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Ling H, Li H, Chen M, Lai B, Zhou H, Gao H, Zhang J, Huang Y, Tao Y. Discovery of a Highly Potent and Novel Gambogic Acid Derivative as an Anticancer Drug Candidate. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1110-1119. [PMID: 32268871 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200408080040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gambogic Acid (GA), a promising anti-cancer agent isolated from the resin of Garcinia species in Southeast Asia, exhibits high potency in inhibiting a wide variety of cancer cells' growth. Moreover, the fact that it is amenable to chemical modification makes GA an attractive molecule for the development of anti-cancer agents. METHODS Gambogic acid-3-(4-pyrimidinyloxy) propyl ester (compound 4) was derived from the reaction between 4-hydroxypropoxy pyrimidine and GA. Its structure was elucidated by comprehensive analysis of ESIMS, HRESIMS, 1 D NMR data. Anti-tumor activities of compound 4 and GA in vitro against HepG-2, A549 and MCF-7 cells were investigated by MTT assay. FITC/PI dye was used to test apoptosis. The binding affinity difference of compound 4 and GA binding to IKKβ was studied by using Discovery Studio 2016. RESULTS Compound 4 was successfully synthesized and showed strong inhibitory effects on HepG-2, A549 and MCF-7 cells lines with an IC50 value of 1.49±0.11, 1.37±0.06 and 0.64±0.16μM, respectively. Molecular docking study demonstrated that four more hydrogen bonds were established between IKKβ and compound 4, compared with GA. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that compound 4 showed significant effects in inducing apoptosis. Further molecular docking study indicated that the introduction of pyrimidine could improve GA's binding affinity to IKKβ. Compound 4 may serve as a potential lead compound for the development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Ling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Baolong Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, the 7th Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, ShenZhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Haiming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Jiangye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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Yang L, Zhao L, Zeng T, Chen H, Shao J, Yang S, Tao Z, Yang J, Chen T, Lin X, Chen X, Tang M. Mechanisms Underlying Therapeutic Effects Of Traditional Chinese Medicine On Gastric Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8407-8418. [PMID: 31571996 PMCID: PMC6754335 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. It is the fourth most common cancer and has the second highest mortality rate globally. Metastasis is an important feature of gastric cancer and is the most common cause of death. Exploring the mechanism underlying the metastasis of gastric cancer and searching for new drug targets has become the focus of several studies. Traditional Chinese medicine may show promise for treatment of gastric cancer. In this review, we report the recent progress in research on the anti-metastasis activity of Chinese medicine, to facilitate clinical development of treatments for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqian Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianni Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Shao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheying Tao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingqin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongke Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mosheng Tang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Lishui City People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Han L, Wang Y, Huang X, Liu B, Hu L, Ma C, Liu J, Xue J, Qu W, Liu F, Feng F, Liu W. A stage-specific cancer chemotherapy strategy through flexible combination of reduction-activated charge-conversional core-shell nanoparticles. Theranostics 2019; 9:6532-6549. [PMID: 31588234 PMCID: PMC6771249 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has increased the demand for stage-specific cancer chemotherapy. Drugs with different properties are needed for different stages of tumor development, which is, inducing rapid destruction in the early stage and facilitating deep penetration in the advanced stage. Herein, we report a novel reduction-activated charge-conversional core-shell nanoparticle (CS NP) formula based on ring-closing metathesis of the thiamine disulfide system (TDS) to deliver the chemotherapeutic agent-gambogic acid (GA). Methods: The shell consisted of hyaluronic acid-all-trans retinoid acid with a disulfide bond as the linker (HA-SS-ATRA). The core was selected from poly (γ-glutamic acid) with different grafting rates of the functional group (Fx%) of TDS. GA/CF100%S NPs, with the strongest reduction-responsive drug release, and GA/CF60%S NPs with the strongest penetration have been finally screened. On this basis, a stage-specific administration strategy against a two-stage hepatocellular carcinoma was proposed. Results: The developed CS NPs have been confirmed as inducing reduction-activated charge conversion from about -25 to +30 mV with up to 95% drug release within 48 h. The administration strategy, GA/CF100%S NPs for the early-stage tumor, and sequential administration of GA/CF60%S NPs followed by GA/CF100%S NPs for the advanced-stage tumor, achieved excellent tumor inhibition rates of 93.86±2.94% and 90.76±6.43%, respectively. Conclusions: Our CS NPs provide a novel platform for charge conversion activated by reduction. The stage-specific administration strategy showed great promise for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingming Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxian Huang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lejian Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Congyu Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The Joint Laboratory of Chinese Pharmaceutical University and Taian City Central Hospital, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- The Joint Laboratory of Chinese Pharmaceutical University and Taian City Central Hospital, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, China
- Taian City institute of Digestive Disease, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fulei Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- The Joint Laboratory of Chinese Pharmaceutical University and Taian City Central Hospital, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, China
- Pharmaceutical Department, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, China Pharmaceutical University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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4
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Raising the bar in anticancer therapy: recent advances in, and perspectives on, telomerase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1370-1388. [PMID: 31136800 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleic reverse transcriptase enzyme that uses an integral RNA component as a template to add tandem telomeric DNA repeats, TTAGGG, at the 3' end of the chromosomes. 85-90% of human tumors and their derived cell lines predominantly express high levels of telomerase, therefore contributing to cancer cell development. However, in normal cells, telomerase activity is almost always absent except in germ cells and stem cells. This differential expression has been exploited to develop highly specific and potent cancer therapeutics. In this review, we outline recent advances in the development of telomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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5
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YWHAE silencing induces cell proliferation, invasion and migration through the up-regulation of CDC25B and MYC in gastric cancer cells: new insights about YWHAE role in the tumor development and metastasis process. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85393-85410. [PMID: 27863420 PMCID: PMC5356744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed reduced YWHAE (14-3-3ε) protein expression in a small set of gastric cancer samples. YWHAE may act as a negative regulator of the cyclin CDC25B, which is a transcriptional target of MYC oncogene. The understanding of YWHAE role and its targets is important for the better knowledge of gastric carcinogenesis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the relationship among YWHAE, CDC25B, and MYC in vitro and in vivo. For this, we analyzed the YWHAE, CDC25B, and MYC expression in YWHA-silenced, CDC25B-silenced, and MYC-silenced gastric cancer cell lines, as well as in gastric cancer and non-neoplastic gastric samples. In gastric cancer cell lines, YWHAE was able to inhibit the cell proliferation, invasion and migration through the reduction of MYC and CDC25B expression. Conversely, MYC induced the cell proliferation, invasion and migration through the induction of CDC25B and the reduction of YWHAE. Most of the tumors presented reduced YWHAE and increased CDC25B expression, which seems to be important for tumor development. Increased MYC expression was a common finding in gastric cancer and has a role in poor prognosis. In the tumor initiation, the opposite role of YWHAE and CDC25B in gastric carcinogenesis seems to be independent of MYC expression. However, the inversely correlation between YWHAE and MYC expression seems to be important for gastric cancer cells invasion and migration. The interaction between YWHAE and MYC and the activation of the pathways related to this interaction play a role in the metastasis process.
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Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Pterostilbene down-regulates hTERT at physiological concentrations in breast cancer cells: Potentially through the inhibition of cMyc. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3326-3337. [PMID: 29125889 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase, which has been shown to be upregulated in many cancers. Pterostilbene is a naturally occurring stilbenoid and phytoalexin found primarily in blueberries that exhibits antioxidant activity and inhibits the growth of various cancer cell types. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with pterostilbene, at physiologically achievable concentrations, can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells and down-regulate the expression of hTERT. We found that pterostilbene inhibits the cellular proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in both a time- and dose-dependent manner, without significant toxicity to the MCF10A control cells. Pterostilbene was also shown to increase apoptosis in both breast cancer cell lines. Dose-dependent cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2/M phase was observed after treatment with pterostilbene in MCF-7 and MDA-231 cells, respectively. hTERT expression was down-regulated after treatment in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Pterostilbene also reduced telomerase levels in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cMyc, a proposed target of the pterostilbene-mediated inhibition of hTERT, was down-regulated both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally after treatment. Collectively, these findings highlight a promising use of pterostilbene as a natural, preventive, and therapeutic agent against the development and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daniel
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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7
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Banik K, Harsha C, Bordoloi D, Lalduhsaki Sailo B, Sethi G, Leong HC, Arfuso F, Mishra S, Wang L, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Therapeutic potential of gambogic acid, a caged xanthone, to target cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 416:75-86. [PMID: 29246645 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds have enormous biological and clinical activity against dreadful diseases such as cancer, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In spite of the widespread research carried out in the field of cancer therapeutics, cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases with no perfect treatment till date. Adverse side effects and the development of chemoresistance are the imperative limiting factors associated with conventional chemotherapeutics. For this reason, there is an urgent need to find compounds that are highly safe and efficacious for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Gambogic acid (GA) is a xanthone structure extracted from the dry, brownish gamboge resin secreted from the Garcinia hanburyi tree in Southeast Asia and has inherent anti-cancer properties. In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlying the targets of GA that are liable for its effective anti-cancer activity are discussed that reveal the potential of GA as a pertinent candidate that can be appropriately developed and designed into a capable anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Bethsebie Lalduhsaki Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Srishti Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Tian C, Sun R, Liu K, Fu L, Liu X, Zhou W, Yang Y, Yang J. Multiplexed Thiol Reactivity Profiling for Target Discovery of Electrophilic Natural Products. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1416-1427.e5. [PMID: 28988947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic groups, such as Michael acceptors, expoxides, are common motifs in natural products (NPs). Electrophilic NPs can act through covalent modification of cysteinyl thiols on functional proteins, and exhibit potent cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory/cancer activities. Here we describe a new chemoproteomic strategy, termed multiplexed thiol reactivity profiling (MTRP), and its use in target discovery of electrophilic NPs. We demonstrate the utility of MTRP by identifying cellular targets of gambogic acid, an electrophilic NP that is currently under evaluation in clinical trials as anticancer agent. Moreover, MTRP enables simultaneous comparison of seven structurally diversified α,β-unsaturated γ-lactones, which provides insights into the relative proteomic reactivity and target preference of diverse structural scaffolds coupled to a common electrophilic motif and reveals various potential druggable targets with liganded cysteines. We anticipate that this new method for thiol reactivity profiling in a multiplexed manner will find broad application in redox biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences - Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences - Beijing, Beijing 102206, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Keke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences - Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences - Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wanqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences - Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.
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9
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Molecular targets of gambogic acid in cancer: recent trends and advancements. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12915-12925. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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10
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Chen Y, Zhang Y. Functional and mechanistic analysis of telomerase: An antitumor drug target. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:24-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Steroid receptor coactivator-3 is a pivotal target of gambogic acid in B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an inducer of histone H3 deacetylation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:46-59. [PMID: 27370960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), the active ingredient from gamboges, has been verified as a potent anti-tumor agent in many cancer cells. Nevertheless, its function in lymphoma, especially in B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), remains unclear. Amplification and/or overexpression of steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) have been detected in multiple tumors and have confirmed its critical roles in carcinogenesis, progression, metastasis and therapy resistance in these cancers. However, no clinical data have revealed the overexpression of SRC-3 and its role in B-cell NHL. In this study, we demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of GA, which included cell growth inhibition, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in B-cell NHL. We also verified that SRC-3 was overexpressed in B-cell NHL in both cell lines and lymph node samples from patients. The overexpressed SRC-3 was a central drug target of GA, and its down-regulation subsequently modulated down-stream gene expression, ultimately contributing to apoptosis. Silencing SRC-3 decreased the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-6 and cyclin D3, but not of NF-κB and IκB-α. GA treatment did not inhibit the activation of AKT signaling pathway, but induced the deacetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 and lysine 27. Down-regulated SRC-3 was observed to interact with more HDAC1 to mediate the deacetylation of H3. As the component of E3 ligase, Cullin3 was up-regulated and mediated the degradation of SRC-3. Our results demonstrate that GA is a potent anti-tumor agent that can be used for therapy against B-cell NHL, especially against those with an abundance of SRC-3.
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Zhang W, Zhou H, Yu Y, Li J, Li H, Jiang D, Chen Z, Yang D, Xu Z, Yu Z. Combination of gambogic acid with cisplatin enhances the antitumor effects on cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells by downregulating MRP2 and LRP expression. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3359-68. [PMID: 27330316 PMCID: PMC4898431 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance is a main clinical problem of lung cancer therapy. Gambogic acid (GA) could prohibit the proliferation of a variety of human cancer cells. However, the effects of GA on cisplatin-resistant lung cancer are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to find out the antitumor effects of GA on cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer A549/DDP cells and further explore its underlying mechanisms. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to observe the impacts of GA and/or cisplatin on the proliferation of lung cancer cells; flow cytometry was used to detect the effects of GA on cell cycle and apoptosis; Western blot was used to examine the effects of GA on the expression of lung resistance protein (LRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) protein in A549/DDP cells. Our results showed that GA dose- and time-dependently prohibited the proliferation and induced significant cell apoptosis in A549 and A549/DDP cells. GA also induced G0/G1 arrest in both A549/DDP and A549 cells. Moreover, GA upregulated protein expression level of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax and downregulated protein expression level of pro-caspase-9 and Bcl-2 in time- and dose-dependent way in A549/DDP cells. GA combined with cisplatin enhanced the cells apoptotic rate and reduced the cisplatin resistance index in A549/DDP cells. In addition, GA reduced the MRP2 and LRP protein expression level in A549/DDP cells. GA inhibits the proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549/DDP cells. Combination of GA with cisplatin enhances the antitumor effects on cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells by downregulating MRP2 and LRP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendian Zhang
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hechao Zhou
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwen Li
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danxian Jiang
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihong Chen
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghong Yang
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zumin Xu
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Yu
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone responsible for the stability and function of a wide variety of client proteins that are critical for cell growth and survival. Many of these client proteins are frequently mutated and/or overexpressed in cancer cells and are therefore being actively pursued as individual therapeutic targets. Consequently, Hsp90 inhibition offers a promising strategy for simultaneous degradation of several anticancer targets. Currently, most Hsp90 inhibitors under clinical evaluation act by blocking the binding of ATP to the Hsp90 N-terminal domain and thereby, induce the degradation of many Hsp90-dependent oncoproteins. Although, they have shown some promising initial results, clinical challenges such as induction of the heat-shock response, retinopathy, and gastrointestinal tract toxicity are emerging from human trials, which constantly raise concerns about the future development of these inhibitors. Novobiocin derivatives, which do not bind the chaperone's N-terminal ATPase pocket, have emerged over the past decade as an alternative strategy to inhibit Hsp90, but to date, no derivative has been investigated in the clinical setting. In recent years, a number of natural or synthetic compounds have been identified that modulate Hsp90 function via various mechanisms. These compounds not only offer new chemotypes for the development of future Hsp90 inhibitors but can also serve as chemical probes to unravel the biology of Hsp90. This chapter presents a synopsis of inhibitors that directly, allosterically, or even indirectly alters Hsp90 function, and highlights their proposed mechanisms of action.
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Non-Flat Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Fangchinoline As a Class of Potent G-Quadruplex Stabilizer with Anti-cancer Activity. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Yang Y, Sun X, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhu H, Dai S, Chen X, Zhang H, Guo Q, Song Y, Wang F, Cheng H, Sun X. Gambogic acid enhances the radiosensitivity of human esophageal cancer cells by inducing reactive oxygen species via targeting Akt/mTOR pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1853-62. [PMID: 26318432 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a widespread treatment in human solid tumors. However, therapy resistance and poor prognosis are still problems. Gambogic acid (GA), extracted from the dried yellow resin of gamboges, has an anticancer effect against various types of cancer cells. To explore the radiosensitivity of GA on esophageal cancer cell line TE13, cell viability was tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay was used to assess the effects of GA on the radiosensitivity of TE13, and flow cytometry was performed to meter the percentage of apoptosis. The protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), caspase3, caspase8, casepase9, pAkt, and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) were tested using Western blot. The distribution of LC3 was detected by immunofluorescence. Additionally, we also examined reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The cells were transfected with adenovial vector to monitor the autophagy through the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP-red fluroscent protein (RFP)-LC3. The rates of apoptotic cells in combined-treated TE13 increased significantly compared with the control groups in accordance with the results of Western blot. The clonogenic survival assay showed that GA enhances radiosensitivity with a sensitizing enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.217 and 1.436 at different concentrations. The LC3-II protein level increased in the combined group indicating the increase of autophagy incidence, and the results of GFP-RFP-LC3 experiment showed that GA may block the process of autophagic flux in TE13 cells. Moreover, we successfully demonstrated that ROS is involved in the induction of autophagy. ROS-mediated autophagy depends on the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Taken together, GA induced radiosensitivity involves autophagy and apoptosis which are regulated by ROS hypergeneration and Akt/mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The 81st Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuehua Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengbin Dai
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaqi Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226321, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Synthetic Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang C, Wang W, Wang C, Tang Y, Tian H. Combined therapy with EGFR TKI and gambogic acid for overcoming resistance in EGFR-T790M mutant lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2063-2066. [PMID: 26622796 PMCID: PMC4579844 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) experience an initial response to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, those individuals with activating mutations in EGFR develop resistance. Gambogic acid (GA), a polyprenylated xanthone, has strong antitumor activities. In the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of gefitinib with GA was evaluated in a gefitinib-resistant NSCLC model. The NCI-H1975 cell line with EGFR-T790M mutation was subcutaneously injected into immunocompromised mice. The mice were randomly assigned to receive treatment with gefitinib, GA, gefitinib plus GA, or vehicle for 4 weeks, then all mice were sacrificed and their tumor tissues were subjected to caspase activity detection and western blot analysis. Gefitinib and GA alone slightly inhibited the tumor growth of NCI-H1975. However, the combined treatment significantly enhanced their antitumor effects, without any marked adverse events. In addition, gefitinib plus GA enhanced the level of apoptosis in the tumor tissues. Western blot analysis also revealed that the combination treatment reduced the phosphorylation level of AKT, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, while an increased expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was observed. In the current study, gefitinib in combination with GA resulted in antitumor growth in the EGFR-T790M secondary mutation NCI-H1975 tumor model due to an enhanced apoptotic effect. This novel therapeutic strategy may be a practical approach for the treatment of patients who show gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengde Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Jia B, Li S, Hu X, Zhu G, Chen W. Recent research on bioactive xanthones from natural medicine: Garcinia hanburyi. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:742-58. [PMID: 26152816 PMCID: PMC4508296 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia hanburyi, a tropical plant found in south Asia, has a special long history in the development of both medicine and art. This review mainly focuses on the pharmacy research of the bioactive compounds from the plant in recent years. Preparative and analysis separation methods were introduced. Moreover, the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was included. The studies of biological activities of the caged xanthones from the plant, including antitumor, anti-HIV-1, antibacterial, and neurotrophic activities, were reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of its antitumor activity were also reviewed. As mentioned above, some of the xanthones from G. hanburyi can be promising drug candidates, which is worth studying. However, we still need much evidence to prove their efficacy and safety. So, further research is critical for the future application of xanthones from G. hanburyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Jia
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
| | - Shanshan Li
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
| | - Xuerui Hu
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
- />Ma’anshan Central Hospital, 027 Hudong Road, Ma’anshan, 243000 Anhui China
| | - Weidong Chen
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
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Miao G, Ma J, Yang K, Huang Z, Gu Q, Wang Y, Guo Q, You Q, Wang J. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel Oxa-Caged Garcinia Xanthones as Anti-Tumour Agents. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), a special category of Garcinia xanthones, has attracted great attention owing to its striking bioactivities and unique structure. To further explore its structure–activity relationship, we prepared seven novel oxa-caged Garcinia xanthones that were for the first time varied at the C-2 position of B ring and at the C-21/22 or C-23 position of the prenyl group in the caged scaffold. Some compounds exhibited strong anti-proliferation activities in different cancer cell lines. Particularly, compound 8 showed more potent cytotoxic activity and better selectivity towards the A549 cell line than GA. Oxa-caged xanthones 8 was identified as an A549 cell apoptosis inducer through observations of morphological changes and Annexin-V/PI double-staining assay. Additionally, the structure–activity relationships of these new analogues were discussed.
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Tan Y, Tan L, Huang S, Lu J, Yu L. Content Determination of Active Component in Huangqi Yinyanghuo Group and Its Effects on hTERT and Bcl-2 Protein in Osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:769350. [PMID: 25371846 PMCID: PMC4211175 DOI: 10.1155/2014/769350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To screen the optimal extraction process and content determination of active component of Huangqi Yinyanghuo group (HYG) and to study the effects of HYG on human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and Bcl-2 protein in osteosarcoma (HOS) cells, providing the theoretical basis for clinical application of HYG in treatment of osteosarcoma, orthogonal design table L9(4(3)) was used to design the extraction process of HYG, and icariin was taken as the investigation index to optimize the extraction process of HYG. 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μmol/L HYG were taken to act separately on logarithmic growth phase osteosarcoma HOS cells, CCK-8 assay was used to determine cell viability, and immunohistochemical SP assay was used to determine the expression of hTERT and Bcl-2 protein. Apoptosis rate was positively correlated with the dose of HYG, and the expressions of hTERT and Bcl-2 protein were significantly decreased with the prolonged duration of action. Under the effect of HYG, dose was negatively correlated with osteosarcoma cell survival fraction; osteosarcoma cell survival fraction was positively correlated with hTERT and Bcl-2 protein; duration of action was negatively correlated with hTERT and Bcl-2 protein; and hTERT and Bcl-2 protein were in a synchronous relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang 261041, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang 261041, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Junfan Lu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang 261041, China
| | - Longtan Yu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang 261041, China
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Yao J, Li Y, Sun X, Dahmani FZ, Liu H, Zhou J. Nanoparticle delivery and combination therapy of gambogic acid and all-trans retinoic acid. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3313-24. [PMID: 25045262 PMCID: PMC4099196 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s62793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance the in vivo codelivery efficiency of gambogic acid (GA) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), our strategy was to entrap GA in the self-assembled nanoparticles based on amphiphilic hyaluronic acid (HA)-ATRA (HRA) conjugate. In this way, GA and ATRA were loaded simultaneously in a nanocarrier and codelivered into the tumor cell through HA receptor-mediated endocytosis. GA-loaded HRA nanoparticles (GA-HRA) were prepared by a dialysis method, and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated as well. GA-HRA exhibited a high drug loading capacity (31.1%), had a particle size in the range of 100–150 nm, and good biocompatibility. HRA nanoparticles were effectively internalized by MCF-7 cells and translocated into the nucleus in a time-dependent manner. The in vivo imaging analysis demonstrated that the fluorescent signals in the tumor were markedly increased with DiR-loaded nanoparticles after intravenous administration compared to free DiR solution, suggesting it has excellent tumor targeting properties. More importantly, GA-HRA exhibited excellent in vivo efficacy with dramatically reduced toxicity. In conclusion, with the assistance of HRA nanoparticles, GA and ATRA can successfully realize an effective combination chemotherapy as well as tumor-targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fatima Zohra Dahmani
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Yao J, Zhao L, Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Miao H, You QD, Hu R, Guo QL. NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways contribute to wogonin-mediated inhibition of inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1283. [PMID: 24901054 PMCID: PMC4611709 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) have been recently reported to have critical roles in protecting various tissues against inflammation and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (aberrant crypt foci). Our previous studies showed that wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) possessed anti-neoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study extended these important earlier findings by exploring the effect of wogonin on the initiation and development of colitis-associated cancer. Wogonin lowered tumor incidence and inhibited the development of colorectal adenomas in azoxymethane- or dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice. We found that wogonin significantly decreased the secretion and expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, reduced cell proliferation and nuclear expression of NF-κB in adenomas and surrounding tissues and promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation in surrounding tissues, although overexpressed Nrf2 in tumor tissues was independent of wogonin administration. Furthermore, wogonin inhibited the interaction between human monocytic THP-1 cells and human colon cancer HCT116 cells, and significantly downregulated lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β in THP-1 cells. Further mechanism research revealed that wogonin inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of IκB and IKKα/β, and promoted Nrf2 signaling pathway in HCT116 cells and THP-1 cells. Taken together, the present results indicated that wogonin effectively suppressed inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis and cancer development, suggesting its potential as a chemopreventive agent against colitis-associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Q Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Y Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Y Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - H Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Q-D You
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - R Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Q-L Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Zhang H, Lei Y, Yuan P, Li L, Luo C, Gao R, Tian J, Feng Z, Nice EC, Sun J. ROS-mediated autophagy induced by dysregulation of lipid metabolism plays a protective role in colorectal cancer cells treated with gambogic acid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96418. [PMID: 24810758 PMCID: PMC4014500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), the main active component of gamboge resin, has potent antitumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that GA could initiate autophagy in colorectal cancer cells, and inhibition of the autophagy process accelerated the effect of proliferative inhibition and apoptotic cell death induced by GA, implying a protective role of autophagy. Two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics showed that GA treatment altered the expression of multiple proteins involved in redox signaling and lipid metabolism. Functional studies revealed that GA-induced dysregulation of lipid metabolism could activate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), resulting in intracellular ROS accumulation, followed by inhibition of Akt-mTOR signaling and autophagy initiation. Finally, results using a xenograft model suggested ROS-induced autophagy protect against the antitumor effect of GA. Taken together, these data showed new biological activities of GA against colorectal cancer underlying the protective role of ROS-induced autophagy. This study will provide valuable insights for future studies regarding the anticancer mechanisms of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuohua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Zhang XJ, Li X, Yang YR, Sun HP, Gao Y, Zhang L, Wang JX, Guo QL, You QD. Studies on chemical-structure modification and structure-activity relationship of gambogic acid derivatives at carbon(34). Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:2295-308. [PMID: 23081928 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), a natural product, was identified as a promising antitumor agent. To further explore the structure-activity relationship of GA and discover novel GA derivatives as antitumor agents, 19 novel GA derivatives modified at C(34) were synthesized and evaluated against A549, BGC-823, U251, HepG2, and MB-231 cancer cell lines by cellular assays. Among them, 15 compounds were found to be more potent than GA against some cancer cell lines. Notably, compound 3 possessed potent inhibitory activities against five cell lines with IC(50) values ranging between 0.24 and 1.09 μM. Compounds 9 and 18 were seven to eightfold more active than GA against A549 cell line. Chemical modification at C(34) of GA by introducing of hydrophilic aliphatic amines resulted in increased activity and improved drug-like properties. These findings will enhance our understanding of the SAR of GA and can lead to the discovery of novel GA derivatives as potential antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Cytotoxic effect of gambogic acid on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is mediated by intrinsic caspase-dependent signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 377:187-96. [PMID: 23404459 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is the dry resin of Garcinia hanburyi (Guttiferae) with potent anti-tumor activity, various bioactivities, including detoxification, homeostasis, anti-inflammatory, and parasiticide, whereas the effect of this natural compound on cancer cells has not been clearly clarified. Here, we examined cellular cytotoxicity by cell viability assay and DNA fragmentation by DNA-ladder assay. Activation of different protein expressions were detected by western blot analyses. We first demonstrated that GA reduces the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell viability with IC50 of 1.28 μM at 6 h which has less toxicity in fibroblast cells. However, lower concentration GA significantly downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, which also dramatically activated cleaved caspase-9 and -3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Consequently, GA-induced cytotoxicity was not mediated by the Fas/FasL and PI3 K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. In addition, GA-induced cells showed damage morphology which had become cell rounding, neurite retraction, membrane blebbing and shrunken in a dose- and time-dependent manner that clearly indicates this morphological change might be due to the process of apoptosis which shows fragmented DNA. Therefore, the findings presented in this study demonstrate that apoptotic effects of GA on SH-SY5Y cells are mediated by intrinsic mitochondrion-dependent caspase pathway which suggests this natural compound might be effective as an anti-cancer agent for neuroblastoma malignancies.
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Sun HP, Liu ZL, Xue X, Gao Y, Zhang L, Wang JX, Guo QL, You QD. Studies on chemical structure modification and structure-activity relationship of derivatives of gambogic acid at C(39). Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:1579-90. [PMID: 22899618 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The natural product gambogic acid exhibits high potency in inhibiting cancer cell lines. Rational medicinal modifications on gambogic acid will improve its physicochemical properties and drug-like characters. To investigate the structure-activity relationship of gambogic acid and also to find rational modification position on its chemical skeleton, we designed, synthesized, and characterized 16 derivatives of gambogic acid that were modified at C(39). The structure-activity relationships (SARs) were discussed. The anti-proliferation data were accquired through MTT (=3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assays of A549, BGC823, U251, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Most of the synthesized compounds showed strong inhibitory effects. The SAR study revealed that derivatives with aliphatic amino moieties at C(39) were more potent than those with other substituents. The C(39) position can undergo different kinds of chemical modifications without leading to loss of activity. Compounds 4 and 6 can serve as potential lead compounds for further development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Luo GX, Cai J, Lin JZ, Luo WS, Luo HS, Jiang YY, Zhang Y. Autophagy Inhibition Promotes Gambogic Acid-induced Suppression of Growth and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:6211-6. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Li C, Qi Q, Lu N, Dai Q, Li F, Wang X, You Q, Guo Q. Gambogic acid promotes apoptosis and resistance to metastatic potential in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 23194187 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is considered a potent anti-tumor agent for its multiple effects on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Low concentrations of GA (0.3-1.2 µmol/L) can suppress invasion of human breast carcinoma cells without affecting cell viability. To get a whole profile of the inhibition on breast cancers, higher concentrations of GA and spontaneous metastatic animal models were employed. Treatment with GA (3 and 6 µmol/L) induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, GA induced PARP cleavage, activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, as well as an increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Moreover, the translocation of apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) from mitochondria were observed, indicating that GA induced apoptosis through accumulation of ROS and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. GA also inhibited cell survival via blocking Akt/mTOR signaling. In vivo, GA significantly inhibited the xenograft tumor growth and lung metastases in athymic BALB/c nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, these data provide further support for the multiple effects of GA on human breast cancer cells, as well as for its potential application to inhibit tumor growth and prevent metastasis in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Guizzunti G, Batova A, Chantarasriwong O, Dakanali M, Theodorakis EA. Subcellular localization and activity of gambogic acid. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1191-8. [PMID: 22532297 PMCID: PMC3359389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural product gambogic acid (GA) has shown significant potential as an anticancer agent as it is able to induce apoptosis in multiple tumor cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, as well as displaying antitumor activity in animal models. Despite the fact that GA has entered phase I clinical trials, the primary cellular target and mode of action of this compound remain unclear, although many proteins have been shown to be affected by it. By thorough analysis of several cellular organelles, at both the morphological and functional levels, we demonstrate that the primary effect of GA is at the mitochondria. We found that GA induces mitochondrial damage within minutes of incubation at low-micromolar concentrations. Moreover, a fluorescent derivative of GA was able to localize specifically to the mitochondria and was displaced from these organelles after competition with unlabeled GA. These findings indicate that GA directly targets the mitochondria to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and thus represents a new member of the mitocans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Guizzunti
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Thungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Marianna Dakanali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
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Li X, Zhang X, Sun H, Zhang L, Gao Y, Wang J, Guo Q, You Q. Synthesis and Anti-tumor Evaluation of Novel C-37 Modified Derivatives of Gambogic Acid. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sun H, Chen F, Wang X, Liu Z, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zhu J, Qiang L, Guo Q, You Q. Studies on gambogic acid (IV): Exploring structure-activity relationship with IκB kinase-beta (IKKβ). Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:110-23. [PMID: 22472167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have reported a series of gambogic acid's analogs and have identified a compound that possessed comparable in vitro growth inhibitory effect as gambogic acid. However, their target protein as well as the key pharmacophoric motifs on the target have not been identified yet. Herein we report that gambogic acid and its analogs inhibit the activity of IκB Kinase-beta (IKKβ) through suppressing the activation of TNFα/NF-κB pathway, which in turn induces A549 and U251 cell apoptosis. IKKβ can serve as one of gambogic acid's targets. The preparation of the compounds was carefully discussed in the article. Caged 4-oxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]dec-2-one xanthone, which was identified as the pharmacophoric scaffold, represents a promising therapeutic agent for cancer and useful probe against NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
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Anantachoke N, Tuchinda P, Kuhakarn C, Pohmakotr M, Reutrakul V. Prenylated caged xanthones: chemistry and biology. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:78-91. [PMID: 22196584 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.636176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prenylated caged xanthones are "privileged structure" characterized by the presence of the unusual 4-oxo-tricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]dec-8-en-2-one scaffold. The natural sources of these compounds confines mainly in the Garcinia genus in the family of Guttiferae. Gambogic acid is the most abundant substance and most of the studies have been done on this compound, particularly as a new potential antitumor agent. The history, sources, structural diversity, and biological activities of these compounds are covered. OBJECTIVE This review is written with the intention to provide additional aspects from what have been published of prenylated caged xanthones, including history, sources, structural diversity, and biological activities. METHODS This review has been compiled using information from a number of reliable references mainly from major databases including SciFinder, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. RESULTS More than 120 prenylated caged xanthones have been found in the plant genera Garcinia, Cratoxylum, and Dascymaschalon. These compounds exhibited various potentially useful biological activities such as anticancer, anti-HIV-1, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic activities. CONCLUSIONS Prenylated caged xanthones, both naturally occurring and synthetic analogues, have been identified as promising bioactive compounds, especially for anticancer agents. Gambogic acid has been demonstrated to be a highly valuable lead compound for antitumor chemotherapy. The structure activity relationship (SAR) study of its analogues is still the subject of intensive research. Apoptosis cytotoxic mechanism has been identified as the major pathway. Research on the delineation of the in-depth mechanism of action is still on-going. Analogues of gambogic acid had been identified to be effective against a rare and special form of liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma for which currently there is no chemotherapeutic treatment available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthinee Anantachoke
- Department of Pharmacognosy and The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li X, Zhang X, Wang X, Li N, Lin C, Gao Y, Yu Z, Guo Q, You Q. Synthesis and Anti-tumor Evaluation of B-ring Modified Caged Xanthone Analogues of Gambogic Acid. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wang J, Zhao Q, Qi Q, Gu HY, Rong JJ, Mu R, Zou MJ, Tao L, You QD, Guo QL. Gambogic acid-induced degradation of mutant p53 is mediated by proteasome and related to CHIP. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:509-19. [PMID: 21268072 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As an oncoprotein, mutant p53 is a potential tumor-specific target for cancer therapy. Most mutated forms of the protein are largely accumulated in cancer cells due to their increased stability. In the present study, we demonstrate that mutant p53 protein stability is regulated by gambogic acid (GA). Following GA exposure, protein levels of mutant p53 decreased while the mRNA levels were not affected in MDA-MB-435 cells, which indicate that GA down-regulates mutant p53 at post-transcription level. Co-treatment with GA and cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, induced a decrease of half-life of mutant p53 protein. These findings indicated that the reduction of mutant p53 by GA was due to the destabilization and degradation of the protein. Furthermore, inhibition of proteasome activity by MG132 blocked GA-induced down-regulation of mutant p53, causing mutant p53 accumulation in detergent-insoluble cellular fractions. Further studies revealed that mutant p53 was ubiquitinated and it was chaperones related ubiquitin ligase carboxy terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) rather than MDM2 involved in the degradation of mutant p53. In addition, GA prevented Hsp90/mutant p53 complex formation and enhanced interaction of mutant p53 with Hsp70. Depletion of CHIP stabilized mutant p53 in GA treated cells. In conclusion, mutant p53 may be down-regulated by GA through chaperones-assisted ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
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Ren Y, Yuan C, Chai HB, Ding Y, Li XC, Ferreira D, Kinghorn AD. Absolute configuration of (-)-gambogic acid, an antitumor agent. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:460-3. [PMID: 21067206 PMCID: PMC3052414 DOI: 10.1021/np100422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Gambogic acid (1), a biologically active "caged xanthone" from gamboge, the dried resin of Garcinia hanburyi, is of interest as a potential anticancer agent. The planar structure of (-)-gambogic acid has been determined previously by analysis of its detailed NMR data and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, with the absolute configuration at C-13 deduced as R through a series of chemical degradations. Using (-)-morellic acid (2), an analogue of (-)-gambogic acid, as a model compound, the 5R, 7S, 10aS, 13R, 27S absolute configuration of (-)-gambogic acid was determined for the first time by comparison of physical and spectroscopic data, especially experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +1 614 247-8094. Fax: +1 614 247-8642.
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Chen JLY, Sperry J, Ip NY, Brimble MA. Natural products targeting telomere maintenance. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wojtyla A, Gladych M, Rubis B. Human telomerase activity regulation. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3339-49. [PMID: 21086176 PMCID: PMC3085100 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells. Thus, it has become a very promising target for anticancer therapy. The cell proliferative potential can be limited by replication end problem, due to telomeres shortening, which is overcome in cancer cells by telomerase activity or by alternative telomeres lengthening (ALT) mechanism. However, this multisubunit enzymatic complex can be regulated at various levels, including expression control but also other factors contributing to the enzyme phosphorylation status, assembling or complex subunits transport. Thus, we show that the telomerase expression targeting cannot be the only possibility to shorten telomeres and induce cell apoptosis. It is important especially since the transcription expression is not always correlated with the enzyme activity which might result in transcription modulation failure or a possibility for the gene therapy to be overcome. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of numerous telomerase regulation mechanisms that take place after telomerase subunits coding genes transcription. Thus we show the possible mechanisms of telomerase activity regulation which might become attractive anticancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wojtyla
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Chantarasriwong O, Batova A, Chavasiri W, Theodorakis EA. Chemistry and biology of the caged Garcinia xanthones. Chemistry 2010; 16:9944-62. [PMID: 20648491 PMCID: PMC3144150 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a great source of many small molecule drugs for various diseases. In spite of recent advances in biochemical engineering and fermentation technologies that allow us to explore microorganisms and the marine environment as alternative sources of drugs, more than 70 % of the current small molecule therapeutics derive their structures from plants used in traditional medicine. Natural-product-based drug discovery relies heavily on advances made in the sciences of biology and chemistry. Whereas biology aims to investigate the mode of action of a natural product, chemistry aims to overcome challenges related to its supply, bioactivity, and target selectivity. This review summarizes the explorations of the caged Garcinia xanthones, a family of plant metabolites that possess a unique chemical structure, potent bioactivities, and a promising pharmacology for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-822-0386
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand)
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8447 (USA)
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand)
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-822-0386
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Gu H, Rao S, Zhao J, Wang J, Mu R, Rong J, Tao L, Qi Q, You Q, Guo Q. Gambogic acid reduced bcl-2 expression via p53 in human breast MCF-7 cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1777-82. [PMID: 19582475 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the correlation between p53 and bcl-2 in gambogic acid (GA)-induced apoptosis. METHOD MTT assay was employed to evaluate MCF-7 cell viability after GA treatment. Cell morphological changes were observed follow-up under the inverted microscope after GA withdrawal. To observe the cell apoptosis, DAPI staining was used. Meanwhile, p53 small interfering RNA (si-RNA) was adopted to knock p53 down. All expressions of p53 and bcl-2 were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS MTT assay showed that GA inhibited MCF-7 cell growth effectively in a time-dependent manner. With 0.5 h GA treatment, p53 was significantly increased, whereas bcl-2 was reduced potently with 6 h GA treatment. After GA withdrawal, p53 expressions were maintained in high levels. Furthermore, bcl-2 decreasing was attenuated after co-treatment with PFT alpha, a p53 transcription blocker. Same result was observed after p53 knock-down by p53 si-RNA. CONCLUSIONS Gambogic acid induced human breast cancer cells MCF-7 apoptosis by reducing bcl-2 expression via p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, P.O. Box 209, 24 Tongjia Xiang, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Aggarwal BB, Van Kuiken ME, Iyer LH, Harikumar KB, Sung B. Molecular targets of nutraceuticals derived from dietary spices: potential role in suppression of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:825-49. [PMID: 19491364 DOI: 10.3181/0902-mr-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact cancer is primarily a preventable disease, recent statistics indicate cancer will become the number one killer worldwide in 2010. Since certain cancers are more prevalent in the people of some countries than others, suggests the role of lifestyle. For instance cancer incidence among people from the Indian subcontinent, where most spices are consumed, is much lower than that in the Western World. Spices have been consumed for centuries for a variety of purposes-as flavoring agents, colorants, and preservatives. However, there is increasing evidence for the importance of plant-based foods in regular diet to lowering the risk of most chronic diseases, so spices are now emerging as more than just flavor aids, but as agents that can not only prevent but may even treat disease. In this article, we discuss the role of 41 common dietary spices with over 182 spice-derived nutraceuticals for their effects against different stages of tumorigenesis. Besides suppressing inflammatory pathways, spice-derived nutraceuticals can suppress survival, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. We discuss how spice-derived nutraceuticals mediate such diverse effects and what their molecular targets are. Overall our review suggests "adding spice to your life" may serve as a healthy and delicious way to ward off cancer and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BOX 143, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gambogic acid induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis involving inhibition of SRC-3 and inactivation of Akt pathway in K562 leukemia cells. Toxicology 2009; 262:98-105. [PMID: 19433130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), a major active component of gamboge, exhibits potent anticancer activity in many kinds of cancer cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of GA is not clearly understood. Here we showed that GA could cause growth inhibition, induce the G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 cells. Since steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), overexpressed in many human malignancies including leukemia, is a central target for cancer therapy, we also explored the effects of GA on SRC-3 and SRC-3-regulated gene products in K562. GA treatment downregulated the expression of SRC-3 and then inhibited the activity of Akt kinase and its downstream targets p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) without changes in total protein levels of these three proteins, which thus influenced the expression of the apoptosis related gene Bcl-2 in K562 cells. These results suggest that GA might exhibit its strong antitumor effects via the interruption of SRC-3.
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Rong JJ, Hu R, Qi Q, Gu HY, Zhao Q, Wang J, Mu R, You QD, Guo QL. Gambogic acid down-regulates MDM2 oncogene and induces p21(Waf1/CIP1) expression independent of p53. Cancer Lett 2009; 284:102-12. [PMID: 19428175 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), the natural compound extracted from gamboges, has recently been established as a potent anti-tumor agent. Although it was proved that GA enhances p53 protein level through inhibition of MDM2 in p53 wild-type cancer cells, the mechanisms of MDM2 inhibition especially with the absence of p53 are not fully understood. Herein we further studied the MDM2 regulation by GA and propose novel explanations of its unrecognized mechanism. Regardless of p53 status, GA reduced MDM2 expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the inhibitory effects were exhibited at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels. We found that P1 and P2 promoter of MDM2 were both responsive to GA, resulting in decreased Mdm2 RNA level. At the posttranslational level, GA promoted the autoubiquitination of MDM2, followed by proteasome-mediated degradation. Additionally, GA increased p21(Waf1/CIP1) expression in p53 null cancer cells, which was associated with GA-mediated impairing of the interaction between MDM2 and p21(Waf1/CIP1). Furthermore, the apoptosis, cytotoxicity and G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by GA were detected in both p53 wild-type and p53 null cancer cells. In vivo anti-tumor activity of GA was also confirmed in H1299 xenografts. It is concluded that GA down-regulates the MDM2 oncogene and exerts the anti-tumor activity independent of p53, and therefore provide more evidences for its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Rong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Gu H, Wang X, Rao S, Wang J, Zhao J, Ren FL, Mu R, Yang Y, Qi Q, Liu W, Lu N, Ling H, You Q, Guo Q. Gambogic acid mediates apoptosis as a p53 inducer through down-regulation of mdm2 in wild-type p53-expressing cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3298-305. [PMID: 18852133 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is a natural product with potent apoptotic activity. Here, we showed that GA broadly inhibited the growth of cancer cells that expressed wild-type p53 as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazol-iumbromide assay, (3)H-thymidine incorporation analysis, and an in vivo mouse xenograft model. GA induced massive cell apoptosis as judged by Annexin V and propidium iodide dual-staining experiments. Furthermore, we found that GA partially induced cancer cell growth inhibition in a p53-dependent manner because cell survival could be restored after endogenous p53 was attenuated by p53 transcriptional repressor pifithrin-alpha or p53 small interfering RNA. Interestingly, GA had no influence on p53 mRNA synthesis but dramatically enhanced its protein expression. This unique observation could be accounted for by the down-regulation of mdm2 at both mRNA and protein levels. It is concluded that GA enhances p53 protein level through inhibition of mdm2 expression and thereby hampers p53 harboring tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
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