuterostome neurotrophin signaling components is unclear. Drosophila has neurotrophin homologues called Spätzles (Spz), some of which were recently renamed neurotrophins, but direct proof that these are deuterostome neurotrophin orthologues is lacking. Trks belong to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family and among RTKs, Trks and RORs are closest related. Flies lack Trks but have ROR and ROR-related proteins called NRKs playing a neurotrophic role. Mollusks have so far the most similar proteins to Trks (Lymnaea Trk and Aplysia Trkl) but the exact phylogenetic relationship of mollusk Trks to each other and to vertebrate Trks is unknown. p75NTR belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. The divergence of the TNFR families in vertebrates has been suggested to parallel the emergence of the adaptive immune system. Only one TNFR representative, the Drosophila Wengen, has been found in protostomes. To clarify the evolution of neurotrophin signaling components in bilateria, this work analyzes the genome of the crustacean Daphnia pulex as well as new genetic data from protostomes. Results The Daphnia genome encodes a neurotrophin, p75NTR and Trk orthologue together with Trkl, ROR, and NRK-RTKs. Drosophila Spz1, 2, 3, 5, 6 orthologues as well as two new groups of Spz proteins (Spz7 and 8) are also found in the Daphnia genome. Searching genbank and the genomes of Capitella, Helobdella and Lottia reveals neurotrophin signaling components in other protostomes. Conclusion It appears that a neurotrophin, Trk and p75NTR existed at the protostome/deuterostome split. In protostomes, a "neurotrophin superfamily" includes Spzs and neurotrophins which respectively form two paralogous families. Trks and Trkl proteins also form closely related paralogous families within the protostomian RTKs, whereby Trkls are absent in deuterostomes. The finding of p75NTR in several protostomes suggests that death domain TNFR superfamily proteins appeared early in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H S Wilson
- University of Gothenburg, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Kristineberg, S-450 34 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
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Thiele CJ, Li Z, McKee AE. On Trk--the TrkB signal transduction pathway is an increasingly important target in cancer biology. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5962-7. [PMID: 19755385 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the beginning, Trk was an oncogene. Yet Neurotrophin-Trk signaling came to preeminence in the field of neurobiology. Now it is appreciated that Trks regulate important processes in nonneuronal cells and, in addition to their impact on tumors of neural origin, may contribute to the pathogenesis of carcinomas, myelomas, and prostate and lymphoid tumors. Although mutations and rearrangements of Trk are seen only sporadically in human cancers, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma, a number of recent studies indicate that expression of TrkB contributes to tumor pathology. In neuroblastoma, TrkA expression marks good prognosis which TrkB and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression marks poor prognosis. Activation of the BDNF/TrkB signal transduction pathway also stimulates tumor cell survival and angiogenesis and contributes to resistance to cytotoxic drugs and anoikis, enabling cells to acquire many of the characteristic features required for tumorigenesis. Small molecule inhibitors, such as Cephalon's CEP-701, are in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials, and a series of AstraZeneca Trk inhibitors are poised to enter the clinic. As monotherapy, inhibitors may be effective only in tumors with activating Trk mutations. Important clinical follow-up will be the assessment of Trk inhibitors in combination with standard chemo- or radiotherapy or other signal transduction pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Thiele
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, CRC, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Vasudevan SA, Shang X, Shang X, Chang S, Ge N, Diaz-Miron JL, Russell HV, Hicks MJ, Ludwig AD, Wesson CL, Burlingame SM, Kim ES, Khan J, Yang J, Nuchtern JG. Neuroblastoma-derived secretory protein is a novel secreted factor overexpressed in neuroblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2478-89. [PMID: 19671756 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Secreted proteins such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines play important roles in tumor development. Through expression microarray and bioinformatic analysis, we discovered a novel secreted protein, neuroblastoma-derived secretory protein (NDSP). The NDSP gene is found on chromosome 1q25.2 and encodes a 167 amino acid protein with a putative signal peptide. Using real-time PCR and immunoblotting, we find that NDSP is specifically overexpressed in neuroblastoma at much higher levels than other adult and pediatric malignancies and normal tissues. NDSP is an 18-kDa protein that can be secreted by NDSP-transfected HEK-293T cells, as well as, neuroblastoma cell lines endogenously expressing NDSP. Inhibiting NDSP expression in neuroblastoma cell lines with retrovirally transduced NDSP small hairpin interfering RNA, sh-NDSP, results in decreased cellular proliferation and colony formation. We also find inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation in the sh-NDSP cell line. Treating the parental cell line with MAP/ERK kinase 1/2 inhibitors, which diminish ERK1/2 phosphorylation, results in decreased cell proliferation. Culturing these transduced cells with recombinant NDSP, reintroducing NDSP overexpression in the knockdown cell line, or inducing Ras oncogene overexpression for constitutive ERK1/2 activation results in a reversal of the growth-inhibited phenotype and proliferation rates similar to the control cells. In addition, reintroduction of NDSP overexpression in the sh-NDSP cell line results in ERK1/2 phosphorylation similar to control. We conclude that NDSP is specifically overexpressed in neuroblastoma and actively secreted from tumor cells. Furthermore, NDSP serves as a growth factor for neuroblastoma tumor cells through activation of the ERK-mediated proliferation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Arbitrario JP, Belmont BJ, Evanchik MJ, Flanagan WM, Fucini RV, Hansen SK, Harris SO, Hashash A, Hoch U, Hogan JN, Howlett AR, Jacobs JW, Lam JW, Ritchie SC, Romanowski MJ, Silverman JA, Stockett DE, Teague JN, Zimmerman KM, Taverna P. SNS-314, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, shows potent anti-tumor activity and dosing flexibility in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 65:707-17. [PMID: 19649632 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Aurora family of serine/threonine kinases (Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C) plays a key role in cells orderly progression through mitosis. Elevated expression levels of Aurora kinases have been detected in a high percentage of melanoma, colon, breast, ovarian, gastric, and pancreatic tumors. We characterized the biological and pharmacological properties of SNS-314, an ATP-competitive, selective, and potent inhibitor of Aurora kinases. METHODS We studied the biochemical potency and selectivity of SNS-314 to inhibit Aurora kinases A, B, and C. The inhibition of cellular proliferation induced by SNS-314 was evaluated in a broad range of tumor cell lines and correlated to inhibition of histone H3 phosphorylation, inhibition of cell-cycle progression, increase in nuclear content and cell size, loss of viability, and induction of apoptosis. The dose and administration schedule of SNS-314 was optimized for in vivo efficacy in mouse xenograft models of human cancer. RESULTS In the HCT116 human colon cancer xenograft model, administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg SNS-314 led to dose-dependent inhibition of histone H3 phosphorylation for at least 10 h, indicating effective Aurora-B inhibition in vivo. HCT116 tumors from animals treated with SNS-314 showed potent and sustained responses including reduction of phosphorylated histone H3 levels, increased caspase-3 and appearance of increased nuclear size. The compound showed significant tumor growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner under a variety of dosing schedules including weekly, bi-weekly, and 5 days on/9 days off. CONCLUSIONS SNS-314 is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of Aurora kinases developed as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic agent for the treatment of diverse human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Arbitrario
- Department of Pharmacology, Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Blvd., South S. Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Moses W, Weng J, Khanafshar E, Duh QY, Clark OH, Kebebew E. Multiple genetic alterations in papillary thyroid cancer are associated with younger age at presentation. J Surg Res 2009; 160:179-83. [PMID: 19765726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant gender and age disparity in thyroid cancer incidence and outcome. The molecular basis for these divergent clinical presentations and outcome are essentially unknown. METHODS The primary tumor genotype in 217 patients with papillary thyroid cancer was determined for six common somatic genetic alterations (RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3, and NTRK1 rearrangements, and BRAF V600E, KRAS, and NRAS hotspot mutations) by PCR and direct sequencing, and nested PCR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of genetic changes and age, gender, and other clinicopathologic factors. RESULTS One hundred twenty-one of the 190 conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma samples (63.7%) had at least one genetic alteration, and 27 of the samples (14.2%) had more than one alteration. In the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas, 13 of the 27 samples (48.1%) had at least one genetic alteration and three of the 27 samples (11.1%) had more than one. The presence of multiple genetic alterations was associated with younger age at diagnosis (P=0.034), mean difference of 8 y earlier. We found no significant association with the number or type of genetic alterations present by gender, tumor size, extent of tumor differentiation, multicentricity, lymph node metastasis, distant metastases, TNM stage, and the AMES risk group. The association of multiple genetic alterations and younger age were independent of tumor size, lymph node or distant metastasis, TNM stage, or AMES risk group. CONCLUSIONS Multiple genetic alterations are more common in younger patients with papillary thyroid cancer, but there is no difference in the type or number of genetic alterations by gender. Our findings suggest that multiple genetic alterations in thyroid cancer may be associated with earlier disease initiation and or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willieford Moses
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Thress K, Macintyre T, Wang H, Whitston D, Liu ZY, Hoffmann E, Wang T, Brown JL, Webster K, Omer C, Zage PE, Zeng L, Zweidler-McKay PA. Identification and preclinical characterization of AZ-23, a novel, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of the Trk kinase pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1818-27. [PMID: 19509272 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-related kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) are receptor tyrosine kinases that, along with their ligands, the neurotrophins, are involved in neuronal cell growth, development, and survival. The Trk-neurotrophin pathway may also play a role in tumorigenesis through oncogenic fusions, mutations, and autocrine signaling, prompting the development of novel Trk inhibitors as agents for cancer therapy. This report describes the identification of AZ-23, a novel, potent, and selective Trk kinase inhibitor. In vitro studies with AZ-23 showed improved selectivity over previous compounds and inhibition of Trk kinase activity in cells at low nanomolar concentrations. AZ-23 showed in vivo TrkA kinase inhibition and efficacy in mice following oral administration in a TrkA-driven allograft model and significant tumor growth inhibition in a Trk-expressing xenograft model of neuroblastoma. AZ-23 represents a potent and selective Trk kinase inhibitor from a novel series with the potential for use as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Thress
- Cancer and Infection Research, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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Vía de señalización dependiente de la proteincinasa de activación mitogénica en el carcinoma papilar de tiroides. De las bases moleculares a la práctica clínica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:176-86. [DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)70982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xu S, Powers MA. Nuclear pore proteins and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:620-30. [PMID: 19577736 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules, a highly specific and tightly regulated process, occurs exclusively through the nuclear pore complex. This immense structure is assembled from approximately 30 proteins, termed nucleoporins. Here we discuss the four nucleoporins that have been linked to cancers, either through elevated expression in tumors (Nup88) or through involvement in chromosomal translocations that encode chimeric fusion proteins (Tpr, Nup98, Nup214). In each case we consider the normal function of the nucleoporin and its translocation partners, as well as what is known about their mechanistic contributions to carcinogenesis, particularly in leukemias. Studies of nucleoporin-linked cancers have revealed novel mechanisms of oncogenesis and in the future, should continue to expand our understanding of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Nakayama T, Asami S, Ono SI, Miura M, Hayasaka M, Yoshida Y, Toriyama M, Motohashi S, Suzuki T. Effect of Cell Differentiation for Neuroblastoma by Vitamin K Analogs. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009; 39:251-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyp011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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