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Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-3 Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor- α- and Interleukin-1 β-Induced Expression of Junctional Molecules on Human Gingival Fibroblasts via the Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6302391. [PMID: 32410860 PMCID: PMC7204158 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6302391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gingival fibroblast barrier dysfunction caused by inflammation contributes to gingivitis and can lead to inflammatory periodontal disease. The disease features include upregulated epithelial permeability, increased inflammatory mediators, and downregulated junctional complex molecules. Carbon monoxide- (CO-) releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) is a water-soluble compound that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of CORM-3 on the expression of tight and adherens junction molecules on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). HGFs were cultured from the explants of normal human gingival tissues, which were stimulated in the presence or absence of CORM-3. Epithelial barrier function was evaluated by paracellular permeability and junctional complex molecule expression analyses. The protein and mRNA expression levels of adherens junction molecules (VE-cadherin and β-catenin) and tight junction molecules (zona occludens-1, ZO-1) were studied using western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNA and protein expression levels of these cytokines were also analyzed in HGFs transiently transfected with HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in response to TNF-α and IL-1β stimulation. CORM-3 reduced permeability and enhanced the expression of junctional complex molecules (ZO-1, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin) in TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced HGFs. However, these effects of CORM-3 were attenuated when HO-1 siRNA was transiently transfected in HGFs. These findings indicate that CORM-3 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α- and IL-1β-stimulated HGFs via the HO-1 pathway, which suggests the promising potential of CORM-3 in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease.
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Song L, Li J, Yuan X, Liu W, Chen Z, Guo D, Yang F, Guo Q, Song H. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule suppresses inflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokines in nicotine- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells via the heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1591-1601. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Negrete R, Hervera A, Leánez S, Pol O. Treatment with a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule inhibits chronic inflammatory pain in mice: nitric oxide contribution. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:853-61. [PMID: 24114430 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carbon monoxide synthetized by inducible heme oxygenase (HO-1) exerts potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects during acute and neuropathic pain, but its role in the modulation of chronic inflammatory pain and the possible involvement of nitric oxide in this action remain unknown. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of a carbon monoxide releasing molecule, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer (CORM-2), daily administered from days 4 to 14 after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection in wild-type (WT), neuronal (NOS1-KO), and inducible (NOS2-KO) nitric oxide synthases knockout mice, were evaluated using von Frey filaments and plantar tests. Effects of CORM-2 treatment on the expression of HO-1, NOS1, and NOS2 at 14 days after inflammation induction were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Main inflammatory pain symptoms induced by CFA in WT, NOS1-KO, and NOS2-KO mice were significantly reduced in a time-dependent manner by CORM-2 treatment. In all genotypes, inflammation increased the dorsal root ganglia and paw expression of HO-1, but CORM-2 treatment only over-expressed this enzyme in the paw of all genotypes. The increased NOS1 expression induced by inflammation in WT mice was abolished by CORM-2 treatment, while there was no effect of the inflammation in neither CORM-2 treatment in the expression of NOS2 in WT and NOS1-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS CORM-2 treatment inhibits inflammatory pain through enhancing HO-1 paw expression in all genotypes and reducing NOS1 over-expression in WT mice. An interaction between HO-1/carbon monoxide and NOS1/nitric oxide systems was also demonstrated. CORM-2 treatment may represent a new approach for management chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Negrete
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina. Edifici M2-115, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Carbon monoxide reduces neuropathic pain and spinal microglial activation by inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43693. [PMID: 22928017 PMCID: PMC3425507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon monoxide (CO) synthesized by heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) exerts antinociceptive effects during inflammation but its role during neuropathic pain remains unknown. Our objective is to investigate the exact contribution of CO derived from HO-1 in the modulation of neuropathic pain and the mechanisms implicated. Methodology/Principal Findings We evaluated the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of CO following sciatic nerve injury in wild type (WT) or inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (NOS2-KO) mice using two carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORM-2 and CORM-3) and an HO-1 inducer (cobalt protoporphyrin IX, CoPP) daily administered from days 10 to 20 after injury. The effects of CORM-2 and CoPP on the expression of HO-1, heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) and NOS2 as well as a microglial marker (CD11b/c) were also assessed at day 20 after surgery in WT and NOS2-KO mice. In WT mice, the main neuropathic pain symptoms induced by nerve injury were significantly reduced in a time-dependent manner by treatment with CO-RMs or CoPP. Both CORM-2 and CoPP treatments increased HO-1 expression in WT mice, but only CoPP stimulated HO-1 in NOS2-KO animals. The increased expression of HO-2 induced by nerve injury in WT, but not in NOS2-KO mice, remains unaltered by CORM-2 or CoPP treatments. In contrast, the over-expression of CD11b/c, NOS1 and NOS2 induced by nerve injury in WT, but not in NOS2-KO mice, were significantly decreased by both CORM-2 and CoPP treatments. These data indicate that CO alleviates neuropathic pain through the reduction of spinal microglial activation and NOS1/NOS2 over-expression. Conclusions/Significance This study reports that an interaction between the CO and nitric oxide (NO) systems is taking place following sciatic nerve injury and reveals that increasing the exogenous (CO-RMs) or endogenous (CoPP) production of CO may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Bastianetto S, Dumont Y, Duranton A, Vercauteren F, Breton L, Quirion R. Protective action of resveratrol in human skin: possible involvement of specific receptor binding sites. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12935. [PMID: 20886076 PMCID: PMC2944869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol is a plant-derived polyphenol with purported protecting action on various disorders associated with aging. It has been suggested that resveratrol could exert its protective action by acting on specific plasma membrane polyphenol binding sites (Han Y.S., et al. (2006) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:238-245). The purpose of this study was to investigate, in human skin, the possible existence of specific binding sites that mediate the protective action of resveratrol. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using human skin tissue, we report here the presence of specific [(3)H]-resveratrol binding sites (K(D) = 180 nM) that are mainly located in the epidermis. Exposure of HaCaT cells to the nitric oxide free radical donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.3-3 mM) resulted in cell death which was reduced by resveratrol (EC(50) = 14.7 µM), and to a much lesser extent by the resveratrol analogue piceatannol (EC(50) = 95 µM) and epigallocatechin gallate (EC(50) = 200 µM), a green-tea derived polyphenol. The protective action of resveratrol likely relates to its anti-apoptotic effect since at the same range of concentration it was able to reduce both the number of apoptotic cells as well as mitochondrial apoptotic events triggered by SNP. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that resveratrol, by acting on specific polyphenol binding sites in epidermis, may be useful to prevent skin disorders associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bastianetto
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvan Dumont
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Freya Vercauteren
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Rémi Quirion
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 252-257 Heme oxygenase (HO) system catabolizes heme into three products: carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin/bilirubin and free iron, which consists of three forms identified to date: the oxidative stress-inducible protein HO-1 and the constitutive isozymes HO-2 and HO-3. HO has been involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to cancer. The interest in HO system by scientists and clinicians involved with the oral and maxillofacial region is fairly recent, and few papers currently cited on HO relate to diseases in this anatomical area. This review will focus on the current understanding of the physiological significance of HO-1 induction and its possible roles in the oral diseases studied to date. The implications for possible therapeutic manipulation of HO are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fan
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pi SH, Jeong GS, Oh HW, Kim YS, Pae HO, Chung HT, Lee SK, Kim EC. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates nicotine- and lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:177-83. [PMID: 20470258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a key role in inflammation, its anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action in periodontitis are still unknown. This study aimed to identify the effects of HO-1 on the proinflammatory mediators activated by nicotine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) was evaluated using Griess reagent and an enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and HO-1 proteins was evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide and nicotine synergistically induced the production of NO and PGE(2) and increased the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 and HO-1. Treatment with an HO-1 inhibitor and HO-1 small interfering RNAs blocked the LPS- and nicotine-stimulated NO and PGE(2) release as well as the expression of iNOS and COX-2. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the nicotine- and LPS-induced inflammatory effects on PDL cells may act through a novel mechanism involving the action of HO-1. Thus, HO-1 may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of periodontal disease associated with smoking and dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Pi
- Department of Periodontology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Lee YM, Jeong GS, Lim HD, An RB, Kim YC, Kim EC. Isoliquiritigenin 2'-methyl ether induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in oral cancer cells via heme oxygenase-1. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 24:776-82. [PMID: 20040371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a chloroform extract of Caesalpinia sappan L. induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells but not in normal epithelial cell lines. In the present study, we explored the effects of a single compound isolated from C. sappan heartwood, isoliquiritigenin 2'-methyl ether (ILME), on cultured primary and metastatic oral cancer cell lines using MTT assays, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. ILME inhibited the growth of the oral cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The major mechanism of growth inhibition was apoptosis induction, as shown by flow cytometric analysis of sub-G(1)-phase arrest and by annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. ILME time-dependently activated NF-kappaB transcription factors, phospholated the MAP kinases JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). Furthermore, ILME treatment upregulated HO-1 expression though activation of Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) pathway, and induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Tin protoporphyrin, an HO-1 inhibitor, dose-dependently attenuated the growth-inhibitory effect of ILME and blocked ILME-induced expression of the p21 and p53 cell cycle-regulatory proteins. These results provide the first evidence that the anti-oral cancer effects of ILME may involve a mechanism in which HO-1 is upregulated via a pathway involving MAP kinases, NF-kappaB, and Nrf2. Thus, ILME could be considered to be a potential chemotherapeutic target for anti-oral cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Man Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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NS398 protects cells from sodium nitroprusside-mediated cytotoxicity through enhancing HO-1 induction independent of COX-2 inhibition. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:99-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lesnikov V, Gorden N, Fausto N, Spaulding E, Campbell J, Shulman H, Fleming RE, Deeg HJ. Transferrin fails to provide protection against Fas-induced hepatic injury in mice with deletion of functional transferrin-receptor type 2. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1005-12. [PMID: 18561026 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that Fas-induced hepatic failure in normal mice was attenuated or prevented by exogenous transferrin (Tf), particularly apoTf. Here we show in C57BL6J/129 mice with genetic inactivation of transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2(Y245X)), that Fas-induced hepatotoxicity (apoptosis; rise in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels) was comparable to that in wild-type mice, but was not modified by pretreatment with Tf. Rises in plasma AST were preceded by a decline in serum iron levels. AST elevations and iron declines were more profound in female than in male mice. Female mice also showed higher baseline levels of Bcl-xL in hepatocytes, which declined significantly upon treatment with agonistic anti-Fas antibody. These data confirm the cytoprotective function of Tf, and show a novel property of TfR2. Both apoptotic Fas responses and cytoprotective effects of Tf were associated with significant shifts in plasma iron levels, which quantitatively differed between male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lesnikov
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, D1-100, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Lee J, Lim HD, Lee YM, Lee W, Kim MK, Lee SK, Jeong GS, Oh HW, Lee SK, Kim EC. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in oral lichen planus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-9294.2008.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This review is intended to stimulate interest in the effect of increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein and increased levels of HO activity on normal and pathological states. The HO system includes the heme catabolic pathway, comprising HO and biliverdin reductase, and the products of heme degradation, carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin/bilirubin. The role of the HO system in diabetes, inflammation, heart disease, hypertension, neurological disorders, transplantation, endotoxemia and other pathologies is a burgeoning area of research. This review focuses on the clinical potential of increased levels of HO-1 protein and HO activity to ameliorate tissue injury. The use of pharmacological and genetic probes to manipulate HO, leading to new insights into the complex relationship of the HO system with biological and pathological phenomena under investigation, is reviewed. This information is critical in both drug development and the implementation of clinical approaches to moderate and to alleviate the numerous chronic disorders in humans affected by perturbations in the HO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader G Abraham
- New York Medical College, Basic Science Building, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Lee HJ, Lee J, Min SK, Guo HY, Lee SK, Kim HR, Pae HO, Chung HT, Hong SH, Lee SK, Kim EC. Differential induction of heme oxygenase-1 against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity via the PI3K, MAPK, and NF-kappa B pathways in immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:278-86. [PMID: 18205746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exhibits cytoprotective effects in many different cell types and is induced by nicotine exposure in human gingival fibroblasts. However, the role of HO-1 in cancer cells exposed to nicotine has not previously been described. METHODS We investigated the effects of nicotine on HO-1 protein expression and cell viability in immortalized (IHOK) and malignant (HN12) human oral keratinocyte cells using the 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and Western blotting. We also examined the involvement of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways in nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and HO-1 levels in IHOK and HN12 cells. RESULTS Nicotine-induced HO-1 production and had cytotoxic effects on cells in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and accumulation of HO-1 were greater in IHOK cells than in HN12 cells. Molecular inhibitors of the ERK, p38 MAP kinase, PI3 K, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways blocked the cytotoxic effects and induction of HO-1 expression by nicotine. Treatment with antioxidants (bilirubin, N-acetylcysteine) protected cells against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the upregulation of HO-1, the effects of which were more pronounced in IHOK cells than in HN12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that HO-1 plays a principal role in the protective response to nicotine in oral cancer and immortalized keratinocytes. Moreover, the addition of exogenous antioxidants may help to protect oral epithelial cells as chemopreventive agents against nicotine-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jeong Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Lee HJ, Lee J, Lee SK, Lee SK, Kim EC. Differential regulation of iron chelator-induced IL-8 synthesis via MAP kinase and NF-kappaB in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:176. [PMID: 17850672 PMCID: PMC2078595 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a cytokine that plays an important role in tumor progression in a variety of cancer types; however, its regulation is not well understood in oral cancer cells. In the present study, we examined the expression and mechanism of IL-8 in which it is involved by treating immortalized (IHOK) and malignant human oral keratinocytes (HN12) cells with deferoxamine (DFO). Methods IL-8 production was measured by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays was used to determine NF-κB binding activity. Phosphorylation and degradation of the I-κB were analyized by Western blot. Results IHOK cells incubated with DFO showed increased expression of IL-8 mRNA, as well as higher release of the IL-8 protein. The up-regulation of DFO-induced IL-8 expression was higher in IHOK cells than in HN12 cells and was concentration-dependent. DFO acted additively with IL-1β to strongly up-regulate IL-8 in IHOK cells but not in HN12 cells. Accordingly, selective p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors for both kinases abolished DFO-induced IL-8 expression in both IHOK and HN12 cells. Furthermore, DFO induced the degradation and phosphorylation of IκB, and activation of NF-κB. The IL-8 inducing effects of DFO were mediated by a nitric oxide donor (S-nitrosoglutathione), and by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-κB, as well as by wortmannin, which inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase. Conclusion This results demonstrate that DFO-induced IL-8 acts via multiple signaling pathways in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes, and that the control of IL-8 may be an important target for immunotheraphy against human oral premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jeong Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Keun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Kangnung National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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