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Sadaf H, Ambroziak M, Binkowski R, Kluebsoongnoen J, Paszkiewicz-Kozik E, Steciuk J, Markowicz S, Walewski J, Sarnowska E, Sarnowski TJ, Konopinski R. New molecular targets in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155468. [PMID: 37266436 PMCID: PMC10230546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries shed light on molecular mechanisms responsible for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) development and progression, along with features of Hodgkin - Reed and Sternberg cells (HRS). Here, we summarize current knowledge on characteristic molecular alterations in HL, as well as existing targeted therapies and potential novel treatments for this disease. We discuss the importance of cluster of differentiation molecule 30 (CD30) and the programmed cell death-1 protein (PD-1) and ligands (PD-L1/2), and other molecules involved in immune modulation in HL. We highlight emerging evidence indicating that the altered function of SWI/SNF-type chromatin remodeling complexes, PRC2, and other epigenetic modifiers, contribute to variations in chromatin status, which are typical for HL. We postulate that despite of the existence of plentiful molecular data, the understanding of HL development remains incomplete. We therefore propose research directions involving analysis of reverse signaling in the PD-1/PD-L1 mechanism, chromatin remodeling, and epigenetics-related alterations, in order to identify HL features at the molecular level. Such attempts may lead to the identification of new molecular targets, and thus will likely substantially contribute to the future development of more effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hummaira Sadaf
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Womens’ University, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Maciej Ambroziak
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Binkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Paszkiewicz-Kozik
- Department of Lymphoid Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Steciuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Markowicz
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Walewski
- Department of Lymphoid Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Sarnowska
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Konopinski
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Sil S, Bertilla J, Rupachandra S. A comprehensive review on RNA interference-mediated targeting of interleukins and its potential therapeutic implications in colon cancer. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:18. [PMID: 36568500 PMCID: PMC9768089 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the world's fourth leading cause of death. It is cancer of the latter part of the large intestine, i.e. the colon. Chronic inflammation over a long period also leads to the development of cancer. Cancer in the colon region is arduous to diagnose and is detected at a later stage when it metastasizes to other parts of the body like the liver, lungs, peritoneum, etc. Colon cancer is a great example of solid tumours associated with chronic inflammation. Although conventional therapies are effective, they lose their effectiveness beyond a certain point. Relapse of the disease occurs frequently. RNA interference (RNAi) is emerging as a great tool to specifically attack the cancer cells of a target site like the colon. RNAi deals with epigenetic changes made in the defective cells which ultimately leads to their death without harming the healthy cells. In this review, two types of epigenetic modulators have been considered, namely siRNA and miRNA, and their effect on interleukins. Interleukins, a class of cytokines, are major inflammatory responses of the body that are released by immune cells like leukocytes and macrophages. Some of these interleukins are pro-inflammatory, thereby promoting inflammation which eventually causes cancer. RNAi can prevent colon cancer by inhibiting pro-inflammatory interleukins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagari Sil
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603 203 India
| | - Janet Bertilla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603 203 India
| | - S. Rupachandra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603 203 India
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3
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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4
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Nalwoga A, Roshan R, Moore K, Marshall V, Miley W, Labo N, Nakibuule M, Cose S, Rochford R, Newton R, Whitby D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus T cell responses in HIV seronegative individuals from rural Uganda. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7323. [PMID: 34916520 PMCID: PMC8677732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell responses to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are likely essential in the control of KSHV infection and protection from associated disease, but remain poorly characterised. KSHV prevalence in rural Uganda is high at >90%. Here we investigate IFN- γ T cell responses to the KSHV proteome in HIV-negative individuals from a rural Ugandan population. We use an ex-vivo IFN- γ ELISpot assay with overlapping peptide pools spanning 83 KSHV open reading frames (ORF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 116 individuals. KSHV-specific T cell IFN- γ responses are of low intensity and heterogeneous, with no evidence of immune dominance; by contrast, IFN- γ responses to Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus and influenza peptides are frequent and intense. Individuals with KSHV DNA in PBMC have higher IFN- γ responses to ORF73 (p = 0.02) and lower responses to K8.1 (p = 0.004) when compared with those without KSHV DNA. In summary, we demonstrate low intensity, heterogeneous T cell responses to KSHV in immune-competent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nalwoga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kyle Moore
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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5
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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6
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Kahouli S, Zahid H, Benkirane M, Messaoudi N. [IAssociation between Kaposi´s sarcoma and multiple myeloma: is it caused by HHV-8?]. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:85. [PMID: 32774644 PMCID: PMC7392862 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.85.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi´s sarcoma is a tumor characterized by purple or brownish lesions affecting the skin. It is most commonly associated with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) infection and may be secondary to malignant hemopathy, including lymphomas. We here report a new case of a very rare combination: Kaposi´s disease-multiple myeloma. The study involved Mr. aged 67 years, treated for Kaposi´s disease in the Department of Dermatology. Serological test for HHV-8 was positive; it was associated with stage I multiple myeloma IgG Lambda with a poor prognosis. We here report this 21st case of Kaposi-Kahler in order to highlight Kaposi-human herpes 8 virus variant involved in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma. More studies are needed in order to establish this exceptional link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kahouli
- Laboratoire de Recherche et d´Analyses Médicales de la Fraternelle de la Gendarmerie Royale, Rabat, Maroc.,Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Hafid Zahid
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Service d´Hématologie, Immunohématologie de l´Hôpital Militaire d´Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Majid Benkirane
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Pôle des Laboratoires de l´Hôpital Militaire d´Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Nezha Messaoudi
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Service d´Hématologie, Immunohématologie de l´Hôpital Militaire d´Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc
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7
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Abstract
Paediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia in China. Data on epidemiology of paediatric MPP from China are little known. This study retrospectively collected data from June 2006 to June 2016 in Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University of North China and aims to explore the epidemiological features of paediatric MPP and severe MPP (SMPP) in North China during the past 10 years. A total of 27 498 paediatric patients with pneumonia were enrolled. Among them, 37.5% of paediatric patients had MPP. In this area, an epidemic took place every 2-3 years at the peak, and the positive rate of MPP increased during these peak years over time. The peak age of MPP was between the ages of 6 and 10 years, accounting for 75.2%, significantly more compared with other age groups (χ2 = 1384.1, P < 0.0001). The epidemics peaked in September, October and November (χ2 = 904.9, P < 0.0001). Additionally, 13.0% of MPP paediatric patients were SMPP, but over time, the rate of SMPP increased, reaching 42.6% in 2016. The mean age of paediatric patients with SMPP (6.7 ± 3.0 years old) was younger than that of patients with non-SMPP (7.4 ± 3.2 years old) (t = 3.60, P = 0.0001). The prevalence of MPP and SMPP is common in China, especially in children from 6 to 10 years old. Paediatric patients with SMPP tend to be younger than those with non-SMPP. MPP outbreaks occur every 2-3 years in North China. September, October and November are the peak months, unlike in South China. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of paediatric MPP can contribute to timely treatment and diagnosis, and may improve the prognosis of children with SMPP.
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Sun L, Wang Y, Shi J, Zhu W, Wang X. Association of Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 and EBER1 with Circulating Tumor Cells and the Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1893-1901. [PMID: 31832991 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been widely recognized to contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The present study was to explore the association of plasma Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 and EBER1 with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the present study, we quantified the plasma levels of EBV DNA/RNAs, such as LMP1, LMP2, BART and EBER1 with real-time quantitative PCR, and CTCs with a CellSpotter Analyzer in NPC patients, with or without metastasis. Then the correlation of each biomarker with other biomarkers and tumor metastasis was analyzed. Our data indicated that the plasma levels of EBV LMP1, BART, EBER1, along with CTCs were significantly higher in metastatic NPC patients than in non-metastatic patients. Plasma LMP1 DNA and EBER1 discriminate metastatic NPC patients from non-metastatic patients, correlate with tumor stage and node stage for metastatic NPC patients. In summary, there were significantly higher plasma levels of Epstein-Barr Virus DNAs / RNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. LMP1 DNA and EBER1 RNA correlated with the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Gao L, Han H, Wang H, Cao L, Feng WH. IL-10 knockdown with siRNA enhances the efficacy of Doxorubicin chemotherapy in EBV-positive tumors by inducing lytic cycle via PI3K/p38 MAPK/NF-kB pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 462:12-22. [PMID: 31352079 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High levels of IL-10 expression in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated tumors have been reported and it is likely to be important for maintaining EBV latency and EBV-associated tumors. The switch from the latent form of EBV to the lytic form in tumor cells can lead to tumor cell lysis. Here, we found that knockdown of IL-10 induced EBV lytic replication. Subsequently, we demonstrated that IL-10 knockdown activated BZLF1 promoter through PI3K-p38 MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway. Interestingly, we verified that VEGF-A was required for IL-10 knockdown to activate PI3K signaling and the accompanying EBV lytic induction. Exogenous recombinant human VEGF-A induced PI3K activation and EBV lytic infection, and inhibition of VEGF-A signaling prevented the PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and EBV reactivation responded to IL-10 knockdown. Most importantly, IL-10 knockdown synergized with chemotherapeutic agent Doxorubicin to kill EBV associated tumor cells in vitro and repress EBV-positive tumor growth in vivo. Our results suggest that inhibition of IL-10 has the potential to serve as a new supplemental strategy for the treatment of EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Academy of Medicine Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haige Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Cao
- China Academy of Medicine Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Hussein HAM, Alfhili MA, Pakala P, Simon S, Hussain J, McCubrey JA, Akula SM. miRNAs and their roles in KSHV pathogenesis. Virus Res 2019; 266:15-24. [PMID: 30951791 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD). Recent mechanistic advances have discerned the importance of microRNAs in the virus-host relationship. KSHV has two modes of replication: lytic and latent phase. KSHV entry into permissive cells, establishment of infection, and maintenance of latency are contingent upon successful modulation of the host miRNA transcriptome. Apart from host cell miRNAs, KSHV also encodes viral miRNAs. Among various cellular and molecular targets, miRNAs are appearing to be key players in regulating viral pathogenesis. Therefore, the use of miRNAs as novel therapeutics has gained considerable attention as of late. This innovative approach relies on either mimicking miRNA species by identical oligonucleotides, or selective silencing of miRNA with specific oligonucleotide inhibitors. Here, we provide an overview of KSHV pathogenesis at the molecular level with special emphasis on the various roles miRNAs play during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranaya Pakala
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Sandra Simon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Jaffer Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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11
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Abstract
This chapter is the first one to introduce the detection of viral RNA splicing as a new tool for clinical diagnosis of virus infections. These include various infections caused by influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV), Torque teno viruses (TTV), parvoviruses, adenoviruses, hepatitis B virus, polyomaviruses, herpesviruses, and papillomaviruses. Detection of viral RNA splicing for active viral gene expression in a clinical sample is a nucleic acid-based detection. The interpretation of the detected viral RNA splicing results is straightforward without concern for carry-over DNA contamination, because the spliced RNA is smaller than its corresponding DNA template. Although many methods can be used, a simple method to detect viral RNA splicing is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In principle, the detection of spliced RNA transcripts by RT-PCR depends on amplicon selection and primer design. The most common approach is the amplification over the intron regions by a set of primers in flanking exons. A larger product than the predicted size of smaller, spliced RNA is in general an unspliced RNA or contaminating viral genomic DNA. A spliced mRNA always gives a smaller RT-PCR product than its unspliced RNA due to removal of intron sequences by RNA splicing. The contaminating viral DNA can be determined by a minus RT amplification (PCR). Alternatively, specific amplification of a spliced RNA can be obtained by using an exon-exon junction primer because the sequence at exon-exon junction is not present in the unspliced RNA nor in viral genomic DNA.
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12
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Du Y, Yu J, Du L, Tang J, Feng WH. Cordycepin enhances Epstein–Barr virus lytic infection and Epstein–Barr virus-positive tumor treatment efficacy by doxorubicin. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:240-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Elgui de Oliveira D, Müller-Coan BG, Pagano JS. Viral Carcinogenesis Beyond Malignant Transformation: EBV in the Progression of Human Cancers. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:649-664. [PMID: 27068530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression begins when malignant cells colonize adjacent sites, and it is characterized by increasing tumor heterogeneity, invasion and dissemination of cancer cells. Clinically, progression is the most relevant stage in the natural history of cancers. A given virus is usually regarded as oncogenic because of its ability to induce malignant transformation of cells. Nonetheless, oncogenic viruses may also be important for the progression of infection-associated cancers. Recently this hypothesis has been addressed because of studies on the contribution of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to the aggressiveness of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Several EBV products modulate cancer progression phenomena, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell motility, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this regard, there are compelling data about the effects of EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) and EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), as well as nontranslated viral RNAs, such as the EBV-encoded small nonpolyadenylated RNAs (EBERs) and viral microRNAs, notably EBV miR-BARTs. The available data on the mechanisms and players involved in the contribution of EBV infection to the aggressiveness of NPC are discussed in this review. Overall, this conceptual framework may be valuable for the understanding of the contribution of some infectious agents in the progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deilson Elgui de Oliveira
- Viral Carcinogenesis and Cancer Biology Research Group (ViriCan) at Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; Pathology Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil.
| | - Bárbara G Müller-Coan
- Viral Carcinogenesis and Cancer Biology Research Group (ViriCan) at Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Joseph S Pagano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Lévy P, Bartosch B. Metabolic reprogramming: a hallmark of viral oncogenesis. Oncogene 2015; 35:4155-64. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Foight GW, Keating AE. Locating Herpesvirus Bcl-2 Homologs in the Specificity Landscape of Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2468-2490. [PMID: 26009469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral homologs of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins are highly diverged from their mammalian counterparts, yet they perform overlapping functions by binding and inhibiting BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-motif-containing proteins. We investigated the BH3 binding properties of the herpesvirus Bcl-2 homologs KSBcl-2, BHRF1, and M11, as they relate to those of the human Bcl-2 homologs Mcl-1, Bfl-1, Bcl-w, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2. Analysis of the sequence and structure of the BH3 binding grooves showed that, despite low sequence identity, M11 has structural similarities to Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Bcl-w. BHRF1 and KSBcl-2 are more structurally similar to Mcl-1 than to the other human proteins. Binding to human BH3-like peptides showed that KSBcl-2 has similar specificity to Mcl-1, and BHRF1 has a restricted binding profile; M11 binding preferences are distinct from those of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Bcl-w. Because KSBcl-2 and BHRF1 are from human herpesviruses associated with malignancies, we screened computationally designed BH3 peptide libraries using bacterial surface display to identify selective binders of KSBcl-2 or BHRF1. The resulting peptides bound to KSBcl-2 and BHRF1 in preference to Bfl-1, Bcl-w, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 but showed only modest specificity over Mcl-1. Rational mutagenesis increased specificity against Mcl-1, resulting in a peptide with a dissociation constant of 2.9nM for binding to KSBcl-2 and >1000-fold specificity over other Bcl-2 proteins, as well as a peptide with >70-fold specificity for BHRF1. In addition to providing new insights into viral Bcl-2 binding specificity, this study will inform future work analyzing the interaction properties of homologous binding domains and designing specific protein interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna Wink Foight
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amy E Keating
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Houldcroft CJ, Breuer J. Tales from the crypt and coral reef: the successes and challenges of identifying new herpesviruses using metagenomics. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:188. [PMID: 25821447 PMCID: PMC4358218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses infecting many animals, with the capacity to cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Different herpesviruses have different cell tropisms, and have been detected in a diverse range of tissues and sample types. Metagenomics—encompassing viromics—analyses the nucleic acid of a tissue or other sample in an unbiased manner, making few or no prior assumptions about which viruses may be present in a sample. This approach has successfully discovered a number of novel herpesviruses. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis can identify herpesviruses with high degrees of sequence divergence from known herpesviruses and does not rely upon culturing large quantities of viral material. Metagenomics has had success in two areas of herpesvirus sequencing: firstly, the discovery of novel exogenous and endogenous herpesviruses in primates, bats and cnidarians; and secondly, in characterizing large areas of the genomes of herpesviruses previously only known from small fragments, revealing unexpected diversity. This review will discuss the successes and challenges of using metagenomics to identify novel herpesviruses, and future directions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology, Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology, Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK ; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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17
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Cordiali-Fei P, Trento E, Giovanetti M, Lo Presti A, Latini A, Giuliani M, D'Agosto G, Bordignon V, Cella E, Farchi F, Ferraro C, Lesnoni La Parola I, Cota C, Sperduti I, Vento A, Cristaudo A, Ciccozzi M, Ensoli F. Analysis of the ORFK1 hypervariable regions reveal distinct HHV-8 clustering in Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Kaposi's cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:1. [PMID: 25592960 PMCID: PMC4311464 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical Kaposi’s Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare vascular tumor, which develops in subjects infected with Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). Beside the host predisposing factors, viral genetic variants might possibly be related to disease development. The aim of this study was to identify HHV-8 variants in patients with cKS or in HHV-8 infected subjects either asymptomatic or with cKS-unrelated cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods The VR1 and VR2 regions of the ORF K1 sequence were analyzed in samples (peripheral blood and/or lesional tissue) collected between 2000 and 2010 from 27 subjects with HHV-8 infection, established by the presence of anti-HHV-8 antibodies. On the basis of viral genotyping, a phylogenetic analysis and a time-scaled evaluation were performed. Results Two main clades of HHV-8, corresponding to A and C subtypes, were identified. Moreover, for each subtype, two main clusters were found distinctively associated to cKS or non-cKS subjects. Selective pressure analysis showed twelve sites of the K1 coding gene (VR1 and VR2 regions) under positive selective pressure and one site under negative pressure. Conclusion Thus, present data suggest that HHV-8 genetic variants may influence the susceptibility to cKS in individuals with HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cordiali-Fei
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy.
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OWEN CHRISTOPHERB, HUGHES DAVIDJ, BAQUERO-PEREZ BELINDA, BERNDT ANJA, SCHUMANN SOPHIE, JACKSON BRIANR, WHITEHOUSE ADRIAN. Utilising proteomic approaches to understand oncogenic human herpesviruses (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:891-903. [PMID: 25279171 PMCID: PMC4179824 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are successful pathogens, each infecting a large proportion of the human population. These viruses persist for the life of the host and may each contribute to a number of malignancies, for which there are currently no cures. Large-scale proteomic-based approaches provide an excellent means of increasing the collective understanding of the proteomes of these complex viruses and elucidating their numerous interactions within the infected host cell. These large-scale studies are important for the identification of the intricacies of viral infection and the development of novel therapeutics against these two important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOPHER B. OWEN
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - DAVID J. HUGHES
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - BELINDA BAQUERO-PEREZ
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - ANJA BERNDT
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - SOPHIE SCHUMANN
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - BRIAN R. JACKSON
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - ADRIAN WHITEHOUSE
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Nair RG, Salajegheh A, Itthagarun A, Pakneshan S, Brennan MT, Samaranayake LP. Orofacial viral infections--an update for clinicians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:518-20, 522-4. [PMID: 25195484 DOI: 10.12968/denu.2014.41.6.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Orofacial viral infections may be less common but appear in different clinical forms. Often these infections get initially treated by antibiotics which obviously will have limited or no effect. The authors review the current concepts of orofacial viral infections, causative agents, their classification and clinical manifestations and a basis for treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most viral infections do not require any specific treatment except in patients who are immunosuppressed or immunodeficient. Appropriate diagnosis and timely management of orofacial viral lesions are important irrespective of whether it is localized or a manifestation of a systemic infection.
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Kuzembayeva M, Hayes M, Sugden B. Multiple functions are mediated by the miRNAs of Epstein-Barr virus. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:61-5. [PMID: 24814666 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus is a gammaherpes virus that is causally associated with several malignancies and expresses multiple miRNAs in both normal and tumor cells. Since the identification of virally encoded miRNAs, various mRNAs have been identified as targets for regulation by EBV's miRNAs in host cells. We shall summarize these targets, the robustness of their identification, and examine how the regulation of these targets by EBV contributes to the successful infection of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Kuzembayeva
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bill Sugden
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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21
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Nibali L, Henderson B, Sadiq ST, Donos N. Genetic dysbiosis: the role of microbial insults in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:22962. [PMID: 24578801 PMCID: PMC3936111 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of bacterial phylotypes colonise the human body and the host response to this bacterial challenge greatly influences our state of health or disease. The concept of infectogenomics highlights the importance of host genetic factors in determining the composition of human microbial biofilms and the response to this microbial challenge. We hereby introduce the term ‘genetic dysbiosis’ to highlight the role of human genetic variants affecting microbial recognition and host response in creating an environment conducive to changes in the normal microbiota. Such changes can, in turn, predispose to, and influence, diseases such as: cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bacterial vaginosis and periodontitis. This review presents the state of the evidence on host genetic factors affecting dysbiosis and microbial misrecognition (i.e. an aberrant response to the normal microbiota) and highlights the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit and Department of Clinical Research, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Henderson
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Tariq Sadiq
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Donos
- Periodontology Unit and Department of Clinical Research, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Characterization of Post Transplantation Lymphoma in Feline Renal Transplant Recipients. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vedham V, Divi RL, Starks VL, Verma M. Multiple infections and cancer: implications in epidemiology. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2013; 13:177-94. [PMID: 23919392 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 18% of the global cancer burden has been attributed to infectious agents, with estimates ranging from 7% in developed countries to about 22% in developing countries. Chronic infections caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses, human papilloma viruses (HPV), and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are reported to be responsible for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Interestingly, although many of the infectious agents that have been associated with cancer--such as HPV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and H. pylori--are highly prevalent in the world, most infected individuals do not develop cancer but remain lifelong carriers. Malignancies associated with infectious agents may result from prolonged latency as a result of chronic infections. Pathogenic infections are necessary but are not sufficient for cancer initiation or progression. Cancer initiation may require additional cofactors, including secondary infections. Therefore, in patients with chronic infection with one agent, secondary co-infection with another agent may serve as an important co-factor that may cause cancer initiation and progression. Additionally, opportunistic co-infections could significantly inhibit response to cancer treatment and increase cancer mortality. Co-infections are relatively common in areas with a high prevalence of infectious agents, especially in developing countries. These co-infections can cause an imbalance in the host immune system by affecting persistence of and susceptibility to malignant infections. Several articles have been published that focus on infectious agents and cancer. In this article, we discuss the role of infectious agents in malignancies, highlight the role of multiple/co-infections in cancer etiology, and review implications for cancer epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Vedham
- Methods and Technologies Branch, Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6130 Executive Boulevard, Suite 5100, Bethesda, MD 20892-7324, USA.
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24
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Paul AG, Chandran B, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2-eicosanoid receptor inflammatory axis: a key player in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated malignancies. Transl Res 2013; 162:77-92. [PMID: 23567332 PMCID: PMC7185490 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), its lipid metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Eicosanoid (EP) receptors (EP; 1-4) underlying the proinflammatory mechanistic aspects of Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an active area of investigation. The tumorigenic potential of COX-2 and PGE2 through EP receptors forms the mechanistic context underlying the chemotherapeutic potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although role of the COX-2 is described in several viral associated malignancies, the biological significance of the COX-2/PGE2/EP receptor inflammatory axis is extensively studied only in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV/HHV-8) associated malignancies such as KS, a multifocal endothelial cell tumor and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a B cell-proliferative disorder. The purpose of this review is to summarize the salient findings delineating the molecular mechanisms downstream of COX-2 involving PGE2 secretion and its autocrine and paracrine interactions with EP receptors (EP1-4), COX-2/PGE2/EP receptor signaling regulating KSHV pathogenesis and latency. KSHV infection induces COX-2, PGE2 secretion, and EP receptor activation. The resulting signal cascades modulate the expression of KSHV latency genes (latency associated nuclear antigen-1 [LANA-1] and viral-Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain like interferon converting enzyme-like- inhibitory protein [vFLIP]). vFLIP was also shown to be crucial for the maintenance of COX-2 activation. The mutually interdependent interactions between viral proteins (LANA-1/vFLIP) and COX-2/PGE2/EP receptors was shown to play key roles in the biological mechanisms involved in KS and PEL pathogenesis such as blockage of apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion, and immune-suppression. Understanding the COX-2/PGE2/EP axis is very important to develop new safer and specific therapeutic modalities for KS and PEL. In addition to COX-2 being a therapeutic target, EP receptors represent ideal targets for pharmacologic agents as PGE2 analogues and their blockers/antagonists possess antineoplastic activity, without the reported gastrointestinal and cardiovascular toxicity observed with few a NSAIDs.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/metabolism
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Latency/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun George Paul
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Bala Chandran
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
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25
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Activation of the B cell antigen receptor triggers reactivation of latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in B cells. J Virol 2013; 87:8004-16. [PMID: 23678173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00506-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus and the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease. Latently infected B cells are the main reservoir of this virus in vivo, but the nature of the stimuli that lead to its reactivation in B cells is only partially understood. We established stable BJAB cell lines harboring latent KSHV by cell-free infection with recombinant virus carrying a puromycin resistance marker. Our latently infected B cell lines, termed BrK.219, can be reactivated by triggering the B cell receptor (BCR) with antibodies to surface IgM, a stimulus imitating antigen recognition. Using this B cell model system we studied the mechanisms that mediate the reactivation of KSHV in B cells following the stimulation of the BCR and could identify phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) as proteins that play an important role in the BCR-mediated reactivation of latent KSHV.
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Chen BJ, Chapuy B, Ouyang J, Sun HH, Roemer MGM, Xu ML, Yu H, Fletcher CDM, Freeman GJ, Shipp MA, Rodig SJ. PD-L1 expression is characteristic of a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas and virus-associated malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3462-73. [PMID: 23674495 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immunomodulatory molecule expressed by antigen-presenting cells and select tumors that engages receptors on T cells to inhibit T-cell immunity. Immunotherapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have shown durable antitumor effects in a subset of patients with solid tumors. PD-L1 can be expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells comprising classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and by malignant B cells comprising EBV-positive posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). We sought to determine whether the expression of PD-L1 represents a general strategy of immune evasion among aggressive B-cell lymphomas and virus- and immunodeficiency-associated tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using novel antibodies and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue biopsies, we examined 237 primary tumors for expression of PD-L1. RESULTS Robust PD-L1 protein expression was found in the majority of nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity CHL, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma, EBV-positive and -negative PTLD, and EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), plasmablastic lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and HHV8-associated primary effusion lymphoma. Within these tumors, PD-L1 was highly expressed by malignant cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages. In contrast, neither the malignant nor the nonmalignant cells comprising nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, DLBCL-not otherwise specified, Burkitt lymphoma, and HHV8-associated Kaposi sarcoma expressed detectable PD-L1. CONCLUSION Certain aggressive B-cell lymphomas and virus- and immunodeficiency-associated malignancies associated with an ineffective T-cell immune response express PD-L1 on tumor cells and infiltrating macrophages. These results identify a group of neoplasms that should be considered for PD-1/PD-L1-directed therapies, and validate methods to detect PD-L1 in FFPE tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Chen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Amsler L, Malouli D, DeFilippis V. The inflammasome as a target of modulation by DNA viruses. Future Virol 2013; 8:357-370. [PMID: 24955107 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular innate immune response represents the initial reaction of a host against infecting pathogens. Host cells detect incoming microbes by way of a large and expanding array of receptors that react with evolutionarily conserved molecular patterns exhibited by microbial intruders. These receptors are responsible for initiating signaling that leads to both transcriptional activation of immunologically important genes as well as protease-dependent processing of cellular proteins. The inflammasome refers to a protein complex that functions as an activation platform for the cysteine protease caspase-1, which then processes inflammatory molecules such as IL-1β and IL-18 into functional forms. Assembly of this complex is triggered following receptor-mediated detection of pathogen-associated molecules. Receptors have been identified that are essential to inflammasome activation in response to numerous molecular patterns including virus-associated molecules such as DNA. In fact, the importance of cytoplasmic DNA as an immune stimulus is exemplified by the existence of at least nine distinct cellular receptors capable of initiating innate reactivity in response to this molecule. Viruses that employ DNA as genomic material include herpesviruses, poxviruses and adenoviruses. Each has been described as capable of inducing inflammasome-mediated activity. Interestingly, however, the cellular molecules responsible for these responses appear to vary according to host species, cell type and even viral strain. Secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 are important components of antimicrobial immunity and, as a result, pathogens have evolved factors to evade or counteract this response. This includes DNA-based viruses, many of which encode multiple redundant counteractive molecules. However, it is clear that such phenotypes are only beginning to be uncovered. The purpose of this review is to describe what is known regarding the activation of inflammasome-mediated processes in response to infection with well-examined families of DNA viruses and to discuss characterized mechanisms of manipulation and neutralization of inflammasome-dependent activity. This review aims to shed light on the biologically important phenomena regarding this virus-host interaction and to highlight key areas where important information is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Amsler
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505, NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505, NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505, NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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28
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Ishikawa C, Mori N. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces CD69 expression through activation of nuclear factor-κB. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1786-92. [PMID: 23546309 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein‑1 (LMP-1) of Epstein‑Barr virus (EBV) promotes tumorigenesis. Here, we report that LMP-1 activates the immunoregulatory molecule CD69 gene transcription through a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)‑dependent pathway. CD69 expression was upregulated in LMP-1‑expressing EBV-immortalized human B-cell lines and an EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. LMP-1 expression increased CD69 expression at the transcriptional level. CD69 promoter was regulated by LMP-1 activation of NF-κB via the carboxy-terminal activation region 1 and 2. Promoter deletion analysis indicated that two NF-κB binding sites are necessary for activation of the CD69 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated that LMP-1 activates both NF-κB binding sites in the CD69 promoter. This is the first report of the regulation of CD69 expression by LMP-1, and this novel finding may, thus, represent an important link between the EBV oncoprotein LMP-1 and its critical role in the development of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Ishikawa
- Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Knowlton ER, Lepone LM, Li J, Rappocciolo G, Jenkins FJ, Rinaldo CR. Professional antigen presenting cells in human herpesvirus 8 infection. Front Immunol 2013; 3:427. [PMID: 23346088 PMCID: PMC3549500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen presenting cells (APC), i.e., dendritic cells (DC), monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes, are critically important in the recognition of an invading pathogen and presentation of antigens to the T cell-mediated arm of immunity. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the few human viruses that primarily targets these APC for infection, altering their cytokine profiles, manipulating their surface expression of MHC molecules, and altering their ability to activate HHV-8-specific T cells. This could be why T cell responses to HHV-8 antigens are not very robust. Of these APC, only B cells support complete, lytic HHV-8 infection. However, both complete and abortive virus replication cycles in APC could directly affect viral pathogenesis and progression to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and HHV-8-associated B cell cancers. In this review, we discuss the effects of HHV-8 infection on professional APC and their relationship to the development of KS and B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilee R Knowlton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tang YW, Stratton CW. Detection of Viral RNA Splicing in Diagnostic Virology. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7120143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3970-7_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York USA
| | - Charles W. Stratton
- Vanderbilt Clinic, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 22nd Avenue 1301, Nashville, 37232-5310 Tennessee USA
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Tafuku S, Ishikawa C, Yasumoto T, Mori N. Anti-neoplastic effects of fucoxanthin and its deacetylated product, fucoxanthinol, on Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1512-8. [PMID: 22859062 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin (FX) is a natural carotenoid with reported antitumorigenic activity. This study explored the effects of FX and its deacetylated product, fucoxanthinol (FXOH), on B-cell malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells. Both FX and FXOH reduced the viability of these malignant B cells in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by the induction of cell cycle arrest during G1 phase and caspase-dependent apoptosis. FXOH was approximately twice more potent than FX in these activities. In contrast, normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were resistant to FX and FXOH. Strong and constitutive activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a common characteristic of many B-cell malignancies, and FXOH suppressed constitutive NF-κB activity. NF-κB inhibition was accompanied by downregulation of NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic and cell cycle regulator gene products, including Bcl-2, cIAP-2, XIAP, cyclin D1 and cyclin D2. The results indicated that FX and FXOH are potentially useful therapeutic agents in B-cell malignancies characterized by aberrant regulation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senji Tafuku
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinéad M. Miggin
- Immune Signalling Group; Institute of Immunology; Department of Biology; National University of Ireland Maynooth; Co. Kildare Ireland
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Human herpesviridae methods of natural killer cell evasion. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:359869. [PMID: 22829821 PMCID: PMC3399383 DOI: 10.1155/2012/359869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses cause diseases of considerable morbidity and mortality, ranging from encephalitis to hematologic malignancies. As evidence emerges about the role of innate immunity and natural killer (NK) cells in the control of herpesvirus infection, evidence of viral methods of innate immune evasion grows as well. These methods include interference with the ligands on infected cell surfaces that bind NK cell activating or inhibitory receptors. This paper summarizes the most extensively studied NK cell receptor/ligand pairs and then describes the methods of NK cell evasion used by all eight herpesviruses through these receptors and ligands. Although great strides have been made in elucidating their mechanisms, there is still a disparity between viruses in the amount of knowledge regarding innate immune evasion. Further research of herpesvirus innate immune evasion can provide insight for circumventing viral mechanisms in future therapies.
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García-Álvarez KG, Garibaldi-Covarrubias R, Flores-Márquez MR, Ortiz-Hidalgo C. Plasma cell myeloma associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection in an 11-year-old girl. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:339-42. [PMID: 22670629 DOI: 10.2350/12-05-1187-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is extremely rare in children and represents fewer than 1% of all patients with myeloma. We report a case of multiple myeloma in an 11-year-old girl, who presented with a well-differentiated immunoglobulin A/kappa plasmacytoma at the base of the skull at 9 years of age; at that time, the bone marrow biopsy was negative. Two years later, the patient experienced generalized bone pain with multiple lytic bone lesions that affected the skull, long bones, ribs, and clavicle. The bone marrow biopsy showed a well-differentiated (Marschalko-type) multiple myeloma that was positive for CD138 and immunoglobulin A, with kappa light chain restriction. Interestingly, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was detected by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in the majority of the neoplastic cells from both biopsy specimens. The patient responded favorably to treatment with dexamethasone, thalidomide, and zoledronic acid and is scheduled for bone marrow transplantation.
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Chêne A, Nylén S, Donati D, Bejarano MT, Kironde F, Wahlgren M, Falk KI. Effect of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria on reactivation and shedding of the eight human herpes viruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26266. [PMID: 22039454 PMCID: PMC3200318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes viruses (HHVs) are widely distributed pathogens. In immuno-competent individuals their clinical outcomes are generally benign but in immuno-compromised hosts, primary infection or extensive viral reactivation can lead to critical diseases. Plasmodium falciparum malaria profoundly affects the host immune system. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the direct effect of acute P. falciparum infection on reactivation and shedding of all known human herpes viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8). We monitored their presence by real time PCR in plasma and saliva of Ugandan children with malaria at the day of admission to the hospital (day-0) and 14 days later (after treatment), or in children with mild infections unrelated to malaria. For each child screened in this study, at least one type of HHV was detected in the saliva. HHV-7 and HHV-6 were detected in more than 70% of the samples and CMV in approximately half. HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV and HHV-8 were detected at lower frequency. During salivary shedding the highest mean viral load was observed for HSV-1 followed by EBV, HHV-7, HHV-6, CMV and HHV-8. After anti-malarial treatment the salivary HSV-1 levels were profoundly diminished or totally cleared. Similarly, four children with malaria had high levels of circulating EBV at day-0, levels that were cleared after anti-malarial treatment confirming the association between P. falciparum infection and EBV reactivation. This study shows that acute P. falciparum infection can contribute to EBV reactivation in the blood and HSV-1 reactivation in the oral cavity. Taken together our results call for further studies investigating the potential clinical implications of HHVs reactivation in children suffering from malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chêne
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daria Donati
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Teresa Bejarano
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fred Kironde
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kerstin I. Falk
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
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