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Wu K, El Zowalaty AE, Sayin VI, Papagiannakopoulos T. The pleiotropic functions of reactive oxygen species in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:384-399. [PMID: 38531982 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular redox homeostasis is an essential, dynamic process that ensures the balance between reducing and oxidizing reactions within cells and thus has implications across all areas of biology. Changes in levels of reactive oxygen species can disrupt redox homeostasis, leading to oxidative or reductive stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of many malignancies, including cancer. From transformation and tumor initiation to metastatic dissemination, increasing reactive oxygen species in cancer cells can paradoxically promote or suppress the tumorigenic process, depending on the extent of redox stress, its spatiotemporal characteristics and the tumor microenvironment. Here we review how redox regulation influences tumorigenesis, highlighting therapeutic opportunities enabled by redox-related alterations in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Ezat El Zowalaty
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Ahamed A, Hosea R, Wu S, Kasim V. The Emerging Roles of the Metabolic Regulator G6PD in Human Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17238. [PMID: 38139067 PMCID: PMC10743588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, especially reprogrammed glucose metabolism, is a well-known cancer hallmark related to various characteristics of tumor cells, including proliferation, survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a branch of glycolysis, that converts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL). Furthermore, PPP produces ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), which provides sugar-phosphate backbones for nucleotide synthesis as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), an important cellular reductant. Several studies have shown enhanced G6PD expression and PPP flux in various tumor cells, as well as their correlation with tumor progression through cancer hallmark regulation, especially reprogramming cellular metabolism, sustaining proliferative signaling, resisting cell death, and activating invasion and metastasis. Inhibiting G6PD could suppress tumor cell proliferation, promote cell death, reverse chemoresistance, and inhibit metastasis, suggesting the potential of G6PD as a target for anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. Indeed, while challenges-including side effects-still remain, small-molecule G6PD inhibitors showing potential anti-tumor effect either when used alone or in combination with other anti-tumor drugs have been developed. This review provides an overview of the structural significance of G6PD, its role in and regulation of tumor development and progression, and the strategies explored in relation to G6PD-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfar Ahamed
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rendy Hosea
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Kang H, Kim B, Park J, Youn H, Youn B. The Warburg effect on radioresistance: Survival beyond growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188988. [PMID: 37726064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The Warburg effect is a phenomenon in which cancer cells rely primarily on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen. Although evidence of its involvement in cell proliferation has been discovered, the advantages of the Warburg effect in cancer cell survival under treatment have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, the metabolic characteristics of radioresistant cancer cells have been evaluated, enabling an extension of the original concept of the Warburg effect. In this review, we focused on the role of the Warburg effect in redox homeostasis and DNA damage repair, two critical factors contributing to radioresistance. In addition, we highlighted the metabolic involvement in the radioresistance of cancer stem cells, which is the root cause of tumor recurrence. Finally, we summarized radiosensitizing drugs that target the Warburg effect. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect and radioresistance can provide valuable information for developing strategies to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and provide future directions for successful cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkoo Kang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongsoo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeong Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Nwogueze BC, Ofili IM, Nnama TN, Aloamaka CP. Oxidative stress-induced by different stressors alters kidney tissue antioxidant markers and levels of creatinine and urea: the fate of renal membrane integrity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13309. [PMID: 37587199 PMCID: PMC10432538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular integrity of the kidney in homeostatic regulation has constantly been compromised by oxidative stress following exposure to varying nature of stressor present within the environment. The objective of the work was to evaluate the renal effect of the different stressor stimuli applied. Twenty-four adult female rats weighing averagely 160-200 g and within the ages of 12-14 weeks were used for experiment-1, while 12 offspring were utilized for experiment-2. Three stress models namely; restraint, mirror chamber and cat intruder stressors were used. Tissues were isolated from the animal and homogenized for tissue antioxidant assay. Serum was collected for assays of urea and creatinine for the kidney function test using ELISA. Data collected were analyzed for Mean ± SEM using One Way ANOVA. The present study revealed that exposure of rats to different stressors reduced relative kidney weights but did not significantly alter serum creatinine concentration in the Wistar rats, although the concentrations were slightly increased compared to controls. Urea concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in rats exposed to restraint and intruder stressors. Exposure to a mirror chamber stressor did not significantly alter urea concentration. Offspring from parents of stressed female rats exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum urea level, minimal increase in serum creatinine levels. GSH and GST levels showed no significant difference when compared to control group, whereas, GPx were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased irrespective of the stressor applied. SOD activity were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the group exposed to restraint or cat intruder stressor. CAT activities were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the rats exposed to restraint or cat intruder stressor. In all, the different stress model altered the antioxidant capacity of the kidney tissues. Exposure of rats to a stressful condition of the different nature of stressor has the tendency of compromising the functional integrity of the kidney, thus, with the potency of complicating female renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isioma Mary Ofili
- Department of Nursing, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Nnamdi Nnama
- Department of Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Aliko Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Tiwari RK, Ahmad A, Khan AF, Al-Keridis LA, Saeed M, Alshammari N, Alabdallah NM, Ansari IA, Mujeeb F. Ethanolic Extract of Artemisia vulgaris Leaf Promotes Apoptotic Cell Death in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells through Inhibition of the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040480. [PMID: 37110139 PMCID: PMC10144959 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is reported to be associated with lung cancer progression, metastasis and drug resistance, and thus it is an important therapeutic target for lung cancer. Plants have been shown as reservoirs of multiple potential anticancer agents. In the present investigation, the ethanolic leaf extract of Artemisia vulgaris (AvL-EtOH) was initially analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC–MS analysis of AvL-EtOH exhibited 48 peaks of various secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, coumarins, amino acids, steroids, proteins, phytosterols, and diterpenes. It was found that the treatment with increasing doses of AvL-EtOH suppressed the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, AvL-EtOH induced prominent nuclear alteration along with a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation in lung cancer cells. Moreover, AvL-EtOH-treated cells exhibited increased apoptosis, demonstrated by the activation of caspase cascade. AvL-EtOH also induced downregulation of Wnt3 and β-catenin expression along with cell cycle protein cyclin D1. Thus, the results of our study elucidated the potential of bioactive components of Artemisia vulgaris in the therapeutic management of lung cancer cells.
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Wu Y, Zong Y, Song Y, Pu S, Wu W, Zhou Y, Xie J, Yin H. Multifunctional Nano-Realgar Hydrogel for Enhanced Glioblastoma Synergistic Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy: A New Paradigm of an Old Drug. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:743-763. [PMID: 36820060 PMCID: PMC9938708 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Realgar, as a kind of traditional mineral Chinese medicine, can inhibit multiple solid tumor growth and serve as an adjuvant drug in cancer therapy. However, the extremely low solubility and poor body absorptive capacity limit its application in clinical medicine. To overcome this therapeutic hurdle, realgar can here be fabricated into a nano-realgar hydrogel with enhanced chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) ability. Our objective is to evaluate the superior biocompatibility and anti-tumor activity of nano-realgar hydrogel. Methods We have successfully synthesized nano-realgar quantum dots (QDs) coupling with 6-AN molecules (NRA QDs) and further encapsulated with a pH-sensitive dextran hydrogel carrier with hyaluronic acid coating (DEX-HA gel) to promote bioavailability, eventually forming a multifunctional nano-realgar hydrogel (NRA@DH Gel). To better investigate the tumor therapy efficiency of the NRA@DH Gel, we have established the mice in situ bearing GL261 brain glioblastoma as animal models assigned to receive intratumor injection of NRA@DH Gel. Results The designed NRA@DH Gel as an antitumor drug can not only exert the prominent chemotherapy effect but also as a "sustainable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator" can inhibit in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolism and reduce the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thereby inhibiting the conversion of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to glutathione (GSH), reducing GSH concentrations in tumor cells, triggering the accumulation of ROS, and finally enhancing the effectiveness of RT. Conclusion Through the synergistic effect of chemotherapy and RT, NRA@DH Gel effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, suppressed tumor growth, improved motor coordination, and prolonged survival in tumor-bearing mice. Our work aims to improve the NRA@DH Gel-mediated synergistic chemotherapy and RT will endow a "promising future" for the old drug in clinically comprehensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yichun Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zong
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yin
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Haitao Yin; Jun Xie, Email ;
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Disorders of cancer metabolism: The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113993. [PMID: 36379120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal energy metabolism, as one of the important hallmarks of cancer, was induced by multiple carcinogenic factors and tumor-specific microenvironments. It comprises aerobic glycolysis, de novo lipid biosynthesis, and glutamine-dependent anaplerosis. Considering that metabolic reprogramming provides various nutrients for tumor survival and development, it has been considered a potential target for cancer therapy. Cannabinoids have been shown to exhibit a variety of anticancer activities by unclear mechanisms. This paper first reviews the recent progress of related signaling pathways (reactive oxygen species (ROS), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), and p53) mediating the reprogramming of cancer metabolism (including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism). Then we comprehensively explore the latest discoveries and possible mechanisms of the anticancer effects of cannabinoids through the regulation of the above-mentioned related signaling pathways, to provide new targets and insights for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Kaushik N, Kaushik NK, Choi EH, Kim JH. Blockade of Cellular Energy Metabolism through 6-Aminonicotinamide Reduces Proliferation of Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111088. [PMID: 34827081 PMCID: PMC8614681 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolism targeting for cancer treatment is currently under research in an effort to classify molecules that may block major metabolic steps accompanying cancer development and malignant growth. The approach is to compromise or entirely inhibit the increased metabolic pathways in cancer cells by suppressing the enzymatic activity of the involved proteins. Targeting cancer metabolism unlocks the prospect of improving broadly appropriate drugs that can treat various cancer cell types and may facilitate an innovative class of anticancer molecules. Several analogs of metabolites are currently being tested as possible drug candidates for cancer metabolism. Determining the effect of these metabolites on lung cancer offers the potential for a new class of therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Thus, the efficient use of metabolic inhibitors could be a clinically promising therapeutic scheme. Abstract The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is the most common pathway in most cancer cells and stimulates antioxidant defense mechanisms and synthesis of biomolecule precursors. It is believed that cancer cells persistently ameliorate glucose flux into the PPP to maintain their anabolic requirements and adjust oxidative stress. TCGA analyses have indicated the upregulation of enzymes involved in PPP in lung cancer. Hence, the present study aimed to determine whether the pharmacological blockade of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the primary and rate-limiting enzyme involved in PPP, using 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), could induce antiproliferative activity in two lung cancer cell lines. Exposure to 6-AN suppressed lactate production and glucose consumption, modified the mitochondrial potential and redox balance, and thereby induced the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to reduce lung cancer cell proliferation and govern cellular apoptosis. Collectively, this is the first study in which PPP blockade by 6-AN causes reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis by ER stress in lung cancer cells. Further preclinical studies will be conducted to validate the biological applicability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center & Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (N.K.K.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center & Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (N.K.K.); (E.H.C.)
| | - June Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea;
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Norcantharidin combined with 2-deoxy-d-glucose suppresses the hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation and migration. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:142. [PMID: 33708465 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study aims to investigate the combined effect of anticancer drug, norcantharidin (NCTD) in combination with glycolytic inhibitor, i.e. 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) in liver cancer (HepG2 and Hepa 1-6) cells. Cell viability of NCTD and 2-DG exposed cells was determined by MTT assay, whereas, colony-forming efficiency and migration rate was determined by clonogenic assay and wound healing assay, respectively. Nuclear DAPI staining and Annexin V FITC-PI staining were used to study the apoptosis induction in cells. Fluorescence microscopy imaging was performed to detect the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential by staining with DCFDA and JC-1 dye, respectively. Cell viability assay revealed that NCTD and 2-DG exposure in combination displays more cytotoxic effect than a single drug. Additionally, cells lose their colony formation efficiency, as well as the reduced migration rate ability was also observed upon combined exposure. Increased nuclear condensation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization are considered as key features for apoptosis induction in cancerous cells. Furthermore, oxidative stress produced in cells due to enhanced intracellular ROS generation is also major probability for cellular damage. Thus, from the initial data it can be concluded that further preclinical studies will be needed to prove the efficacy of NCTD and 2-DG in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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Evaluation of the Acute Hepatoprotective Potential of Hydroethanolic Extract of Duranta erecta L. Parts. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:8815719. [PMID: 33505464 PMCID: PMC7811493 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8815719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a major health problem and its treatment is costly in most developing countries with attendant adverse effects. This study aimed at determining the acute hepatoprotective efficacy of Duranta erecta hydroethanolic extracts of leaves, ripe and unripe fruits against CCl4-, and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in animals. Materials and Methods. CCl4 (1 mL/kg body weight in olive oil) and acetaminophen (500 mg/kg b.wt) were used to induce hepatotoxicity in the animals. Animals were treated with extracts at 250 mg/kg b.wt and standard drug, silymarin (100 mg/kg), for 7 days. Hepatoprotective efficacy was assessed by assaying serum biochemical markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), bilirubin (Bil), antioxidative biomarkers including reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxidase (H202), and nitric oxide (NO), as well as histological observations. Results. Exposure of the animals to CCl4 and acetaminophen resulted in liver injury as evidenced by elevated ALT, AST, ALP, γGT, Bil, MDA, H2O2, and NO levels with resultant derangement in liver microarchitecture. Pretreatment with hydroethanolic extracts, particularly ripe fruits of Duranta erecta, led to a reduction in these indicators and an increase in GSH, GPx, GST, and SOD levels. Biochemical data were supported by improvement in liver structure. Conclusion. The findings suggest that hydroethanolic Duranta erecta ripe fruits extract possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidative activities against CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced toxicity and could be developed as a potent agent for drug-induced liver diseases.
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Ameliorative effect of extract of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex kunth leaves against CCl4 - and acetaminophen—induced liver damage in rats. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Yang HC, Stern A, Chiu DTY. G6PD: A hub for metabolic reprogramming and redox signaling in cancer. Biomed J 2020; 44:285-292. [PMID: 33097441 PMCID: PMC8358196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic hubs play a major role in the initiation and development of cancer. Oncogenic signaling pathways drive metabolic reprogramming and alter redox homeostasis. G6PD has potential oncogenic activity and it plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation, survival and stress responses. Aberrant activation of G6PD via metabolic reprogramming alters NADPH levels, leading to an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant environment which can either enhance DNA oxidative damage and genomic instability or initiate oncogenic signaling. Nutrient deprivation can rewire metabolism, which leads to mutations that determine a cancer cell's fate. Deregulated G6PD status and oxidative stress form a vicious cycle, which paves the way for cancer progression. This review aims to update and focus the potential role of G6PD in metabolic reprogramming and redox signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Zhao Y, Zhong R, Deng C, Zhou Z. Circle RNA circABCB10 Modulates PFN2 to Promote Breast Cancer Progression, as Well as Aggravate Radioresistance Through Facilitating Glycolytic Metabolism Via miR-223-3p. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:477-490. [PMID: 32522014 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a common tumor in women worldwide, and irradiation (IR) resistance is a major obstacle for BC therapy. Circle RNAs (circRNAs) were identified as implicated in the progression of cancer and IR resistance. However, the role of circABCB10 in BC progression and IR resistance is not well defined. Materials and Methods: The levels of circABCB10, miR-223-3p, and profilin-2 (PFN2) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cell viability and survival rate were monitored by MTT assay. The glucose consumption, lactic acid production, LDH-A activity, and ATP production were evaluated to measure glycolysis. The protein levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), hexokinase 2 (HK2), lactate dehydrogenase A chain (LDH-A), and PFN2 were estimated by Western blot assay. The colony formation rate was tested by colony formation assay. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was constructed to validate the interaction between miR-223-3p and circABCB10 or PFN2. The mice xenograft assay was performed to further verify the effects of circABCB10 on BC progression in vivo. Results: CircABCB10 and PFN2 were elevated, while miR-223-3p was reduced in BC tissues and cells. CircABCB10 sponged miR-223-3p, and PFN2 was a target of miR-223-3p in BC cells. CircABCB10 silencing inhibited cell proliferation, glycolysis, colony formation, and decreased IR resistance in BC cells by modulating miR-223-3p. Meanwhile, circABCB10 depletion restrained xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Also, miR-223-3p overexpression refrained cell proliferation, glycolysis, and colony formation while improving IR sensitivity in BC cells by regulating PFN2. Besides, circABCB10 knockdown declined PFN2 in BC cells via miR-223-3p. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose enhanced IR sensitivity in BC cells via circABCB10. Conclusion: CircABCB10 knockdown contributed to irradiation sensitivity by negatively regulating glycolysis via the miR-223-3p/PFN axis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of General Surgery I, Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics (Spine group), Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
| | - Chaoyue Deng
- Department of General Surgery I, Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery I, Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
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14
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PFKFB2 regulates glycolysis and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 470:115-129. [PMID: 32415418 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells increase glucose metabolism through glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapid cell proliferation. The family of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFKFB1-4) are key regulators of glucose metabolism via their synthesis of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), a potent activator of glycolysis. Previous studies have reported the co-expression of PFKFB isozymes, as well as the mRNA splice variants of particular PFKFB isozymes, suggesting non-redundant functions. Majority of the evidence demonstrating a requirement for PFKFB activity in increased glycolysis and oncogenic properties in tumor cells comes from studies on PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 isozymes. In this study, we show that the PFKFB2 isozyme is expressed in tumor cell lines of various origin, overexpressed and localizes to the nucleus in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, relative to normal pancreatic tissue. We then demonstrate the differential intracellular localization of two PFKFB2 mRNA splice variants and that, when ectopically expressed, cytoplasmically localized mRNA splice variant causes a greater increase in F2,6BP which coincides with an increased glucose uptake, as compared with the mRNA splice variant localizing to the nucleus. We then show that PFKFB2 expression is required for steady-state F2,6BP levels, glycolytic activity, and proliferation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, this study may provide a rationale for detailed investigation of PFKFB2's requirement for the glycolytic and oncogenic phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
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15
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Kou L, Jiang X, Huang H, Lin X, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Chen R. The role of transporters in cancer redox homeostasis and cross-talk with nanomedicines. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:145-157. [PMID: 32373196 PMCID: PMC7193452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell usually exhibits high levels of reactive oxygen species and adaptive antioxidant system due to the metabolic, genetic, and microenvironment-associated alterations. The altered redox homeostasis can promote tumor progression, development, and treatment resistance. Several membrane transporters are involved in the resetting redox homeostasis and play important roles in tumor progression. Therefore, targeting the involved transporters to disrupt the altered redox balance emerges as a viable strategy for cancer therapy. In addition, nanomedicines have drawn much attention in the past decades. Using nanomedicines to target or reset the redox homeostasis alone or combined with other therapies has brought convincing data in cancer treatment. In this review, we will introduce the altered redox balance in cancer metabolism and involved transporters, and highlight the recent advancements of redox-modulating nanomedicines for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huirong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xinlu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Youting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Corresponding author. Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou 325035, China. Tel: +86 18958969225
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Corresponding author. Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou 325027, China. Tel: +86 13806890233
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16
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Piers TM, Cosker K, Mallach A, Johnson GT, Guerreiro R, Hardy J, Pocock JM. A locked immunometabolic switch underlies TREM2 R47H loss of function in human iPSC-derived microglia. FASEB J 2019; 34:2436-2450. [PMID: 31907987 PMCID: PMC7027848 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss‐of‐function genetic variants of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are linked with an enhanced risk of developing dementias. Microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, express TREM2, and microglial responses are implicated in dementia pathways. In a normal surveillance state, microglia use oxidative phosphorylation for their energy supply, but rely on the ability to undergo a metabolic switch to glycolysis to allow them to perform rapid plastic responses. We investigated the role of TREM2 on the microglial metabolic function in human patient iPSC‐derived microglia expressing loss of function variants in TREM2. We show that these TREM2 variant iPSC‐microglia, including the Alzheimer's disease R47H risk variant, exhibit significant metabolic deficits including a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and an inability to perform a glycolytic immunometabolic switch. We determined that dysregulated PPARγ/p38MAPK signaling underlies the observed phenotypic deficits in TREM2 variants and that activation of these pathways can ameliorate the metabolic deficit in these cells and consequently rescue critical microglial cellular function such as β‐Amyloid phagocytosis. These findings have ramifications for microglial focussed‐treatments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Piers
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Katharina Cosker
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Thomas Johnson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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17
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Ji CC, Hu YY, Cheng G, Liang L, Gao B, Ren YP, Liu JT, Cao XL, Zheng MH, Li SZ, Wan F, Han H, Fei Z. A ketogenic diet attenuates proliferation and stemness of glioma stem‑like cells by altering metabolism resulting in increased ROS production. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:606-617. [PMID: 31894296 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism serves a critical role in the development and progression of different types of malignancies including glioblastoma (GBM), and may therefore serve as a promising target for treatment of cancer. Preclinical studies have indicated that a ketogenic diet (KD) may exhibit beneficial effects in patients with GBM; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a KD on glioma stem‑like cells (GSCs), by culturing patient‑derived primary GSCs as well as a GSC cell line in glucose‑restricted, β‑hydroxybutyrate‑containing medium (BHB‑Glow) which was used to mimic clinical KD treatment. GSCs cultured in BHB‑Glow medium exhibited reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis compared with cells grown in the control medium. Furthermore, decreased expression of stem cell markers, diminished self‑renewal in vitro, and reduced tumorigenic capacity in vivo, providing evidence that the stemness of GSCs was compromised. Mechanistically, culturing in BHB‑Glow medium reduced glucose uptake and inhibited glycolysis in GSCs. Furthermore, culturing in the BHB‑Glow medium resulted in morphological and functional disturbances to the mitochondria of GSCs. These metabolic changes may have reduced ATP production, promoted lactic acid accumulation, and thus, increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GSCs. The expression levels and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin, hypoxia‑inducible factor 1 and B‑cell lymphoma 2 were decreased, consistent with the reduced proliferation of GSCs in BHB‑Glow medium. ROS scavenging reversed the inhibitory effects of a KD on GSCs. Taken together, the results demonstrate that treatment with KD inhibited proliferation of GSCs, increased apoptosis and attenuated the stemness in GSCs by increasing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Peng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 413 Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - San-Zhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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18
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Yang HC, Wu YH, Yen WC, Liu HY, Hwang TL, Stern A, Chiu DTY. The Redox Role of G6PD in Cell Growth, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091055. [PMID: 31500396 PMCID: PMC6770671 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of reducing equivalent NADPH via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is critical for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and reductive biosynthesis in cells. NADPH also plays key roles in cellular processes mediated by redox signaling. Insufficient G6PD activity predisposes cells to growth retardation and demise. Severely lacking G6PD impairs embryonic development and delays organismal growth. Altered G6PD activity is associated with pathophysiology, such as autophagy, insulin resistance, infection, inflammation, as well as diabetes and hypertension. Aberrant activation of G6PD leads to enhanced cell proliferation and adaptation in many types of cancers. The present review aims to update the existing knowledge concerning G6PD and emphasizes how G6PD modulates redox signaling and affects cell survival and demise, particularly in diseases such as cancer. Exploiting G6PD as a potential drug target against cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chen Yen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ya Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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19
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Jiang H, Wang H, De Ridder M. Targeting antioxidant enzymes as a radiosensitizing strategy. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:154-164. [PMID: 30223069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy represents a major anti-cancer modality and effectively kills cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, cancer cells are commonly characterized by increased activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes in adaptation to intrinsic oxidative stress, leading to radioresistance. Abrogation of this defense network by pharmacological ROS insults therefore is shown to improve radioresponse in preclinical models; some of them are then tested in clinical trials. In this review, we address (1) the importance of ROS in radioresponse, (2) the main systems regulating redox homeostasis with a special focus on their prognostic effect and predictive role in radiotherapy, and (3) the potential radiosensitizers acting through inhibition of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Chen X, Xu Z, Zhu Z, Chen A, Fu G, Wang Y, Pan H, Jin B. Modulation of G6PD affects bladder cancer via ROS accumulation and the AKT pathway in vitro. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1703-1712. [PMID: 30066842 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. Multiple studies have previously revealed that elevated G6PD levels promote cancer progression in numerous tumor types; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, it was demonstrated that high G6PD expression is a poor prognostic factor in bladder cancer, and the levels of G6PD expression increase with increasing tumor stage. Patients with bladder cancer with high G6PD expression had worse survival rates compared with those with lower G6PD expression in resected tumors. In vitro experiments revealed that knockdown of G6PD suppressed cell viability and growth in Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, and increased apoptosis in bladder cancer cell lines compared with normal cells. Further experiments indicated that the weakening of the survival ability in G6PD-knockdown bladder cancer cells may be explained by intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and protein kinase B pathway suppression. Furthermore, it was additionally revealed that 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), a competitive G6PD inhibitor, may be a potential therapy for bladder cancer, particularly in cases with high G6PD expression, and that the combination of cisplatin and 6-AN may optimize the clinical dose or minimize the side effects of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Guanghou Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Baiye Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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21
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Usende IL, Olopade JO, Emikpe BO, Oyagbemi AA, Adedapo AA. Oxidative stress changes observed in selected organs of African giant rats ( Cricetomys gambianus) exposed to sodium metavanadate. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:80-89. [PMID: 30255083 PMCID: PMC6147385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is a contaminant of crude oil that released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels. The mechanism by which it exerts toxic influences had not been fully elucidated in African giant rat (AGR). This study investigates the mechanisms of sodium metavanadate (SMV) induced oxidative stress in AGR. A total of 24 adult male AGR weighing 600-850 g were used. Animals were randomly divided into six groups. Groups 1, 3 and 5 served as control while groups 2, 4 and 6 were treated with intraperitoneal 3 mg/kg body weight of SMV for 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively. Serum, brain, liver, testes, kidneys, spleen and lungs were harvested for biochemical assays. SMV induced significant increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, sulfhydryl (total thiol) and protein carbonyl levels but decreased non-protein thiol levels in tissues accessed. A significant decrease was observed in glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in SMV treated rats compared to controls. Serum myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase and Advanced Oxidative Protein Products (AOPP) were markedly increased while nitrous oxide levels were significantly decreased in all treated groups. SMV exposure to AGR induced oxidative stress through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletion of the antioxidant defence system. These conditions could become severe with prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifukibot L. Usende
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ademola A. Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu A. Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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22
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Ndombera FT. Anti-cancer agents and reactive oxygen species modulators that target cancer cell metabolism. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTraditionally the perspective on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has centered on the role they play as carcinogenic or cancer-causing radicals. Over the years, characterization and functional studies have revealed the complexity of ROS as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological cellular responses or whose levels are altered in various diseases. Cancer cells often maintain high basal level of ROS and are vulnerable to any further increase in ROS levels beyond a certain protective threshold. Consequently, ROS-modulation has emerged as an anticancer strategy with synthesis of various ROS-inducing or responsive agents that target cancer cells. Of note, an increased carbohydrate uptake and/or induction of death receptors of cancer cells was exploited to develop glycoconjugates that potentially induce cellular stress, ROS and apoptosis. This mini review highlights the development of compounds that target cancer cells by taking advantage of redox or metabolic alteration in cancer cells.
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23
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Singh VK, Arora D, Satija NK, Khare P, Roy SK, Sharma PK. Intricatinol synergistically enhances the anticancerous activity of cisplatin in human A549 cells via p38 MAPK/p53 signalling. Apoptosis 2017; 22:1273-1286. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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microRNA-33a-5p increases radiosensitivity by inhibiting glycolysis in melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83660-83672. [PMID: 29137372 PMCID: PMC5663544 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis was reported to have a positive correlation with radioresistance. Our previous study found that the miR-33a functioned as a tumor suppressor in malignant melanoma by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor1-alpha (HIF-1α), a gene known to promote glycolysis. However, the role of miR-33a-5p in radiosensitivity remains to be elucidated. We found that miR-33a-5p was downregulated in melanoma tissues and cells. Cell proliferation was downregulated after overexpression of miR-33a-5p in WM451 cells, accompanied by a decreased level of glycolysis. In contrast, cell proliferation was upregulated after inhibition of miR-33a-5p in WM35 cells, accompanied by increased glycolysis. Overexpression of miR-33a-5p enhanced the sensitivity of melanoma cells to X-radiation by MTT assay, while downregulation of miR-33a-5p had the opposite effects. Finally, in vivo experiments with xenografts in nude mice confirmed that high expression of miR-33a-5p in tumor cells increased radiosensitivity via inhibiting glycolysis. In conclusions, miR-33a-5p promotes radiosensitivity by negatively regulating glycolysis in melanoma.
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25
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Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Asenuga ER, Adejumobi AO, Ajibade TO, Ige TM, Ogunpolu BS, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA. Sodium fluoride induces hypertension and cardiac complications through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappa beta. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1089-1101. [PMID: 27378751 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to sodium fluoride through its daily usage is almost inevitable. Cardiovascular and renal dysfunction has been associated with fluoride toxicity. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism of action of sodium fluoride (NaF) induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications Forty male albino rats of an average of 10 rats per group were used. Group A received clean tap water. Toxicity was induced in Group B to D by administering graded doses of NaF through drinking water ad libitum for 10 days at 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 600 ppm concentration respectively. Following administration of NaF, there was significant increase in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure. Markers of oxidative stress; malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, advance oxidation protein products, and protein carbonyl were significantly increased in dose-dependent pattern in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats together with significant decrease in the GST activity in NaF-treated rats compared to the control. Also serum markers of inflammation, cardiac, and renal damage including myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) significantly increased indicating induction of oxidative stress, renal, and cardiac damage after exposure. Histopathology of the kidney and heart revealed aberrations in the histological architecture in NaF-treated rats. Also, immunohistochemistry showed higher expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats administered NaF. Combining all, these results indicate NaF-induced hypertension through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of renal and cardiac NF-kB expressions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1089-1101, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Moses Ige
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Avenue, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
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26
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ROS homeostasis and metabolism: a critical liaison for cancer therapy. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e269. [PMID: 27811934 PMCID: PMC5133371 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that hypoxia and oxidative stress can control metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and other cells in tumor microenvironments and that the reprogrammed metabolic pathways in cancer tissue can also alter the redox balance. Thus, important steps toward developing novel cancer therapy approaches would be to identify and modulate critical biochemical nodes that are deregulated in cancer metabolism and determine if the therapeutic efficiency can be influenced by changes in redox homeostasis in cancer tissues. In this review, we will explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for the metabolic reprogramming of tumor microenvironments, the functional modulation of which may disrupt the effects of or may be disrupted by redox homeostasis modulating cancer therapy.
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ROS homeostasis and metabolism: a dangerous liason in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2253. [PMID: 27277675 PMCID: PMC5143371 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells harbor genetic alterations that promote a continuous and elevated production of reactive oxygen species. Whereas such oxidative stress conditions would be harmful to normal cells, they facilitate tumor growth in multiple ways by causing DNA damage and genomic instability, and ultimately, by reprogramming cancer cell metabolism. This review outlines the metabolic-dependent mechanisms that tumors engage in when faced with oxidative stress conditions that are critical for cancer progression by producing redox cofactors. In particular, we describe how the mitochondria has a key role in regulating the interplay between redox homeostasis and metabolism within tumor cells. Last, we will discuss the potential therapeutic use of agents that directly or indirectly block metabolism.
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Kesarwala AH, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Oxidative stress in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2016; 22:9-18. [PMID: 25417961 PMCID: PMC4442080 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), are components of normal cellular metabolism and are required for intracellular processes as varied as proliferation, signal transduction, and apoptosis. In the situation of chronic oxidative stress, however, ROS contribute to various pathophysiologies and are involved in multiple stages of carcinogenesis. In head and neck cancers specifically, many common risk factors contribute to carcinogenesis via ROS-based mechanisms, including tobacco, areca quid, alcohol, and viruses. Given their widespread influence on the process of carcinogenesis, ROS and their related pathways are attractive targets for intervention. The effects of radiation therapy, a central component of treatment for nearly all head and neck cancers, can also be altered via interfering with oxidative pathways. These pathways are also relevant to the development of many benign oral diseases. In this review, we outline how ROS contribute to pathophysiology with a focus toward head and neck cancers and benign oral diseases, describing potential targets and pathways for intervention that exploit the role of oxidative species in these pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Szumiel I. From radioresistance to radiosensitivity: In vitro evolution of L5178Y lymphoma. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:465-71. [PMID: 25651039 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.996263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss the possible reasons for the loss of tumourigenicity and the acquisition of new phenotypic features (among them, sensitivity to X and UVC radiations) as a result of in vitro cultivation of L5178Y lymphoma cells. RESULTS Ten years ago the phenotypic differences between LY-R (original L5178Y maintained in vivo and examined in vitro) and LY-S lines were reviewed in detail by the author. The loss of tumourigenicity of LY-R cells upon in vitro cultivation accompanying the acquirement of the LY-S phenotype had been described earlier by Beer et al. (1983). In spite of their common origin, the sublines were shown to differ in their relative sensitivity to a number of DNA damaging agents and in numerous other features. Here, selected differences between LY-R and LY-S lines are briefly reviewed. It is proposed that Wallace's concept (2010a) that mitochondria are the interface between environmental conditions and the genome may explain the LY-R-LY-S conversion under prolonged in vitro cultivation. CONCLUSION The differences between the LY lines were probably of epigenetic rather than genetic character. The properties of LY-R cells changed as a result of exposure to an oxic in vitro milieu. The changes could be preconditioned by heteroplasmy and the selection of cells endowed with mitochondria best fitted to a high oxygen-low carbon dioxide environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Szumiel
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology , Warsaw , Poland
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Zhang Y, Martin SG. Redox proteins and radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 26:289-300. [PMID: 24581945 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although conventional radiotherapy can directly damage DNA and other organic molecules within cells, most of the damage and the cytotoxicity of such ionising radiation, comes from the production of ions and free radicals produced via interactions with water. This 'indirect effect', a form of oxidative stress, can be modulated by a variety of systems within cells that are in place to, in normal situations, maintain homeostasis and redox balance. If cancer cells express high levels of antioxidant redox proteins, they may be more resistant to radiation and so targeting such systems may be a profitable strategy to increase therapeutic efficacy of conventional radiotherapy. An overview, with exemplars, of the main systems regulating redox homeostasis is supplied and discussed in relation to their use as prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and how targeting such proteins and systems may increase radiosensitivity and, potentially, improve the radiotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - S G Martin
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK.
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Zhai X, Yang Y, Wan J, Zhu R, Wu Y. Inhibition of LDH-A by oxamate induces G2/M arrest, apoptosis and increases radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2983-91. [PMID: 24064966 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An elevated rate of glucose consumption and the dependency on aerobic glycolysis for ATP generation have long been observed in cancer cells, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. the altered energy metabolism in cancer cells provides an attractive opportunity for developing novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the transformation of pyruvate to lactate, plays a vital role in the process of glycolysis. It has been reported that the level of LDH-A expression is increased both in head and neck cancer cells and in the blood serum of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, and is associated with poor prognosis. However, the effect of LDH-A inhibition on NPC cells remains unknown. Here, in the present study, we found that oxamate, a classical inhibitor of LDH-A, suppressed cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner both in CNE-1 and CNE-2 cells, two NPC cancer cell lines. LDH inhibition by oxamate induced G2/M cell cycle arrest via downregulation of the CDK1/cyclin B1 pathway and promoted apoptosis through enhancement of mitochondrial ROS generation. N-acetylcysteine, a specific scavenger of ROS, significantly blocked the growth inhibition effect induced by oxamate. We also identified that oxamate increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation in the two NPC cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we verified similar results in tumor xenograft models. collectively, these results suggest that LDH-A may serve as a promising therapeutic target for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Sharma PK, Dwarakanath BS, Varshney R. Radiosensitization by 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 6-aminonicotinamide involves activation of redox sensitive ASK1-JNK/p38MAPK signaling in head and neck cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1500-13. [PMID: 22824861 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies on simultaneous inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and pentose phosphate activity by 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) have been shown to induce oxidative stress mediated selective radiosensitization in wide range of human malignant cells. However, the mechanism of radiosensitization induced by this combination (2-DG+6-AN) is not completely understood. Since activation of apoptotic signal regulating kinase (ASK1) and subsequent apoptosis are implicated in oxidative stress response, the role of ASK1 activation in radiosensitization by this combination was investigated in the present study. Our results demonstrated that redox alterations induced by this combination activated ASK1 and subsequent apoptosis during radiosensitization of head and neck carcinoma cells (KB). In addition, mRNA and protein expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase decreased significantly under similar treatment conditions. Further, the downstream targets such as JNK and p38MAPK were also activated by this combination, and their pharmacological inhibition by SP600125 and SB201291 respectively resulted in suppression of 2-DG+6-AN mediated apoptosis in irradiated KB cells. Interestingly, the activation of ASK1 was mediated by hydrogen peroxide rather than superoxide anions as PEG-catalase but not PEG-SOD suppressed its activation. Our observations clearly suggest that redox alterations by inhibition of glucose metabolism serves as a molecular switch that activate ASK1-JNK/p38MAPK signaling in malignant cells during radiosensitization by 2-DG+6-AN. The present study emphasizes the importance of redox alterations in determining radiosensitivity of tumor cells that may greatly influence the outcome of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig. S K Mazumdar Road, Delhi-110 054, India
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Sharma PK, Varshney R. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose and 6-aminonicotinamide-mediated Nrf2 down regulation leads to radiosensitization of malignant cells via abrogation of GSH-mediated defense. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1446-57. [PMID: 22946929 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.724771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced level of nuclear erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf2) has been associated with cancer chemo/radioresistance. Therefore, the role of Nrf2 in radiosensitization of malignant cells induced by a combination of 2-deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG) and 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was investigated. Two established human malignant cells lines namely KB (head and neck squamous carcinoma) and BMG-1 (cerebral glioma) were used. Following treatment with a combination of 2-DG (5 mM) and 6-AN (5 μM), irradiated (2Gy) KB and BMG-1 cells were assessed for protein level of Nrf2, Keap1 and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) by western blotting and mRNA expression of γ-GCS, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) by RT-PCR at 24 hours post treatment. A significant decrease in the level of Nrf2 with a concomitant increase in Keap1 was observed in both the irradiated malignant cells at 24 hours following treatment with combination (2-DG + 6-AN). Down regulation of γ-GCS, GR and GPx1 at 24 hours following treatment with combination (2-DG + 6-AN) resulted in abrogation of glutathione (GSH)-mediated defense in both the irradiated malignant cells. Eventual accumulation of ROS led to radiosensitization of both the malignant cells. These results indicate that deregulated Nrf2-Keap1 signalling leads to the radiosensitization of malignant cells due to abrogated glutathione defense. Metabolic modification-mediated down regulation of Nfr2 and its downstream signalling may have a potential of improving tumour radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organization, Delhi, India
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Riganti C, Gazzano E, Polimeni M, Aldieri E, Ghigo D. The pentose phosphate pathway: an antioxidant defense and a crossroad in tumor cell fate. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:421-36. [PMID: 22580150 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway, one of the main antioxidant cellular defense systems, has been related for a long time almost exclusively to its role as a provider of reducing power and ribose phosphate to the cell. In addition to this "traditional" correlation, in the past years multiple roles have emerged for this metabolic cascade, involving the cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation, motility, angiogenesis, and the response to anti-tumor therapy. These findings make the pentose phosphate pathway a very interesting target in tumor cells. This review summarizes the latest discoveries relating the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway to various aspects of tumor metabolism, such as cell proliferation and death, tissue invasion, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy, and discusses the possibility that drugs modulating the pathway could be used as potential tools in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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A combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 6-aminonicotinamide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis selectively in irradiated human malignant cells. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1021-30. [PMID: 22328137 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that a combination of metabolic modifiers 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) results in oxidative stress mediated radiosensitization of malignant cells via mitochondrial dysfunction and non-coordinated expression of antioxidant defense, besides inhibition of repair and recovery. In the present study, our objective was to study, in a panel of human malignant cells of various origins (lung carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, oral carcinoma, and glioblastoma), if the inhibitory activity of combination (2-DG+6-AN+2 Gy) against tumor growth could be considered a general phenomenon and to determine its effect on the cell cycle. The results revealed that combination (2-DG+6-AN+2 Gy) treatment result in significant cell growth inhibition and induced ROS generation in all cancer cells studied. The anti-proliferative effect was related to the ability of combination (2-DG+6-AN+2 Gy) to provoke growth inhibition at the G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, combination (2-DG+6-AN+2 Gy) induced G2/M arrest is closely correlated to decreased cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cdc2 levels.
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IGF-1 induction by acylated steryl β-glucosides found in a pre-germinated brown rice diet reduces oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28693. [PMID: 22194889 PMCID: PMC3237479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathology of diabetic neuropathy involves oxidative stress on pancreatic β-cells, and is related to decreased levels of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Acylated steryl β-glucoside (PR-ASG) found in pre-germiated brown rice is a bioactive substance exhibiting properties that enhance activity of homocysteine-thiolactonase (HTase), reducing oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy. The biological importance of PR-ASG in pancreatic β-cells remains unknown. Here we examined the effects of PR-ASG on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in β-cells exposed to oxidative stress. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, a pre-germinated brown rice (PR)-diet was tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Compared with diabetic rats fed control diets, the PR-diet fed rats showed an improvement of serum metabolic and neurophysiological parameters. In addition, IGF-1 levels were found to be increased in the serum, liver, and pancreas of diabetic rats fed the PR-diet. The increased IGF-1 level in the pancreas led us to hypothesize that PR-ASG is protective for islet β-cells against the extensive injury of advanced or severe diabetes. Thus we examined PR-ASG to determine whether it showed anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative effects on the insulin-secreting β-cells line, INS-1; and additionally, whether PR-ASG stimulated IGF-1 autocrine secretion/IGF-1-dependent glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated for the first time that PR-ASG increases IGF-1 production and secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Conclusion/Significance These findings suggest that PR-ASG may affect pancreatic β-cells through the activation of an IGF-1-dependent mechanism in the diabetic condition. Thus, intake of pre-germinated brown rice may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of diabetes, in particular diabetic neuropathy.
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A combination of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 6-aminonicotinamide induces oxidative stress mediated selective radiosensitization of malignant cells via mitochondrial dysfunction. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:951-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Hoshikawa H, Indo K, Mori T, Mori N. Enhancement of the radiation effects by D-allose in head and neck cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:60-6. [PMID: 21439723 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the radiosensitizing potential of D-allose in human head and neck cancer cells. HSC-3 cells were treated with or without D-allose for 6 h and then irradiated (2-6 Gy). The combination of D-allose and radiation was more effective than either agent alone. The radiation enhancement ratios at the 37% survival level were 1.61 and 2.11 for 10 mM and 25 mM D-allose treatment, respectively. The combination of D-allose and radiation also reduced the cell proliferation in 3D culture experiments. Although the mRNA expression of TXNIP was not increased by radiation alone, combined use with D-allose markedly elevated TXNIP expression. The combination of D-allose and radiation significantly induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis compared to that induced by either agent alone. This study shows that D-allose enhances the effect of radiation, suggesting a potential clinical application of combination treatment with D-allose and radiation for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hoshikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan.
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